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Yield losses and economic threthold of Asian corn borer Ostrinia fumacalis on corn

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L.-P. Wen
L.-P. Wen
L.-P. Wen
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Zhenying Wang at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Zhenying Wang
Z.-H. Ye
Z.-H. Ye
Z.-H. Ye
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中国 农业 科学 １９９２，２５ （１）：４４　 ４９　
Ｓｅｉｅｎｔｉａ　Ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｔａ　Ｓｉｎｉｃａ　
醇　
， 　 ７　 亚洲玉米螟对玉米的　
为害损失估计及经济阈值研究水　
避 　 叶志华　 ｓ１年　ｆ｛　
王忠跃 何康来　 宋彦英　
中 国农业科　院 植物保护研究 所，北京 １ｏ０６９４￣　
提要 １９８８—１９９ｏ￣在 奉所 农场 窘驻 田从不 同 卵量、不 同世 代 和不 同抗性 品种 三个方　
面研 究 了亚 洲玉 米螟 为害与 产 量损 失之 闸 的关 东。 试 验结果 表 明：玉 米蜒 卵量、 蛀孔 数及　
产量之 Ｉｑ有 显著相关性 和 回归关系。幼 虫为害造成 的产 量揭失在 两世代问有 显著差 异， 且　
与品种抗虫性有关。提出了根据收获前值椿上幼虫为害　 畿的蛀孔截估计产量损失的技术　
以及 根据軎代 着卵 量确定 经济 闻值的方 法。 得出防诰指标 为： 中抗品种 中原单 ４号 心叶期　
（一代） 和壤期 ‘二代 ）百 株 累讨 卵量舟别 为２（｝蛾和ｌ２块； 憨 虫品种中单 ２号　０叶期和 德　
期百 株累计 卵量 均为１２块。　
关键词　垩型三苎苎主三　 产量｝晶失；冬至　堕　
亚　 玉米螟 Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａ　 ｒ糊　陆 （Ｇｕｅｎ∈ｅ）是我国玉米 产区 的主 要害 虫。对其为害损　
失和防治指标国冉已有不少报道　 。但大多数研究者均以玉米收获时可查到的幼虫数　
量作为估 计产量搠 失的依　 。如顾成玉 （１９８７）认 为一代玉米螟幼 虫每增 加一 头， 单株　
产量平均损 失２．６５％，并且根据卵量与 幼 虫数 的 关系， 提 出一代玉米螟防治 指标为百株　
累 计辨 量ｌ０块 …４。国 外对 欧 洲 玉米 螟 为害 损 失研 究结 果 表明： 一　 二 代 欧 洲玉 米螟蛀 孔　
数 与产 量问 呈直 线 或曲线 关 系　６， 其产 量 损 失率与品 种 抗性 有 关 ”　。　
由于亚洲玉米螟 是一 种多化性兼性滞育 昆虫，在玉米螟发生 ２至 ３代区， 各世代均　
有不同程度 的＿滞育率　５。［！ｄ此，收获时　 到的虫量不能 代表 各代实 际发生量，同时，剖秆　
查虫又较 费工，故以虫量为指标估 汁产量损失有一定的局限性。奉研究为了进一步弄清　
玉米螟为害与玉米产量的关系，为综台防治决策提供依据，在参考前人工作的基础上，　
于１９８８Ｔ１９９０簪 采用田问小区 自然虫源和 人工接 虫相结合的方法， 从不同 卵量　不同世　
代和 不同 抗性 品 种 三个方面 ． 以蛀 孔 数 为指 标研 究 了玉 米 螟 为害 损 失和经 济阈值 。　
材 料 与 方 法　
一
、产 量损 失试 验　
１９８８年 选 用 中原单 ４号 （生 自　期 ８７天， 食 叶级　 为３．５）和 中 单，２号 ｆ生 育期 ｌ０Ｏ天　
叠《　
程 　
昕　
分　
统　
Ｈ　
＾Ⅱ　
怍 　
验　
试　
分　
舔　
加　
参　
司 　
五　
赌 。　执 酣　
城　
随 并 　
一　“ 此　
成 ．　完 助　
ｒ　
岢 情　
。
指 热　
¨ 的 的　碘 员 志　
助 究 同　
到 资 研 忠　
收 题 兀 雅　
Ｈ 曝 ｆ 曹 　
坫 关 蚱 ．　月 攻　 平　
荣 祉　
年 五 ＾ 李 　
；：七 周 宣　
芷 飞 　
十 隶 究 迁　
盘 囤 研 晰 　
奉 ． 奉 奉 　
到 　
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ｌ期　 文丽萍等：亚洲玉米螟对玉米的为害损失估计及经济阈值研究　 ４５　
食叶 级ｇ　为７．Ｏ）为供试 品种。春播密 度３　５００株／亩，每 品种分别在 玉米螟一代 、二代区　
设两 个试 验 区， 共 四个 区。 每 区设 五 个卵 量水平 ： 一 代 区为 每 百株 玉米 ０，５Ｏ、１００、３００、　
６００块卵；二代 区为每百 株 玉米 ０、５０、１００、２００、３００块卵。 每 个处理重复 ３次，每小区　
面 积２Ｏ米　，采 用 随机 区 组 设计。 分　Ｕ在 田 间一 代， 二 代玉 米螟 自然 落卵 高峰 期 接 种室 内　
饲养的玉米螟黑头卵块。对照区和非接种卵块世代 区采取施药结合人工除虫拉制为害。　
在第一代 接 卵两周后，按Ｄｏｌｉｎｋａ等１９７３年提出的九级 国 际分级 标准　 调查食叶级别　
最后分小 区收 获并调查记载蛀 孔数 、 部位 及隧道长度。待 各小区 收获的雌穗晒干后，脱　
粒称 小区 产 量和 百 粒重 。　
１９８９年 增 加 了一 个每百 株 ２０块 卵的 处理 ， 其它试 验 设 计同１９８８年。　
二 、产量 损 失估 计模 拟试 验 　
为了检验上述试验获得的玉米 螟 危害　Ｉ起的产量损 失估计 模型与实际情况的符合度，　
于１９８９和１９９０年分别进 行了产量损 失估计 模拟试验。供试品种同上。 设一代为害、一代　
和二 代 混 合 为害 ． 二代为害 以及 无 虫 对照 四 个处理， 重 复 ３次， 共２４个 小 区。小 区 卵量　
