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Analysis on large-scale blackout occurred in South America and North Mexico interconnected power grid on Sept. 8, 2011 and lessons for electric power dispatching in China

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Abstract

On Sept. 8, 2011, a large-scale blackout occurred in South America and North Mexico interconnected power gird. General situation and the process of the blackout as well as its harmful effects are presented. The structure of the power grid where the fault occurred and the features of its operation and dispatching are analyzed, and the main causes leading to the blackout, such as heavy load of power grid due to hot weather, weak structure of power grid, non-uniform power grid security management under joint dispatching mode and weak supervision and monitoring ability of grid dispatching centre, are dissected. On the basis on analyzing the large-scale blackout and considering actual situation of dispatching and administration of power grids in China, the lessons from the large-scale blackout for power grid dispatching and administration in China are summarized.
36 4 Vol. 36 No. 4
2012 4 Power System Technology Apr. 2012
文章编号:1000-3673201204-0074-05 中图分类号:TM 734 文献标志码:A 学科代码:470·4051
2011 98日美墨大停电事故的分析
及其对我国电力调度运行管理的启示
毛安家 1,张戈力 1,吕跃春 2,高军 2
1.华北电力大学 电气与电子工程学院,北京 昌平区 102206
2.国家电力调度通信中心,北京市 西城区 100031
Analysis on Large-Scale Blackout Occurred in South America and North Mexico Interconnected
Power Grid on Sept. 8, 2011 and Lessons for Electric Power Dispatching in China
MAO Anjia1, ZHANG Geli1, LÜ Yuechun2, GAO Jun2
(1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Changping District, Beijing 102206,
China; 2. National Power Dispatching & Communication Center, Xicheng District, Beijing 100031, China)
ABSTRACT: On Sept. 8, 2011, a large-scale blackout
occurred in South America and North Mexico interconnected
power gird. General situation and the process of the blackout as
well as its harmful effects are presented. The structure of the
power grid where the fault occurred and the features of its
operation and dispatching are analyzed, and the main causes
leading to the blackout, such as heavy load of power grid due
to hot weather, weak structure of power grid, non-uniform
