Zenon Zenon Zdunczyk

Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences · Department of Biological Function of Food

The effect of a multi-carbohydrase (E) and its combination with an enzymatically modified yeast cell wall (Y) on the ileal and cecal microbiota and on gut function of turkeys was studied. The experimental diets, including the control (C), C + E, and C + E + Y, were fed to seven replicate pens of four birds from 22 to 56 days of age. The addition of...

This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of pea seeds (PS) on the gastrointestinal function of turkeys. Seeds of 2 pea varieties, a colored-flowered variety and a white-flowered variety (CFP and WFP, respectively) were fed to 56-d-old birds for 8 wk. A total of 539 female Hybrid turkeys wer...

Arginine (Arg) and lysine (Lys) may be important for the overall health of turkeys. The aim of this study was to determine whether low (consistent with the guidelines) and high (10% higher than recommended) levels of dietary Arg and Lys can modulate performance and the functional status of the gut. Female turkeys were allocated to four dietary trea...

Full-fat insect meals were used in young turkeys feeding as feed additives to exert beneficial changes in the intestinal bacterial ecosystem functioning as well as in the immune and antioxidant systems. Two full-fat insect flours obtained from Tenebrio molitor (TM) and Hermetia illucens (HI) insects were added to the base diet (C) in the amount of...

We hypothesised that the dietary addition of the bioactive antimicrobial protein lactoferrin (LF) and peptides melittin (MT) or cecropin A (CR) at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to the diet of Wistar rats would result in strong modulatory effects on faecal microbial enzymatic activity, short-chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations. To date, the changes...

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HM) as a protein source in diets for the youngest turkey poults, based on growth performance and parameters of intestinal function, i.e. immune status and fermentation processes in the gut. The experiment was carried on 432 one-day-old male Hybrid Convert...

The research hypothesis postulated that the optimal dietary inclusion levels and ratios of lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), and methionine (Met) can increase the growth potential of hybrid turkeys and limit metabolic disorders that weaken immune function. The experiment was carried out in a full rearing cycle, from 1 to 16 wk of age, in a two-factoria...

The present study investigated the effects of apple (A), blackcurrant (B) and strawberry (S) dried pomaces on meat quality, blood chemistry and redox status of broiler chickens. A total of 480 Ross-308 male broilers were divided into 8 dietary treatments containing 3% and 6% of cellulose preparation (C), A, B or S. Six birds/group were slaughtered...

We hypothesized that full-fat insect meal from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae can be an acceptable source of protein and energy in the diet of young turkeys, in an amount adapted to the nutritional needs of these birds, and at the same time can improve their antioxidant status and metabolism. The turkeys were fed a control diet (HI0) without the ins...

Background Fruit pomaces are by-products rich in polyphenol compounds and dietary fiber. They seem to play an important role in regulating the gut microbiota, morphology and physiology. The aim of this study was to assess whether apple (A), blackurrant (B) or strawberry (S) pomaces could be suitable ingredients in broiler diets and their effect on...

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of diet containing the polyphenol-rich material on intestinal enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers, lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of laboratory rats. The animals were fed high-fat diet supplemented with freeze-dried water extracts of raw and roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety. T...

It was hypothesized that dietary copper (Cu) nanoparticles, as a substitute for the commonly used copper sulfate, could contribute to lowering the dietary inclusion levels of Cu without compromising growth performance or reducing Cu digestibility and utilization in turkeys. An experiment was carried out on 648 one-day-old Hybrid Converter turkeys d...

Background: Haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) of turkeys was first described in 1937 in the USA, while in Poland it was first diagnosed in 1987. Polish haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) isolates are usually low pathogenic and trigger a subclinical disease. Unfortunately, even the low- pathogenic HEV strains cause severe immunosuppression leading to sec...

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the combined use of Cu, Zn, and Mn nanoparticles in the diet of turkeys with regard to potential reduction of the levels of these elements added to feed. The experiment was carried out on turkeys’ hens assigned to four groups. Turkeys from the PC group received feed with the addition of ino...

The aim of this experiment was to determine whether the inclusion levels of supplemental Zn in turkey diets could be reduced without compromising important metabolic functions, the immune status and growth parameters of birds, and whether the above goal can be achieved with the use of zinc (Zn) nanoparticles. The experiment was performed on 648 one...

This study presents the effect of raspberry pomace and its grinding level on microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract as well as on the parameters involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in Wistar rats. The nutritional experiment was performed using 24 male Wistar rats, which were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each....

Cocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids which have a wide range of biological properties. The aim of the study was to determine the physiological indices of laboratory rats as a response to diets containing water extracts of raw or roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety, as well as purified monomeric flavan-3-ols fraction is...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing different levels of Cu in two different chemical forms (carbonate and nanoparticles) on redox reactions and epigenetic changes in a rat model. For 4 weeks, five experimental groups (eight rats in each) were fed diets with two dosages of added Cu (standard—6.5 mg/kg or half of the...

Background The results of experiments involving broiler chickens and turkeys indicate that increased dietary methionine (Met) levels may improve the antioxidant protection of tissues in fast-growing birds. This is an important consideration since viral infections induce oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that turke...

This study performed on turkeys aged 1 to 98 days aimed to investigate whether different dietary inclusion levels (20, 10, 2 mg kg ⁻¹ ) of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) as a substitute for copper sulphate (Cu-SUL) affect redox and immunological status of turkeys’ tissues. No significant differences in the final body weights of turkeys were found acr...

The effects of acid whey concentrates after nano- or ultrafiltration on the nutritional and physiological indices of rats were analysed. The ultrafiltration concentrate was characterized by a higher protein and lactoferrin content, and lower lactose content compared to the nanofiltration concentrate. In vivo, a diet incorporating the ultrafiltratio...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various levels of manganese added to the diet of growing turkeys in the conventional form of MnO or in the form of NP-Mn2O3 nanoparticles on growth performance, absorption, and accumulation of Mn, Zn, and Cu, and antioxidant and immune status. The experiment was conducted on 1080 one-day-old Hybr...

The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of Mn nanoparticles would make it possible to reduce the level of this micronutrient added to turkey diets without adversely affecting growth performance, antioxidant and immune status, or apoptosis. The experiment was conducted on 6 groups of turkeys with 10 replications in a two-factor design...

Pediococcus acidilactici strain is a suitable starter for lupine protein biodegradation, lowering the molecular weight of the protein (peptides from 10 to 20 kDa) in SMF and SSF samples. Also, enhanced protein digestibility of SSF (7.7%) and SMF protein isolates (11.2%), respectively, can be obtained, compared to nonfermented samples. The biodegrad...

The aim of the study was to determine the physiological indices of laboratory rats as a response to a diet consisting of a bread supplemented with freeze-dried water extracts of raw and roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety. The influence of different cocoa extracts on oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism was studied during long...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary levels and sources of methionine (Met) on the growth performance of turkeys, carcass and meat quality. A total of 816 Hybrid Converter turkeys in 6 groups and 8 replications were fed wheat-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with three sources of Met: DL-isomer, L-isomer and D...

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of two forms (CuCO3 (CuS); and Cu nanoparticles (CuNP)) and dosages (standard 6.5 mg/kg (H), half of the standard (L)) of additional dietary Cu administered to growing rats on gastrointestinal and hepatic function and morphology. Copper in the form of CuNP vs CuS caused lower Cu faecal/urinal excre...

The present paper describes a comparative study of the metabolism of 1) ellagic acid, 2) monomeric ellagitannins – a mixture of α- and β-bis-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, and 3) dimeric ellagitannins – mainly agrimoniin with both glucose residues being esterified with hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP), in rats fed polyphenol-rich diets. Their metabolit...

Apple pomace includes seeds that are rich in protein, fiber, and oil, which can be extracted from them. However, they can also contain a significant amount of toxigenic amygdalin. We hypothesized that amygdalin is a compound that significantly reduces the nutritional and health quality of defatted apple seeds. An experiment was conducted on rats th...

Chlorogenic acids from coffee show high antioxidant activity that contributes to inhibition of oxidative stress, which results in anticancer, antidiabetic and antiobesity coffee activities. Coffee roasting causes their partial decomposition and partial incorporation into Maillard reaction products also of high antioxidant activity, and it is still...

Two types of diet – standard and atherogenic – were used to study the effect of wheat or wheat–rye breads supplemented with 20 % acid whey concentrate after ultrafiltration on the physiological response of growing rats. The acid whey concentrate after ultrafiltration used in rat diets caused reduced weight gain (for atherogenic diet with wheat brea...

The hypothesis postulating that the antioxidant and immunological effects of dietary methionine (Met) in young turkeys (1–8 weeks of age) can be differentiated by level and source of Met was investigated in this study. A total of 544 female Hybrid Converter turkeys were divided into four groups and fed diets in which Met content was tailored throug...

Blackberry fiber (BF), extracted blackberry fiber (EBF), defatted blackberry seeds (DBS) and blackberry polyphenols (BP) were added to diets of rats. A control diet, fiber diets (BF, EBF, DBS) with 6% addition instead of cellulose, a polyphenol diet (BP) with 1% addition were administered for 4 weeks. BF and DBS contained polyphenols (3.6%), EBF di...

