Zhifu Huang

Xi'an Jiaotong University | XJTU · Department of Material Engineering

There has been growing interest in the high-entropy ceramic (HEC) recently owing to its tailorable compositions and microstructures, versatile properties, together with promising structural and functional applications. However, inferior fracture toughness (KIC) and damage tolerance restricted many practical applications of the HEC. Herein, we addre...

In this study, the effect of V doping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets was explored. The doped V element was mainly dissolved in the Mo2FeB2 particles to substitute the Mo atom inside without generating a new phase. Doping V element increased the volume fraction of borides and the forming temperature of the l...

In this work, the effect of Cr doping on the mechanical properties of Mo2FeB2-based cermets was studied. The results indicated that the hardness was continuously enhanced with the Cr contents, while the transverse rupture strength increased and then decreased. With the increase of Cr contents, the decreased binder deteriorated the fracture toughnes...

Mo2FeB2-based cermets have wide applications in fields of wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance due to their simple preparation process, low-cost raw materials, and prominent mechanical properties. Herein, Mo2FeB2-based cermets with xMo (x = 43.5, 45.5, 47.5, 49.5, wt.%) were prepared by means of the vacuum liquid phase sinterin...

Stellite 6 alloy has been considered a promising coating for hydro-turbine parts owing to excellent erosion resistance. In the present work, Stellite 6 coatings have been prepared by the high-speed laser cladding technique with the inside-beam powder feeding method. Microstructure, hardness and erosion-wear behaviors of the Stellite 6 coatings have...

The effects of Cr doping on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Mo2FeB2-based cermets were systematically investigated at 700 oC, 740 oC and 800 oC. The results indicated that the doped Cr element made dual effects on the oxidation behavior based on the varied oxidation temperatures, oxidation durations and Cr contents. At 700 oC and 740 oC,...

Binderless tungsten carbides (BTC) have attracted the attention of both academia and industry due to their excellent hardness, high-temperature strength as well as corrosion resistance. Herein, a set of binderless WC-based composites were developed employing two-step spark plasma sintering. The mechanical response together with tribological perform...

High performance reinforcement together with advanced innovative structure design has been attracting much attention as a means of circumventing the conflict between toughness and hardness or strength of ceramic matrix. Herein, we developed the laminated tungsten carbide (WC) matrix composite reinforced by hybrid one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotub...

Herein, the influence of the impact angle and Ni content on the wear behavior of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets was studied using an erodent-carrying slurry comprising artificial seawater and SiO2 sands. The results reveal that the material loss may be attributed to the wear damage caused by SiO2 sands because cermets are expected to exhibit good corrosion res...

In order to investigate the effect of Cr content on the microstructures and oxidation wear properties of high-boron high-speed steel (HBHSS), so as to explore oxidation wear resistant materials (e.g., hot rollers), a scanning electron microscope, an X-ray diffractometer, an electron probe X-ray microanalysis and an oxidation wear test at elevated t...

Very recently, high entropy concept has evolved from metal to the ceramic community, named as high entropy ceramics (HEC). The configurational entropy endowed the system with unique structure, performances as well as application potentials such as aerospace, high-speed machining tools, and nuclear reactors. However, the poor densification together...

Ceramics can be toughened by traditional toughening methods including particle-dispersion, phase-transformation and whisker toughening, but such strategies usually impact the hardness or strength adversely. Inspired by the structural guidelines originated from the study of bamboo and nacre, herein, we developed exceptionally tough and hard quaterna...

The tendency of AA3003 towards localized corrosion is one of the most challenging issues for its broader use. Intermetallic phases (IMPs) in AA3003 play dual contradictory roles: strengthening effect and initiating pitting. Solving this contradiction contributes to improvement of corrosion resistance and fully utilizing the potential of materials....

Graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) have been the striking reinforcements for ceramics as a function of their unique structures together with exceptional multi-performance. However, the reinforcing efficiency could only be fully confirmed if they were homogenously dispersed throughout the whole ceramic matrix. The poor dispersion properties of graph...