power grid security management under joint dispatching mode
and weak supervision and monitoring ability of grid
dispatching centre, are dissected. On the basis on analyzing the
large-scale blackout and considering actual situation of
dispatching and administration of power grids in China, the
lessons from the large-scale blackout for power grid
dispatching and administration in China are summarized.
KEY WORDS: large scale blackout; South America and North
Mexico Interconnected Power System Power System; security;
stability; power system dispatching
摘要:2011 98日,美国、墨西哥发生大停电事故,
介绍了事故经过及其对当地民众造成的不良影响,分析了事
故地区的电网及其调度运营的特点,剖析了引起此次大停电
事故的主要原因有:天气炎热导致系统负荷较重、电网结构
薄弱、联合调度模式下安全性管理不统一、系统调度机构的
监控能力不强。在总结此次大停电教训的基础上,结合我国
调度管理的实际情况,总结了大停电对我国电力调度管理的
启示。
关键词:大停电;美墨电力系统;安全;稳定;电力调
0 引言
太平洋夏季时间 2011 981530 分左右
(北京时间 2011 99630 左右),美国西南
部电力系统发生大停电事故,停电地区包括加利福
尼亚州南部、亚利桑那州和墨西哥下加利福尼亚州
的恩森纳达市以北地区,系统内超过 4.3 GW 的发
电能力退出运行,致使大量负荷失去电力供应。
国的加州圣迭戈市、亚利桑纳州尤马市和墨西哥的
提华那市等地均受停电的严重影响,其中,圣迭戈
市超过 100 万用户完全停电,提华纳市市民 46
人失去电力供应,尤马市及其周边约 5.6 人失去
电力,整个停电时间持续 12 h[1-3]。直到次日早上
215,停电地区电力系统成功黑启动,并逐步恢复
正常运行,事故地区的 4.3 GW 电负荷才基本恢
复供电。
此次美墨大停电事故发生在沿海发达城市,
之事故波及范围广,停电时间长,给当地经济、
会稳定及居民生活等方面均带来严重影响。据相关
媒体报道,受大停电事故影响,圣迭戈市和美墨边
境的墨西哥城、提华纳市的交通完全瘫痪,航班停
飞,电车停驶,高速公路堵塞,铁路系统无法正常
运行,经济生产陷入停滞,400 L 无法处理的
污水直接倾倒入海,住宅和商业区都因大停电而无
法正常运转,数十人被困电梯,需由消防员救出;
圣迭戈市当地的海滩、商店、学校关闭,居民生活
陷入一片混乱,圣迭戈天然气与电力公司称“该断
电是公司历史上最严重的一次电力中断事故。据
圣迭戈市圣迭戈政策研究中心保守估计,受此次停
电事故影响的居民总人数超过 500 [4-8]仅圣迭戈
36 4 75
市因停电造成的直接经济损失高达 1.18 亿美元[9]
此次美墨大停电事故的影响相对于北美历史
上的若干大停电事故而言要小,但本次事故的起因
和发展过程比较特殊,特别是在调度运行方面,
许多值得我们深思的经验和教训。因此,本文将从
大停电地区电力系统自身特点入手,介绍并分析事
故的起因及发展,并结合我国电力系统的发展的特
点和趋势,总结对我国电力调度运行具有借鉴意义
的经验与启示。
1 停电事故发展的经过
1.1 加州电力系统简介
加州电力系统的市场化程度较高,1998
起开始解除管制,是最早开展电力市场改革的地区
之一。输配电系统的调度工作主要由加州独立操作
员组织(California Independent System Operator
CAISO)完成,负责公平地开放输电网并协调整个电
力市场运作,该组织负责加州 80%的高压、远距离
发输电业务和电网可靠性的管理工作,调度的总装
机容量达到 57 GW[10]。根据加州法律,CAISO
拥有任何发电设备、输电设备和配电设备,也不负
责任何物理性维护和操作(如开关操作),因此加州
电力市场中还有超过十几个电力公司协CAISO
在市场中执行电能交易,并操作、运营负责地区的
配电、输电设备[10]
在此次发生大停电事故的南加州地区,其供电
工作由若干电力公司承担,如加州的圣迭戈天然气
和电力公司、南加州爱迪生公司、英佩利尔电力公
司,亚利桑那州的公共事业服务公司以及墨西哥联
邦电力委员会,其中圣迭戈天然气和电力公司、
加州爱迪生公司在 CAISO 下统一调度但独立经营,
英佩利尔电力公司地区电网则独立运营(亚利桑那
州的公共事业服务公司所在地属于亚利桑那州,
不属于加州范围)
哈塞亚姆帕米古尔 500 kV 线路是此次大停
电事故中的关键设备,该线路从哈赛亚姆帕经过北
吉拉变电站、英佩利尔峡谷变电站到达西海岸的米
古尔变电站,是亚利桑那州和南加州之间的联络
线,主要任务是将电能从亚利桑那州向南加州圣迭
戈市输送,并负责沿线美墨边境城市供电。由于该
