Integration of Physical Devices into Game-based Virtual Reality

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) systems have the potential for alleviating the existing constraints on various natural and social resources. Currently, real-time applications of VR systems are hampered by the tediousness of creating virtual environments. Furthermore, today's VR systems only stimulate the human senses of vision, hearing -and to some extent touch -which prevents the system users from feeling fully immersed in the virtual environment. By integrating real physical devices with virtual environments, the user interactions with such systems can be improved and advanced technologies such as the MS Kinect system could be used to augment the environments themselves. While existing development platforms for VR systems are expensive, game engines provide a more efficient method for integrating VR with physical devices.In this paper, an efficient approach for integrating virtual environments and physical devices is presented. This approach employs modifications of games that are based on commercially available game engines for implementing the virtual environments in conjunction with the application of Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) for realizing versatile communications between these virtual environments and various application platforms, which in turn can interact with the physical devices outside of the virtual environments. This paper is divided into four sections. In the first section, the motivation for the developments described here is discussed, followed by a description of the method used to integrate virtual environments with physical devices in the second section. In the third section, an interactive and collaborative laboratory environment based on a multi-player computer game engine that is linked to physical experimental setups is presented as an example of a VR system. In the final section, some additional promising applications of the developed platform and the corresponding challenges are briefly introduced.

Full text

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3

#FL=?J9LAGFG>*@QKA;9D=NA;=KAFLG!9E=:9K=<
0AJLM9D,=9DALQ
@LLH<P<GAGJ?ABG=NA
44@9F?'4@9F?-.MECGJ3@9F?-%K;@=9F<@9KK9HAK
-L=N=FK#FKLALML=G>.=;@FGDG?Q"G:GC=F($/-



 2  (*+# (# */ )/)*$) , *'&*%* #
&( ##, * % * . )* % &%)*( %*) &% ,( &+) %*+(#
% )& # ()&+() +((%*#/ (#* $ ''# * &%) &
 )/)*$) ( $'( / * * &+)%)) & (* %
, (*+# %, (&%$%*) +(*($&( *&/3)  )/)*$)
&%#/)* $+#** +$% )%)) &, ) &%( %1%*&
)&$ .*%* *&+ 1-  '(,%*) * )/)*$ +)() (&$
# % +##/ $$() % * , (*+# %, (&%$%* /
%*(* %(#'/) # , ) - * , (*+# %, (&%$%*)
*+)( %*(* &%)- *)+)/)*$)% $'(&,%
,%*%&#& ))+ ) *   %* )/)*$ &+#
 +) *& +$%* * %, (&%$%*) *$)#,)  #
. )* % ,#&'$%* '#*&($) &(  )/)*$) (
.'%) ,$% %)'(&, $&(  %*$*&&(
%*(* %- *'/) #, )
% * ) ''( %   %* ''(& &( %*(* % , (*+#
%, (&%$%*) % '/) # , ) ) '()%*  )
''(&$'#&/)$&  * &%)&$)**()&%
&$$( ##/ , ## $ % %) &( $'#$%* %*
, (*+#%, (&%$%*) %&%!+%* &%- **''# * &% &
/%$   %"  (( ) ) &( (# 0 % ,()* #
&$$+% * &%) *-% *) , (*+# %, (&%$%*) %
,( &+) ''# * &% '#*&($) -  % *+(% % %*(*
- * * '/) # , ) &+*)  & * , (*+#
%, (&%$%*)  ) ''( )  ,  %*& &+( )* &%) %
*  ()* )* &% * $&* ,* &% &( * ,#&'$%*)
)( ( ) )+))&##&- /)( '* &% &*
$*&+)*& %*(*, (*+#%, (&%$%*)- *'/) #
, ) % * )&% )* &% % * * ( )* &% %
%*(* ,% &##&(* , #&(*&(/ %, (&%$%* )
&%  $+#* '#/( &$'+*( $ % % ** ) # %" *&
'/) #.'( $%*#)*+') )'()%*)%.$'#&
 )/)*$ % * %# )* &% )&$  * &%# '(&$ ) %
''# * &%) & * ,#&' '#*&($ % *
&(()'&% %##%)(( #/ %*(&+
  2  $ , (*+# #&(*&(/ , (*+#
(# */
##(.,)/.#)(
&09;<(3",(30;@#@:;,4:
0, KQKL=EK 9J= J=HJ=K=FL9LAGFK G> 9;LM9D H@QKA;9D
KQKL=EK OAL@ L@= HGL=FLA9D >GJ 9DD=NA9LAF? L@= =PAKLAF?
;GFKLJ9AFLK GF N9JAGMK F9LMJ9D 9F< KG;A9D J=KGMJ;=K Q
;J=9LAF? 9F< AFL=J9;LAF? OAL@ NAJLM9D KQKL=EK AFKL=9< G>
H@QKA;9DGF=KALAKFGDGF?=JF=;=KK9JQ LG;GFKME=K;9J;=
F9LMJ9D J=KGMJ;=K LG ;J=9L= EMDLAHD= ;GHA=K G> H@QKA;9D
<=NA;=K #F 9<<ALAGF NAJLM9D J=HJ=K=FL9LAGFK G> H@QKA;9D
KQKL=EK;9F :=K@9J=<J=EGL=DQ:Q EMDLAHD=MK=JK9F<9J=
AF@=J=FLDQK9>=J 9F< D=KK >9ADMJ=HJGF=L@9F L@=AJ H@QKA;9D
=IMAN9D=FLKDKG 0, KQKL=EK ;9F:=MK=< LG AEHD=E=FL
LJ9AFAF?=FNAJGFE=FLK L@9L <GFGLAFNGDN=@ME9F LJ9AF=JK
<G FGL J=IMAJ= ;GDG;9LAGF G> L@= H9JLA;AH9FLK 9F< 9DDGO
<9F?=JGMK KALM9LAGFK 9F< @9R9J<GMK =FNAJGFE=FLK LG :=
KAEMD9L=< K9>=DQ =? EADAL9JQ LJ9AFAF? <AK9KL=J J=DA=>
LJ9AFAF? >AJ=>A?@L=J LJ9AFAF? =L; 'GJ=GN=J J=;=FL
L=;@FGDG?A;9D <=N=DGHE=FLK @9N= E9<= 0, KQKL=EK
9;;=KKA:D= >JGE EG:AD= <=NA;=K L@MK =F@9F;AF? L@=AJ
>D=PA:ADALQ
DL@GM?@L@=J=AKFGMFAN=JK9DDQ9;;=HL=<<=>AFALAGF>GJ
AL 0, AK G>L=F ;GFKA<=J=< LG := KAEMD9LAGFK G> J=9D GJ
9JLA>A;A9D =FNAJGFE=FLK :9K=< GF  ?J9H@A;K .@=
EGKL <AKLAF;L ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> 0, AEHD=E=FL9LAGFK 9J=
L@9LL@=Q9J=<=KA?F=<LG HJGNA<=L@=MK=JKOAL@9K=FK=G>
AEE=JKAGF AFLG L@= =FNAJGFE=FL 9F< >9;ADAL9L= HGKKA:DQ
J=EGL= AFL=J9;LAGFK :=LO==F EMDLAHD= MK=JK 9K O=DD 9K
:=LO==FL@= MK=JK 9F<G:B=;LKOAL@AFL@==FNAJGFE=FLL
HJ=K=FLEGKL0,AEHD=E=FL9LAGFK>G;MKGFL@=?=F=J9LAGF
G>NAKAGF9F<KGMF<H=J;=HLAGFKO@A;@9J=LOGG>L@=>AN=
@ME9FK=FK=K57.@=J=9J=>GMJ:9KA;LQH=KG>0,
57
=KCLGH 0, 57 O@A;@ AK G>L=F MK=< AF '
579F<=<M;9LAGF57
#EE=JKAN= 0, O@A;@ G>L=F MK=K @=9<EGMFL=<
<AKHD9QK >A:=JGHLA;OAJ=< ?DGN=K HGKALAGFLJ9;CAF?
<=NA;=K GJ GL@=J <=NA;=K LG AEE=JK= L@= MK=JK AF L@=
NAJLM9DOGJD<57
AKLJA:ML=< 0, O@A;@ AK :MADL GF K=N=J9D ;GEHML=JK
AFKL=9< G> GF= O@=J=:Q L@= MK=JK ;9F AFL=J9;L OAL@
=9;@GL@=JL@JGM?@9F=LOGJCAFJ=9DLAE=57
M?E=FL=<0,57 O@A;@ AK 9>GJEG>=F@9F;=<
AEE=JKAN= 0, L@9L ;9F EAP J=9D 9F< NAJLM9D >=9LMJ=K
LGAEHJGN=L@=MK=JKb>==DAF?G>HJ=K=F;=
6;0=(;065-695;,.9(;05.&"(5+!/@:0*(3,=0*,:
):NAGMKDQL@=EGJ=NANA<0,AK L@= EGJ= E=9FAF?>MD
AL:=;GE=K "GO=N=J =N=F L@GM?@AF EGKL AFKL9F;=K0,
AK<=KA?F=<LGKAEMD9L=L@=J=9DOGJD<AF9J=9DAKLA;>9K@AGF
ALKLADD@9KKGE=K@GJL;GEAF?KLG:=GN=J;GE= AJKLO@AD=
0, =DAEAF9L=K L@= H@QKA;9D <AKL9F;=K :=LO==F L@= MK=JK
9F<GJ G:B=;LK AF L@= NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FL 57 L@= MK=JKb
J=9D A<=FLALA=K 9J= DGKL L@MK <=;J=9KAF? L@= ;J=<A:ADALQ G>
L@=MK=JK9F<L@=0,ALK=D> MJL@=JEGJ=0,AK;9H9:D=G>
;GGJ<AF9LAF? L@= MK=JKb AFL=J9;LAGFK :GL@ KH9LA9DDQ 9F<
L=EHGJ9DDQ57:ML>9ADKLGAF<M;=L@=>==DAF?G>HJ=K=F;=
(GL= L@9L L@= =KK=F;= G> L@= 9:GN= K@GJL;GEAF?K G> 0,
>GDDGOK>JGEL@=OGJ< aNAJLM9Db =KHAL= L@= >9;L L@9L GF=
G>L@=E9AFG:B=;LAN=KG>0,AKLGEAEA;L@=J=9DOGJD<9K
J=9DAKLA;9DDQ 9K HGKKA:D= 57 AL AK AEHGKKA:D= ^ 9L D=9KL
LG<9Q ^ LG E9C= L@= MK=JK >==D LGL9DDQ AEE=JK=< AF 0,
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
25