在 自然发生的基础 上，每株接 １块卵，以保证 有一定 的为 害量。调查和测产 同上。　
结 果 分 析　
一
、幼虫为害对产 ■掏成的影响　
玉米螟低龄幼 虫主 要取 食心 叶、幼嫩雄穗 （一代 ）和雌 穗花丝、穗尖及籽 粒等 （二　
代）； 而高 龄幼 虫主 要集 中在玉米雌 穗着生节及其上下二节的 茎秆上 蛀茎 为害。从而 严重　
影 响玉米雌穗 的生长、发育和籽粒的 灌浆，使总产量下 降。 由表 １看出：各处理 小区的　
玉米雌穗长度 随着卵量的增加而递 减，与对照相 比， 其 差异达 到 显著水平。在 中原单 ４　
裹 １　 玉米螺幼虫为謇对产■构成 的影响 （１９８９）’　
Ｔａｂｌｅ　ｌ　 Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ￣ ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｄａｍａｇｅ　ｏｆ　ＡＣＢ　ｏｉｌ　ｔｈｅ　ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ　ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｙｉｅｌｄ．１９８９　
·寰 中数据后、 太小 写字母分别代表蔚复檀差分析０、０１￣１０．０５的显著平 准　
Ｉｎ　ａ　ｃｏｌｕｍ ｎ，ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗ￣ｌ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｓａｍｅ　ｃａｐｉｔａｌ　ｏｒ￣ａ＇ｎａｌｌ　ｌｅｔｔｅｒ　ａｒｅ　ｎｏｔ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ａｔ　ｔｈｅ 　１％ ０ｆ　５　
ｌｅｖｅｌ　ｏｆ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｓ　ｂｙ　ＤＭ ＲＴ，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ　
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中国农业科学　
号 和 中单 ２号 上 一代受 害处 理 分 别 比对 照雌 穗 长度平 均 减少 １０．２２％ 和 １３．６９％； 二 代分 　
别平 均 减 少５．３３％ 和８．８０％ 。 由此 可 见， 一 代 为害 对雌 穗生 长 发 育影 响 比二 代大。 百粒　
重随各处理 卵量的增加有 下降 趋势。 但方差分析不显著 。 因为有些受害株虽然雌穗生长　
受 到影 响， 穗 粒 数减 少 ，但 粒 重增 大（表 １）。　
二、不 同卵 ■　 蛀 孔 数 与产 量 掼 失的关 系　
各试 验 区不 同 卵 量的 为害 程 度对产 量损 失 的影 响 见表 ２。 可 以看 出 ， 随着 各处理 小　
区卵量的 增加， 其幼虫为害造 成的蛀 孔数增加，产 量损失率也 随之增加。三者之 间均呈　
显著或极显著相关关系。经曲线拟合和协方差分析获得如下方程式：　
囊 ２　 备试验 区不 同处 理 舯玉米产 量 扭生率 　
Ｔａｂｌｅ　 ＩｎＪｔｔｒｙ　ｌｅｖｅｌｓ　ａｎｄ　 ｅ】ｄ　ｌｏｓｓ　ｒａｔｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｔｒｅａｔｍ ｅｎｔ￣　
１． 以百株 卵量为 ｘ、百 株蛀孔数为Ｙ的 自然对数回归式 ：　
中原 单 ４号 Ｙ１＝ 一５２６．５０３８＋１８４．１０２０１ｎｘ±６４．４３　 ｔ　ｒ＝ 一０．９６８” ）　
Ｙ　２＝ 一 ３００．９６７０＋１３１．４９４５１ｎｘ￣４０．５５　 （ｒ＝ 一 ０．９６７　 ）　
中单 ２号　 Ｙ】＝一４２５．９７３８＋１６３．８０２２１ｎｘ±６７．３５　 （ｒ＝ 一０．９６５　 ）　
Ｙ　２＝　 １５６．１３８４＋７１．５２６５１ｎｘ±４３．４９　 （ｒ ＝ ７－０．９００　）　
２． 以百株 卵 量 为 ｘ， 小 区产 量 损 失率 为 Ｙ的 自然 对 数 回 归式 ：　
中原 单 ４号 Ｙ１＝ 一 １８５９．７３＋ ６．２８４３１ｎｘ±９．２５　 （ｒ：０．９５８” ）　
Ｙ　２＝ 一 ２８．２０５０＋ ９．５３７１１ｎｘ± ３．８０　 （ｒ ＝０．９６７　 ）　
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ｌ期　 文丽 萍等：亚 洲玉 米螟 对玉米 的为害损 失估 计 及经 济阈值 研究　 ４７　
中单 ２号　 Ｙ 】＝ 一２１．９１６７＋ １１．８２２１１ｎｘ±５．９４　 （ｒ＝０．９５３　 ）　
Ｙ ２＝ 一 １２．５５４８＋ ５．８６７８ｌｎｘ± ３．４７　 。　 （ｒ＝ ０．９０４　 ）　
３． 以 百株 蛀 孔数 为 ｘ， 小区 产 量损 失率 为 Ｙ的 自然 对数 回 归式：　
中原单 ４号 Ｙ ｌ＝ 一６０．２４９４＋ １３．８５８２１ｎｘ±３．５８　 （ｒ＝０．９９６　 ）　
Ｙ　２＝ 一 ７６．８５６７＋ １６．３２３２１ｎｘ±４．０６　 （ｒ＝ ０．９８６　 ）　
中单 ２号　 Ｙ１＝一８７．９２９２＋２１．０２７０１ｎｘ±３．７５　 （ｒ＝０．９６７　 ）　
Ｙ　２＝ ～ ５４．０４６９＋ １３．５５９５ｌｎｘ±２．Ｏ８　 （ｒ＝ ０．９８４　 ）　
上述各 式 中， ｘ　， Ｙ　代表一代； ｘ　２， Ｙ　代 表二代。在接种 卵量相同条 件下，玉　
米受害程 度及产 量损失率在品 种问和 世代 间存 在着显著差异 （表 ３　 由表 ２和 表 ３综合 －　
分析得出如下结果：①一代和二代百株百块卵形成的蛀孔数在中单 ２号上啦在中原单 ４　
衰 ３　 品 种、 为謇 世 代和 卵 ■不 同ｊＩｃ平 处 理组台 的产 ■方差分析　