输电线路是圣迭戈地区与主网联系的唯一输电线
(比对 CAISO 电网建设 2011 年计划[11]2012
计划[12],并行的新线路要到 2012 年才能投运),事
故发生时很难满足系统运行的 N1安全标准一旦
事故退出运行,毫无疑问将对系统稳定性产生较为
严重的影响。
参考 CAISO 电网建设 2011 年计划中的接线
划报告,主要停电影响地区圣迭戈市周边的主要输
电线路有:1英佩利尔米古尔 500 kV 高压线路;
2)奥泰弥撒提华纳 230 kV 线路;3)圣奥诺弗
圣路易斯雷 123230 kV 线路;4)圣奥
诺弗雷塔里加 12230 kV 线路。
此次发生停电的加州西南地区处于美国两大
“国家利益输电走廊”之一的西南输电阻塞区域
内,主要有 2500 kV 高压输电主干线路,将电能
从东部的亚利桑那州的“哈塞亚姆帕”地区电源集
中地输送到西南沿海的负荷中心[13]
停电区输电网阻塞的问题长期以来得不到有
效解决,主要原因是加州系统过分强调经济性而不
顾自身系统运行的可靠性,输电线路设备的使用年
限久、建设更新慢,系统供电能力不足,系统呈辐
射状,负荷中心地区缺少电源支撑,容量裕度长期
只有 10%再加上加州电力市场输电阻塞管理规则
不合理,导致系统安全可靠性不高,停电事故频发,
电网亟待升级建设[14]
1.2 事故起因及发展经过
据亚利桑那电力公司、圣迭戈天然气及电力公
司给出的事故通告介绍[15-16],亚利桑那州尤马市附
近北吉拉变电站中的北吉拉哈赛亚姆帕 500 kV
压输电线跳闸停运是导致大停电事故的主要原因。
北吉拉哈赛亚姆帕在系统中的位置如图 1所示。
哈赛亚姆帕变电站
吉拉河变电站
红鹰电厂
吉拉班德变电站
北吉拉
变电站
500 kV
1 北吉拉—哈塞亚姆帕线路示意图
Fig. 1 Sketch map of North Gila to Hassayampa line
事故发生前,亚利桑那电力公司下属的一名员
工在尤马市南部北吉拉变电站更换该变电站内监
控设备的故障电容器时操作失误,导致变电站监控
系统发生故障,变电站员工在进行恢复操作时发生
了意外短路,尤马郡 5.6 万用户停电。由于变电站
保护装置未动作,停电事故未能限制在当地,北吉
拉变电站负责向加州外送电的 500 kV 线路跳闸并
退出运行,停止向南加州外送电。
76 毛安家等:2011 98日美墨大停电事故的分析及其对我国电力调度运行管理的启示 Vol. 36 No. 4
南加州地区负荷中心圣迭戈市的第1大电能来
源是本地的圣奥诺弗雷核电站,从亚利桑那州进口
的电能是圣迭戈市的第 2大电能来源。亚利桑那到
加州联络线路跳闸停运导致南加州系统突然出现
大量功率缺额,该系统受到线路跳闸的大扰动
10 min 后电压下降,并向北传递至该地区系统的主
要电源(圣奥诺弗雷核电站),导致该核电站 2座核
反应堆因电力中断而自动关闭,系统失去主要电源
后,系统电压进一步下降,当地系统中的发电机组
相继退出运行,最终导致系统完全崩溃
事故时,高压输电线路沿线地区相继发生了不
同程度的停电,约有500~600 万当地居民受到影响。
圣迭戈地区系统崩溃后,奥林奇郡南部部分地区也
发生了停电,圣迭戈市估计140万居民失去电力,
城市完全瘫痪,墨西哥下加利福尼亚州北部也因失
去电力而大范围停电。
事故后圣迭戈当地居民对大停电表示质疑,
疑主要集中于 2个问题:500 kV 联络线路跳闸
10 min 后居民才开始停电,民众质疑在如此长的时
间中,调度机构的紧急措施为何未起作用;2座核
反应堆退出运行后,停电正值下午日光充足的时
候,加州大量闲置的太阳能发电为何没有充当备用
电源而立即投入运行。
文献[17]已经指出,美国高压主干电网已有 50
余年的历史,电网之间经多级电压和多点进行联
网,电网保护和控制的难度大;没有类似我国的“统
一调度”机制,各地区电网之间缺乏了解,不能及
时有效地进行信息交换,因此在事故发展过程中,
无法做到对事故处理的统一指挥,导致了事故蔓延
扩大。由于未建立起厂网协调的继电保护和安全稳
定控制系统,在系统电压下降时,许多发电机组很
快退出运行,加剧了电压崩溃的发生。
2 事故分析
2.1 夏季用电高峰导致线路稳定裕度低
停电事故发生时,正值盛夏用电高峰时期,
加州地区天气相当炎热,南加州与亚利桑那州的联
络线、南加州与墨西哥北部地区的联络线上均有较
重负荷,系统线路的稳定裕度较小。尤马变电站不
能正常工作后,变电站安全防御系统错失了实施安
全紧急控制来限制故障影响的机会,500 kV 重负荷
线路输送功率越限并突然跳闸,切断了南加州重要
的电能来源,致使线路沿线的主要变电站高压母线
电压迅速下降,最终发展成为因功率缺失造成的连
锁故障。
2.2 系统结构薄弱供电可靠性不足
加州电力负荷主要集中在旧金山、洛杉矶、圣
迭戈等沿海大城市为中心的地区,这些城市经济发
达、人口众多,因此电能需求量大,但加州本身的
发电能力不足,不能保证系统有充足的稳定裕度,
需要大规模地向外州进口电能以弥补电能需求的
缺口。在系统负荷已经较重、自身稳定裕度不足的
情况下,南加州的电力公司还负责向墨西哥部分地
区输电,由于美墨两国调度机构信息沟通的不通
畅,进一步增加了系统稳定控制的难度,也是此次
停电的原因之一。
输电线路结构方面,500 kV 辐射状联络线虽然
经济,但供电可靠性较低,从一个侧面体现了加州
网架结构的薄弱。事故中,2座核反应堆因为低电