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3

OAL@GML9;LM9DH@QKA;9D<=NA;=K.@=J=>GJ=L@=AFL=?J9LAGF
G>J=9D<=NA;=KAFLGNAJLM9D=FNAJGFE=FLKAK<=KAJ9:D=
##!'-0#,./&,&#.3(#(.!,.#)(
1#."*"3-#&1),&
(4,)(:,+&"
A>>=J=FLLQH=KG>0,@9N=<A>>=J=FL;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K9F<
9HHDA;9LAGFK)F=9HHJG9;@>GJAEHD=E=FLAF?0,AK:9K=<
GF EMDLAHD9Q=J ;GEHML=J ?9E= =F?AF=K O@A;@ HJGNA<=
L@= <=N=DGH=JK OAL@ N9JAGMK :9KA; >MF;LAGFK KM;@ 9K
?J9H@A;K J=F<=JAF? KGMF< ?=F=J9LAGF H@QKA;K EG<=DAF?
?9E= DG?A;K 9JLA>A;A9D AFL=DDA?=F;= MK=J AFL=J9;LAGFK 9F<
F=LOGJCAF? 57 .@= J=KMDLAF? 0, AEHD=E=FL9LAGFK
;9F := AEE=JKAN= <AKLJA:ML=< 9F< ;GDD9:GJ9LAN= 5  7
-GE= K9EHD= AEHD=E=FL9LAGFK AF;DM<= NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ
KQKL=EK 5  7 NAJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF KQKL=EK 5    7
LJ9AFAF? KQKL=EK 57 9F< =FL=JL9AFE=FL 5
7GEHML=J?9E=K9J=;D9KKA>A=<AFLG>AJKLH=JKGFL@AJ<
H=JKGF GJ 9 ;GE:AF9LAGF G> L@=K= LOG LQH=K 5  7
'GJ=GN=J L@=Q =F9:D= L@= MK=JK LG ;J=9L= L@=AJ GOF
9N9L9JK 9F< ;9F := MK=< 9K 9 HD9L>GJE >GJ J=9DARAF?
AFL=J9;LAGFK :=LO==F NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK 9F< J=9D
H@QKA;9D KQKL=EK L@MK >GKL=JAF? L@= MK=JKb K=FK= G>
AEE=JKAGF
#;(;<:6-<99,5;5;,.9(;065,;/6+:
=,9=0,>
,=;=FLDQ 9LL=EHLK G> AFL=?J9LAF? H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K AFLG
NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK @9N= :=?MF LG := J=HGJL=< EGF?
L@GK= L@=J= 9J= >GMJ =P9EHD=K >GJ L@= AFL=?J9LAGF G> J=9D
=PH=JAE=FL9D<=NA;=KAFLGNAJLM9DD9:GJ9LGJQ=FNAJGFE=FLK
KH9JLG>L@=A&9:*JGB=;L 57:Q'#.KAEMD9LAGFK9F<
J=EGL==PH=JAE=FLK>JGEL@=A&9:AF>J9KLJM;LMJ=57O=J=
AFL=?J9L=< AFLG 9 NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FL L@9L O9K
AEHD=E=FL=< MKAF? *JGB=;L 1GF<=JD9F< 57 .@= NAJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL -=;GF<&9: 57 O9K <=N=DGH=<
:9K=< GF -=;GF< &A>= 57 :Q L@= /FAN=JKALQ G> =MKLG
MF< KM:K=IM=FLDQ MK=< 9K 9 HD9L>GJE >GJ ;GFLJGDDAF?
J=EGL==PH=JAE=FLKGN=JL@=1=:&9:=MKLG 9J;@AL=;LMJ=
5  7 MLG-QK&9: <=N=DGH=< :Q L@= /FAN=JKA<9<=
=<=J9D <= -9FL9 '9JA9 :9K=< GF )H=F -AEMD9LGJ 57
AFL=J>9;=K OAL@ J=9D 9F< KAEMD9L=< =PH=JAE=FLK 57 
?=F=J9D 9HHJG9;@ >GJ ;GEEMFA;9LAF? :=LO==F NAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FLK 9F< H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K O9K <=N=DGH=< :Q
-L=N=FK #FKLALML= G> .=;@FGDG?Q -#. 9F< 9 NAJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL O9K AEHD=E=FL=< 9K 9 HADGL
KQKL=E OAL@ 9;;=KK LG 9 J=EGL= =PH=JAE=FL 57 MKAF?
!9JJQbK 'G< !'G< 5  7 9F< L@= -GMJ;= ?9E=
=F?AF=57
=DGO L@=K= KQKL=EK 9J= =N9DM9L=< LG <=L=JEAF= L@=AJ
KMAL9:ADALQAF<A>>=J=FLMK9?=K;=F9JAGK:9K=<GF9K=JA=KG>
H=J>GJE9F;= ;JAL=JA9 .@= ;JAL=JA9 AF;DM<= DA;=FKAF?
HD9L>GJE<=H=F<=F;= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF D9L=F;Q K;9D9:ADALQ
J=DA9:ADALQ9F<MK=J>JA=F<DAF=KK
0*,5:05.
#LAK<=KAJ9:D=>GJL@=KG>LO9J=AEHD=E=FL9LAGFKG>?9E=
=F?AF=K 9F< L@= 9KKG;A9L=< LGGDK KG>LO9J= <=N=DGHE=FL
CALK9HHDA;9LAGFHJG?J9EEAF?AFL=J>9;=K =L; LG := GH=F
KGMJ;= >J== 9F< KL9F<9J<AR=< O@A;@ L=F<K LG D=9< LG 9F
9;LAN=<=N=DGH=J;GEEMFALQ
DD L@= 9:GN=E=FLAGF=< ?9E= =F?AF=K 9F< 9KKG;A9L=<
LGGDK9J==AL@=JGH=FKGMJ;=9F<;GEHD=L=DQ>J==GJAFNGDN=
GFDQ9EG<=KL DA;=FKAF? >== EGF?KL <=N=DGH=JK -GMJ;=
AK GF= G> L@= EGKL HGHMD9J ?9E= =F?AF=K O@AD= L@=
;MJJ=FLDQ =PL=FKAN= :9K= G> -=;GF<&A>= AK K@JAFCAF? #F
;GFLJ9KL L@= >9;L L@9L )H=F 1GF<=JD9F< 9F< )H=F
-AEMD9LGJ 9J= <=N=DGH=< :Q ;GEH9J9LAN=DQ KE9DD
;GEEMFALA=KD=9<KLG>9AJDQKDGOMH?J9<AF?9F<<=:M??AF?
;Q;D=K
!3(;-694,7,5+,5*,
1@=FDAFCAF? H@QKA;9D<=NA;=KLGNAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK
L@=;GEEMFA;9LAGFL=;@FAIM=KMK=<K@GMD<:=?=F=J9D9F<
;GEH9LA:D= OAL@ GL@=J HD9L>GJEK >GJ NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK
9F< =EHDGQ AFL=JGH=J9:D= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF AFL=J>9;=K .@=
&AF<=F-;JAHLAF?&9F?M9?=57MK=<AF-=;GF<&A>=AKFGL
;GEH9LA:D=OAL@ HGHMD9J HJG?J9EEAF? D9F?M9?=KKM;@ 9K
$9N90AKM9D9KA;=L;9F<9DKGG>>=JKN=JQDAEAL=<
KMHHGJL G> <9L9 LQH=K 9F< AFKM>>A;A=FL ;9H9:ADALA=K >GJ
E9F9?AF? ;GEHD=P <9L9 KLJM;LMJ=K 57 !DM= ;G<= O9K
MK=< AF -=;GF<&9: LG AFL=J>9;= L@= N9JAGMK KG>LO9J=
;GEHGF=FLK O@A;@ J=F<=JK L@AK 9HHJG9;@ HD9L>GJE
KH=;A>A;#FA&9: 9F< MLG-QK&9: GF L@= GL@=J@9F<L@=
9HHJG9;@ >GJ AFL=?J9LAF? H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K AFLG L@= NAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FL AK ;GEH9LA:D= OAL@ GL@=J HD9L>GJEK :Q
<=N=DGHAF? KGE= EA<<D=O9J= "GO=N=J L@= QF9EA;
&AFC&A:J9JQ&&E=L@G< HJ=K=FL=<@=J=AKFGLKH=;A>A;
LGGF=CAF<G>?9E=HD9L>GJEO@A;@9DDGOK ALK9<9HL9LAGF
LGGL@=JHD9L>GJEKOAL@EAFGJEG<A>A;9LAGFK
644<50*(;065(;,5*@
.@=E=L@G<KMK=<>GJ<9L9LJ9FKEAKKAGF:=LO==FNAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FLK 9F< H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K K@GMD< := GHLAEAR=<
A= L@= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF K@GMD< := 9K >9KL 9K HGKKA:D= AF
GJ<=J LG 9;@A=N= 9 :=LL=J MK=J =PH=JA=F;= .@= D9L=F;Q AF
L@=<9L9 LJ9FKEAKKAGFAK<=L=JEAF=<:Q L@= HJG;=KKGJKL@=
F=LOGJC 9F< L@= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF HJGLG;GDK "GO=N=J
9;LM9D <9L9 >GJ L@= D9L=F;Q G> L@= 9:GN=E=FLAGF=<
HD9L>GJEK@9N=FGL:==FHM:DAK@=<Q=L
#*(3()030;@
-;9D9:ADALQ J=>=JK LG L@= FME:=J G> MK=JK L@9L 9 KQKL=E
;9F K=JNA;= 9L 9FQ ?AN=F LAE= #F L@AK J=KH=;L A&9:
1=:&9:=MKLG9F< L@=HJGLGLQH=KQKL=E 9L-#.O=J=9DD
<=N=DGH=< OAL@ 9 K;@=<MDAF? >MF;LAGF LG 9;;GEEG<9L=
EMDLAHD=MK=JK9F<EMDLAHD==PH=JAE=FLK
",30()030;@
GL@L@=@9J<O9J=KG>LO9J= ;GEHGF=FLK 9K O=DD9K L@=
;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F L@= NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FL 9F< L@=
H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K K@GMD< := J=DA9:D= *GKKA:D= HJG:D=EK
AF;DM<= KG>LO9J= ;J9K@=K @9J<O9J= ;GEHGF=FL >9ADMJ=K
;GEEMFA;9LAGF H9;C9?= DGKK=K 9F< =P;=KKAN= D9L=F;Q
9EGF? GL@=JK #F GJ<=J LG =DAEAF9L= L@= =>>=;LK G> L@=K=
HJG:D=EKAL OGMD< := <=KAJ9:D= LG=IMAH L@= KQKL=E OAL@
J=<MF<9F;Q GJ 9L D=9KL OAL@ 9F =JJGJ 9D=JLAF? E=;@9FAKE
.@=J= @9N= :==F FG J=HGJLK G> L@= 9KK=KKE=FL G> L@=
J=DA9:ADALQ G> L@= 9:GN=E=FLAGF=< 0, KQKL=EK Q=L :ML
KGE= ;GF;DMKAGFK E9Q := <J9OF :Q ;GFKA<=JAF? L@=
DAEAL9LAGFK G> L@= L=;@FGDG?Q MK=< LG :MAD< L@=K=
HD9L>GJEK-=;GF<&A>==EHDGQK2'&,*57O@A;@AK
FGL KMAL9:D= >GJ AEHD=E=FLAF? ;GEHD=P K=JNA;=K 57
1@AD= )H=F -AEMD9LGJ AK :=;GEAF? EGJ= KL9:D= 9K AL
9HHJG9;@=KJ=D=9K=ALAKKLADD;GFKA<=J=<9DH@9KG>LO9J=
57 O@A;@ AK D9;CAF? ;GEHJ=@=FKAN= KQKL=E EGFALGJAF?
>MF;LAGFK
504(;065**<9(*@
#F 0, KQKL=EK OAL@ AFL=?J9L=< H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K L@=
9;;MJ9;Q G> 9FAE9LAGFK G> L@= H@QKA;9D :=@9NAGJ <=H=F<K
E9AFDQGF L@= ?J9H@A;K J=KGDMLAGF 9F<L@= <AKHD9Q J=>J=K@
26
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3

J9L= 57 FAE9LAGFK <=N=DGH=< MKAF? L@= -GMJ;= ?9E=
=F?AF= 9F< -=;GF< &A>= 9J= KEGGL@ 9F< 9;;MJ9L= DKG
:GL@ L@=K= KQKL=EK ;GFL9AF KGH@AKLA;9L=< H@QKA;K =F?AF=K
O@A;@ 9DDGO >GJ <=N=DGHE=FL G> KAEMD9LAGFK G> L@=
H@QKA;9D :=@9NAGJ -AF;= -=;GF<&9: MK=K GFDQ -=;GF<
&A>= 9K AFL=J>9;= >GJ E9FAHMD9LAF? H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K L@=
MK=JK 9J= E=J=DQ HJ=K=FL=< OAL@ 9 NA<=G KLJ=9E L@9L AK
HJGB=;L=< AFLG L@= ?9E= =FNAJGFE=FL .@= 9FAE9LAGF
IM9DALQAF :GL@ )H=F 1GF<=JD9F< 9F< )H=F -AEMD9LGJ AK
;GEH9J9LAN=DQ DGO A= L@= J=KGDMLAGF G> L@= EG<=DK AK
>9AJDQ DGO 9F< EGLAGFK E9Q 9HH=9J KGE=O@9L B=JCQ
57
(;($@7,647(;0)030;@
#L AK <=KAJ9:D= >GJ L@= N9JAGMK ?9E= HD9L>GJEK LG
9;;GEEG<9L=E9FQ<9L9LQH=KAF;DM<AF?9DH@9FME=JA;9D
KLJAF?K>GJE9LL=<L=PLKAE9?=K 9M<AG 9F< NA<=G KLJ=9EK
=L; -=;GF< &A>= 9F< !'G< 9J= ;GEH9LA:D= OAL@ 9DD L@=
<9L9 LQH=K DAKL=< 9:GN= 9D:=AL KGE= E9Q J=IMAJ= KDA?@L
9<9HL9LAGFK)H=F 1GF<=JD9F<ALK=D><G=KFGLHJGNA<=LGG
E9FQ >MF;LAGFK >GJ <9L9 @9F<DAF? :ML <M= LG ALK GH=F
KGMJ;= F9LMJ= N9JAGMK 9MPADA9JQ EG<MD=K ;J=9L=< :Q L@=
<=N=DGH=J ;GEEMFALQ 9J= 9N9AD9:D= 57 .@= 9M<AG
KMHHGJL AF )H=F -AEMD9LGJ AK ;MJJ=FLDQ HJAEALAN= 9F<
OGJCKGFDQH9JLA9DDQ-AEAD9JDQ )H=F -AEMD9LGJ ;MJJ=FLDQ
<G=KFGL9;;GEEG<9L=NA<=GKLJ=9EAF?57
%:,990,5+305,::
'AFAE9D MK=J KCADDK K@GMD< := F=;=KK9JQ LG F9NA?9L= AF
9F<AFL=J9;L OAL@ NAJLM9D=FNAJGFE=FLK)H=F1GF<=JD9F<
9F<)H=F-AEMD9LGJD9;CKMHHGJL>GJ E9FQG>L@=>=9LMJ=K
L@9L9J= ;GEEGF AF GL@=J?9E= HD9L>GJEK O@A;@J=F<=JK
L@=K=KQKL=EKD=KK KLJ9A?@L>GJO9J< 9F<K=D>=PHD9F9LGJQLG
MK=JK O@G 9J= >9EADA9J OAL@ GL@=J ?9E= HD9L>GJEK
MJL@=JEGJ= L@= AFKL9FL E=KK9?AF? AF )H=F -AEMD9LGJ
J=IMAJ=K L@AJ< H9JLQ HDM?AFK 9F< L@= HD9Q=JKb F9E=K
;9FFGL:=<AKHD9Q=<O@A;@ E9C=K AL <A>>A;MDL >GJ MK=JKLG
;GDD9:GJ9L=57#F-=;GF<&9:9DGF?KH=;A>A=<HJG;=<MJ=
EMKL := >GDDGO=< AF GJ<=J LG 9;@A=N= =N=F KAEHD=
>MF;LAGFK
 )1,*;0=,:6-;/0:!(7,9
0,KQKL=EK@9<:==FL@=KM:B=;LG>9;LAN=J=K=9J;@AF
L@=EA< G> K :ML KM:K=IM=FLDQ >MJL@=J <=N=DGHE=FLK
AFL@9L9J=9KDGO=<<GOF;GFKA<=J9:DQ #F 9<<ALAGF LG L@=
DAEAL9LAGF G> ;MJJ=FL 0, KQKL=EK <M= LG L@=AJ HMJ=DQ
NAJLM9D F9LMJ= L@AK KDGO<GOF O9K 9LLJA:ML9:D= E9AFDQ LG
L@= >GDDGOAF? L@J== J=9KGFK 0, KQKL=EK O=J= LGG
=PH=FKAN= @=9<EGMFL=< <AKHD9QK ;9MK=< <AK;GE>GJL LG
L@=MK=JK 9F< L@= DAEAL9LAGF LGGFDQ LOG GJ L@J==G> L@=
>AN= @ME9F K=FK=K @9EH=J=< L@= K=FK= G> J=9DAKE
=PH=JA=F;=:QL@=MK=JK#FGJ<=J>GJ0,KQKL=EKLGJ=9;@
L@=AJ>MDD HGL=FLA9D9K=FNAKAGF=<9;GMHD= G><=;9<=K9?G
L@=K=K@GJL;GEAF?K@9N=LG:=GN=J;GE=
.@AKH9H=JOADDHJ=K=FL 0,KQKL=EKAEHD=E=FL=<MKAF?
;GEHML=J?9E==F?AF=KO@=J=AFL@=NAJLM9D=FNAJGFE=FLK
9J=DAFC=< LGJ=9DH@QKA;9D <=NA;=KOAL@9?=F=J9D E=L@G<
.@AK 9HHJG9;@ J=<M;=K L@= HJ=NAGMKDQ HJG@A:ALAN=DQ @A?@
0,KQKL=E;GKLKA?FA>A;9FLDQ9F<9LL@=K9E=LAE=J=HD9;=K
L@= HJG:D=E9LA; @=9<EGMFL=< <AKHD9QK :Q J=?MD9J
;GEHML=J<AKHD9QK #F9<<ALAGFL@=AFL=?J9LAGFG>H@QKA;9D
<=NA;=K AFLG NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK @9K L@= HGL=FLA9D >GJ
AEHJGNAF? L@= MK=JKb >==DAF? G> AEE=JKAGF AF L@=
=FNAJGFE=FLK
.@= J=E9AF<=J G> L@AK H9H=J AK <ANA<=< AFLG L@J==
K=;LAGFK
'=L@G<K >GJ AFL=?J9LAF? NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK OAL@
J=9DH@QKA;9D<=NA;=K
NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL AEHD=E=FL=< MKAF?
L@=-GMJ;=?9E==F?AF=6OAL@J=9DH@QKA;9D<=NA;=K
*GL=FLA9D >MLMJ= 9HHDA;9LAGFK G> ?9E=:9K=< 0,
KQKL=EK
####(.!,.#)() 0,-3-.'-1#."*"3-#&
0#-
 ,;/6+:-695;,.9(;0656-&"#@:;,4:>0;/!/@:0*(3
,=0*,:
!90695;,.9(;065!3(;-694:-69&"
.@= ;GF;=HL G> ;GE:AFAF? NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK OAL@
J=9DH@QKA;9D<=NA;=KAKFGLF=OKAF;=9M?E=FL=<J=9DALQAK
BMKL KM;@ CAF< G> 9 0, KQKL=E -GE= G> L@= >AJKL
9HHDA;9LAGFKG>L@AK;GF;=HL@9<:==FAFLJG<M;=<>GJJG:GLK
EGJ= L@9F  Q=9JK 9?G 5 7 9F< L@= AFL=J9;LAGF
:=LO==FJ=9D9F<NAJLM9DJG:GLK;GMD<:=;GFKA<=J=<9KL@=
9FL=;=<=FLK G> EG<=JF 9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ KQKL=EK .@=K=
AEHD=E=FL9LAGFK O=J= ;MKLGE <=KA?F=< <=NA;= KH=;A>A;
9F<MK=<9 KH=;A9DAR=<  <AKHD9Q LG NAKM9DAR= L@= JG:GLK
&9L=J  ?J9H@A;K L=;@FGDG?Q O9K =EHDGQ=< LG <=N=DGH
EGJ= 9<N9F;=< NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK .@=F 9M?E=FL=<
NAJLM9D J=9DALQ KQKL=EK :9K=< GF  ?J9H@A;K L=;@FGDG?Q
O9K OA<=DQ MK=< AF E=<A;9D E9FM>9;LMJAF? 9F< J=H9AJ
9FFGL9LAGF 9F< NAKM9DAR9LAGF JG:GL H9L@ HD9FFAF?
=FL=JL9AFE=FL 9F< EADAL9JQ 9AJ;J9>L 9HHDA;9LAGFK 57 .@=
E9AF ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> 9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ HD9L>GJEK @9N=
:==F <=K;JA:=< 9K 9 ;GE:AF9LAGF G> J=9D 9F< NAJLM9D
G:B=;LK AFL=J9;LANALQ AF J=9D LAE= 9F< J=?AKLJ9LAGF AF 
57 GJAFKL9F;='-)F=(GL=O9KMK=<9K9HD9L>GJE>GJ
AFL=?J9LAF? J=9D A= H9H=J 9F< NAJLM9D A= =D=;LJGFA;
<G;ME=FLK 57 :ML L@9L KQKL=E D9;C=< 9 MK=J>JA=F<DQ
AFL=J>9;=>L=JJ=;=FL9<N9F;=E=FLK9M?E=FL=<J=9DALQAK
FGO 9DKG MK=< AF LJ9AFAF? KQKL=EK GJ =P9EHD= 9 0,
KQKL=E>GJ:9LLAF?HJ9;LA;=O9K<=N=DGH=<MKAF?)H=F-AE
9KL@=<=N=DGHE=FLHD9L>GJE57:MLL@AKHD9L>GJEKDAEALK
L@=KQKL=ELG9KE9DDFME:=JG>MK=JK
&"#@:;,4:(:,+65647<;,9(4,5.05,:
.@=HMJHGK=G>;GEHML=J?9E==F?AF=KAKLGHJGNA<=9
KMAL= G> <=N=DGHE=FL LGGDK >GJ ?9E=K L@9L E9C= L@=
;GEEGF;GEHGF=FLKG>L@=;GEHML=J?9E=KJ=MK9:D=9F<
9<9HL9:D= 57 1@=F ;GEHML=J ?9E= =F?AF=K 9J=
=EHDGQ=<LGAEHD=E=FL0,KQKL=EKL@9L9J=DAFC=<LGJ=9D
H@QKA;9D<=NA;=KL@==PHDGAL9LAGFG>L@=EA<<D=O9J=L@9LAK
H9JL G> L@= ?9E= =F?AF= 9DDGOK >GJ =>>A;A=FL 9F< >9KL
<=N=DGHE=FL K== >GJ AFKL9F;= 57 GFN=FLAGF9DDQ L@=
KM:EG<MD=K G> 9 ?9E= =F?AF= J=KHGFKA:D= >GJ J=F<=JAF?
H@QKA;K KAEMD9LAGF =FNAJGFE=FL EG<=DAF? L=PLMJAF? 9F<
F=LOGJCAF?9J=<=FGL=<9KEA<<D=O9J=DL=JF9LAN=DQ L@=
=FLAJ= ?9E= =F?AF= ;GMD< := ;GFKA<=J=< 9 EA<<D=O9J=
57 #F GJ<=J LG DAFC ?9E=:9K=< NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK
OAL@ J=9D H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K L@= ?9E= =F?AF=bK KG>LO9J=
<=N=DGHE=FL CAL -% 9F< 9HHDA;9LAGF HJG?J9EEAF?
AFL=J>9;= *# EMKL := ;GEH9LA:D= OAL@ GL@=J KG>LO9J=
9HHDA;9LAGFK9F<@9J<O9J= HD9L>GJEK KM;@ 9K'
H9;C9?=K&9:0#1'.&@9J<O9J=H=JAH@=J9DK GJ
GL@=JH@QKA;9D<=NA;=KK== A?MJ=
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
27