The profile of bile acids (BA) largely depends on the enzymatic activity of the microbiota, but this can be modulated by the dietary addition of biologically active compounds, e.g., polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary raspberry pomace as a rich source of biologically active compoun...

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of different dietary fruit pomaces in reducing lipid oxidation in the meat of turkeys fed diets with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Over a period of 4 weeks before slaughter, turkeys were fed diets with the addition of 5% dried apple, blackcurrant, strawberry and seedle...

The effect of partial or complete substitution (2.5% and 5%, respectively) of flaxseed oil for soybean oil on the fatty acid (FA) profile, oxidative stability and sensory quality of turkey breast meat was studied. Turkeys were fed experimental diets for 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks before being slaughtered at 16 weeks of age. The percentages of α-linolenic...

The present paper addresses the growing importance of sweet lupines (Lupinus ssp.) as domestic protein feedstuffs promoted by various governmental measures. Although the use of lupines in practical poultry diets in Poland and Germany remains marginal, extensive research into their nutritional value has been conducted both nationally and internation...

This study evaluated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of high- and low- tannin faba bean (FB) seeds on growth performance and meat quality in finishing turkeys (13-18 weeks of age). Male Hybrid Converter turkeys were divided into 7 groups (7 different finisher diets): a control diet, which contained SBM, a...

Composition and physiological properties of polyphenol fractions from faba bean with low tannin content (LT), compared with high tannin FB (HT) and soybean meal (SBM) was to investigated. In comparison with HT seeds, in LT ones two times less polyphenols content, higher ABTS and DPPH and but lower FRAP values was determined. Irrespective of the FB...

It was hypothesized that dietary polyphenol-rich fruit pomaces can improve the antioxidant status of both diets and the tissues of turkeys fed such diets. Turkeys were fed diets containing a cellulose preparation (C) or 5% dried apple pomace (AP), blackcurrant pomace (BCP), strawberry pomace (SP) and seedless strawberry pomace (SSP). Blood and live...

The administration of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) beneficially modulates gastrointestinal functions and may enhance the metabolism of polyphenols. However, different polyphenolic components in the diet may have different influences on the activities of the digestive enzymes and microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a 4-week study of...

Undefined ellagitannin metabolites in the cecal digesta of the rats fed the experimental diets. (DOC)

A total of 490 eight-week-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys (body weight 4.11 ± 0.03 kg) were divided into 5 groups with 7 replicates of 14 birds each. For 8 weeks, basal diets were supplemented with methionine (Met) at following levels (weeks 9-12/weeks 13-16 of age): Group 1 - 0.34/0.29%, Group 2 - 0.39/0.34%, Groups 3 and 4 - 0.45/0.38% and 0....

In two experiments on rats it was analyzed whether the lowering rate of postprandial glycaemia depends on the degree of polymerization of strawberry ellagitannins (ET). Two types of highly-concentrated polyphenolic extracts were used, one rich in monomeric ET (ETM; 94.9% polyphenols and 67% ETM in it), the second in dimeric ET (ETD; 95.9% polypheno...

Recently attention has been focused on cocoa beans that are the primary raw material used for the preparation of cocoa powder or chocolate as valuable source of bioactive substances with high antioxidant potential and well documented beneficial health properties, including prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The ability of phenolic compoun...

In view of the growing importance of sweet lupine (Lupinus spp.) as a domestic protein feedstuff, its production and studies investigating its nutritional value should receive support from the State. Although lupine is rarely used in poultry nutrition in Poland and Germany, research into the nutritional value and suitability of lupine feedstuffs is...

The study was conducted on 672 one-day-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys divided into 6 dietary treatments (7 replications per group) which differed in DL-methionine (DL-Met) supplementation levels. The Met content in diets between 1 - 4/5 - 8 weeks of feeding was as follows: 4.1/3.7, 4.7/4.1, 5.6/4.6, 6.1/5.0, 6.8/6.5 and 7.5/7.4 g • kg⁻¹. In gr...

In that study we tried to scrutinize the metabolic effects of two dietary strawberry polyphenolic extracts containing or not an anthocyanins fraction in rats fed high-fat diet. Forty-eight Wistar rats were fed with basal or obesogenic diet that contained two different extracts, specifically polyphenolic profile: 60/50, 35/35, 5/6 and 0/9% ellagitan...

Raspberry pomace is a source of polyphenols, which nutritional and health promoting properties are not sufficiently known. The aim of this 8-weeks study was to scrutinize if raspberry extracts (REs) with different ellagitannins to flavan-3-ols ratios might favorably affect the caecal fermentation processes and blood lipid profile in rats. Forty mal...