MoAlB has been regarded as a promising high-temperature structural ceramic, but the strength and toughness are still insufficient in the practical application. In this work, MoAlB ceramic bulk with superior hardness, strength and toughness has been fabricated by adding 0.15 mol. % Si. The MoAlB-0.15Si bulk is composed of Si-doped MoAlB, Mo(Al, Si)2...

The attainment of both hardness and fracture toughness is the critical requirement for cemented carbides to be applied as structural and functional materials. However, these two properties are usually mutually exclusive. Traditional toughening methods as particle-dispersion, phase-transformation and whisker toughening usually impact the hardness ad...

In this study, cyclic oxidation behavior and mechanism of Mo2FeB2-based cermets have been investigated by varying the boron content. The parabolic curves of mass gain confirmed the formation of the protective oxide layer. Mo2FeB2-based cermets with boron content of 6 wt.% had the lowest mass gain due to the denser and continuous oxide layer. A typi...

Fe-B-C cast alloy shows the superior two-body abrasive wear resistance, regarded as the potential candidate for high chromium cast iron. In the present work, the three-body abrasive wear behaviors of Fe-B-C cast alloys with variant Mn addition have been systematically investigated. The results show that, appropriate Mn addition can improve the frac...

High boron Fe-based alloys, possessing superior wear-resistant performance, have always been restricted to be applied in impacting conditions by the poor toughness. In the present work, Fe-3.0B-0.3C alloy has been toughened by introducing Cr element. The evolutions of the solidification process, microstructure and the mechanical properties have bee...

Pure iron has recently been identified as the material basis of many high-tech industries due to its high toughness, plasticity as well as superior electromagnetism. However, the rather poor machinability has limited the wider applications of pure iron. Nano-laminated multilayer graphene-carbide tool (MLG/WC-Co) was produced employing two-step sint...

Abstract WC-Co alloys have enjoyed great practical significance owing to their excellent properties during the past decades. Despite the advantages, however, recently there have been concerns about the challenges associated with the use of Co, i.e. price instability, toxicity and properties degeneration, which necessitates the fabrication of binder...

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been performed to explore the effects of Si, Cr, W, and Nb elements on the stability, mechanical properties, and electronic structures of MoAlB ternary boride. The five crystals, with the formulas of Mo4Al4B4, Mo4Al3SiB4, Mo3CrAl4B4, Mo3WAl4B4, and Mo3NbAl4B4, have been res...

Advances in the TiB2 nano-composites reinforced with hybrid of SiC whisker (SiCw) and multilayer graphene (MLG) have been thoroughly investigated. Hybrid reinforcements, combining the advantages of SiCw as well as MLG, resulted in further enhanced mechanical properties in TiB2-based ceramic nano-composites. Excellent mechanical properties were achi...

Exploring the effective way to improve Fe2B’s toughness has always been the hot topic in the researches of Fe-B wear resistant alloys. In the present work, the effects of Cr on the microstructure, mechanical properties and lattice structure of directional Fe2B have been investigated. The affecting mechanism of Cr addition has been discussed accordi...

Four series of Mo2FeB2-based cermets with Ti contents between 0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.% in 0.5 wt.% increments were prepared by in situ reaction and liquid phase sintering technology. Influences of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of cermets were studied. It was found that Ti addition increases formation temperatures of liquid phases in liq...

The poor thermal properties of ceramics limited its wide application. Recently, upgrading via reinforcing ceramics with graphene has been recognized as a feasible approach to enhance the thermal performance of ceramics, and then advance the applications due to the exceptional thermal properties of graphene. Thus, this review summarized the latest a...

Material design was performed to solve the twin problems of densification together with brittleness of binderless TiC (BTC). Novel binderless TiC composites reinforced by multilayer graphene (MLG) were fabricated through two-step sintering (TSS) with the auxiliary of nano-sized TiC and WC as sintering aids. The synergistic effects of multilayer gra...

Mo2FeB2 based cermets with xCr (x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, weight %) contents were fabricated via reaction boronizing sintering strategy. Effects of Cr addition on sintering mechanism, microstructure evolution, and nanomechanical properties of Mo2FeB2 based cermets were investigated. Results indicate that the addition of Cr decreased reaction temperatures...