Ｔａｂｌｅ　３　 Ｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ　ａｎａｌｙ￣ ｆｏｒ　Ｃｏｒｎ　ｙ嘲 ｄｓ　ｏｆ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｔｒｅａｔｍ ｅｎｔ　ｃｏｍ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ　
ｏｆ　ｓｈ＇ｌｇｌｅ．ｅｒｎｓｓ￣ ；ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｊｎｊｕｒｙ　ｌｅｖｅｌｓ　
号上平均 多１．２７—１．９３倍，并 且造成的产量损失率也 均 显著 较 小。说明中原单 ４号不但　
心叶期较抗虫，而且在穗期也有一定程度的抗虫性。②同一品种上，不 同世代伺接种卵　
量相同的条件下，二代为害造成的损 失率显著大于一代。这与二代幼虫存活率高，蛀孔　
数量多，并且直接为害雌穗有关。③以蛀孔数为指标分析产量损失率，在两个品种上单　
株单孔造 成的 产量损 失率平均 在３．０６－－５．１２％之 间。 对不 同年份相同试验 的蛀 孔数 与产　
量损失率 的协 方差分 析 （表 ４）结 果表 明： 在中抗 品种中原单 ４号上， 两年的一代和二　
寰 ４ 百锋蛀孔嚣与损戋 事的协方差分析 （Ｉ９８８－１９８９）　
Ｔａｂｌｅ　４　 Ｃｏｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ　ａｎａｌｙｓｅｓ　ｆｏｒ　ｈｏｌｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ　ａｎｄ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌＯ∞ ｒａｔｅ　
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４８　 中 国 农 业 科 学　 ２５卷　
（１）ｓ㈣ ｏｆ　ｓｅ　 日　 ｙｅａｒｓ （２）Ｄｉ　 ｅｔ （３　 Ａｍｏｎｇ　 ｔ　４　Ｊ　Ａｍｏｎｇ　ａ （５　Ｊ　Ｔｏｔａｌ　ｙｅａｒｓ·　
代蛀孔 数与 损失率 回归 式问的 ａ， ｂ值 均无 显著差异，说 明两年结果一致。而在感虫品　
种中单 ２号上，两年间一代 的回归式 ａ值有显著差 异， ｂ值间差异不显著｝二代的回归　
式 ａ值 问差 异不显著， ｂ值 间差异 显著。这说明年 份间的气候 等环境 因子差 异对 相同试　
验 的影 响 大 小与 品 种类 型有关 。　
三、蛀孔与产■损 失率自然对数 回归式 的可靠性检验　
将模拟试 验区 中原 单 ４号和 中单 ２号 的实 际被害量 （即百株蛀 孔 数）分别代入上述　
蛀孔与产量损 失率 回归 式进行 检验， 结果见表 ５。其产量损失率理论值与 实测值 高度吻　
合， 昔方检 验Ｘ　００．０　５＝９．４９大 于实得 Ｘ　＝４．５５　
囊 ５　 蛀孔与产■摄失率方 程田问模 报检 ｔ螬　 （１９８９－１９９０）　
Ｔａｂｌｅ　５　 Ａｎ　ａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ　ｔｅｇｔ　ｏｆ　ｆｉｅｌｄ　ａｓ８笃ｓｒｎｅｎｔ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｏｌｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ　ｔｏ　
ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌｏｓｓ　ｒａｔｅ　ｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｓ　
四、玉 米 螟为 害 的经 济 闲值　
根据害虫经济阈值 （防治指标）的定义，害虫防治指标是指挽回收益与防治费用相　
等 时害虫密度。 因此， 根据 目前玉米田颗粒 剂防治玉米螟一 次的成 本 （每 亩 ２元左 右）　
和 国家收购玉米的价格 （０．４０元／公斤）来计算，相当于 ５公斤玉米的价值。在亩产４００公　
斤 的条件下， 折算损 失率 为１．２５％。 以此值代入蛀 孔与产 量损 失率回归式获得两品种各　
世代的经济阈值 。但 由于 蛀孔数是为害后期出现 的，无 法以此指导生产 防治，需将 此值　
代入卵量与蛀 孔数 的回归式进行转换，得到如下防治指标： 中抗 品种 中原单 ４号心 叶期　
（一代 ）和穗期 （二代 ）百 株累 计卵 量分别为２Ｏ和１２块。感 虫 品种 中单 ２号心 叶期和穗　
期 均 为百株 累 计卵 量 １２块 。　
本研 究 中防 治 指标 的 另一种计 算方 法 是将 折 合损 失率 １．２５％ 分 别代 入 卵量 与损 失率　
的回归式直线获得。其计算结果与上述基本一致。　
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
１期　 文丽 萍等 ：亚洲 玉米螟对 玉米 的为害损 失估 汁及经济 阈值研究 ４９　
讨　 论　
（一 ）过 去对 玉 米螟 危 害损 失 的研 究， 大多 采 用幼 虫 数来 表 示， 由于该 幼 虫为多 化　
性及 兼性 滞 育并 具 有钻 蛀 为害 习性． 对 它 的准 确 调查非 常 困难 。 因此 ， 本研 究采 用前期　
容易调查的卵块数和后期易调查而稳定的植株被害状——蛀孔数作为指标。前者具有易　
于指导生产防治，后 者具有准 确可靠、省 时、省工等特点。　
（二）通常认为玉米螟一代为害损失率大于二代。但通过此研究发现，如玉米螟发　
生量轻．刚是一代大于二代； 若发生较重时，在一代和二代侵染卵量相同条件下， 由于　
二代 幼 虫存 活 率高 ， 除大 量蛀 茎 为害 外还 直接 取 食穗 尖 、穗 轴和籽 粒 等一 造成 的 产 量损　
参考文献　
【１］邱式 邦．周 大 荣等 ： 玉米 在不 同生 育 期遭 受 螟害 对 产 量损 失 的髟 响， 植 物保护 学 报． ｉ９６４． ３ （３）：３０７—３１２　
［２］ 忻 亦 芬等： 沈用地 区玉 米 螟危 害对产 量 损 失研 究韧 报 ，辽 宁农业 科 学 ， １９６４． ｔ　３）：４ｉ一４５　
【３：吴维 钩等： 北京地 区春玉米螟害产 量损 失估计方 法及防治指标的 商榷，植物保护学报． ｉ９６５． ４　 ４）：３２３—３２８　