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ=#FL=?J9LAGFG>?9E==F?AF=OAL@GL@=J9HHDA;9LAGFK

A?MJ='=L@G<KG>;GEEMFA;9LAGF:=LO==F?9E=:9K=<0,KQKL=EK9F<H@QKA;9D<=NA;=K
 5;,.9(;065%:05.@5(40*0520)9(90,:
1@=F DAFCAF? NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK AEHD=E=FL=< MKAF?
;GEHML=J ?9E= =F?AF=K L@= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F L@=
?9E= =F?AF= 9F< L@= GL@=J HD9L>GJEK >GJ ;GFLJGDDAF? L@=
J=9D H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K ;9F := J=9DAR=< =AL@=J :Q
KL9F<9J<AR=< GJ HD9L>GJEKH=;A>A; ;GEEMFA;9LAGF
HJGLG;GDK GJ 9DL=JF9LAN=DQ :Q EAP=<D9F?M9?=
HJG?J9EEAF?;GE:AF=<OAL@ K@9J=< E=EGJQ .@= MK= G>
KL9F<9J<AR=< ;GEEMFA;9LAGF HJGLG;GDK AK HJ=>=JJ=< O@=F
L@=Q 9J= KMHHGJL=< :Q 9DD L@= <A>>=J=FL HD9L>GJEK LG :=
DAFC=<57#FKGE=AFKL9F;=KL@= HD9L>GJEK LG := DAFC=<
E9Q FGL 9DD KMHHGJL 9 ;GEEGF KL9F<9J<AR=<
;GEEMFA;9LAGFHJGLG;GD 57 O@A;@ L@=F F=;=KKAL9L=K L@=
<=N=DGHE=FL G> 9 ;MKLGEAR=< HD9L>GJEKH=;A>A;
;GEEMFA;9LAGF HJGLG;GD .@= D9LL=J 9HHJG9;@ AK ;GKLDQ
9F<L@=J=>GJ=ALAKHJ=>=J9:D=LGJ=KGJLLGEAP=<D9F?M9?=
HJG?J9EEAF? O@=J= KGMJ;= ;G<=K OJALL=F AF <A>>=J=FL
HJG?J9EEAF?D9F?M9?=K9J=;GEHAD=<LG?=L@=J9F<;9F:=
;9DD=< :9;C :Q <A>>=J=FL HD9L>GJEK #F L@= HJ=K=FL OGJC
QF9EA;&AFC&A:J9JA=K&&KMF<=J'-1AF<GOKO=J=
=EHDGQ=< :=;9MK= EGKL G> L@= HJ=K=FL ;GEHML=J ?9E=
=F?AF=K KMHHGJL L@= ;GF;=HL G> &&K QF9EA;9DDQ
&AFC=<a-@9J=<):B=;Lb&A:J9JA=KMF<=J&AFMP9F<KG <G
EGKLG>L@=HD9L>GJEK GF= E9Q := AFL=J=KL=< AF DAFCAF? LG
?9E= =F?AF=K >GJ AFKL9F;= '.& &9:0#1 $9N9
9KA;  =L; A?MJ= ADDMKLJ9L=K L@= L@J== <A>>=J=FL
E=L@G<K#F9<<ALAGFL@=&&:9K=<9HHJG9;@9DDGOK>GJ
>9KL=J ;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F 9 ?9E= =F?AF= 9F< 9
H@QKA;9D <=NA;= L@9F KL9F<9J< ;GEEMFA;9LAGF HJGLG;GDK
KM;@9K.*57
#F HJAF;AHD= 9 && >AD= KAEHDQ J=HJ=K=FLK 9 K@9J=<
DA:J9JQAFL@='-1AF<GOKGJ&AFMPGH=J9LAF?KQKL=EK#L
E9Q ;GFL9AF <9L9 >MF;LAGFK ;G<= :AF9JQ >AD=K >GJ L@=
GH=J9LAF? KQKL=E ;MKLGE J=KGMJ;=K GJ 9FQ ;GE:AF9LAGF
L@=J=G> MJL@=JEGJ= ALK <A>>=J=FL;GFL=FLK @9N= <A>>=J=FL
=PL=FKAGFK>GJ'-1AF<GOK<DD=P=<JN>GF=L;
>GJ&AFMPKG .@= KM:K=IM=FL <AK;MKKAGFK AF L@AK H9H=J
OADD := DAEAL=< LG '- 1AF<GOK GJ L@= 9HHDA;9LAGF
HJ=K=FL=<@=J= <DD >AD=K 9J=KM>>A;A=FL >GJ AEHD=E=FLAF?
L@= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F L@= ?9E=:9K=< 0, KQKL=E
9F< L@= GL@=J HD9L>GJEK .@AK ;GEEMFA;9LAGF AFNGDN=K
GFDQ <9L9 >MF;LAGFK 9F< ;G<=K O@A;@ ;9F 9DD := H9;C=<
AFLG9<DD>AD=
 #(473,473,4,5;(;065-695;,.9(;0656-!3(;-694:
=DGO 9 K9EHD= AEHD=E=FL9LAGF :9K=< GF EAP=<
D9F?M9?=HJG?J9EEAF?AK<=K;JA:=<O@=J=AF<DD>AD=K9J=
MK=<LGDAFC9KH=;A>A;?9E==F?AF=!'G<=F<GO=<OAL@
9 K;JAHLAF? D9F?M9?= &M9 OAL@ 9 KH=;A>A; HD9L>GJE
&9:0#1 -M:K=IM=FLDQ 9 ?9E=:9K=< D9:GJ9LGJQ
=FNAJGFE=FL AK HJ=K=FL=< 9K 9F 9HHDA;9LAGF G> L@AK
9HHJG9;@
#FL@AK E=L@G< !'G< 9F<&9:0#19J=LOG<A>>=J=FL
HJG;=KK=K JMFFAF? MF<=J L@= '- 1AF<GOK GH=J9LAF?
KQKL=E .@=F L@= K9E= <DD >AD=K 9J= K@9J=< :=LO==F
L@=K= <A>>=J=FL HJG;=KK=K A= L@=Q ;9F := ;9DD=<
KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ :Q L@=K= HJG;=KK=K 9F< L@=Q 9J= MK=< 9K
;9JJA=JK>GJK@9JAF?<9L9>MF;LAGFK9F<;G<=K
.@=EGLAN9LAGF>GJMKAF?L@AK L=;@FAIM=AKL@9L L@=<DD
>AD=K;GEHAD=<:QMF<=JL@= '- 1AF<GOK GH=J9LAF?
KQKL=E ;9F := DG9<=< :Q :GL@ &9:0#1 9F< L@= !'G<
?9E= K=JN=J #F &9:0#1P GJ D9L=J N=JKAGFK <DD
>AD=K ;9F := ;9DD=< :Q L@= ;9DD DA:J9JQ >MF;LAGF FG<=
& ( (GL= L@9L L@= & ( MK=< LG := J=>=JJ=< LG 9K
;G<=AFL=J>9;=FG<=#(:=>GJ=:ML&9:0#1FGDGF?=J
KMHHGJLKL@AKFG<= 57 #F !'G<L@= =PL=F<=< AFL=J>9;=
A=L@= *# G>!'G<O@A;@AKMK=< LG DG9<EG<MD=KAF
L@=>GJEG><DD>AD=KAK<=FGL=<9K!'G<#FL=J>9;=
28
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ= MF;LAGFKKMHHGJLAF?;GEEMFA;9LAGF:=LO==F&9:0#19F<!'G<