The present work investigated the high-temperature compressive strength and tribological behaviours of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets from 25 to 900 °C. Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets with four different Ni additions were first fabricated successfully and then tested. The results show that cermets with Ni/B 1.1 have the best compressive strength of 531.8 MPa at 900 °C and...

This research aims to clarify the effects of YAl2 reinforced particles on the dry sliding wear behaviors of Mg-14wt%Li-3wt%Al alloy (LA143) against GCr15 steel counterpart. From the obtained results, wear resistance of LA143 can be improved by the addition of YAl2 as well as the mechanical properties, and the wear rate can be reduced by 10.5-34.4%...

A superhydrophobic surface on AA3003 with a structure consisting of microrods and nanosheets was fabricated via a chemical etching approach combined with modification by stearic acid alcohol solution. Etching time, temperature and concentration were adjusted to optimize surface topographies and wettability. The optimized surface exhibited a static...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the tribological properties of bulk Fe 2 B with pre-oxidation treatment. Design/methodology/approach Bulk Fe 2 B was oxidized in an electric box furnace with a soaking time of 9 min under 750°C in air. Then, the tribological experiments were carried out on an UMT-Tribolab tester. Findings The o...

This paper aims to systematically investigate the stability, electronic structures and mechanical properties of Mo2FeB2 and Mo2NiB2 ternary borides by the first-principles calculations. The models of Mo2FeB2, orthorhombic Mo2NiB2 (O-Mo2NiB2) and tetragonal Mo2NiB2 (T-Mo2NiB2) have been established and calculated. All three crystal lattices are ther...

The purpose of this research was to clarify wear-related interactions between the M2B phase and the metallic matrix in an Fe-3.0 wt. % B duplex alloy, and to characterize those effects on two-body abrasive wear by establishing a mathematical model. Furthermore, the effects of 1.0 to 2.5 wt. % Cr additions on the two-body abrasive wear of the alloy...

The dry sliding tribological behavior of a columnar-grained Fe2B intermetallic compound under different normal loads was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS, and 3D laser scanning microscope. The results indicated that under a load of 12 N, after a 35 min break-in period, the dynamic friction coefficient decreased from 0.78 to abou...

Mo2NiB2-Ni cermets have been extensively investigated due to their outstanding properties. However, studies have not systematically examined the effect of the powder milling process on the cermets. In this study, Mo, Ni, and B raw powders were subjected to mechanical ball milling from 1 h to 15 h. XRD patterns of the milled powders confirmed that a...

This work revealed the effects of Ni content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and erosive wear of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets. Four groups of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets with different Ni contents were fabricated by reaction boronizing sintering in this study, and their mechanical properties were tested. The results show that the microstructure of the ce...

In this paper, the crystallographic orientation relationship between TiB2 particles and α-Mg phase is identified by TEM to clarify the grain refinement mechanism of TiB2 particulate reinforced AZ91 composites. The influence of the content of TiB2 particles on the grain size and mechanical properties of TiB2/AZ91 composites is investigated. The expe...

The effects of chromium on the mechanical properties and three-body abrasive wear behavior of pure Fe2B intermetallic are investigated in this work. The results show that, with chromium addition from 0 to 4.88 wt%, the fracture toughness of pure Fe2B sample initially increases to the highest value of 7.06 MPa m1/2, and then decreases. The fracture...

The stability, mechanical properties and electronic structures of Ti3Al, TiAl, TiAl2 and TiAl3 have been systematically investigated by the first-principles calculation. The four TiAl binary compounds are thermodynamically stable intermetallics depending on their negative formation enthalpy and cohesive energy. The bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (...

In the present study, friction and wear properties of bulk Fe2B with different Cr additions were examined under dry friction and water lubrication conditions. The morphology, structure, mechanical properties and tribological properties were investigated by OM, SEM, XRD and XPS. The results show that there is no obvious new phase generated and the c...