４】顾 成 玉 等： 一 代区玉 米螟 产 量损 失 与防 治 指标的研 究 、 昆虫 知 识， １９８７． ２４ （２）； ７８—８ｏ　
５】金 瑞 华 等：北 京地 区玉 米 螟 自然 种 群各 代 滞育率 的初 步研 究 ，北 京 农 业 大学学 报． １９８４． （１０）： １０７一ｉ０８　
６】 Ｂｅｒｒｙ． Ｅ．Ｃ． ｅｔ　ａＬ： Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｂｏｒｅｒ！Ｂｅ ｌａｔｉｏｚ￣ｓｌｕｐ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｓｔａｌｄ　ｄｅ ｍ ａｇｅ　 ａｎｄ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　 ｌ０日Ｂｅｓ　ｉｎ　
ｉｎｂｒｅｄ　ａｎｄ　ｓｉｎｇｌｅ·ｃｒｏ聃 ｓｅｅｄ　ｃｏｒ　 Ｉｏｗａ　Ｓｔｌｔｅ　Ｊｏｕ￣ｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ。１９７８，１，５３《１）：４９—５７　
【７］ Ｄｏｌｉｎｋａ．＆ ．Ｈ．Ｃ．Ｃｈｉａｎｇ　ｅｔ　ａＬ：Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ　ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ　ｏｉｌ　Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｌａ　ｎ“　ｌａｌｉｓ． ｐｈ曩宣ｅ　
Ｉ．Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　１９６９　ａｎｄ　１９７仉 Ａｇｒｉｃ．Ｂｅ ｓ． Ｉｎｓｔ． Ｈｕｎｇａｒｉａｎ　Ａｃａｄ．Ｓｃｉ．．Ｍ ａｒｔｏｎｖａｓａｒ．１９７３　
［８： Ｌｙｎｃｈ’ Ｒ．Ｅ．： Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ　ｃ０ｒｎ　ｂｏｒｅｒ： ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌｅｅｅｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｈｙｂｒｉｄ　ａｎｄ　ｓｔａｇｅ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｄｅｖｅ］ｏｐｍ ．　
ｅｎｔ．Ｊ．Ｅｃｏｉｌ　Ｅｎｔｏｍ ｏ１．１９舯．７３（１）：１５９—１６４　
ＹＩＥＬＤ　ＬＯＳＳＥＳ　ＡＮＤ　ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣ　ＴＨＲＥＳＨＯＬＤ　ＯＦ　ＡＳＩＡＮ　ＣＯＲＮ　
ＢＯＲＥＲ，０ＳＴＲＩＮＩＡ　ＦＵＲＮＡＣＡＬＩＳ （ＧＵＥＮＥＥ）ＯＮ　ＣＯＲＮ　
炜每ｎ　Ｌｉｐｉｎｇ　 炜台ｎｇ　Ｚｈｅｎｙｉｎｇ　 Ｙｅ　Ｚｈｉｈｕａ　
Ｗ ａｎｇ　Ｚｈｏｎｇｙｕｅ　 Ｈｅ　Ｋａｎｇｌａｉ　 Ｓｏｎｇ　Ｙａｎｙｉｎｇ　
（１ｎｓｔｉｔｕ把 ｏ，Ｐｌａｎｔ　Ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｌｏｎ，ＣＡＡＳ．ＢｅｌＪｉｎｇ，Ｃｈｉｎａ　 １０００９４）　
ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ　
Ｃｏｒｎ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌｏｓｓｅｓ　ｃａｕｓｅｄ　ｂｙ　Ａｓｉａｎ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｂｏｒｅｒ （ＡＣＢ）， Ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａ　ｆｕｒｎａｅａｌｉｓ （Ｇｕｅｎｅｅ），　
ａｔ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｓｔａｇｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｒｎ　ａｎｄ　ｊｎｊｕｒｙ　ｌｅｖｅｌｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｓｅｃｔ　ｐｅｓｔ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｓｔｕｄ．　
ｉｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｗ ｏ　ｓｉｎｇｌｅ·ｃｒｏｓｓ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｈｙｂｒｉｄｓ，Ｚｈｏｎｇｙｕａｎｄａｎ　Ｎｏ．４ （１ｅａｆ·ｆｅｅｅｌｉｎｇ　ｄａｍ ａｇｅ　ｒａｔｅｅｌ　ｆｏｒ　
３．５）ａｎｄ　Ｚｈｏｎｇｄａ ｎ　Ｎｏ．２ （１ｅａｆ·ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇ　ｄａｍａｇｅ　ｒａｔｅｄ　ｆｏｒ　７．０）ｉｎ　Ｂｅｌｊｉｎｇ　 ｆｒｏｍ　 １９８８　 ｔｏ　
１９９０．Ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ　ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ　ａｍｏｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ　ｏｆ　ｅｇｇ·￣ｔａｓｓｅ８，ｈｏｌｅｓ （ＡＣＢ　