A?MJ=J;@AL=;LMJ=G><DD>AD=
.@AKKLJM;LMJ==F9:D=K&M9K;JAHLKLG;GEEMFA;9L=OAL@
L@= <DD >AD=K .@=F L@= !'G< AFL=J>9;= MK=K &M9bK 
9HHDA;9LAGFHJG?J9EEAF?AFL=J>9;=*#LG =E:=<<9L9
GJ >MF;LAGFK AFLG L@= <DD >AD=K MJL@=JEGJ= KH=;A>A;
>MF;LAGFK MK=< AF &9:0#1 ;9F 9DKG := ;GEHAD=< AF L@=
K9E= K@9J=< <DD >AD= >L=J L@AK KL=H 9FQ KH=;A>A; <DD
>AD= ;9F := ;9DD=< :Q :GL@ !'G< 9F< &9:0#1 AF
<A>>=J=FL HJG;=KK=K 5 7  KAEHD= >DGO ;@9JL G> L@=
;GEEMFA;9LAGFK:=LO==F L@= !'G< 9F<&9:0#1MKAF?
<DD>AD=KAK<=HA;L=<AF A?MJ=
.@=9:GN=KLJM;LMJ=;9FGFDQJ=9DAR=L@=KAEHD=;9DD:9;C
G> <9L9 9F< >MF;LAGFK L@9L 9J= H9;C9?=< AF <DD >AD=K
"GO=N=J L@= HJG:D=E G> AFL=J=KL @=J= AK LG AFL=J;@9F?=
<9L9 :=LO==F <A>>=J=FL HD9L>GJEK 9F< <A>>=J=FL HJG;=KK=K
#FGJ<=JLGKGDN=L@AKHJG:D=E 9 K@9J=< E=EGJQ L@9L ;9F
?AN=KAEMDL9F=GMK 9;;=KKLG&9:0#19F<!'G<O@A;@
J=HJ=K=FL <A>>=J=FL HJG;=KK=K AK 9DDG;9L=< .@AK K@9J=<
E=EGJQ 9NGA<K MFF=;=KK9JQ ;GHA=K G> L@= AFKL9F;=K G>
DA:J9JA=KO@A;@EMKL:= MK=< 9K KL9LA; DA:J9JA=K 9EGF? L@=
HJG;=KK=K L@MK AEHJGNAF? L@= =>>A;A=F;Q AF H9KKAF? <9L9
:=LO==F<A>>=J=FLHD9L>GJEK57 .@=9J;@AL=;LMJ=G><DD
>AD=K L@9L 9J= K@9J=< :=LO==F &9:0#1 9F< !'G< AK
ADDMKLJ9L=<AF A?MJ=
#FGJ<=JLGADDMKLJ9L=L@AKE=L@G<9;GDD9:GJ9LAN=NAJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL <=N=DGH=< HJ=NAGMKDQ MKAF? L@=
EMDLAHD9Q=J ;GEHML=J ?9E= =F?AF= a-GMJ;=b 9F< !'G<
57 O9K DAFC=< LG J=9D H@QKA;9D D9:GJ9LGJQ K=LMHK 9K
<=K;JA:=<AFL@=F=PLK=;LAGF
#0!'-)&&),.#00#,./&&),.),3
(0#,)('(.1#."#(.!,.*"3-#&0#-
 ,5,9(3",4(92:
.@= ;GDD9:GJ9LAN= D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL HJ=K=FL=<
@=J= O9K AEHD=E=FL=< :Q =PL=F<AF? L@= ?9E=
=FNAJGFE=FL !'G< O@A;@ AK :9K=< GF L@= EMDLAHD9Q=J
?9E= =F?AF= a-GMJ;=b .@AK =PL=FKAGF AF;DM<=< L@=
;J=9LAGF G> EG<=DK >MF;LAGFK 9F< 9 E9H 9K O=DD 9K L@=
=KL9:DAK@E=FL G> 9 DAFC LG 9;LM9D H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K >GJ
;GF<M;LAF? =<M;9LAGF9D J=EGL= =PH=JAE=FLK 9K <AK;MKK=<
AF<=L9ADAFL@=KM:K=IM=FLK=;LAGFK A?MJ=<=K;JA:=KL@=
<=N=DGHE=FL HJG;=KK G> L@AK KQKL=E 9F< =PHD9AFK L@=
J=D9LAGFK@AH :=LO==F L@= ;GF;=HL G> 0, 9F< L@= ?9E=
:9K=<NAJLM9DD9:GJ9LGJQ
 ",46;,(5+&09;<(3()69(;690,:
.@= L=JE J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJQ J=>=JK LG L@= MK= G>
L=D=;GEEMFA;9LAGFK LG ;GF<M;L J=9D =PH=JAE=FLK >JGE 9
J=EGL=DG;9LAGF #F J=;=FL Q=9JKJ=EGL=D9:GJ9LGJA=K@9N=
:=;GE= 9F 9DL=JF9LAN= 9F<GJ ;GEHD=E=FL LG LJ9<ALAGF9D
@9F<KGF D9:GJ9LGJA=K 9KKG;A9L=< OAL@ K;A=F;= 9F<
=F?AF==JAF? ;MJJA;MD9 9L E9FQ @A?@=J =<M;9LAGF
AFKLALMLAGFK OGJD<OA<= -A?FA>A;9FL ;GFLJA:MLAGFK LG L@AK
9J=9 AF;DM<= A&9:K 57 &9:K@9J= 57 &A&9 57
(=LD9: 57 1=:&9: 57 A&GM?@&9: 57 9F< 0#-#,
57 )L@=J FGL=OGJL@Q J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJA=K 9J= <=K;JA:=<
=DK=O@=J= 57 1@AD= J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJA=K
@9N= :==F >GMF< LG @9N= K=N=J9D 9<N9FL9?=K GN=J
;GFN=FLAGF9D @9F<KGF D9:GJ9LGJA=K =? AF;J=9K=<
9;;=KKA:ADALQ AEHJGN=< K9>=LQ 9F< K=;MJALQ J=<M;=<
GH=J9LAF? ;GKLK L@=Q 9J= EGKL KMAL9:D= >GJ ADDMKLJ9LAF?
;GF;=HLM9D CFGOD=<?= 9K GHHGK=< LG AFKLADDAF? <=KA?F
KCADDK 9F< L@=Q >9AD LG HJGNA<= L@= KLM<=FLK OAL@
=PH=JA=F;=KAF K=LLAF?MHLJGM:D= K@GGLAF?9F<<=:M??AF?
=PH=JAE=FL9D =IMAHE=FL 5   7 0AJLM9D GJ KAEMD9L=<
D9:GJ9LGJA=K 9J= KG>LO9J=:9K=< AEAL9LAGFK G> J=9D
=PH=JAE=FLK #F N9JAGMK KLM<A=K L@=Q @9N= :==F >GMF< LG
:=?GG< KM:KLALML=K >GJ @9F<KGF=PH=JAE=FLK AF L=9;@AF?
9:KLJ9;L ;GF;=HLK 9F< L@=AJ 9HHDA;9LAGFK 5  7 0AJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJA=K9DKGHJGNA<=9<N9FL9?=KKM;@9KDGOGH=J9LAF?
;GKLK J=<M;=< LAE= >GJ K=LMH 9F< L=9J<GOF G> L@=
=PH=JAE=FLK 9F< L@=Q ;J=9L= 9F 9;LAN= EG<= G> D=9JFAF?
57 "GO=N=J L@=Q 9J= :=DA=N=< LG @9N= <AK9<N9FL9?=K
<M= LG L@= <AK;GFF=;LAGF :=LO==F L@= J=9D 9F< NAJLM9D
OGJD<K 57 9F< G>L=F <G FGL AF;DM<= L@= AEH=J>=;LAGFK
=F;GMFL=J=<AFJ=9DKQKL=EK
 65*,7;6-(4,)(:,+&09;<(35=09654,5;:
!9E=:9K=< NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK 9J= <=KA?F=< LG
;DGK=DQKAEMD9L= 9KH=;LK G> J=9D GJ>A;LAGF9DK;=F9JAGK 9F<
J=;=FLDQ @9N= :=?MF LG := MK=< >GJ =<M;9LAGF9D 9F<
LJ9AFAF? HMJHGK=K >GJ AFKL9F;= AF E=<A;9D LJ9AFAF? 57
EADAL9JQ LJ9AFAF? 57 KHGJLK LJ9AFAF? 57 E9F9?=E=FL
KAEMD9LAGFK 57 9F< DA>= KAEMD9LAGFK 57 =L; ,=K=9J;@
GF ?9E=:9K=< D=9JFAF? @9K <=EGFKLJ9L=< L@9L ?9E=K
AF;J=9K= L@= MK=JKb AFLJAFKA; EGLAN9LAGF L@JGM?@ >9FL9KQ
;GFLJGD;@9DD=F?=;MJAGKALQ9F<;GEH=LALAGF57
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
29

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ=-;@=E9LA;G>KQKL=E<=N=DGHE=FLHJG;=KK

A?MJ=-QKL=E9J;@AL=;LMJ=
DKG:QHJGNA<AF?NAKM9D9F<9M<ALGJQ>==<:9;C?9E=K
AF;J=9K=L@= AFL=J9;LANALQ :=LO==FMK=JK9F<=FNAJGFE=FLK
9F< =F9:D= L@= MK=JK LG D=9JF :Q HD9QAF? 57 1AL@GML
<GM:L HD9QAF? AK 9 HGO=J>MD 9F< H=JN9KAN= E=L@G< G>
D=9JFAF? :Q O@A;@ A<=9K 9J= L=KL=< F=O KCADDK 9J=
<=N=DGH=<9F<H=GHD=H9JLA;AH9L=AFF=OKG;A9DJGD=K57
 #@:;,49*/0;,*;<9,6-633()69(;0=,&09;<(3
()69(;69@5=09654,5;
.@=KQKL=E 9J;@AL=;LMJ= G> L@= ;GDD9:GJ9LAN= D9:GJ9LGJQ
=FNAJGFE=FL HJ=K=FL=< @=J=AK K@GOF AF A?MJ= #F L@AK
KQKL=EL@=;GEEMFA;9LAGF:=LO==F<A>>=J=FLHD9L>GJEKAK
J=9DAR=< :Q &&K ;GE:AF=< OAL@ K@9J=< E=EGJQ GJ :Q
<AKLJA:ML=< K@9J=< E=EGJQ -' #> L@= <A>>=J=FL
HJG;=KK=K G> L@= HD9L>GJEK 9J= JMFFAF? AF <A>>=J=FL
;GEHML=JK DG;9L=< L@JGM?@GML L@= F=LOGJC L@=F -'
EMKL := =EHDGQ=< 9K AF<A;9L=< :Q L@= H9JLK :GMF<=< :Q
<9K@=<<GM:D=<GLL=<DAF=K)FL@=GL@=J@9F<A>9DDG>L@=
HJG;=KK=K 9J= =P=;ML=< AF GF= ;GEHML=J L@=F &&K
;GE:AF=<OAL@K@9J=<E=EGJQK@GMD<:=MK=<J9L@=JL@9F
-':=;9MK= L@= D9LL=J J=IMAJ=K;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F
<A>>=J=FL HJG;=KK=K L@JGM?@ L@= F=LOGJC O@A;@ AK
AF@=J=FLDQKDGO57#FL@=9HHDA;9LAGFHJ=K=FL=<@=J= 9DD
HJG;=KK=KA= !'G< 9F< &9:0#1 9J==P=;ML=<AFGF=
;GEHML=J A= ?9E= K=JN=J 9F< L@=AJ AFL=?J9LAGF AK
<AK;MKK=<AF <=L9AD:=DGO.@=MK=JK 9;;=KKL@=;DA=FL KA<=
G>!'G<.@=FL@=AF>GJE9LAGFAKH9KK=<GFLGL@=K=JN=J
KA<= G> !'G< :Q L@= F=LOGJC ;GEHGF=FL G> L@= ?9E=
=F?AF= AF9DDQ L@=K=JN=J KA<= G> !'G< =P;@9F?=K <9L9
OAL@L@=K=JN=JKA<=G>&9:0#1bKK@9J=<N9JA9:D==F?AF=
-0 L@JGM?@ &&K ;GE:AF=< OAL@ K@9J=< E=EGJQ
.@=F L@= F=LOGJCHM:DAK@=< K@9J=< N9JA9:D=K H9KK <9L9
:9;C 9F< >GJL@ :=LO==F L@= ?9E= K=N=J 9F< L@= J=EGL=
D9:GJ9LGJQK=JN=J-0;DA=FL
30
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ=&M9K;JAHL>GJH9KKAF?<9L9:=LO==F!'G<9F<K@9J=<E=EGJQ

A?MJ=AJ>DGOJA?;GMJL=KQG>JE>A=D<#F;

A?MJ=*JGLGLQH=G>H9KK9L9>MF;LAGF>GJ<9L9=P;@9F?=:=LO==F!'G<9F<&9:0#1bK-0
.@= J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJQ K=JN=J-0 ;DA=FL AK MK=< LG
;GFF=;LOAL@L@==PH=JAE=FL9D<=NA;=KL@JGM?@L@=#FL=JF=L
OAL@ 9FGL@=J K=L G> F=LOGJCHM:DAK@=< K@9J=< N9JA9:D=K
DL@GM?@9DDG>L@=<=NA;=K;9F:=;GFF=;L=<<AJ=;LDQOAL@
L@= &9:0#1 -0 L@=Q 9J= E9F9?=< :Q L@= J=EGL=
D9:GJ9LGJQ K=JN=J .@AK LOGD=N=D F=LOGJC 9J;@AL=;LMJ=
>9;ADAL9L=KL@=E9F9?=E=FLG>9DD<9L9>JGEL@=<=NA;=K
.@= ;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==F &9:0#1 9F< !'G< AK
KMEE9JAR=< AF A?MJ=  DM9 K;JAHL >AD= AK DG9<=<
9MLGE9LA;9DDQO@=F KL9JLAF? !'G<.@AK>AD=AK;GEHGK=<
G>9 :9KA; K=LG> N9JA9:D=K 9F< L@= F=;=KK9JQ >MF;LAGFK LG
J=9<OJAL= <9L9 >JGE K@9J=< E=EGJQ EGF? L@=K=
>MF;LAGFKKGE=L@9L<G FGL@9N=J=LMJFN9DM=K9J= MK=<LG
H9KK <9L9 >JGE !'G< LG L@= K@9J=< E=EGJQ .@= GL@=J
>MF;LAGFK OAL@ J=LMJF N9DM=K 9J= MK=< LG ?=L <9L9 >JGE
K@9J=<E=EGJQ.@=HK=M<G;G<=MK=<LG=PHD9AF@GOLG
;9DD 9 <DD >AD= 9F< @GO LG MK= L@=K= N9JA9:D=K 9F<
>MF;LAGFKAF9DM9K;JAHL>AD=AKDAKL=<AF A?MJ=
MF;LAGFKLGFE 9J= J=?AKL=J=< >MF;LAGFK L@9L J=KA<=
AFL@=<DD>AD='GJ=GN=J9;;GJ<AF?LGL@=;GFN=FLAGFKG>
L@= !'G< AFL=J>9;= A> 9 <DD >AD= AK L9C=F 9K GF= G> L@=
EG<MD=KG> L@=!'G<?9E=K=JN=J L@=F9E=G>L@AK <DD
>AD=EMKL:=AFL@=>GJE9L?E8<DD.@=F!'G<;9FDG9<
L@AKEG<MD=MKAF?L@=aJ=IMAJ=b>MF;LAGFHJGNA<=< :QL@=
&M9K;JAHLAF?D9F?M9?=
 #(473,?7,904,5;
?7,904,5;(3#,;<7
 EMDLAMK=J ?9E=:9K=< NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ
=FNAJGFE=FLOAL@ 9F AFL=?J9L=< J=EGL= >DGO<=N=DGHE=FL
9HH9J9LMK O9K <=N=DGH=< 9K 9 HADGL 9HHDA;9LAGF 9L -#.
.@AK AEHD=E=FL9LAGF MK=K 9 ;GEE=J;A9DDQ 9N9AD9:D= 9AJ
>DGO JA? :Q JE>A=D< #F; K== A?MJ= PH=JAE=FLK
O=J=<=KA?F=< >GJE=9KMJAF?L@=AEHGJL9FL ;@9J9;L=JAKLA;K
G> AF<MKLJA9D 9AJ <AKLJA:MLAGF KQKL=EK 9K O=DD 9K LG K@GO
@GO ;=JL9AF :9KA; HJAF;AHD=K G> >DMA< E=;@9FA;K 9J=
9HHDA=<LG9F9DQR=>DGOKAF<M;LK9F<B=LK
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
31

