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Distinctive Therapeutic Strategies against Corona Virus- 19 (COVID-19): A Pharmacological Review
Abstract and Figures
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses threatened the global health. The causative microorganism, causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is known as (novel coronavirus) or (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and breathing failure are caused by COVID-19, first reported in Wuhan, China. So far, over 939,968COVID-19 death cases out of approximately 29,765,666 confirmed cases have been globally reported.However, global research institutions and companies have exerted tremendous effort to develop vaccines and drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, our aim is to comprehensively review epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology as well as the outlined the several strategies (preclinical/clinical) of COVID-19 treatment at the molecular level.
(PDF) Distinctive Therapeutic Strategies against Corona Virus- 19 (COVID-19): A Pharmacological Review. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349752835_Distinctive_Therapeutic_Strategies_against_Corona_Virus-_19_COVID-19_A_Pharmacological_Review [accessed Apr 27 2021].
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... Their genomic material made up of nucleotide sets ranging from 25 to 32 kb and the virus diameter varies from 118-136 nm [30,60]. The virus is roughly spherical in shape and has obvious proteins on its cell membrane such as the large spike (S) protein extended 16-21 nm from the virus envelope, membrane protein (M-protein) plays a major role in promoting membrane curvature, envelope protein (E-protein), in low quantity, and hemagglutininesterase (HE) as shown in Figure 1 [27,61]. ...
... Moreover, (novel coronavirus) or (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) (SARS-CoV-2) is known as the causative microorganism associated with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19-suffered patients are manifested with respiratory illnesses examples of which are pneumonia and breathing failure [61]. ...
In Wuhan, China (December 2019), viral pneumonia cases of uncertain origin have been reported. The emergency has drawn global attention. To determine the pathogenic potential, joint efforts were conducted by Chinese Multidisciplinary Task Forces. An integral component of wide range of research applications is not only determining the causative agent but also the nucleic acid bases order in biological samples. Research techniques determining genetic material features and its order is called “sequencing”, classified into three generations. Moreover, the first sequencing attempt was conducted and a genetic link identified between samples isolated from China and other previously sequenced Coronaviruses. However, there was patient to patient diversity in terms of clinical and laboratory manifestations and diseases severity. After the genetic material of the causative agent was successfully sequenced, it was named the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19. Here, we review the genome sequences of novel coronavirus infected patients from different countries such as India, Bangladesh and Ecuador compared to China (first reported case), seeking not only to recognize similarities and differences between genome sequences of novel coronavirus, but also to compare them with other forms of coronaviruses family. Utilizing this data will assist in making right decisions minimizing negative consequences of the outbreak.
... According to Professor Raz Jelinek "Our findings provide light on how to milk fermented probiotics might help the immune system and guard against pathogenic diseases. We are looking forward to providing these medication candidates to patients who are undergoing a cytokine storm due to COVID-19 infection or those suffering from acute inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease, based on encouraging results in animal models" [20]. ...
During this COVID-19 pandemic’s, scientists and researchers are developing vaccines and with help of country's health ministry and WHO. They try to reach out vaccination throughout the country but this process should take some time. Therefore, until vaccination can done we have to protect our immune system. In the year, 2021 people may also get an infection of the third wave of COVID, which is a chance to arrive. Therefore, protecting our immunity and decreasing the severity of infection is the priority for that developing a new approach is necessary. Therefore, probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum & Bifidobacterium breve) are good option for the person having post Covid Symptoms without side effects. Those probiotics can help people for developing immunity against COVID-19 infection. Those probiotics dosages are useful to patient because these probiotics are easily available, easy to administrate and it is useful in severe condition as well as in mild condition.
... [30] CONCLUSION It has become mandatory to remember that majority of people who suffered COVID-19 recover quickly. [31] This disease has a number of queries involved, compared to the usual respiratory virus. Hence, it is always advisable to be cautious in maintaining one's own health. ...
COVID‑19 is a Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‑CoV‑2). It threatened the
whole world and considered as pandemic recently, emergencies and quarantine
has been declared all over the world. Many published reviews and research articles,
discussed analysis, symptoms, diagnosis, and possible ways of treatments. However,
nowadays, more focus is inclined on recovered patients and the possible events faced
by these patients in postrecovery period. Specialists, medical care workers are looking
for unmistakable approaches to defend their life later on. It is important to have a full
background on their physical and psychological status after their recovery with certain
guidelines to follow‑up. There is more concern, care for family and society as they might
suffer from stress, depression, and stigmatization from society. Awareness programs
and counseling should be recommended to bring the recovered patients to their
normalcy. Surveys and cohort studies will be helpful for prognosis of the disease as well
as to be ready to face the second stage of COVID‑19. This article will focus on recovered
COVID‑19 patients, their complications, precautionary methods, and post care.
