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lbis
(2001
)
143,
133-1
43
An updated
list
and some comments on the occurrence
of
intraspecific nest parasitism in birds
YORAM
YOM-TOV
Department
of
Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
69978,
Israel
This paper presents a list, compiled from
the
literature, of bird species in which intraspecific
nest parasitism (INP) occurs.
INP
was reported in
234
species: one Struthioniformes, two
Tinamiformes, two Procellariiformes, six Podicipediiformes, five Ciconiiformes, one
Phoenicopteriformes,
74
Anseriformes, one Falconiformes,
32
Galliformes, eight Gruiformes,
1
9
Charadriiformes, nine Columbiformes, five Cuculiformes, two Apodiformes, one
Coraciiformes and
66
Passeriformes. Hence,
INP
is very common among precocial species,
and less
so
among altricials. Irrespective of this, most INP birds are colonial.
Intraspecific nest parasitism (INP) in birds was consid-
ered to be rare compared with interspecific parasitism
(Payne 1977), and in 1980 was reported for only 53
species (Yom-Tov 1980a). The growing awareness of the
diversity of breeding strategies increased the list consid-
erably, and by 1989 it more than doubled (MacWhirter
1989, Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989), exceedmg the number
of interspecific parasite species (about
80;
Payne 1977).
A high rate of INP is expected when host nests are
available for extended periods of time or in a limited
space. Hence, high INP rates are expected in precocial
species, because: (1) most lay larger clutches than do
similarly sized altricial species (Ar
&
Yom-Tov 1978);
(2) they start incubating mostly after the last or penul-
timate egg is laid, thus the nest is left without
protection for most of the laying period; (3) parasitic
eggs and young among precocial birds require a smaller
increase in parental care from hosts than in altricial
birds (Sorenson 1992).
High INP rates are expected when nests are crowded
in
a
small space, i.e. in colonial species or in high nesting
density, and when nesting sites are a limiting factor,
as
they are among non-excavating hole nesters (Yom-Tov
1980a, Anderson 1982, Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989).
The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date list
of
all
species for which
I
found data on INP, and briefly
comment on two factors associated with this phenom-
enon, namely mode of reproduction and coloniality.
METHODS
Data on INP were gathered from the ornithological
literature, including reviews (Yom-Tov 1980a, Rohwer
&
Freeman 19893, research papers, books on regional
avifaunas (Ali
&
Ripley 1968-1974, Brown
et
al.
1982,
Harrison 1975, Maclean 1993, Urban
et
al.
1986) and
books dealing with
a
particular group of birds where
INP is known to be common (Goodwin 1977, 1982,
Johnsgard 1978, 1986, 1988, Summers-Smith 1988).
A
species was considered to have INP if the above
sources described it as such, or if it is stated
that
more
than one female laid in one nest but only one female
cared for the young, or if abnormal clutch size was
found (larger than twice mean clutch size; Yom-Tov
1980a). These data were complemented with data on
nest type (cavity or other), and nesting coloniality
(Cramp
&
Simmons 1977, 1980, Cramp
&
Perrins
1994, Hoyo
et
al.
1992, 1994a, 1994b).
A
species was
defined as colonial even
if
it only sometimes breeds
colonially, and as
a
cavity nester even if it sometimes
lays in the open.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Intraspecific nest parasitism was reported in 234
species
of
birds: one Struthioniformes, two Tinami-
formes,
two
Procellariiformes, six Podicipediformes,
five Ciconiiformes, one Phoenicopteriformes, 74 Anseri-
formes, one Falconiformes, 32 Galliformes, eight
Gruiformes, 19 Charadriiformes, nine Columbiformes,
five Cuculiformes,
two
Apodiformes, one Coracii-
formes and 66 Passeriformes.
INP
and
mode
of
reproduction
As
expected, INP rate was highest among precocial
Email:
yomtov@post.tau.ac.il
@
2001
British Ornithologists' Union
134
Y
Yom-Tov
birds, and was reported for most precocial orders.