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ=9DDAF?&&AF&9:0#1OAL@& (
#FL@AK =PH=JAE=FL9DK=LMHEGLGJ;GFLJGDD=<*ALGL LM:=K
9J= =EHDGQ=< LG E=9KMJ= L@= HJ=KKMJ= <AKLJA:MLAGFK 9L
N9JAGMK ;JGKK K=;LAGFK 9F< 9L L@= GMLD=L G> L@= >DGO HAH=
)F= G> L@= =PH=JAE=FLK =F9:D=K L@= ;9DA:J9LAGF G> 9 >DGO
E=L=J:9K=<GF9F GJA>A;=HD9L=L@9LAKAFK=JL=< AFLGL@=9AJ
KLJ=9E F GJA>A;= HD9L= AK 9 HJ=;AK=DQ E=9KMJ9:D=
G:KLJM;LAGF L@9L F9JJGOK L@= HAH= L@MK ;GFKLJA;LAF? L@=
>DGOAF? KM:KL9F;= .@= =PH=JAE=FL 9DKG 9DDGOK L@=
=PHDGJ9LAGF G> L@= >DGO <=N=DGHE=FL AF 9 KLJ9A?@L >DGO
HAH= 9F< L@= <=L=JEAF9LAGF G> L@= >J==>DGO N=DG;ALQ
HJG>AD=9LL@=HAH=bKGMLD=L57
0++3,>(9,
#FL@= <=EGFKLJ9L=<AEHD=E=FL9LAGFGFDQ GF=<DD>AD=
AK;GEHAD=<>GJMK= OAL@L@=D9:GJ9LGJQ=FNAJGFE=FLKAF;=
L@= <9L9 9F< L@= >MF;LAGFK LG := H9KK=< 9J= FGL N=JQ
;GEHDA;9L=< "GO=N=J EGJ= L@9F GF= <DD >AD= ;9F :=
;GEHAD=<9F<MHDG9<=< 9L 9 LAE= 9K<=HA;L=< AF A?MJ=
#F GJ<=J LG =PHD9AF @GO L@= KQKL=E OGJCK A?MJ=
K@GOK 9 HA=;= G> L@= &9:0#1 ?J9H@A;K HJG?J9E L@9L AK
MK=< :Q L@= & ( LG ;9DD L@= <DD >AD= AF O@A;@ L@=
;GJJ=KHGF<AF?HJGLGLQH=G>L@=>MF;LAGFAKAE:=<<=<.@AK
>MF;LAGF AK MK=< LG =P;@9F?= <9L9 :=LO==F !'G< 9F<
&9:0#1bK-09F<ALKHJGLGLQH=AKK@GOFAF A?MJ=
K K@GOF AF A?MJ= L@= AFALA9D H9J9E=L=JK K==
.9:D= 9J= MK=< LG K=L L@= AFALA9D N9DM=K G> L@= GMLHML
H9J9E=L=JK.@=AFHMLH9J9E=L=JKK==
.9:D=9J=MK=<LGLJ9FKEALL@==PH=JAE=FL9D<9L9>JGE
L@= J=9D D9:GJ9LGJQ LG !'G< 9F< LG L@=F ;GF>A?MJ= L@=
9FAE9LAGF G> L@= ;GJJ=KHGF<AF? EG<=DK G> L@=
=PH=JAE=FL9D <=NA;=K AF !'G< .@=K= AFHML H9J9E=L=JK
;GJJ=KHGF< LG L@= D9KL =A?@L 9J?ME=FLK AF L@= H9KK9L9
>MF;LAGFK@GOFAF A?MJ=.@=GMLHMLH9J9E=L=JKK==
.9:D=9J=MK=<LGH9KK<9L9>JGE!'G<LG&9:0#1
AFGJ<=JLG;GFLJGDL@==PH=JAE=FL9D<=NA;=K.@=K=GMLHML
H9J9E=L=JK ;GJJ=KHGF< LG L@= >AJKL L@AJL==F 9J?ME=FLK AF
L@=H9KK9L9>MF;LAGFK@GOFAF A?MJ=
32
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3

.&
#(#.#&*,'.,-**,#(!#( #!/,
$ )( '* &% $ )( '* &%
#FALA9D&G;9LAGFK $=LHAKLGFAFALA9DHGKALAGF #FALA9D'9AF-1 '9AFKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK
#FALA9DAJ=;LAGF 'GLGJAFALA9DJGL9LAGF<AJ=;LAGF #FALA9D.9H-1 .9HKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK
#FALA9D*GO=JMLLGF *GO=JKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK #FALA9D.9H-1 .9HKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK
#FALA9D,=K=LMLLGF ,=K=LKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK #FALA9D.9H-1 .9HKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK
#FALA9D'9AF-1 '9AFKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK #FALA9D.9H-1 .9HKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK
#FALA9D'9AF-1 '9AFKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK #FALA9D'GLGJ-=D=;L #FALA9DK=D=;L=<EGLGJ
#FALA9D'9AF-1 '9AFKOAL;@AFALA9DKL9LMK  

.&
#(*/.*,'.,-**,#(!#( #!/,
$ )( '* &% $ )( '* &%
&0;LM9D&G; $=LHAKLGF9;LM9DHGKALAGF &0.9*J= .9HHJ=KKMJ=
&0.GH&AEAL $=LHAKLGFLGHDAEALHGKALAGF &0.9*J= .9HHJ=KKMJ=
&0GLLGE&AEAL $=LHAKLGFLGH:GLLGEHGKALAGF &0.9*J= .9HHJ=KKMJ=
&0*.*J= *ALLM:HJ=KKMJ= &0.9*J= .9HHJ=KKMJ=

.&
)/.*/.*,'.,-**,#(!#( #!/,
$ )( '* &% $ )( '* &%
=KAJ=<&G;9LAGFK GFLJGDB=LHAKLGFHGKALAGF '9AF-1-L9LMK '9AFKOAL;@KL9LMK
AJ=;LAGFK 'GLGJJGL9LAGF<AJ=;LAGF .9H-1-L9LMK .9HKOAL;@KL9LMK
*GO=J-1 *GO=JKOAL;@ .9H-1-L9LMK .9HKOAL;@KL9LMK
,=K=L09DM= -QKL=EJ=K=L .9H-1-L9LMK .9HKOAL;@KL9LMK
'9AF-1-L9LMK '9AFKOAL;@KL9LMK .9H-1-L9LMK .9HKOAL;@KL9LMK
'9AF-1-L9LMK '9AFKOAL;@KL9LMK 'GLGJ(ME:=J 'GLGJK=D=;LAGF
'9AF-1-L9LMK '9AFKOAL;@KL9LMK  



,=,3674,5;6-()69(;69@5=09654,5;
.@=NAJLM9DD9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL HJ=K=FL=< @=J= O9K
;J=9L=< MKAF? L@= a-GMJ;=b ?9E= =F?AF= O@A;@ HJGNA<=K
9DD >MF;LAGFK F==<=< LG <=N=DGH 9 J=9DAKLA; NAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FL#F9<<ALAGFALHJGNA<=K=PL=FKAN=KMHHGJLNA9
ALK a-GMJ;=b -% O@A;@ AF;DM<=K L@= a"9EE=Jb E9H
=<ALGJ .@= D9LL=J =F9:D=K MK=JK LG ;J=9L= 9F< =<AL L@=
NAJLM9DE9HG>L@=?9E==FNAJGFE=FL57
.@= EG<=DK G> L@= =PH=JAE=FL9D ;GEHGF=FLK G> L@=
NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL O=J= ;J=9L=< :9K=< GF
;MKLGE   EG<=DK G> L@= J=9D H@QKA;9D =IMAHE=FL
-M;@ ;MKLGE EG<=DK ;9F := :MADL MKAF? L@AJ<H9JLQ 
EG<=DAF? KG>LO9J= KM;@ 9K <K'9P 57 GJ -GDA<1GJCK
57 .@= >DGO JA? 9KK=E:DQ EG<=DK G> L@= =PH=JAE=FL
<=K;JA:=< @=J= O=J= ;J=9L=< AF -GDA<1GJCK 9F< L@=F
;GFN=JL=<AFLG9>AD=>GJE9LL@9LAK;GEH9LA:D=OAL@!'G<
.@= a-GMJ;=b ?9E= =F?AF= =EHDGQK L@= a"9NGCb
H@QKA;K=F?AF=57LGEG<=DJ=9DOGJD<H@=FGE=F9:9K=<
GF (=OLGFA9F H@QKA;K AF GJ<=J LG 9;@A=N= J=9DAKLA;
AFL=J9;LAGFK :=LO==F G:B=;LK AF L@= NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK
57 MJL@=JEGJ= ;=JL9AF >=9LMJ=K G> a"9NGCb O=J= 9DKG
MK=< LG AEHD=E=FL KGE= >MF;LAGF9DALQ G> L@= NAJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJQ=FNAJGFE=FLKM;@9K;GDDAKAGF<=L=;LAGF<MJAF?
L@= 9KK=E:DQ G> ;GEHGF=FLK AFLG =PH=JAE=FL9D KQKL=EK
9F<L@=KMHHGJLG>J=9DAKLA;9FAE9LAGFKG>L@==PH=JAE=FL9D
<=NA;=K !'G< HJGNA<=K 9F =PL=FKAN= &M9 DA:J9JQ O@A;@
=F9:D=K HJG?J9EE=JK LG ;J=9L= ?9E= JMD=K 9F< ?9E=
=FLALA=K 9F< LG <=>AF= L@= :=@9NAGJ G> ;=JL9AF ?9E=
;@9J9;L=JK 9F< G:B=;LK 5  7 #F L@= NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ
=FNAJGFE=FL L@= &M9 K;JAHLAF? D9F?M9?= 9<GHL=< :Q
!'G< O9K 9DKG MK=< LG ;J=9L= LGGDK 9F< ?9E=
EG<A>A;9LAGFK
?7,904,5;(3!96*,+<9,
#F J=9D @9F<KGF =PH=JAE=FLK MKAF? L@= >DGO JA? L@=
=PH=JAE=FL9D9HH9J9LMK @9K 9DJ=9<Q :==F K=LMH O@=F L@=
KLM<=FLK 9JJAN= AF L@= D9:GJ9LGJQ .@MK L@= KLM<=FLK BMKL
F==<LGKL9JLMHL@=>9FEGLGJ 9<BMKLALK KH==< K=D=;L L@=
*ALGL LM:= LG := MK=< >GJ L@= J=IMAJ=< HJ=KKMJ=
E=9KMJ=E=FLK9<BMKLALKHGKALAGF MKAF?9KL=H EGLGJJ=9<
G>> L@= N9DM=K G> L@= O9L=JD=N=D E=L=J 9F< ;9D;MD9L= L@=
;GJJ=KHGF<AF? HJ=KKMJ= N9DM=K .@=F L@AK HJG;=<MJ= ;9F
:=J=H=9L=<K=N=J9DLAE=K>GJ<A>>=J=FL *ALGLLM:=DG;9LAGFK
9F<GJHGKALAGFK9KO=DD9K>GJ<A>>=J=FL>9FKH==<K
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
33

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


A?MJ=NAJLM9DEG<=DG>>DGOJA?9HH9J9LMK

A?MJ=-AEMD9LAGFKDAFC=<LG9J=9D<=NA;=
"GO=N=J AF L@= NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL
<=K;JA:=< @=J= L@= KLM<=FLK L@= AFKLJM;LGJ 9F< L@=
L=9;@AF?9KKAKL9FL9J=J=HJ=K=FL=<9K9N9L9JK.@=QAFL=J9;L
OAL@ 9 NAJLM9D >DGO JA? 9HH9J9LMK L@9L J=HJ=K=FLK L@= J=9D
H@QKA;9D <=NA;= .@= HGKALAGFK G> L@= *ALGL LM:=K ;9F :=
G:K=JN=<:9K=<GF9J=9DLAE=9FAE9LAGFOAL@AFL@=NAJLM9D
D9:GJ9LGJQ=FNAJGFE=FL .@AK 9FAE9LAGF AK <JAN=F:Q<9L9
9;IMAJ=<>JGEL@=H@QKA;9D<=NA;=KGJ:9K=<GFL@=NA<=G
KLJ=9E>JGE9O=:;9EL@9LAKDG;9L=<9LL@=J=9D >DGO JA?
9HH9J9LMKK== A?MJ=
.G 9;@A=N= L@= AFL=F<=< D=9JFAF? GML;GE=K KLM<=FLK
K@GMD< := 9:D= LG H=J>GJE L@= >GDDGOAF? D9:GJ9LGJQ
=P=J;AK=K
KK=E:D=L@=;GEHGF=FLKG>L@=>DGOJA?K=LMHAFLG9
>MF;LAGFAF? KQKL=E AF;DM<AF? 9 :9K= 9 >DGO HAH=
OAL@:MADLAF>9FEGLGJ>9F9F<<A>>MK=JKL=HEGLGJK
*ALGLLM:=K HJ=KKMJ= J=9<AF? L9HK 9F<9FGJA>A;=HD9L=
A>F==<=<
#FHMLL@=AFALA9DH9J9E=L=JKAF;DM<AF?>9FKH==<*ALGL
LM:=K=D=;LAGF9F<HGKALAGF
*J=KK L@= ,/( :MLLGF LG KL9JL L@= 9;IMAKALAGF G> L@=
HJ=KKMJ=<9L9K== A?MJ=
,=;GJ< L@= HJ=KKMJ= <9L9 =AL@=J =D=;LJGFA;9DDQ AFLG 9
>AD=GJE9FM9DDQGFH9H=J
#> F==<=< J=H=9L -L=HK  LG  OAL@ <A>>=J=FL AFHML
H9J9E=L=JK AF GJ<=J LG G:L9AF =FLAJ= HJ=KKMJ=
<AKLJA:MLAGFK9LL@=DG;9LAGFKG>AFL=J=KL
#>F==<=<EG<A>QL@==PH=JAE=FL9DK=LMH:QAFK=JLAF?
9FGJA>A;=HD9L=AFLGL@=>DGO9F<J=H=9L-L=HKLG
0)
.",*).(.#&**&#.#)(-
 N9JA=LQ G> 0, 9HHDA;9LAGFK ;9F := >GMF< AF L@=
DAL=J9LMJ= K== >GJ AFKL9F;= 5  7 -GE= G> L@=K=
9HHDA;9LAGFKL@9L;GMD<:=AEHD=E=FL=<MKAF?L@=HD9L>GJE
HJ=K=FL=<9:GN= 9J= <AK;MKK=< :=DGO=;9MK= G> L@= MK=
G> L@= EAP=< HJG?J9EEAF? L=;@FAIM= >GJ AFL=?J9LAF? L@=
H@QKA;9D <=NA;=K 9F< L@= 0, KQKL=E L@= HD9L>GJE
<=K;JA:=<9:GN=HGKKA:DQOAL@KGE=EAFGJEG<A>A;9LAGFK
;9F := E9<= ;GEH9LA:D= OAL@ EGKL @9J<O9J= AFL=J>9;=
<JAN=JK A= AL AK ;9H9:D= G> KMHHGJLAF? EGKL H=JAH@=J9D
34
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3