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the effect of dietary resistant dextrins, as potential prebiotics, on the intestinal microflora of young rats. Enzyme-resistant dextrin, prepared by heating of potato starch in the presence of hydrochloric (0.1% dsb) and tartaric (40% dsb) acid at 130ºC for 2 h (CA-dextrin). The experiment was p...

One-day-old female turkeys were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments and were fed for 15 weeks diets containing 5% of cellulose (control, C) or 5% of dried fruit pomaces (apple, black currant, strawberry, seedless strawberry; AP, BCP, SP, SSP respectively). In weeks 11-15 of feeding, all diets were supplemented with 2.5% of linseed oil. The...

The effect of different dietary levels of raw yellow lupine seed meal (YLM) on the development and function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), nutrient digestibility, the histological structure of intestinal mucosa, the composition and enzyme activity of gut microbiota and growth performance was evaluated in young turkeys. One-day-old Hybrid Conv...

An objective of this work was to assess the biological activity of beetroot juice (Chrobry variety, Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris), which was lactofermented by probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus brevis 0944 and Lactobacillus paracasei 0920. The oxidative status of blood serum, kidneys, and liver of rats consuming the fermented beetroot juice were de...

The growth and physiological responses of the rats to diet supplemented with raw and Candida utilis-fermented yellow and blue lupin seeds were determined. The diets containing soya bean meal, raw and fermented blue and yellow lupin were administered to eight rats in each diet group for four weeks. Yellow lupin seeds in the diets of rats improved si...

Although raspberry seed oil (RO) is rich in essential fatty acids there is a lack of experiments assessing benefits of its consumption. We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with RO on healthy rats and rats with low-grade systemic inflammation, liver disorders, and dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat/low-fiber (HF/LF) diet. Thirty-t...

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of diet administration required for effective modification of meat fatty acids (FA) in turkeys fed diets containing 10% of flaxseed. BIG‐7 female turkeys of 11 wk of age were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and were fed wheat/soybean‐based diets containing 2.5% of flaxseed oil...

The purpose of the study was to compare in vivo effects of dietary supplementation with blackcurrant pomaces containing variable level of phenolic compounds on blood and internal organ parameters in rats. Forty-eight growing Wistar rats were allocated to six treatment groups in which they were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks the following diets: standar...

Strawberry and raspberry seeds were chemically analyzed and added as dietary ingredients to investigate the physiological response of rats. In both cases the main component was dietary fiber and the main polyphenols were ellagitannins (ET). The strawberry ET were mainly constituted by monomers and a dimer, agrimoniin, whereas raspberry ET were main...

Postileal fermentation in the gastro intestinal tract of poultry is affected by the main raw materials used during feed formulation, for example cereal grains, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, lupin seeds. Since cereal grains are the main source of dietary non-starch polysaccharides, including the viscous water-soluble fraction, their quality determine...

Postileal fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry takes place as a result of the interaction between two components of the intestinal ecosystem: rapidly changing microbiota and digesta with different physicochemical properties. Short chain fatty acids, the major products of fermentation, act to stabilise microbiota composition and mai...

The objective of this study was to establish the composition of strawberry preparations rich in ellagitannins obtained using water or acetone extraction (EF and EP preparation, respectively). Then, biological effect of these extracts was assessed in 4-wk nutritional experiment on Wistar rats. The preparations were applied in cholesterol-containing...

The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that adding dried fruit pomaces differing in their polyphenol contents to diets for young turkeys does not compromise bird performance. Young turkeys aged up to 15 weeks were fed diets containing a cellulose preparation (C) or 5% dried apple pomace (AP), blackcurrant pomace (BCP), strawberry...

The aim of this study was to determine body weight gains, feed intake and feed consumption patterns in turkeys, when offered a choice of various feed ingredients (protein-fat-mineral-vitamin concentrate pellets, ground-pelleted wheat and whole grain wheat). The experiment started on 264 male Hybrid Converter turkeys aged 4 weeks, divided into four...

S u m m a r y The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of apple seed oil and its effects on the caecal functions, blood lipids, and markers of antioxidant status and inflammation in rats. A nutritional experiment was performed on Wistar rats allocated to 3 groups of 8 animals each. The animals were fed with a diet containing di...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with blue lupine meal (BLM) on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) function, growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing turkeys (13–18 weeks of age). The control diet contained SBM, and in experimental diets SBM was replaced with BLM at 60, 120 and...

The objective of this work was to study the composition, hydration properties and oil holding capacity, antioxidant properties and the physiological effects on the digestive system of dietary preparations containing wheat or oat fiber enriched with polyphenol extracts from strawberry, chokeberry, and black currant pomace. By the addition of black c...