In order to obtain hydrophobically associating polymer with good temperature resistance, an hydrophobically associating amphiphilic polymer AHAPAM was synthesized by using acrylamide(AM), sodium p-styrenesulfonate(SSS), N, N-dimethyl octadecyl allyl ammonium chloride (DMAAC-18). The preparation condition of AHAPAM was optimized by measuring the vis...

In situ small-sized TiB2/Al-4.5Cu composites with high strength and good ductility were prepared via an ultrasound assisted re-melting and diluting (RD) approach in this research. The experimental results showed that small-sized TiB2 particles with an average size of 100 nm were synthesized in the metal-salts reaction. Both the Al-TiB2 mater compos...

In this work, the effects of chromium addition on the morphology and mechanical properties of Fe2B in Fe-3.0B alloy have been systematically investigated by a combination of experimental observations and the first-principles calculations. The results indicate that, with chromium addition in Fe-3.0B alloy ranging from 0 to 2.5 wt%, the average grain...

Mo2FeB2 based cermets with and without PVA have been investigated by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The density and transverse rupture strength (TRS) of green compact, relative density, hardness (HRA), fracture toughness (KIC) and TRS of Mo2FeB2 based cermets were also meas...

This research proposed an in situ casting method for preparing Al3Tip/A356 composites with high strength and good ductility by adding Ti powders into molten A356 at 800 °C. A sampling experiment was firstly carried out to explore the evolution process of Ti powders in the A356 melt. Based on which in situ Al3Tip/A356 composites with 1.5 and 3.0 wt%...

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate the effect of varying chromium content on the wear behavior of white cast iron, to study the interaction relationship between cementite and pearlite in white cast iron, while estimating their contribution rate in abrasive wear. Design/methodology/approach To study interaction of cementite-pearlite of white...

Mo2FeB2 based cermets prepared at different milling times were fabricated at 1250 °C by in-situ reaction liquid sintering. The effect of milling time on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mo2FeB2 based cermets was also investigated. The results indicate that, no new phase appears and mechanical alloying does not occur at milling times...

Cr7C3 has properties of high strength, low density, good chemical stability, and resistance against corrosion and oxidation at high temperature. With these excellent properties, Cr7C3 is considered especially suitable as a high temperature material. However, little attention has been paid to the oxidation behavior of Cr7C3. In this work, the oxidat...

The effects of normal load and velocity on the friction and wear behavior of single-phase Fe2B bulk have been investigated by optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectra. Results indicate that friction coefficient and wear rate both decrease at first and then increase with the increasing of lo...

By optimizing the addition of phenolic resin to mixed powders of Cr and C, the single-phase Cr7C3 bulk was synthesized by hot pressing at 1673 K, and the effects of duration times on the relative densities and mechanical properties were also investigated. The results indicate that, with a phenolic resin of 2.0 wt.% in the mixed powders, the single-...

The microstructure and properties of Fe-1.50 wt.%B-0.40 wt.%C high-speed steel (i.e. High boron high-speed steel, HBHSS) containing various Al contents have been investigated. The results show that the microstructure of HBHSS is composed of martensite, a little M6(C,B) and a large number of eutectic M2B borides. With the increase of aluminum, the m...

Background Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has gradually become the main approach to obtain live donor kidneys. However, the shorter right renal vein limits its wider application. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of left- and right-side retroperitoneal LDN. Methods We reviewed the perioperative data of 527 consecutive donors...

The ternary boride based cermets Mo2FeB2 were fabricated successfully with Mo, FeB, Fe, Cr and Ni mixed-powders by mechanical ball milling and reaction boronizing sintering. The results indicate that, there is no alloying reaction between powders during milling; at milling times from 4 to 24 h, the morphology of mixed-powder becomes finer and the d...

With an increase in the addition of W, the morphology and volume percentage of Fe2B show no obvious variation. Although an increase in the hardness of the alloy has a beneficial effect on improving wear resistance, toughening Fe2B by the addition of W has a more helpful role in the wear resistance of Fe-B-C alloy in this study. The weight loss of F...

Boron-bearing high speed steels are widely used in roller materials because of their improved wear resistance and toughness. In present work, aluminum was added into boron high speed steel and the aging-hardening behavior and microstructures of tempered boron high speed steel at various tempering temperatures were investigated by means of scanning...