压保护装置动作而退出运行,造成了加州系统极大
的功率缺额,一般来说该缺额会使亚利桑那州联络
线功率上升,送来更多电能,但此时该联络线已经
跳闸,又无备用线路,圣迭戈电力系统前后失去了
两大电能来源,系统因为缺少功率而电压下降,
致系统最终崩溃。
2.3 联合调度模式的弊端
该停电事故发生在亚利桑那州南部、加州南部、
墨西哥西北沿海地区。在美国的电力市场环境下,
停电地区的电力公司分属 4个独立运行的系统,由
于各个系统控制任务分属不同机构,安全可靠性的
管理不统一,各独立系统的交界地域是互联系统安
全管理的薄弱环节。加州与亚利桑那州、加州与墨
西哥上加州的 2条联络线上均有较大功率流过,一
旦联络线路跳闸,联络线两端的系统均将受到一个
大扰动,参与联合调度的机构必须迅速做出协调的
安全控制反应,才能保证系统的稳定。各独立系统
的交界区域也是输电设备较薄弱的地区,输电公司
为了提高经济性,输电设备安全性很有可能做不到
安全性分析中的 N1准则,于是当联络输电元件出
现故障时,互联系统将很难保证电能的持续供应。
2.4 调度机构对系统的监控能力不强
该停电事故的停电地区采用的是分区联合调
度模式,电力公司相互之间的电力调度管理的联系
松散,其中还有跨国的输电交易。CAISO 受制于调
度权限的范围,10 min 内,无法对系统进行全局
范围内及时有效的紧急安全控制调度,暴露出系统
36 4 77
调度机构对电网运行的实际调度、监控能力不强,
各级调度、相邻电网之间协调性不足[18]调度控制
反应的迟缓导致系统大电源圣奥诺弗雷核电站
因为电压下降威胁反应堆安全而退出运行,引发一
系列的连锁故障,最终导致了系统大面积崩溃,
成了大停电事故。
3 事故对我国电力调度的启示
3.1 保证充足的本地电源
我国水能资源经济可开发容量 395 GW,三
之二以上分布在西部四川、云南、西藏地区;煤炭
资源探明保有储量的三分之二以上分布在晋、陕、
3();陆地风能主要集中在“三北”地区(
北、华北北部、西北)全国电力负荷约三分之二分
布在京广铁路线以东地区,资源赋存与能源消费地
域存在明显差别,发电资源的分布与能源需求呈
“逆向分布”“十二五”期间,我国将建设若干的
大型能源基地包括:锡盟、蒙西、张北、陕北能源
基地,通过“三横三纵”主网架将一次能源集中地
的能源转换成电能通过高压直流远距离输电设备
输送到东部和北部负荷中心,通过大电网这个必要
途径,实现全国范围内资源优化配置。此次美墨大
停电提醒我们,在建设大型能源基地的同时也要建
设容量充足的本地电源,以保证系统运行时有足够
的稳定裕度和安全性。
3.2 发挥统一调度模式的优势
目前,我国调度模式是“统一调度、分级管理”
随着我国电力系统的装备水平和自动化程度不断
提高,电网运行管理模式还相对滞后,我国正在进
行调度与监控机构的“调控一体化”融合,以此提
高各级调度机构的事故处理能力。该措施不仅可以
提高正常状态的调度效率,还可以加快调度员处理
事故的速度。当前的调度运行管理在面对远距离、
大范围、大规模的配置资源时,显露出层级多、
条长、运行组织效率较低的问题,必须优化调度体
系纵向层级,提高电网调度决策水平和各级调度协
调运作水平,提升调度一体化运作能力
在调度模式转型的同时要保持我国统一调度体
制的优势,强化各级区域调度机构自动化系统之间
的运行信息交换,制定相关的应急方案来保证联络
系统受到扰动时不同区域的调度机构协调、及时的
开展安全紧急控制。为应对大面积集中跳闸事故,
一方面要建设具有智能辅助决策的输变电监控技术
支持系统,另一方面要完善人员培训机制,提高调
控人员对现场设备及实际操作流程的熟悉程度。
3.3 确保输变电线路运行满足 N1安全标准
美国电网建设时主要考虑工程的经济效益,
美国兴建新的输变电线路较为困难,因而输变电工
程建设长期滞后于系统安全运行的要求。自 2005
年实施新能源法刺激输电投资以来,美国电网投资
有了明显上升趋势,但仍未能形成大规模的跨州、
跨地区的高电压传输网络[19]在此次发生事故的系
统中,故障的远距离高压线路呈辐射状,在夏季负
荷高峰期运行时很难满足 N1安全准则的基本运
行要求,这正是此次大停电事故发生的主要原因。
现代电力系统经常运行在接近暂态稳定安全
约束的边沿附近,导致电力系统变得越发脆弱,
力系统的动态行为变得越来越复杂,区域间的功率
交换更加频繁,线路的承载度大大提高,系统的运
行越来越接近稳定极限。系统运行如不能满足 N1
安全要求,则系统受到大扰动后可能引发系统崩
溃,扰动通过区域系统间的联络线传递,从而导致
大面积停电事故[20]我国调度管理机构应吸取此次
事故的经验教训,重视系统的静态安全分析。在电
力市场下网间交易增多时,要确保系统运行满足
N1安全准则,做好安全校核[21],保证系统持续可
靠运行。此外,通过发展安全评估标准,适时进行
科学的电网安全性定量评估[22-24]消除系统不安全
隐患,对预防大停电事故有积极意义。
3.4 关键设备检修时应调整系统运行方式
系统中的关键设备检修可能会引起运行情况
发生较大变化,系统对用户供电的可靠性将降低,
为了保证安全、稳定地向用户供电,应在关键设备
检修时适当调整系统的运行方式[25]在关键设备检
修之前,预先进行安全校核并编制检修运行方式,
对全网进行必要的稳定计算、校验系统稳定性、分
析系统电力平衡,确定设备检修是否可行。针对运