ｓｔａｌｋ　ｄａｍａｇｅ）ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｙｉｅｌ＆ Ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌｏｓｓｅｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｆｏｕｎｄ　ｂｅ ｔｗｅｅｎ　
ｔｈｅ　ｆｉｒｓｔ·ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ　ｊｎｆｅｓｔｅｄ　ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｗｈｏｌｅ　ｓｔａ ｇｅ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｃｏｎｄ　ｇｅｎｅｒａ ｔｉｏｎ　 ｉｎｆｅｓｔｅｅｌ　 ａｔ　
ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｌＩｄｎｇ　ｓｔａｇｅ，ａｎｄ　ｂｅ ｔｗｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｗ ｏ　ｓｉｎｇｌｅ．ｃｒｏｓｓｅｓ　ａｓ　ｗｅｌＬ　Ｉｔ　ｗｓｓ　ｒｅｖｅａｌｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　
ｈｏｌｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅ ｒ　ｗａｓ　ａ　ｍ ｏｒｅ　ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ　ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｍ 　ｆｏｒ　ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｙｉｅｌｄ　 ｌｏｓｓ　 ｔｈａ ｎ　 ｔｈｅ　
ｌａｒｖａ　ｎｕｎｌｂｅ ｒ／ｐｌａｎｔ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａ ｌ　ｄａｔａ ．ｔｈｅ　ｅｃｏｎｏｍ ｉｃ　ｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄ　ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｅ　
Ｉｓｔ　ａｎｄ　２ｎｄ　ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ　ｗｅｒｅ　２Ｏ　ａｎｄ　１２　ｅｇｇ　ｍ ａＫｓｅ￣ ｐｅ ｒ　１００·ｐｌａ ｎｔ　ｆｏｒ　Ｚｈｏｎｇｙｕａ ｎｄａ ｎ　Ｎ ｏ．　
４　ａｎｄ　１２　ｅｇｇ　ｍａｓｓｅｓ　ｐｅｒ　１００·ｐｌａｎｔ　ｆｏｒ　Ｚｈｏｎｇｄａｎ　Ｎｏ．２　ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｗｈｏｌｅ　ａｎｄ　 ｔｈｅ　 ｓｉｌｋｉｎｇ　
ｓｔａｇｅｓ，ｒｅｓｐｅ ｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．　
Ｋｅｙ　ｗ０ｒｄｓ：Ａｓｉａｎ　ｃｏｒｎ　ｂｏｒｅｒ；Ｃｏｒｎ；Ｙｉｅｌｄ　ｌｏｓｓ ；Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ　ｔｈｒｅｓｈｏＩｄ　
了 的　
行 区　
进 植　
已 种　
，
米　
型 玉　
模 同　
学 不　
数 对　
的 但　
标 。　指 合　
治 吻　
防 度　
及 高　
汁 率　
洁 失　
失 损　
损 际　
量 实　
产 与 。　代 率 究　
二 失 研　
损 步　
一　 一　
螟 理 进　
米 果 待　
玉 结 有　
的 其 何　
出 ．如　
提 证 性　
代 文 验 表　
一 本 害 代　
于　 为 其　
大 三 际 种　
至　 实 品　
甚　 问 同 　
失　 田 不　
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com
... Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), often called the Asian corn borer (ACB), is the most damaging pest of corn in NE China. ACB larvae initially feed on silks and tassels, and then bore into the stalk and tunnel inside, resulting in dropped ears or stalk lodging, which can cause ca. a 10% yield loss (Wen, 1992;He et al., 2002;Wang et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2013a). In addition, feeding damage and larval frass exacerbate fungal infections and ear contamination which dramatically decreases the quality and value of corn, especially in the important fresh corn market. ...