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with 10% and 20% of blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds in layer diets on laying performance, the fatty acid profile, physicochemical and sensory properties of eggs. A 20-week study was performed on 150 Lohman Brown hens with 50 birds in each group. Diet...

Earlier research from this laboratory, as documented in the accompanying Part 1 of this series, has demonstrated superior quality characteristics (i.e., increased protein and sucrose and reduced dietary fiber contents) of newly developed yellow-seeded B. napus canola and canola-quality, yellow-seeded B. juncea mustard. As opposed to our earlier res...

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the chemical and nutritive composition of meals derived from newly developed yellow-seeded canola and canola-quality B. juncea mustard. Meals for this study were produced using the pre-press solvent extraction process. In comparison with the conventional black-seeded canola, meals derived from yell...

Forty-eight male Wistar rats were fed diets containing low (0.051% of diet) or high (0.153% of diet) levels of an ellagitannin-rich (ET) strawberry extract with dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or cellulose (CEL) for 4 weeks. The in vivo study demonstrated that some positive changes in the cecal metabolism resulting from the ingestion of a diet...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a different dietary content of sweet yellow lupine seed meal (YLM) on gastrointestinal tract development and function, the growth performance (13-18 weeks of age) and meat quality of growing-finishing turkeys. Control grower and finisher diets contained soybean meal (SBM), and in experimental die...

The composition and activity of gut microbiota were analyzed in laying hens fed for 24 weeks a control diet containing soybean meal (diet C) and two experimental diets supplemented with 10 or 20% blue lupine seed meal used as a substitute for soybean meal (diets L10 and L20, respectively). In comparison with soybean, lupine seeds had a higher conte...

Methionine (Met) plays many important metabolic functions in humans and animals, and therefore may be classified as a functional amino acid (AA). Functional AAs are defined as those AAs that participate in and regulate key metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, development, and reproduction of organisms. As the first-limiting AA in...

The influence of rapeseed meal (RSM) as a substitute of sunflower meal on physiological processes of gastrointestinal tract and growth performance of rabbits was investigated. A total of 24 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: without and with 5 and 10% addition of rapeseed meal in the diet (RSM 0, RSM 5 and RSM 10, respectivel...

The present 4-week study on 34-d old rabbits was aimed at assessing the potential advantages of the dietary inclusion of the black currant pomace on caecal/colonic fermentative processes. A total of thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were fed two types of diet, standard diet and with additional 10% of lard, each supplemented with 15% of black cu...

The consumption of a high level of dietary extract from blackcurrant pomace rich in polyphenols was hypothesised to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile, the markers of insulin resistance and the antioxidant status of the host without negative changes in the intestinal tract. This hypothesis was tested on 20 male New Zealand white ra...

The aim of this model study was to investigate how selected gut functions and serum lipid profile in rats on high-fat diets differed according to the type of fat (saturated vs. unsaturated) and carbohydrate (simple vs. complex). The experiment was conducted using 32 male Wistar rats distributed into 4 groups of 8 animals each. For 4 weeks, the anim...

The objective of this study was to determine the physiological responses and growth performance of turkeys fed 20% whole wheat (WW) in two feeding programmes, diets A and B, consistent with the NRC (1994) and B.U.T. (2012) recommendations, respectively. In diet B, in successive feeding periods (weeks 5–18), the soyabean meal content was increased b...

This review briefly summarizes the results of recent studies in- vestigating the effects of different dietary sodium (Na) levels on gastrointestinal function, excreta moisture content, incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD), tibia mineralization, and growth performance in turkeys. Research shows that an increase in the sodium content of turkey diets...

Due to antimicrobial properties, nisin is one of the most commonly used and investigated bacteriocins for food preservation. Surprisingly, nisin has had limited use in animal feed as well as there are only few reports on its influence on microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The present study therefore aimed at investigating effect...

The objective of this study, performed on 350 four-wk-old heavy-type Hybrid Converter male turkeys, was to assess the effect of increasing dietary levels of whole grain wheat (W) applied at the expense of ground-pelleted wheat (GW) on intestinal development and morphological indices, cecal microbiota, and the growth performance of birds. The basal...

Functional foods, defined as “foods that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition”, became increasingly popular in the past twenty years with numerous practical applications. In Europe, functional foods must be accompanied by scientifically substantiated health claims. Products which aspire to that category include poultry meat and proces...

One-day-old male turkey poults were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments and were fed diets containing 0, 60, 120, or 180 g kg−1 of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) from 1 to 56 d of age without or with a commercial non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme product containing pectinase, cellulase, xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and g...