行中存在的薄弱环节制定应急措施,提高系统运行
时的安全稳定性。在电网关键设备检修时,根据预
先编制的计划调整运行方式,通过倒负荷等手段改
变系统接线方式,转移检修中的关键设备所流经的
潮流,降低设备检修期间发生可能意外而导致用户
停电的风险,保证电网的安全、稳定运行。
4 结论
电力系统一旦发生大停电事故,将会造成巨大
78 毛安家等:2011 98日美墨大停电事故的分析及其对我国电力调度运行管理的启示 Vol. 36 No. 4
的经济损失和不良的社会影响。此次美墨大停电的
发生反映了许多电网运行中存在的问题,其中部分
问题值得我国调度管理机构深思并吸取事故中教
训,特别是在我国电网调度运行由传统模式向大运
行模式转型的特殊时期。具体经验教训包括:
1)在充分发挥高压远距离输电经济性的同时,
保证充足的本地电源是防止大停电的重要措施。
2在统一电网的格局下,充分发挥统一调度的
优越性,并逐步实现调度与控制的一体化运作,能
够实现事故的快速处理,阻止事故的进一步扩大。
3)加强 N1校验,特别是关键输变电设备的
N1校验是保证系统安全的基本措施。
4)严格设备操作规程,加强临时运行方式校
核,可有效降低事故发生的概率,从而减少大停电
的发生。
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收稿日期:2011-10-12
作者简介:
毛安家(1975),男,博士,副教授,研究方
向为电力系统分析与控制、电力系统软件设计,
E-mailangle_maoyang @sohu.com
张戈力(1988),男,硕士研究生,研究方向
为电力系统分析与控制、电力市场管理;
吕跃春(1964),男,高级工程师,研究方向
为电力系统运行;
高军(1967),男,高级工程师,研究方向为电力系统运行
(责任编辑 徐梅)
毛安家
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Cause of widespread outage under investigation16] San Diego Gas & Electric Company(SDG&E)San Diego gas & electric restores power calls for energy conservation
  • Arizona Public Service
Arizona Public Service(APS)Cause of widespread outage under investigation[EB/OL][2011-9-9]http://www.aps.com [16] San Diego Gas & Electric Company(SDG&E)San Diego gas & electric restores power calls for energy conservation [EB/OL][2011-9-9]http://www.sdge.com [17] 8.14 [J]200327(10)8-1116
Jianjunet alPreliminary analysis of large scale blackout in interconnected North America power system grid on August 14 and lessons to be drawn
  • Jianbozhao Yin Yonghuaguo
Yin YonghuaGuo JianboZhao Jianjunet alPreliminary analysis of large scale blackout in interconnected North America power system grid on August 14 and lessons to be drawn[J] Power System Technology200327(10)8-1116(in Chinese)
from the viewpoint of power system dispatching
  • Liu Yongqi Xie
Liu Yongqi Xie Kai Analysis on blackout of interconnected North America power grid occurred on Aug. 14, 2003 from the viewpoint of power system dispatching[J] Power System Technology 2004
Yu Lü Yuechun Analysis of large-scale blackout in UCTE power grid and lessons to be drawn to power grid operation in China
  • Dong Ge Rui
Ge Rui Dong Yu Lü Yuechun Analysis of large-scale blackout in UCTE power grid and lessons to be drawn to power grid operation in China[J] Power System Technology 2007 31(3) 1-6(in Chinese)