... Ostrinia furnacalis is also distributed throughout Asia, especially in South Korea, The Philippines, India, Indonesia, Japan, Australia, and the Solomon Islands (Klun et al., 1980;Nafus and Schreiner, 1991;Boo, 1993a, 1993b;Boo and Park, 1998;Ishikawa et al., 1999). In NE China, ACB has been the primary insect in the complex of sweet and field corn pests for 60 years (Wen et al., 1992;Wang et al., 2008). Although called the Asian corn borer, it also uses sorghum, ginger and docks (Rumex spp.) as preferred hosts (Ishikawa et al., 1999). ...
... During the early years in China, there was only one generation of O. furnacalis, and consequently, control techniques were focused solely on the 1st generation. However, with climate and cultivation changes, especially increased temperatures, a 2nd generation of ACB has appeared during the corn growing season (Wen et al., 1992;Wang et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2013a). So, if corn plants remained the dominant hosts, the 2nd generation damage by O. furnacalis would also need to be controlled. ...
Do second generation Asia corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) immigrate to corn fields from alternate habitats?
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2015
  • J Asia Pac Entomol
Many Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), Asian corn borer, moths inhabit non-corn fields during the second generation, and could fly into corn fields and cause damage. Therefore, during 2013-2014, O. furnacalis pheromone baited Delta traps were distributed to investigate captures in different host habitats, such as corn fields preceded by various crops, or soybean fields neighboring corn. Months captured from various host fields were evaluated in the laboratory for fecundity, female longevity and mating behavior. The sex ratio of females to males from black light baited water traps deployed in soybean and corn fields was also compared. More males were found in the soybean fields, and catches decreased in traps going from the field center toward a corn field. This indicates that males in soybeans were not moving into nearby corn fields. No significant differences were noted in sex ratios, life span and fecundity of females between locations. Therefore the O. furnacalis females apparently lay eggs in their initial habitat but may move to soybeans for mating. © 2015 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society.
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... The upper, middle and lower stalk areas were selected because corn borer stalk injury (holes and tunnels) from O. furnacalis occurs in all three areas. Injury occurs primarily in the middle of the stalk (Wen et al., 1992). However, corn borer injury is also common for the internode below the tassel, and for first generation O. furnacalis there is a tendency for larvae to move from tassel to lower on the stalk. ...