Among the
161
species of Anseriformes (number of
species per order from Gill
19943,
INP
was reported in
74
species
(46%).
These INP rates are probably under-
estimates, as can be deduced from the following facts.
Reported rates
of
INP are higher in areas where most
ornithologists work: INP was reported in
46
species
(70%)
of the
66
species breeding in the western
Palearctic and North America (USA and Canada), and
in
16
species
(70%)
of the
23
species breeding in
Australia and New Zealand. Hence, it is logical
to
expect that
INP
will
be reported for yet more species
of Anseriformes, as predicted by Sayler
(1992).
High
rates
of
INP (but much lower than for Anseriformes)
were reported for other precocial orders, including
the Podicipediformes
(29"L)),
Galliformes
(1
2%),
Charadriiformes
(5%)
and Gruiformes
(4%).
On the
other hand,
low
INP
rates were reported for altricial
birds:
5%
Ciconiiformes,
1
Yo
among Passeriformes and
even less among other orders. For some altricial orders
it
was not reported at all. For example, there are
no reports of
INP
among the
358
Psittaciformes
and
178
Strigiformes, only two species with INP in the
Apodiformes
(422
species), and one each of Falconi-
formes
(3
1 1
species) and Coraciiformes
(21 8
species).
INP
and
coloniality
Only about
13%
of bird species are colonial breeders
(Hoyo
et
al.
1992)
but out of
the
232
species in Table
1,
134 (57.5%)
are colonial breeders. Among altricials
exhibiting
INP,
70%
of those that are Passeriformes,
all
that are Ciconiiformes, the two species that are
Procellariiformes, and the single species of
Coraciiformes and Falconiformes are colonial. Among
the precocial and semi-precocial Anseriformes
(74
species; Table
l),
Charadriiformes
(1
9
species) and
Podicipediformes (six species),
44 (59"/0), 15 (79'Yo)
Table
1. The occurrence of intraspecific nest parasitism in 234 species of birds. The list is organized by order and family (following
Voous 1985) and within each family by the alphabetical order of the genera. Coloniality is expressed as y (yes) or n (no), mode of repro-
duction as altricial (A), precocial (P) or semi-precocial (SP), nest type as open, closed and cavity. For most species only one reference
is
given (preferably the earliest report), although for some there are several. All studies apart from Victoria (1972) are field studies.
Species
Struthio camelus Ostrich
Nothura maculosa Spotted Tinamou
Nothura darwinii Darwin's Tinarnou
Diomedea nigripes Black-footed Albatross
Diomedea immutabilis Laysan Albatross
Aechmophorus
clarkii
Clark's Grebe
Aechmophorus occidentalis Western Grebe
fodiceps cristatus Great-crested Grebe
Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe
fodiceps nigricollis Eared Grebe
Podiceps occipitalis Silvery Grebe
Ardea purpurea Purple Heron
Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron
Egretta rufescens Reddish Egret
Ciconia
maguan Maguari Stork
Eudocimus
albus
White Ibis
Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo
Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck
Aix sponsa Wood Duck
Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose
Altriciali
Family Colonial Precocial
~~ ~
Struthionidae
n
P
Tinamidae
n
P
Tinamidae n
P
Diomedeidae
Y
A
Diomedeidae
v
A
Podicipedidae y
P
Podicipedidae y P
Podicipedidae yin P
Podicipedidae y/n P
Podicipedidae y P
Podicipedidae y P
Ardeidae
Y
A
Ardeidae
Y
A
Ardeidae
Y
A
Ciconiidae
Y
A
Threskiornithidae y
A
Phoenicopteridae y P
Anatidae
n
P
Anatidae
n
P
Anatidae n
P
Nest type Reference
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
Bertram 1979
Bump
&
Bump 1969
Bump
&
Bump 1969
Tickell
&
Pinder 1966
Tickell
&
Pinder 1966
Storer
&
Nuechterlein 1992
Storer
&
Nuechterlein 1992
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Lyon
&
Everding 1996
Nuechterlein in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Gonzalez-Martin
&
Ruiz 1996
Gonzalez-Martin
&
Ruiz 1996
Paul in Rohwer
&
Freeman
Thomas 1984
Frederick
8,
Shields
1986
1989
Brown 1958
Davies
&
Baggott 1989
Leopold 1951, Semel
&
Pitrnan 1965
Sherman 1992
continued
0
2001
British Ornithologists'
Union,
lba.