<=NA;=K MK=< LG ;GFF=;L L@= J=9D 9F< NAJLM9D OGJD<K #F
9<<ALAGF L@= EMDLAHD9Q=J ?9E=:9K=< HD9L>GJE D=LK 9DD
MK=JK=F?9?=AF?JGMH;GDD9:GJ9LAGF9F<J=DA=N=KL@=MK=JKb
L=FKAGF J=KMDLAF? >JGE KGE= K=JAGMK ?9E= 9HHDA;9LAGFK
KM;@9KNAJLM9DJ=@9:ADAL9LAGFEADAL9JQLJ9AFAF?=L;
0AJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF E9C=K AL HGKKA:D= LG AEHD=E=FL
L@=J9H=MLA;AFL=JN=FLAGFK DG;9DDQ GJ9L 9 <AKL9F;=OAL@ L@=
@=DH G> 0, KQKL=EK 0, L@=J9HQ KQKL=EK @9N= :==F
9HHDA=<LGN9JAGMKH9LA=FLHGHMD9LAGFKAF;DM<AF?EMK;MDG
KC=D=L9D HGKLKLJGC= 9F< ;G?FALAN=DQ AEH9AJ=< H9LA=FLK
57.@= :=F=>ALK 9F< ;@9DD=F?=K G>NAJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF
O=J=<AK;MKK=< AFEGJ=<=L9ADAF 57.@=;GF;=HL G>0,
J=@9:ADAL9LAGF >GJ HGKLKLJGC= H9LA=FLK O9K AFLJG<M;=<
=9JDA=J 57 9F< EGJ= J=;=FLDQ L@= -=='= KQKL=E
57 O9K HJ=K=FL=< .@= HJG;=<MJ=K G> J=@9:ADAL9LAGF 9J=
L=<AGMK9F< H9AF>MD 9F<L@=J=>GJ=AEHJGNAF?L@=H9LA=FLKb
EGLAN9LAGF 9F< C==HAF? L@= H9LA=FLK AFL=J=KL=< AF L@=
L@=J9HQ AK ;GFKA<=J=< ;JALA;9D AF GJ<=J LG 9;@A=N= ?GG<
;DAFA;9DGML;GE=KDL@GM?@HJG<M;LKKM;@9K-=='=O=J=
<=N=DGH=<:9K=< GF >AJKLH=JKGF ?9E= =FNAJGFE=FLKALAK
MF9NGA<9:D= >GJ H9LA=FLK LG >==D DGF=DQ AF KM;@ KAF?D=
H=JKGF ?9E=K 'MDLAHD9Q=J ?9E=:9K=< 0, HD9L>GJEK
@9N=L@=HGL=FLA9D>GJKGDNAF?L@AKHJG:D=EJ=KMDLAF?>JGE
L@=AF@=J=FL=FL=JL9AFE=FL;@9J9;L=JAKLA;KG>?9E=K#F0,
L@=J9HQ KQKL=EK <G;LGJK L@=J9HAKLK 9F< H9LA=FLK ;9F
AFL=J9;L AF L@= K9E= K;=F9JAG L@= H9LA=FLK ;9F ?=L
AFKLJM;LAGFK>JGE L@=<G;LGJK9F<L@=J9HAKLK L@=L@=J9HAKLK
;9F ;GFKMDL OAL@ L@= <G;LGJK 9F< L@= L@=J9HAKLK 9F<
<G;LGJK;9F?=L >==<:9;C >JGE L@= H9LA=FLK #F >9;L9DDG>
L@=K=9;LANALA=K;9F@9HH=F AFJ=9DLAE=LL@= K9E=LAE=
;=JL9AFH9LA=FL?JGMHK;GMD<9DKGMK=J=@9:ADAL9LAGF<=NA;=K
DG;9DDQO@AD=L@=L@=J9HAKLKGH=J9L=L@=K=<=NA;=KJ=EGL=DQ
L@JGM?@L@AKHD9L>GJE
-AEAD9JDQ N9JAGMK NAJLM9D 9L@D=LA; LJ9AFAF? KQKL=EK
57 9F< NAJLM9D EADAL9JQ LJ9AFAF? KQKL=E 57 @9N=
:==F <=N=DGH=< MKAF? 0, .@= ;GKL G> L@=K= KQKL=EK AK
G>L=F KA?FA>A;9FL KAF;= L@= AEHD=E=FL9LAGF G> 9 MK=J
>JA=F<DQ NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FL AK 9 ;GEHD=P HJGHGKALAGF
MFD=KKAL AK :9K=< GF 9J=9<QE9<= HD9L>GJE GJLMF9L=DQ
0,:9K=< GF ?9E==F?AF=K ;9F K@GJL=FL@= <=N=DGHE=FL
LAE=9F<;GKLKA?FA>A;9FLDQ#F9<<ALAGFEMDLAHD9Q=J?9E=
:9K=<0,HD9L>GJEK9DKGHJGNA<=9F=>>=;LAN==FNAJGFE=FL
>GJ?JGMHLJ9AFAF?=?L=9EKHGJLK
AF9DDQ0,AK9DKGG>L=FMK=<9K9LGGD>GJLJ=9LAF?
HKQ;@A9LJA; 9F< HKQ;@GDG?A;9D <AK=9K=K >GJ =P9EHD=
N9JAGMKH@G:A9K 9F< <AKGJ<=JK 57DL@GM?@
0, 9HHDA;9LAGFK AF L@= J=9DE G> HKQ;@A9LJQ 9F<
HKQ;@GDG?Q J=E9AF ;GFLJGN=JKA9D KGE= J=KMDLK 9J=
HJGEAKAF?57 GJ AFKL9F;= 9NAJLM9D K9F<:GP LJ=9LE=FL
O9KAFLJG<M;=< 57 9F< AL O9K9J?M=< L@9L HD9QL@=J9HQ
AF;DM<AF? 9 NAJLM9D K9F< :GP AK @=DH>MD >GJ ;@AD<J=F OAL@
KG;A9DH@G:A9K57K@GJL;GEAF?AKL@9LAF9NAJLM9DK9F<
:GP:9K=<GF:GL@9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ 9F< AEE=JKAN= 0,
L@= MK=JK HD9Q GFDQ OAL@ NAJLM9D ;@9J9;L=JK #F KQKL=EK
:9K=<GFL@=HD9L>GJEHJ=K=FL=< @=J=GL@=JH=JKGFK ;GMD<
BGAFAFL@=K9E==FNAJGFE=FL:Q;J=9LAF?L@=AJGOF9N9L9JK
9F<AFL=J9;LOAL@L@=MK=JKO@GF==<@=DHQAEE=JKAF?
L@= MK=JK OAL@ HJG:D=EK AF =FNAJGFE=FLK L@9L >==D EGJ=
J=9DL@= =>>=;LAN=F=KKG>L@=LJ=9LE=FL ;GMD<:=AEHJGN=<
KA?FA>A;9FLDQ
0#)(&/-#)(-( /./,,-,"
#FL@AKH9H=JL@=;MJJ=FLKL9L=G>0,9F<L@=AFL=?J9LAGF
G> L@= J=9D 9F< NAJLM9D OGJD<K O=J= KLM<A=< 9F< L@=
9<N9FL9?=K 9F< <AK9<N9FL9?=K G> ;MJJ=FL L=;@FGDG?A=K AF
?9E=:9K=< 0, O=J= ;GEH9J=< #F 9<<ALAGF 9 ?=F=J9D
E=L@G< >GJ AFL=?J9LAF? 0, 9F< H@QKA;9D 9;LANALA=K O9K
HJGHGK=< .@AK E=L@G< AK :9K=< GF L@= EAP=<
HJG?J9EEAF? L=;@FAIM= 9F< =EHDGQK ;9DD9:D= &&K >GJ
L@=;GEEMFA;9LAGF :=LO==FL@=0,9F< GL@=J9HHDA;9LAGF
HD9L>GJEK #F GJ<=J LG <=EGFKLJ9L= L@= =>>A;A=F;Q G> L@AK
E=L@G< 9 EMDLAHD9Q=J ?9E=:9K=< NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ
=FNAJGFE=FLO9K AEHD=E=FL=< 9KGF= G> L@= AFKL9F;=KG>
0, .@AK KQKL=E O9K AFL=?J9L=< OAL@ 9 HJGLGLQH= G> 9
J=EGL=DQ ;GFLJGDD9:D= J=9DLAE= 9AJ >DGO D9:GJ9LGJQ
9HH9J9LMK .@AK KQKL=E @9K HJGN=F LG := 9 HJGEAKAF?
=;GFGEA;9D9F< =>>A;A=FL O9QLGGN=J;GE=L@= <A>>A;MDLA=K
AFAFL=?J9LAF?H@QKA;9D<=NA;=KAFLG0,KQKL=EK
#F >MLMJ= OGJC KGE= GL@=J ;@9DD=F?=K 9KKG;A9L=< OAL@
L@=<=N=DGHE=FLG>0,K@GMD<:=9<<J=KK=<AF;DM<AF?>GJ
AFKL9F;=L@=;J=9LAGF G> NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK AF J=9D LAE=
L@= K=9ED=KK AFL=?J9LAGF G> <A>>=J=FL HD9L>GJEK 9F<
KQKL=EK L@= >9;ADAL9LAGF G> EGJ= =>>A;A=FL AFL=J9;LAGFK
:=LO==F @ME9FK 9F< NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK 9F< L@=
AFL=?J9LAGFG>KGMF<KQFL@=KAKKL=J=GK;GHA;<AKHD9Q
L=;@FGDG?A=K 9F< H=J;=HLAGF >==<:9;C .@= AFL=?J9LAGF G>
0, 9F< H@QKA;9D 9;LANALA=K @9K LJ=E=F<GMK HGL=FLA9D AF
<AN=JK= >A=D<K KM;@ 9K E=<A;9D 9L@D=LA; 9F< EADAL9JQ
LJ9AFAF? 9F< NAJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF :ML >MLMJ= ?=F=J9LAGFK
G> L@=K= CAF<K G> 9HHDA;9LAGFK ;GMD< :=F=>AL KA?FA>A;9FLDQ
>JGEL@=AFL=?J9LAGFG>J=9DLAE=NA<=GKLJ=9EKAFLGNAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FLK L@= J=9DLAE= ?=F=J9LAGF G> 9N9L9JK :Q L@=
MK=JK L@=EK=DN=K 9F< >MJL@=J AEHJGN=E=FLK AF L@=
AEE=JKAN=H=J;=HLAGFG>L@=MK=JK
%()1&!'(.-
.@AKEMDLA<AK;AHDAF9JQ J=K=9J;@HJGB=;LO9K;9JJA=< GML
9L-L=N=FK#FKLALML=G>.=;@FGDG?QOAL@>MF<AF?>JGE(- 
&# !J9FL (G .@AK KMHHGJL AK ?J9L=>MDDQ
9;CFGOD=<?=< DKG L@= 9ML@GJK OAK@ LG L@9FC J D
-9Q=<RAR>GJE9FQKLAEMD9LAF?<AK;MKKAGFKGFL@=LGHA;
, ,(-

57 ';&=DD9F"_0AJLM9D,=9DALA=K`';&=DD9F1Q9LLA?AL9D
57 !9??AGDA   J=AFAF ,  _GEEMFA;9LAGFK L@JGM?@
0AJLM9D .=;@FGDG?Q #<=FLALQ GEEMFALQ 9F< .=;@FGDG?Q AF L@=
#FL=JF=L ?= <AL=< :Q ! ,AN9 9F<  9NA<= #)- *J=KK
EKL=J<9E
57 ADOGJL $  _,=9DAKLA; NAJLM9D J=9DALQ 9F< H=J;=HLAGF`
!/036:67/0*(3 !:@*/636.@ 0GD HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 J9<Q -  )b-MDDAN9F   _ LJ9AFAF? =FNAJGFE=FLK^
0,'&9F<ALKMK=AFAFL=J9;LAN=L9KC:9K=<KAEMD9LAGFK$,*/50*(3
",769;.-'9J;@
57 4@=F? $  _0, AFL=J>9;=K >GJ ;GF;=HLM9D <=KA?F MKAF?
?=GE=LJA; EG<=DAF? L=;@FAIM=K` !/ 0::,JL9LAGF .@=
/FAN=JKALQG>"GF?%GF?'9Q
57 MK:MJF &$MK:MJF  _=KCLGHNAJLM9D J=9DALQ9
HGO=J>MD F=O L=;@FGDG?Q >GJ L=9;@AF? 9F< J=K=9J;@ AF AF<MKLJA9D
L=9;@=J =<M;9LAGF` 6<95(3 6- 5+<:;90(3 $,(*/,9 +<*(;065
0GD(GHH
57 J=MF<   ,GZE9FF $  _AKLJA:ML=< NAJLM9D J=9DALQ
KQKL=E ;GF;=HLK >GJ ;GGH=J9LAN= LJ9AFAF? 9F< ;GEE9F<AF? AF
NAJLM9D OGJD<K` 6<95(3 6- #@:;,40*: @),95,;0*: (5+
5-694(;0*:0GD(GHH
57 RME9, .  _ KMJN=Q G> 9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ` !9,:,5*,
$,3,67,9(;69: (5+ &09;<(3 5=09654,5;: 0GD (G HH

iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
35

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


57 -ADN9 , <= )DAN=AJ9 $   !AJ9D<A !  _#FLJG<M;LAGF LG
9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ`  ",:,(9*/ ",769; (G
(9LAGF9D&9:GJ9LGJQ>GJ-;A=FLA>A;GEHML9LAGF#--(
57 @9F? 3 RAR - K;@= - %  @9KK9HAK   _
?9E=:9K=< D9:GJ9LGJQ >GJ ?=9J <=KA?F` 647<;,9:05 +<*(;065
6<95(30GD(G
57 9:9 -  "MKK9AF "  E:A 4   _FGN=JNA=OG>
H9J9E=L=JKG>?9E= =F?AF=` # 'MDLA<AK;AHDAF9JQ F?AF==JAF?
<M;9LAGF'9?9RAF=0GD(GHH
57 .@GJF   _!9E= F?AF= =KA?F 9F< #EHD=E=FL9LAGF`
@9HL=JKL<$GF=K9JLD=LL*M:DAK@=JK
57 RAR-@9F?3.MECGJ -K;@=-% @9KK9HAK
 _<9HLAF? ;GEHML=J ?9E= L=;@FGDG?Q LG KMHHGJL
=F?AF==JAF?D9:GJ9LGJA=K`!96*,,+05.: 6-;/,# 5;,95(;065(3
,*/(50*(35.05,,905.65-,9,5*,?76:0;065 (GN=E:=J
09F;GMN=JJALAK@GDME:A99F9<9
57 @9F? 3 RAR - K;@= - %  @9KK9HAK  
_)N=J;GEAF?L@=DAEAL9LAGFK G> ;MJJ=FL GFDAF= D9:GJ9LGJQ KQKL=EK
MKAF? ?9E=:9K=< NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/,
#  5;,95(;065(3 ,*/(50*(3 5.05,,905. 65.9,:: 
?76:0;065=FN=JGDGJ9<G/-
57 MJ<=9 !   _%=Q FGL= 9<<J=KK NAJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF ^
:=F=>ALK 9F< ;@9DD=F?=K` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, 09:; 5;,95(;065(3
'692:/67 65 &09;<(3 ",(30;@ ",/()030;(;065 ,5;(3 ,(3;/
,<9636.0*(3 !/@:0*(3 &6*(;065(3 &9MK9FF= -OALR=JD9F<
(GN=E:=JHH
57 $9;C GA9F,'=JA9FK - .J=E9AF= 'MJ<=9! 
<9EGNA;@ - 0 ,=;;= '  *GARF=J "  _0AJLM9D
J=9DALQ=F@9F;=< KLJGC= J=@9:ADAL9LAGF` # .J9FK9;LAGFK GF
(=MJ9D -QKL=EK 9F< ,=@9:ADAL9LAGF F?AF==JAF? 0GD (G
HH@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 "9JJAKGF! 1 "9JMNQ   ,MLKLJXE    _,=E9JCK
GF NAJLM9D OGJD< 9F< NAJLM9D J=9DALQ =PH=JAE=FLK` #6<;/,95
*65640* 6<95(3 0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 GP $ J=F9   9AD=FKGF $ (  _0AJLM9D J=9DALQ^9
KMJNAN9D ?MA<= >GJ L@= KG;A9D K;A=FLAKL` 6<95(3 6- ,+0(
!:@*/636.@ 0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 _.@= 0AJLM9D GGL:9DD .J9AF=J` @LLHOOONJDMEA;@=<MHJGB=;L
>GGL:9DDAF<=P@LED9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 -L=H9F 0  49J9 $  _.=9;@AF? L=FFAK AF NAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FL`*JG;==<AF?KG>L@=-HJAF?GF>=J=F;=GFGEHML=J
!J9H@A;KM<E=JA;=-DGN9CA9HH
57 )D9F<9 , *TJ=R ' 'GJADDG * =JFSF<=R '  9K9K -
 _FL=JL9AFE=FL NAJLM9D J=9DALQ KQKL=E >GJ KAEMD9LAGF G>
KH9;=A?@LK GN=J L@= KMJ>9;= G> L@= HD9F=L '9JK` !96*,,+05.6-
&"#$  !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/,  :@476:0<4 65 &09;<(3 9,(30;@
:6-;>(9,(5+;,*/5636.@04(::63@79<:HH
57 J9A?   -@=JE9F 1 ,  1ADD $   _=N=DGHAF?
NAJLM9D J=9DALQ 9HHDA;9LAGFK >GMF<9LAGFK G> =>>=;LAN= <=KA?F`
@9HL=J  KL < M?MKL   'GJ?9F %9M>E9FF
*M:DAK@=JK
57 $9;G:KGF$&=OAK'`!9E==F?AF=NAJLM9DJ=9DALQOAL@
9N=/.` 647<;,9 0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?'
57 "9JO9J<0$<=D D9EG $  @GM<@9JQ 0 - <=&GF? %
"9J<AKGF $ & &=JE9F - , (GJL@JA<?= $ .9D9N=J9 
09J9<@9J9B9F19F? -.=@A9 % 4Q;@_A&9:9
K;9D9:D=9J;@AL=;LMJ=>GJK@9JAF? GFDAF==PH=JAE=FLK`!96*,,+05.:
6- ;/, 5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65 5.05,,905. +<*(;065
!9AF=KNADD= DGJA<9/-);LG:=J
57 -;@=M;@=J . 9AD=Q * " !YLD   "9JO9J< 0 $ 
_GDD9:GJ9LAN= NAJLM9D  =FNAJGFE=FL >GJ #FL=JF=L9;;=KKA:D=
H@QKA;K =PH=JAE=FLK` 5;,95(;065(3 6<95(3 6- 5305,
5.05,,905.0GD(GHH
57 -MF'A;JGKQKL=EK#F;*JGB=;L 1GF<=JD9F<.GGDCAL>GJMAD<AF?
 0AJLM9D 1GJD<K @LLHGH=FOGF<=JD9F<GJ? 9;;=KK=< AF
M?MKL

57 !9J;U94M:A9 $ #JMJRMF $ F?MDG # "=JFSF<=R / 9KLJG
' -9F;JAKLG:9D  )J<MV9 *  ,MAR<=!9JA:9Q $ 
_-=;GF<&9: 9 J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJQ MF<=J -=;GF< &A>=`
!96*,,+05.: 6- ;/,  %   65-,9,5*, '9<JA<
-H9AFHJADHH
57 -=;GF< &A>= >JGE &AF<=F ,=K=9J;@ #F; @LLHK=;GF<DA>=;GE
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 !9J;U94M:A9 $ #JMJRMF $ F?MDG # )J<MV9 * ,MAR<=
!9JA:9Q $ "=JFSF<=R /  9KLJG '  _=N=DGHAF? 9
-=;GF<&A>=:9K=< J=EGL= D9: GN=J L@= 1=:&9:=MKLG
9J;@AL=;LMJ=`!96*,,+05.:6-;/, ",46;,5.05,,905. (5+&09;<(3
5:;9<4,5;(;065 65-,9,5*, ,0 -LG;C@GDE -O=<=F
$MF=   $MDQ   HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?/)(
57 )H=F-AEMD9LGJ @LLHGH=FKAEMD9LGJGJ?OACA'9AF8*9?=
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 -;@9> '*9D9<AFA-*=J=AJ9_MLG-QK&9:
HJGLGLQH=  9 KG;A9D AEE=JKAN= 9F< EAP=< J=9DALQ 9HHJG9;@ >GJ
;GDD9:GJ9LAN= D=9JFAF? =FNAJGFE=FLK` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, 
36)(35.05,,905.+<*(;06565-,9,5*,HH
57 .MECGJ - 4@9F? 4 4@9F? ' @9F? 3 K;@= - % 
@9KK9HAK   _#FL=?J9LAGF G> 9 J=9DLAE= J=EGL=
=PH=JAE=FL AFLG 9 EMDLAHD9Q=J ?9E= D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL`
*9H=J 9;;=HL=< >GJ HJ=K=FL9LAGF 9L L@= # 5;,95(;065(3
,*/(50*(3 5.05,,905. 65-,9,5*,  ?76:0;065 D
"GMKLGF.=P9K/-(GN=E:=J
57 !9JJQbK 'G< <=N=DGH=< :Q !9JJQ (=OE9F
@LLH?9JJQKEG<;GE9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 -GMJ;= F?AF= <=N=DGH=< :Q 09DN= GJHGJ9LAGF @LLHKGMJ;=
N9DN=KG>LO9J=;GE9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 =K;JAHLAGF G> &AF<=F -;JAHLAF? &9F?M9?= >JGE 1ACAH=<A9
@LLH=FOACAH=<A9GJ?OACA&AF<=F8-;JAHLAF?8&9F?M9?=
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 2'&,* >JGE 1ACAH=<A9 @LLH=FOACAH=<A9GJ?OACA2'&
,*9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 ,=C9H9DDA * 0 '9JLdF=R $   %9E9L 0 , 
_D?GJAL@EK>GJ9;;MJ9L=L@J==<AE=FKAGF9DK;=F=?J9H@MH<9L=KAF
@A?@ KH==< 9FAE9LAGFK G> KAEMD9L=< ;GFKLJM;LAGF GH=J9LAGFK`
647<;,90+,+ 0=03 (5+ 5-9(:;9<*;<9, 5.05,,905. 0GD
(G HH @LLH<P<GAGJ?B
P
57 =EGFKLJ9LAGF G> )H=F 1GF<=JD9F< @LLHNAE=G;GE
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 )H=F -AEMD9LGJ K;J==FK@GLK @LLHGH=FKAEMD9LGJGJ?OACA-;J==F
K@GLK9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 =B;RQ% %AE1-0=F=E9 -_.@=H@9FLGE
JG:GL HJ=<A;LAN= <AKHD9QK >GJ L=D=GH=J9LAGF OAL@ LAE= <=D9Q`
!96*,,+05.: 6- ;/,   5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65
"6)6;0*: (5+ <;64(;065 AF;AFF9LA )@AG /- '9Q 
 0GD HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?,)).
57 'AD?J9E * 4@9A - J9K;A;   !JG<KCA $ $ 
_HHDA;9LAGFK G> 9M?E=FL=< J=9DALQ >GJ @ME9FJG:GL
;GEEMFA;9LAGF`  "# 5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65
5;,330.,5; "6)6;: (5+ #@:;,4: 3GCG@9E9 $9H9F $MDQ 
0GDHH
57 -=A>JA=< . $=JNAK ' "9DD=J ' '9KGG<A9F '  0ADD9 (
 _#FL=?J9LAGF G> NAJLM9D 9F< J=9D <G;ME=FL GJ?9FAR9LAGF`
!96*,,+05.:6- ;/, 5+ 5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65 $(5.0)3, (5+
4),++,+ 5;,9(*;065 GFF !=JE9FQ =:JM9JQ  
HH@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 -Q9EKM<<AF ' ,  %OGF 3 '  _,=K=9J;@ GF NAJLM9D
OGJD<9F<J=9DOGJD<AFL=?J9LAGF>GJ:9LLAF?HJ9;LA;=`!96*,,+05.:
6- ;/,  5;,95(;065(3 #@476:0<4 65 %)08<0;6<: &09;<(3
",(30;@#%&"!O9F?BM -GML@%GJ=9$MDQ  HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?#-/0,
36
http://www.i-joe.org

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


57 N9F )AB=F $ 09F@T= &  A?FME   _#! 
EA<<D=O9J= >GJ AFL=DDA?=FL 9?=FLK AF NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK`
*JG;==<AF?K G> L@= J< #FL=JF9LAGF9D 1GJCK@GH GF ?=FLK >GJ
<M;9LAGF !9E=K 9F< -AEMD9LAGFK '-b .9AH=A .9AO9F
'9Q
57 3AH ' % &AM  - @=MF? ' % &MF? , '  3M !
_=KA?F<=;AKAGFK AF ?9E=EA<<D=O9J=<=N=DGHE=FL=PH=JA=F;=K
>JGE DM;A< HD9L>GJE` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, :; 5;,95(;065(3
#@476:0<465 (4,D: #*0,5*, 9; +<*(;065 (5+ 7730*(;065:
.9AH=A.9AO9F=;=E:=J
57 'A;JGKG>L *9LL=JFK  *J9;LA;=K .=9E  _'A;JGKG>L[
9HHDA;9LAGF 9J;@AL=;LMJ= ?MA<=` F< < 'A;JGKG>L *J=KK
@9HL=J
57 JMLRE9F  4Q<9 ' 19LK=F %  '9;=<GFA9 ' 
_0AJLM9D J=9DALQ LJ9FK>=J HJGLG;GD 0,.* <=KA?F J9LAGF9D=`
!96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, #0?;/  '692:/67: 65 5()305.
$,*/5636.0,: 5-9(:;9<*;<9, -69 633()69(;0=, 5;,9790:,:
9E:JA<?='9KK9;@MK=LLK/-$MF=HH
57 'AL;@=DD ' )D<@9E $  -9EM=D   _<N9F;=< &AFMP
HJG?J9EEAF?`@9HL=JKL<-9EK*M:DAK@=J
57 &9:0#1  @=DH 9N9AD9:D= GF L@= 1=: 
@LLHRGF=FA;GEJ=>=J=F;==F22@=DH!
DN=P;G<=;GF;=HLK;AFK8NK8;D>8FG<=K 9;;=KK=< AF M?MKL

57 #=JMK9DAEK;@Q ,  B!96.9(4405. 05 %C F< <
&M9GJ?
57 1AF<GOK =N=DGH=J =FL=J $MDQ  9N9AD9:D= GF L@= 1=:
@LLHEK<FEA;JGKG>L;GE=FMKDA:J9JQOAF<GOK<=KCLGH
==NNK9KHP9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 RAR - K;@= - %  @9KK9HAK   _F AFL=J9;LAN=
?9E=:9K=< =F?AF==JAF? D9:GJ9LGJQb '693+ $9(5:(*;065: 65
5.05,,905. (5+ $,*/5636.@ +<*(;065 0GD (G HH