Asian corn borer damage is affected by rind penetration strength of corn stalks in a spatiotemporally dependent manner
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2022
Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is an important insect pest of maize throughout most of Asia. The rind of a maize stalk is a key barrier against corn borer larvae boring into the plant. There is a need to better understand the relationship between stalk strength and O. furnacalis larval injury, particularly for elite maize genotypes. To determine whether stalk strength is involved in maize resistance to O. furnacalis larval injury, 39 maize lines were evaluated in 2012 and 2013. Rind penetration strength (RPS) was measured at tassel (VT) and milk (R3) stages as a possible stalk resistance trait for O. furnacalis. RPS of primary ear internode at VT and R3 accounted for 37 and 38% of the variance in O. furnacalis injury (measured as number of holes) for simulated (artificially infested) first and second generation O. furnacalis, respectively. Relationships between stalk RPS values and tunnel length were weak. Results suggest that harder stalks have enhanced resistance to stalk boring but not to pith feeding or tunneling of O. furnacalis larvae. The RPS measures could provide classical maize breeders an important tool for evaluating stalk strength and corn borer resistance in maize. The assessments should focus on the internodes primary ear or above/below primary ear during both VT stage for first generation and R3 stage for second generation O. furnacalis resistance.
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... O. furnacalis, a sibling species of O. nubilalis, is the most destructive corn pest in China. The larvae feed on leaves, silks, tassels, and also bore into cornstalks and ears, which can cause approximately 10% grain yield losses. [17][18][19][20] In addition, infested ears aggravate the occurrence of corn ear rot and dramatically decrease the grain quality. Previous studies showed that O. nubilalis and O. furnacalis had similar sensitivity to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, and Cry1F toxins. ...
What type of Bt corn is suitable for a region with diverse lepidopteran pests: A laboratory evaluation
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
Transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are effective tools for controlling lepidopteran pests. However, the degree of susceptibility to Bt toxins differs among various pest species due to relatively narrow spectrum and high selectivity of such toxins. Bt corn hybrids for Chinese market were designed to target Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), while their efficacy against other lepidopteran pests are not well defined, such as Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg), and Mythimna separata (Walker), which are also important lepidopteran pests on corn in the Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Corn Region of China. To determine what type of Bt corn is suitable for this region, the efficacy of five Bt toxins, i.e., Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A, to these five lepidopteran species was evaluated in laboratory. Both O. furnacalis and C. punctiferalis showed similar high susceptibility to all five Bt toxins. A. ypsilon and M. separate were less sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac than the other species. H. armigera, A. ypsilon and M. separate were less sensitive to Cry1F than O. furnacalis and C. punctiferalis. H. armigera was more sensitive to Cry2Ab than other tested species. All five species were equally sensitive to Vip3A, though their LC50s were all relatively higher. These findings suggest that the first generation Bt corn expressing single Cry1 toxin should not be the first choice because of the potential risk of control failure or less efficacy against H. armigera, A. ypsilon or M. separate. The second-generation Bt corn expressing Cry1 and Cry2 toxins, or the third generation Bt corn expressing Cry1, Cry2 and Vip3A toxins might produce better protection of corn in the Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Corn Region of China.
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... especially ear stalks, resulted in ears dropping and plants lodging. This later damage has caused at least 8-10% yield losses in China (Wen et al. 1992, He et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2008. ...
Captures of Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) With Sex Pheromone Traps in NE China Corn and Soybeans
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2015
Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), commonly referred to as the Asian corn borer, is the most important corn pest in Asia. Although capturing males with pheromone traps has recently been the main monitoring tool and suppression technique, the best trap designs remain unclear. Commercially available Delta and funnel traps, along with laboratory-made basin and water traps, and modified Delta traps, were evaluated in corn and soybean fields during 2013-2014 in NE China. The water trap was superior for capturing first-generation O. furnacalis (1.37 times the Delta trap). However, the basin (8.3 ± 3.2 moths/trap/3 d), Delta (7.9 ± 2.5), and funnel traps (7.0 ± 2.3) were more effective than water traps (1.4 ± 0.4) during the second generation. Delta traps gave optimal captures when deployed at ca. 1.57 × the highest corn plants, 1.36× that of average soybean plants, and at the field borders. In Delta traps modified by covering 1/3 of their ends, captures increased by ca. 15.7 and 8.1% in the first and second generations, respectively. After 35 d in the field, pheromone lures were still ca. 50% as attractive as fresh lures, and retained this level of attraction for ca. 25 more days. Increased captures (first and second generation: 90.9 ± 9.5%; 78.3 ± 9.3%) were obtained by adding a lure exposed for 5 d to funnel traps baited with a 35-d lure.
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... The Asian corn borer has been the primary component in the complex of corn insect pests for Ϸ60 yr, and causes damage during the late Þrst and subsequent generations in NE China (Wen et al. 1992;Wang et al. 2006Wang et al. , 2008. Damage is caused by larvae boring into the stalk and tunneling inside, feeding on the pith, and resulting in dropped ears or lodging. ...