143,
133-143
lntraspecific nest parasitism 1 35
Table
1
continued.
Species
Altriciall
Family Colonial Precocial
-
Anas castanea Chestnut Teal
Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler
Anas fulvigula Mottled Duck
Anas gracilis Grey Teal
Anas penelope Wigeon
Anas plafyrhynchos Mallard
Anas querquedula Garganey
Anas rubripes American Black Duck
Anas strepera Gadwall
Anas superciliosa Grey Duck
Anser anser Greylag Goose
Anser canagica Emperor Goose
Anser caerulescens Snow Goose
Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose
Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose
Anser rossi
Ross
Goose
Anseranas semipalamata Magpie Goose
Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup
Aythya americana Redhead
Aythya australis Australian White-eye
Aythya ferina Pochard
Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck
Aythya marila Scaup
Aythya nyroca Ferruginous White-eye
Aythya valisineria Canvasback
Biziura lobata Musk Duck
Branta bernicla Brant Goose
Branta canadensis Canada Goose
Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose
Bucephala albeola Bufflehead
Bucephala clangula Goldeneye
Bucephala islandica Barrow's Goldeneye
Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck
Chenonetta jubata Maned Goose
Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck
Cygnus atratus Black Swan
Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied
Dendrocygna bicolor Fu lvous Whist
I
i
ng -d uck
Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling-duck
Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling-duck
Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling-duck
Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck
Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser
Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck
Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal
Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter
Melanitta nigra Black Scoter
Mergus albellus Smew
Mergus merganser Goosander
Whistling-duck
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Nest type Reference
Openlcavity
Open
Open
Openlcavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Cavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Cavity
Cavity
Openlcavity
Cavity
Cavity
Open
Open
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
Open
Cavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Openlcavity
Frith 1967
Dementiev et a/. 1967
Johnson etal. 1996
Frith 1967
Bengston 1972b
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977,
Evans
&
Williams 1987
Dementiev et
a/.
1967
Stotts
&
Davis 1960
Duebbert 1966
Attiwill etal. 1981
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Eisenhauer
&
Kirkpatrick 1977
Barry 1960, Quinn et
a/.
1987
Tegelstrom
&
Vonessen 1996
Weigmann
&
Lamprecht 1990
Bellrose 1976
Whitehead
&
Tschirner 1991
Bent 1902
Joyner 1983, Weller 1959
Frith 1967
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Newton
&
Campbell 1975
Bengston 1972b
Dementiev et
a/.
1967
Sorenson 1993
Attiwill etal. 1981
Barry 1960
Kossack 1950
Choudhury etal. 1993,
Phillips 1923-1 926
Brestwer 1900, Dow
&
Fredga 1984
Bengston 1972b
Philips 1922-1926
Briggs 1991
Dementiev etal. 1967,
Frith 1967
Bolen 1967
Forslund
&
Larsson 1995
Alison 1975
Meanley
&
Meanley 1959,
Barnhart 1901
Frith 1967
Johnsgard 1978
Clark 1976
Bengston 1972a
Morse
&
Wight 1969
Frith 1967
Hawkes 1970
Verneer 1968
Bengston 1972a
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
continued
@
2001
British Ornithologists' Union,
Ibis,
143,
133-143
136
Y.
Yom-Tov
Table
1
continued.