The microstructure, toughness, hardness and wear resistance of Fe-B-C cast wear-resistant alloy were studied. The results indicate that, the as-cast Fe-B-C alloy comprises pearlite, ferrite and eutectic phase Fe2 (B, C), and that, with increasing boron and carbon contents, the boride volume fraction (BVF) and macrohardness increase; furthermore, wh...

Effects of Mo addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear properties of an oriented bulk Fe2B crystal have been investigated systematically in the present paper. Five groups of pure Fe2B samples with different Mo contents have been examined by optical microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope integrate...

The microstructure and oxidation kinetics of Fe–B-based alloys at 927 K in air with different boron concentrations of 0.95, 1.45, 2.10, and 3.08 wt% were studied. The alloy microstructures were interpreted to consist of α-Fe, Fe2B, and pearlite. After 100-h oxidation, the oxides comprised Fe2O3 at the surfaces and a mixed B2O3–SiO2 layer at matrix/...

Bulk cementites with the Cr contents of 0, 3. 01, 6. 03, 8. 22, and 11. 51 mass% were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The results indicated that when the Cr content was low (3. 01 mass%), the phases were composed of cementite with a small amount of α-Fe at a sintering temperature of 1 173 K, but the microstruc...

Effects of Mn addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and two-body wear behavior of Fe-3.0 wt% B alloy were systematically investigated. The result indicates that, with Mn addition ranging from 0 to 2.5 wt%, Mn atoms tend to aggregate in the boride; the phase composition and microstructure have little change; macrohardness of the heat...

Cementite–iron composites with 0, 7.83, 18.56, 49.21, 81.75 and 100 vol% cementite were prepared by melting and plasma spark sintering. The effect of cementite content on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the cementite–iron composites was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry results indicate...

The microstructure and oxidation behavior of Fe–B alloys have been investigated. Oxide scale cross-sectional microstructures oxidized at 1073 K for 100 h have been studied. EPMA investigations show that B2O3–SiO2 oxides accumulates in the inner oxide layer which improves the oxidation behaviour and oxide layer adhesion considerably. Cyclic oxidatio...

Cr3C2–20%Ni cermets were fabricated with Cr, C and Ni mixed-powder by high energy milling and reactive carburising sintering. The elemental powders of Cr, C and Ni were mixed with proper ratio (Cr/C = 3:2 atomic ratio) and milled to the nanometre crystallite sizes (about 20–30 nm). Specimens were cold-isostatically pressed at 200 MPa and sintered a...

Bulk cementite samples with chromium (Cr) concentrations of 0, 3.01, 6.03, 8.22, and 9.76 wt% were prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. The elastic modulus, elastic recovery, and hardness increased with increasing chromium content. The maximum microhardness was 1070.74 HV (Vickers hardness) and the maximum elastic modulus was...

The abrasion-resistant properties of white cast iron, which is used as a wear-resistant material in many industrial applications, are affected by cementite properties. Hence, it is important to obtain an understanding of the mechanical properties and abrasive behavior of single-phase cementite. In this article, bulk cementite samples with 0, 3.01,...

This research quantitatively studied the effect of temperature on the synthesis of TiB2 particle reinforcement via a casing method in which a salts-metal reaction was involved. Experimental results showed that the yield of TiB2 reached 89.5 pct and most TiB2 particles ranged from 400 to 800 nm at 1173 K (900 °C) with a 10-minute reaction time; when...

Conventional combustion synthesis (CS) reaction has been widely used in the production of compounds. Obtaining pure products, however, is always a challenge for the CS reaction. This research proposed an effective method by adding ultrasound to the CS reaction to improve the purity of the products, in which Ti–Al–C with a molar ratio of Ti:Al:C = 2...

Background: Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) requires contrast agents that may cause nephropathy. We wanted to assess whether donors using contrast agents long or immediately before nephrectomy affects recipient allograft function. Methods: Pairs of kidney donors and recipients in our center were recruited between May 2012 and October 2014...