Use of Pheromone Timed Insecticide Applications Integrated With Mating Disruption or Mass Trapping Against Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sweet Corn
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2013
Matin disruption and mass trapping of Ostrinia furnacalis (Génuéé), often called the Asian corn borer, were incorporated with insecticides to reduce pesticide use. Pesticides alone are often ineffective owing to problems in timing applications before the larvae enter the protection of corn stalks. In addition, overuse of insecticides has caused environmental contamination and concerns about consumer health. In 2010, 15 insecticides were compared with mating disruption or mass trapping at various dispenser (disp.) densities for reducing egg masses, trap captures, and ear damage. Mass trapping with 30 and 40 disp./ha, mating disruption with 300 disp./ha, or endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and monosultap (0.55, 0.35, and 0.55 kg/ha, respectively) gave ≈50% ear protection. In 2011, an insecticide alone, no treatments, pheromone alone, and pheromone + insecticide were examined. The same insecticides in combination with mating disruption or mass trapping at ≧200 or≧20 disp./ha gave >90% ear protection even when chemical applications were reduced to 1 from 3, and the rates were reduced 50-75%. Pheromone dispensers contained >50% of their initial load 30 d after exposure.
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Stable Isotopes Indicate Seasonal Changes in Natal Geographic Origins and Host Plants of Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) Migrants Across the Bohai Strait in China
Article
  • Dec 2022
  • J ECON ENTOMOL
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is a notorious pest of maize that migrates seasonally in Asia. Two migration peaks were found on Beihuang island in the Bohai Strait of China by observing the number of migrants. However, the origins and host plants of the migrants in the two migration periods remain unclear. Here, stable hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotope levels were measured to infer the origin and host plants of the O. furnacalis captured on Beihuang island in 2017–2019. δ2H in wings of spring-summer O. furnacalis captured from May to June ranged from −99 to −56‰, while that of autumn migrants from August to September ranged from −127 to −81‰. Based on the linear relationship between δ2H in the wing of migrants (δ2Hw) and δ2H in precipitation (δ2Hp), the spring-summer O. furnacalis likely originated from the summer maize area in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. In contrast, the autumn migrants came from the northern spring maize area in Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia. Based on δ13C, the spring-summer migrants fed on both C3 plants such as wheat (47.76%) and C4 weeds or belonged to the over winter individuals in maize field (52.24%), while the autumn migrants mainly fed on maize (C4, 91.21%). The results point to a northward migration in spring-summer and southward migration in autumn of O. furnacalis. Our study gives an important knowledge for improving the forecasting and management level of this pest.
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Seasonal Migration Patterns of Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Across the Bohai Strait in Northern China
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2019
The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is a notorious polyphagous insect pest in China and other regions of East Asia. The long-distance flight behavior of the ACB moths, however, is not well understood, especially in the field conditions. In this study, nightly monitoring data for multiple years (2003-2017) on the long-distance flight of adults crossing the Bohai Strait in northern China, showed that a large number of the adults frequently flew across the Bohai Strait from May to September with the peak migrations usually occurred, followed in order by September, June, July, and May, and the number of southward migrants was larger than that of northward migrants. From May to September in 2010, 2011, and 2017, a subsample of trapped ACB females was dissected (879 individuals in 2010, 197 individuals in 2011, and 247 individuals in 2017), and the results showed that the sex ratio of the trapped ACB moths was unbiased each month from May to September. While the proportion of mated females in northward populations (May to July = 92.85 ± 4.86%) was significantly higher than that in southward population (August and September = 74.53 ± 8.55%) . The seasonal pattern in the proportion of sexually mature females was similar to the above proportion of mated females. We conclude that the ACBs have a strong propensity and ability for long-distance migration, although local dispersal is generally considered to be the primary movement of the ACB. These findings may be helpful to improve the forecasting systems and the pest management schemes for the ACBs.
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Distribution and Variations of Three 1,4-Benzoxazin-3-ones in Maize Induced by the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2014
  • Z NATURFORSCH C
Contents of three 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in tissue samples from different parts (young leaf, second leaf, old leaf, stem and root) of young maize plants of 4-leaves stage, fed by the third instar larvae of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Samples were taken immediately (set A) or 48 h (set B) after larvae had fed on the second leaf for 48 h. The three 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones investigated in our experiments were 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (HMBOA). In samples of set A, the levels of DIMBOA and HMBOA were significantly lifted in the old leaf (L3) and young leaf (L1), respectively, while amounts of these two chemicals in other plant parts were not significantly different between larvae-fed plants and intact plants. Concentrations of DIBOA in each plant part remained unchanged. In samples of set B, no concentration differences for any of these three 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones between larvae-fed plants and controls were observed in any plant part. The feeding of the Asian corn borer seems to have limited effects on induction of these three 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in young maize plants of the variety investigated.
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