57 A&9: !JGMH 9L L@= /FAN=JKALQ G> +M==FKD9F<bK =FL=J >GJ
<M;9LAGF9D #FFGN9LAGF  .=;@FGDG?Q
@LLH;=ALMI=<M9M;GFL=FLAD9:K?JGMH9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 &GO==JJQ'MJJ9Q- &AF<K9Q_<9HLAF?9
J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJQ 9J;@AL=;LMJ= LG KMHHGJL ;GDD9:GJ9LAGF 9F<
KMH=JNAKAGF` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/ 5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65
",46;, 5.05,,905. (5+ &09;<(3 5:;9<4,5;(;065 JA<?=HGJL
GFF=;LA;ML/-$MF=HH
57 ,A;@L=J . G=@JAF?=J   $=K;@C= -  _&A&9 
MJGH=9F HJGB=;L GF F=LOGJC=< =PH=JAE=FLK` !96*,,+05.:6- ;/
5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65 ",46;, 5.05,,905. (5+ &09;<(3
5:;9<4,5;(;065JA<?=HGJLGFF=;LA;ML/-$MF=
57 '9;@GLC9$ (=<A; 4  !GD) _GDD9:GJ9LAN= D=9JFAF?
AF L@= J=EGL= D9:GJ9LGJQ (=L&9:` 6<95(3 65 #@:;,40*:
@),95,;0*:(5+5-694(;0*:0GD(GHH
57 !9J;U94M:U9$&WH=R<=#HAV9)J<MV9*"=JFSF<=R/
.JM=:9 #  _NGDMLAGF G> L@= 1=:&9: 9L L@= /FAN=JKALQ G>
=MKLG` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, ;/ <967,(5 '692:/67 65
0*96,3,*;9650*:+<*(;065-LG;C@GDE-O=<=F$MF=
57 :<MDO9@=<' (9?Q4 %_.@= .JA&9:9FGN=D #.
:9K=<LJAHD=9;;=KK EG<=D9:GJ9LGJQ =<M;9LAGFEG<=D`647<;,9:
(5+ +<*(;065 0GD (G HH^
@LLH<P<GAGJ?B;GEH=<M
57 !MKL9NKKGF #  _ J=EGL= 9;;=KK D9:GJ9LGJQ >GJ =D=;LJA;9D
;AJ;MAL =PH=JAE=FLK` 5;,95(;065(3 6<95(3 6- 5.05,,905.
+<*(;0650GD(GHH
57 GFLJGD D9:K GFDAF= /FAN=JKALQ G> .=FF=KK== 9L @9LL9FGG?9
@LLH;@=E=F?JML;=<M9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 -;@9M=J  &MKLA?   )RNGD<GN9 '  _,=EGL=
K;A=FLA; =PH=JAE=FLK 9;JGKK AFL=JF=L *@GLGNGDL9A; ;=DD
;@9J9;L=JAR9LAGF` !96*,,+05.:G>5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65
5;,9(*;0=, 633()69(;0=, ,(9505. 0ADD9;@ MKLJA9 -=HL=E:=J


57 ,=EGL=DQ ;GFLJGDD=< D9:GJ9LGJQ =H9JLE=FL G> PH=JAE=FL9D
*@QKA;K )DGEGM;
@LLHA;LH@QKA;KMHGD;RJ=EGL=D9:AF<=P8=F@LED 9;;=KK=< AF
M?MKL
57 .@= L=D=D9:K HJGB=;L -;@GGD G> '=;@9FA;9D F?AF==JAF? .@=
/FAN=JKALQG>1=KL=JFMKLJ9DA9@LLHL=D=JG:GLE=;@MO9=<M9M
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 ,=EGL=AFL=JF=L D9:GJ9LGJQ!QE%. @LLHJ=EGL=D9:>QRAC9F=L
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 '9$(A;C=JKGF$0_"9F<KGFKAEMD9L=<9F<J=EGL=
D9:GJ9LGJA=K 9 ;GEH9J9LAN= DAL=J9LMJ= J=NA=O`  647<;05.
#<9=,@: 0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 GJL=J$K;@=-%@9KK9HAK  '9 $  (A;C=JKGF$
0_*JG;=KK9F<D=9JFAF?GML;GE=K>JGEJ=EGL=DQGH=J9L=<
KAEMD9L=< 9F< @9F<KGF KLM<=FL D9:GJ9LGJA=K` 647<;,9: (5+
+<*(;065 0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?B;GEH=<M
57 GJL=J$(A;C=JKGF$ 0K;@= -%@9KK9HAK#E-
'9$_GFKLJM;LAF?J=9DALQ9KLM<QG>J=EGL= @9F<KGF
9F< KAEMD9L=< D9:GJ9LGJA=K` ' .J9FK9;LAGFK GF GEHML=J
"ME9F#FL=J9;LAGF0GD(GJLA;D=
57 .KM<9 - -;GLL  GQD= $  $GF=K    _-MJ?A;9D
KCADDK LJ9AFAF? 9F< KAEMD9LAGF` <99,5; !96)3,4: 05 #<9.,9@
0GD (G HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?B;HKMJ?
57 *J=FKCQ'_.JM=:=DA=N=JK<A?AL9D?9E=:9K=<D=9JFAF?AF
L@= EADAL9JQ` /(7;,9  6- 0.0;(3 (4,(:,+ ,(9505.
';!J9O"ADD
57 @LLHOOO?9E=KHGL;GEK;@GGDLQ;GGFJ=NA=OKK;@GGDLQ;GGF
J=NA=O9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 -IMAJ=% _@9F?AF?L@= ?9E=1@9L @9HH=FKO@=FNA<=G
?9E=K =FL=J L@= ;D9KKJGGE` 556=(;, 6<95(3 6- 5305,
+<*(;0650GD(G
57 MJ<=9 !  _0AJLM9D J=@9:ADAL9LAGF ^ =F=LK 9F<
;@9DD=F?=K` ,;/6+:6- 5-694(;065 05,+0*05, 0GD (G
HH
57 GMDGMJAK ! GDDAEGJ= $  %AF<:=J? .  _AKLJA:ML=<
-QKL=EKGF;=HLK9F<=KA?F`@F<<<<AKGF1=KD=Q
57 9A - RAR - K;@= - %  @9KK9HAK   _
J=EGL=DQ9;;=KK=<>DGOJA?KLM<=FLD9:GJ9LGJQ`!96*,,+05.:6-;/,
# 5;,95(;065(3 ,*/(50*(3 5.05,,905. 65.9,:: (5+
?76:0;065#'GKLGF '9KK9;@MK=LLK/- );LG:=J 
(GN=E:=J
57 <K'9P >JGE MLG<=KC #F; @LLHMK99MLG<=KC;GE<KE9P
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 9KK9MDL -QKL=E=K -GDA<1GJCK GJH
@LLHOOOKGDA<OGJCK;GE9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 "9NGC H@QKA;K =F?AF= @LLHOOO@9NGC;GEHJG<M;LKH@QKA;K
9;;=KK=<AFM?MKL
57 RAR - @9F? 3 K;@= - %  @9KK9HAK  
_9HLMJAF? 9KK=E:DQ ;GFKLJ9AFLK G> =PH=JAE=FL9D K=LMHK AF 9
NAJLM9D D9:GJ9LGJQ =FNAJGFE=FL` !96*,,+05.: 6- ;/, #
5;,95(;065(3 ,*/(50*(3 5.05,,905. 65-,9,5*,  ?76:0;065
#'"GMKLGF.=P9K/-(GN=E:=J
57 J=<=JA;C *  _1@9LbK J=9D9:GMLNAJLM9D J=9DALQ` 
647<;,9 9(7/0*: (5+ 7730*(;065: 0GD HH
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 GA9F , -@9JE9  "9F  '=JA9FK  MJ<=9 !
<9EGNA;@ - ,=;;= ' .J=E9AF= '  *GARF=J " 
_0AJLM9D J=9DALQ:9K=< HGKLKLJGC= @9F< J=@9:ADAL9LAGF`
!96*,,+05.:6- ,+0*05, ,,;: &09;<(3 ",(30;@  65-,9,5*,
(=OHGJL=9;@HH
57 GJJ=9!<=KKAK!<G(9K;AE=FLG' A;@=E9F
# <==MK&GH=K , _!=F0AJLM9D9F 9M?E=FL=<J=9DALQ
EMKA;9D?9E= >GJ;G?FALAN= 9F<EGLGJJ=@9:ADAL9LAGF` !96*,,+05.
6-&09;<(3",/()030;(;0650=FA;=#L9DQHH
iJOE ‒ Volume 9, Issue 5, September 2013
37

**,
#(.!,.#)() *"3-#&0#-#(.)!'-0#,./&,&#.3


57 -AKLG -  GJJ=KL !   !D=F<AFFAF?   _0AJLM9D
J=9DALQ 9HHDA;9LAGFK >GJ EGLGJ J=@9:ADAL9LAGF 9>L=J KLJGC=`
!96*,,+05. 6- $670*: 05 #;962, ",/()030;(;065 0GD (G
HH@LLH<P<GAGJ?3%*'( 
57 -=='= J=@9:ADAL9LAGF KQKL=E @LLHOOONAJLM9DJ=9DALQ
J=@9:ADAL9LA GF;GEHJG<M;LKK==E=O@9LAKK==E= 9;;=KK=< AF
M?MKL
57 'A@9DAC$*%G@DA&1@ALLGF'_GL@=H@QKA;9D
;@9J9;L=JAKLA;KG> 9 NAJLM9DJ=9DALQ<=NA;= ;GFLJ9AF<A;9L= ALKMK= >GJ
:9D9F;= 9KK=KKE=FL` 6<95(3 6- #769; ",/()030;(;065 0GD
HH
57 9AD=FKGF $ ( *9L=D  % (A=DK=F  9B;KQ , $MF? - 
%MJADDG! _.@==>>=;L G>AFL=J9;LANALQGFD=9JFAF?H@QKA;9D
9;LAGFK AF NAJLM9D J=9DALQ` ,+0( !:@*/636.@ 0GD HH^
@LLH<P<GAGJ?
57 1ADKGF_N9L9JKNAJLM9DJ=9DALQL=;@FGDG?Q9F<L@=/-
EADAL9JQ =E=J?AF? HGDA;Q AKKM=K` "# ",769; -69 65.9,::
)J<=JG<=,-
57 _0AJLM9DJ=9DALQAFEADAL9JQ`9N9AD9:D=GFL@=1=:@LLHOOONJK
GJ?MCNAJLM9DJ=9DALQEADAL9JQAF<=P@LED 9;;=KK=< AF M?MKL

57 '9JIM=K +M=AJWK  ,G;@9 ( _0AJLM9D J=9DALQ9F<
F=MJGHKQ;@GDG?Q 9 ;G?FALAN= J=@9:ADAL9LAGF 9HHJG9;@ >GJ H=GHD=
OAL@ HKQ;@A9LJA; <AK9:ADALA=K` !96*,,+05. 6- ;/, #,=,5;/
5;,95(;065(3 65-,9,5*, 65 0:()030;@ &09;<(3 ",(30;@ (5+
::6*0(;,+$,*/5636.0,: >0;/9;)030;(;065'9A9*GJLG
*GJLM?9D-=KKAGF#HH
57 *=V9L= 1 *ALLA  . =L@=F;GMJL $ ' <= D9 M=FL= $ 
!J9;A9,  _.@= =>>=;LK G> 9 LJ=9LE=FL :9K=<GFL@= MK= G>
NAJLM9D J=9DALQ =PHGKMJ= 9F< ;G?FALAN=:=@9NAGJ9D L@=J9HQ 9HHDA=<
LG H9LA=FLK OAL@ 9?GJ9H@G:A9` 5;,95(;065(3 6<95(3 6- 3050*(3
(5+,(3;/!:@*/636.@0GD(GHH
57 GL=DD9  9VGK , ' !M=JJ=JG  !9J;U9 *9D9;AGK 
+M=JG -  D;9VUR '  _/KAF? 9 >D=PA:D= NAJLM9D
=FNAJGFE=FL >GJ LJ=9LAF? 9 KLGJE H@G:A9` !:@*/636.@ 6<95(3
0GD(GHH
57 "M9F? ' *  D=KKA (   _MJJ=FL DAEAL9LAGFK AFLG L@=
9HHDA;9LAGFG>NAJLM9DJ=9DALQLGE=FL9D@=9DL@J=K=9J;@`# !9,::
4:;,9+(4,;/,93(5+:
57 J==E9F   _-LM<QAF? 9F< LJ=9LAF? K;@ARGH@J=FA9 MKAF?
NAJLM9DJ=9DALQ9F=OH9J9<A?E`#*/0A67/9,50(<33,;05 0GD
(GHH@LLH<P<GAGJ?K;@:MDK:F
57 ,ARRG   -;@MDL@=AK ' .  ,GL@:9ME  ) 
_L@A;9D AKKM=K >GJ L@= MK= G> NAJLM9D J=9DALQ AF L@= HKQ;@GDG?A;9D
K;A=F;=K` #F - MK@  ' J=PD=J <K _;/0*(3 ::<,: 05
3050*(3,<967:@*/636.@` -O=LK  4=ALDAF?=J*M:DAK@=JK&AKK=
(=L@=JD9F<KHH
57 %ABAE9,-@AJ9C9O9 %"AJGK=' (A@=A%_0AJLM9D
K9F< :GP <=N=DGHE=FL G> 9F 9HHDA;9LAGF G> NAJLM9D =FNAJGFE=FLK
>GJ;DAFA;9DE=<A;AF=`$/,$!9,::0GDHH
57 9NAK _1@9L 9:GMLL@=<A?AL9D LGQK &GGCAF?AFLGL@= A<=9 G>
MKAF?<A?AL9DE=<A9AFHD9QL@=J9HQK=KKAGFK`@LLHOOOEDHHM:K
GFDAF=;GE<AKHD9Q89JLA;D=H@HA< 9;;=KK=< AF M?MKL

/."),-
&+%*@;9F<A<9L='=;@9FA;9DF?AF==JAF?
=H9JLE=FL -L=N=FK #FKLALML= G> .=;@FGDG?Q "G:GC=F
($/-E9AD44@9F?KL=N=FK=<M
 %)& % *@ ;9F<A<9L= '=;@9FA;9D
F?AF==JAF?=H9JLE=FL-L=N=FK#FKLALML=G>.=;@FGDG?Q
"G:GC=F ($  /- E9AD
'4@9F?KL=N=FK=<M
(( +$"&( ,=K=9J;@ -;A=FLAKL '=;@9FA;9D
F?AF==JAF?=H9JLE=FL-L=N=FK#FKLALML=G>.=;@FGDG?Q
"G:GC=F ($  /- E9AD
-.MECGJKL=N=FK=<M

 0 % *@ ;9F<A<9L= '=;@9FA;9D
F?AF==JAF?=H9JLE=FL-L=N=FK#FKLALML=G>.=;@FGDG?Q
"G:GC=F ($  /-
E9AD3@9F?KL=N=FK=<M
,%)KKG;A9L=*JG>=KKGJ!J9<M9L=*JG?J9E
AJ=;LGJ '=;@9FA;9D F?AF==JAF? =H9JLE=FL -L=N=FK
#FKLALML= G> .=;@FGDG?Q "G:GC=F ($  /-
E9AD-K;@=KL=N=FK=<M
&%)*%* % ))' ) *JG>=KKGJ 0A;= *JGNGKL >GJ
;9<=EA;K'=;@9FA;9DF?AF==JAF?=H9JLE=FL-L=N=FK
#FKLALML= G> .=;@FGDG?Q "G:GC=F ($  /-
E9AD@9KK9HKL=N=FK=<M
-M:EALL=<HJAD*M:DAK@=<9KJ=KM:EALL=<:QL@=9ML@GJK
-=HL=E=:=J

38
http://www.i-joe.org