Active elements (Ni and/or Ti) were introduced into the interface of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) particles reinforced high-Cr cast iron matrix composite to improve the interface property. Vacuum sintering process was adopted to prepare the ZTA particles preform whose strength and interface properties were investigated. The results show that af...

The microstructure and crystallography of M7C3 carbide in 20 wt.% Cr hypereutectic cast iron have been investigated. The results show that primary M7C3 carbide subjected to fast cooling displays an irregular hollow hexagonal structure. Rapid solidification has remarkable effects on the morphology and orientation of primary M7C3 carbide. Transmissio...

The effects of Fe2B-grain orientation on microstructure and properties of bulk Fe2B intermetallic fabricated by directional and ordinary solidification techniques have been investigated. The results show that unidirectional solidified Fe2B intermetallic possesses a strong (002) texture in the transverse direction owing to the opposite unidirectiona...

Background The role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) is not clear. We performed a prospective cohort study to evaluate the efficiency of MPA TDM in the Chinese population.MethodsA total of 183 living-related KTRs were studied; 101 KTRs received controlled-dose mycophenolate mofet...

Bulk Cr7C3 compounds were fabricated with Cr and C mixed-powder by mechanical ball milling and plasma activated sintering (PAS). The results indicate that, there is no alloying reaction between Cr and C powders at milling times from 3 h to 15 h; at milling times from 1 h to 7 h, the morphology of mixed-powder becomes finer and the distribution beco...

Effect of electric current pulse (ECP) on pearlite of hypoeutectic Fe-C alloys was investigated. The results show that ECP treatment can promote the formation of graphite in hypoeutectic Fe-C alloys, and the nucleation rate of ferrite increases which result in that the relative amount of ferrite increases and the relative amount of pearlite decreas...

Corrected the mistakes in the numbers of references in the original paper published in 2011.

Bulk Fe2B crystals were fabricated with Fe and B mixed powders by mechanical ball milling and plasma activated sintering (PAS). The results indicate that, as milling time reaches 10 h and above, the diffraction peaks of B powders will vanish and new phases will not appear. With increasing milling time from 1 h to 40 h, the distribution of mixed pow...

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of Stilamin (Somatostatin) in the treatment of lymphatic leaks after living-related renal transplanatation. Twenty-four patients with lymphatic leaks after kidney transplantation were recruited. All patients were treated with Stilamin and the drainage recorded. The incidence of lymphatic leaks after kidn...

To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for thrombocytopenia during the first year after living-related renal transplantation of Chinese patients. This retrospective study was performed in 274 adult kidney transplant recipients between January 2009 and December 2010. We followed each for ≥1 year. Posttransplant thrombocytopenia (PTT) was def...

The effects of tungsten additions of 0%, 1.12%, 2.04%, and 3.17% (in wt.%) on the morphology, fracture toughness and micro-hardness of Fe2B in Fe–B–C cast alloy were investigated. The results indicate that, with the increase of tungsten addition, the morphology and distribution of Fe2B have no change and a new W-containing phase, except the (Fe, W)...

The effect of molybdenum addition on the fracture toughness and micro-hardness of Fe2B in Fe-B-C alloy was investigated. The results indicate that, with the increase in molybdenum addition, the micro-hardness of Fe2B increases and its fracture toughness first increases and then decreases. Compared with the fracture toughness (3.8 MPa · m 1/2) of Fe...

For a long time since the anisotropy basically confined to a single crystal, used as a polycrystalline ceramic materials generally considered to be isotropic. In this paper, the anisotropic mechanical, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of a double perovskite slab-rocksalt layer Nd2SrAl2O7 was studied by first principles as an e...

(T8)he effect of titanium on the as-cast microstructure of a hypereutectic high-chromium cast iron was investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that the primary M7C3 carbides are refined and spheroidized with the addition of a suitable amount of titanium...

In this paper, the initial stage of films assembled by energetic C36 fullerenes on diamond (001)–(2 × 1) surface at low-temperature was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation using the Brenner potential. The incident energy was first uniformly distributed within an energy interval 20–50 eV, which was known to be the optimum energy range for...