The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since impacted a large portion of China and raised major global concern. Herein, we investigated the extent of molecular divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and other related coronaviruses. Although we found only 4% variability in genomic nucleotides between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV; RaTG13), the difference at neutral sites was 17%, suggesting the divergence between the two viruses is much larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest that the development of new variations in functional sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike seen in SARS-CoV-2 and viruses from pangolin SARSr-CoVs are likely caused by natural selection besides recombination. Population genetic analyses of 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicated that these viruses had two major lineages (designated L and S), that are well defined by two different SNPs that show nearly complete linkage across the viral strains sequenced to date. We found that L lineage was more prevalent than the S lineage within the limited patient samples we examined. The implication of these evolutionary changes on disease etiology remains unclear. These findings strongly underscores the urgent need for further comprehensive studies that combine viral genomic data, with epidemiological studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Significance
In patients with coronavirus disease 2019, a large number of T lymphocytes and mononuclear macrophages are activated, producing cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which bind to the IL-6 receptor on the target cells, causing the cytokine storm and severe inflammatory responses in lungs and other tissues and organs. Tocilizumab, as a recombinant humanized anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, can bind to the IL-6 receptor with high affinity, thus preventing IL-6 itself from binding to its receptor, rendering it incapable of immune damage to target cells, and alleviating the inflammatory responses.
Although several clinical trials are now underway to test possible therapies, the worldwide response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring/containment. We report here that Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic previously shown to have broad-spectrum anti-viral activity in vitro, is an inhibitor of the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2 hours post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ∼5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48 h. Ivermectin therefore warrants further investigation for possible benefits in humans.
The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV) outbreak has engulfed an unprepared world amidst a festive season. The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2, believed to have originated from infected bats, is the seventh member of enveloped RNA coronavirus. Specifically, the overall genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to that of bat coronavirus termed BatCoV RaTG13. Although the current mortality rate of 2% is significantly lower than that of SARS (9.6%) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (35%), SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and transmissible from human to human with an incubation period of up to 24 days. Some statistical studies have shown that, on average, one infected patient may lead to a subsequent 5.7 confirmed cases. Since the first reported case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 on December 1, 2019, in Wuhan, China, there has been a total of 60,412 confirmed cases with 1370 fatalities reported in 25 different countries as of February 13, 2020. The outbreak has led to severe impacts on social health and the economy at various levels. This paper is a review of the significant, continuous global effort that was made to respond to the outbreak in the first 75 days. Although no vaccines have been discovered yet, a series of containment measures have been implemented by various governments, especially in China, in the effort to prevent further outbreak, whilst various medical treatment approaches have been used to successfully treat infected patients. On the basis of current studies, it would appear that the combined antiviral treatment has shown the highest success rate. This review aims to critically summarize the most recent advances in understanding the coronavirus, as well as the strategies in prevention and treatment.
The Novel corona virus 2019 which started as an outbreak in
China in December 2019 has rapidly spread all over the world,
such that on 11th March 2020 WHO declared this disease as pandemic
[1,2]. The emergency that the world faces today demands
that we develop urgent and effective measures to protect people at
high risk of transmission.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV, which emerged in 2002. Within a few months of the first report, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across China and worldwide, reaching a pandemic level. As COVID-19 has triggered enormous human casualties and serious economic loss posing global threat, an understanding of the ongoing situation and the development of strategies to contain the virus's spread are urgently needed. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID-19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19. Here, we review the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development for COVID-19.
Currently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly known as 2019-nCoV, the causative pathogen of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)) has rapidly spread across China and around the world, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. No specific anti-virus drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment of this sudden and lethal disease. The supportive care and non-specific treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of the patient are the only options currently. At the top of these conventional therapies, greater than 85% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in China are receiving Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment. In this article, relevant published literatures are thoroughly reviewed and current applications of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 patients are analyzed. Due to the homology in epidemiology, genomics, and pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and the widely use of TCM in the treatment of SARS-CoV, the clinical evidence showing the beneficial effect of TCM in the treatment of patients with SARS coronaviral infections are discussed. Current experiment studies that provide an insight into the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of TCM, and those studies identified novel naturally occurring compounds with anti-coronaviral activity are also introduced.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of enveloped, single-stranded positive genomic RNA viruses and some of them are known to cause severe respiratory diseases in human, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). One key element in viral infection is the process of viral entry into the host cells. In the last two decades, there is increasing understanding on the importance of the endocytic pathway and the autophagy process in viral entry and replication. As a result, the endocytic pathway including endosome and lysosome has become important targets for development of therapeutic strategies in combating diseases caused by CoVs. In this mini-review, we will focus on the importance of the endocytic pathway as well as the autophagy process in viral infection of several pathogenic CoVs inclusive of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the new CoV named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and discuss the development of therapeutic agents by targeting these processes. Such knowledge will provide important clues for control of the ongoing epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment of COVID-19.
The novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has quickly become a worldwide threat to health, travel, and commerce. This overview analyzes the best information from the early research, including epidemiologic and demographic features from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viruses; lessons learned from the experience of an emergency physician in Northern Italy, where the outbreak has devastated the healthcare system; evidence on transmission and prevention through safe use of PPE; evidence and advice on SARS-CoV-2 testing and co-infection; management options; airway management options; steps for rapid sequence intubation in the ED and managing disaster ventilation; and information on managing pediatric and pregnant patients.
Background
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.
Patients and methods
French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.
Results
Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.
Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.
Conclusion
Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.