Species
Mergus serrator
Red-breasted Merganser
Neffa erythropthalma
Southern Pochard
Netta peposaca
Rosybill
Neffa rufina
Red-crested Pochard
Nettapus coromandehanus
Cotton Pygmy Goose
Oxyura australis
Australian Blue-billed Duck
Oxyura dominica
Masked Duck
Oxyura jamarcensis
Ruddy Duck
Oxyura leucocephala
White-headed Duck
Oxyura maccoa
Maccoa Duck
Oxyura vittata
Argentine Blue-billed Duck
Plectopterus gambensis
Spur-winged Goose
Sark/diornis melanotos
Comb Duck
Somateria moll/ssima
Eider
~
Somateria spectabilis
King Eider
Sfictoneffa naevosa
Freckled Duck
Tadorna ferruginea
Ruddy Shelduck
Tadorna radjah
Radjah Shelduck
Tadorna fadorna
Shelduck
Tadorna tadornoides
Australian Shelduck
Tadorna variegata
New Zealand Duck
Thalassornis leuconofus
White-backed Duck
Falco naumanni
Lesser Kestrel
Orfalis vetula
Plain Chachalaca
Numida meleagris
Crowned Guineafowl
Perdix perdix
Gray Partridge
Francolinus africanus
Greywing Francolin
Francolinus capensis
Cape Francolin
Callipepla californica
California Quail
Callipepla douglasii
Elegant Quail
Colinus virginianus
Bobwhite Quail
Oreortyx pictus
Mountain Quail
Alectoris barbara
Barbary Partridge
Alectoris chukar
Chukar Partridge
Alectoris graeca
Rock Partridge
Ammoperdix griseogularis
See-see Partridge
Amrnoperdix heyi
Sand Partridge
Coturnix corornandelica
Black-breasted Quail
Coturnix coturnix
Eurasian Quail
Coturnix delegorguei
Harlequin Quai
I
Dendrortyx macroura
Long-tailed Wood Partridge
Francolinus leucoscepus
Yellow-necked Francolin
Francolinus natalensis
Natal Francolin
Francolinus schlegelii
Schlegel's Francolin
Guffera edouardi
Crested Guineafowl
Lophura edwardsi
Edward's Pheasant
Meleagris gallopavo
Wild Turkey
Phasianus colchicus
Ring-necked Pheasant
Tetraogallus caucasicus
Caucasian Snowcock
Tympanuchus phasianellus
Sharp-tailed Grouse
Lagopus lagopus
Willow Ptarmigan
Family Colonial
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Anatidae
Falconidae
Cracidae
Numididae
Numididae
Numididae
Numididae
Odontophoridae
Odontophoridae
Odontophoridae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Tetraonidae
~-
Yln
n
Y/n
Y/n
n
n
n
n
n
Y/n
Y/n
n
Yln
Y
n
n
Y/n
n
Y
n
n
Y/n
Y
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Altriciali
Precocial
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Nest type
Open
Open
Open
Open
Cavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Openkavity
Openkavit
y
Open
Open
Open
Open
Cavity
Openlcavity
Openkavity
Cavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Reference
Young
&
Titman 1987
Clancey 1967
Gibson 1920
Hellebrekers
&
Voous
1964
Ah
&
Ripley 1968-1974
Serventy
&
Whittell 1967
Bond 1961
Low 1941, Joyner 1983
Dementiev
et a/
1967
Clark 1964
Gibson 1920
Pitman 1965
Pitman 1965
Erikstad
ef
a/
1998,
Robertson 1998
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
Rogers 1990
Cramp
&
Simmons 1977
O'Brien 1990
Hori 1964, 1969
Frith 1967
Williams 1979
Clancey 1967
~______
~~
Negro
et a/.
1996
Fleetwood
&
Bolen 1965
Clancey 1967
Knott
etal.
1943
Clancey 1967
Clancey 1967
Tyler 1913
Johnsgard 1988
Klimstra
&
Roseberry 1975
Grinnell
etal.
191 8
Urban
eta/.
1986
Mackie
&
Buechner 1963
Johnsgard 1988
Cramp
&
Simmons 1980
Yom-Tov 1980a
Johnsgard 1988
Cramp
&
Simmons 1980
Urban
eta/.
1986
Johnsgard 1988
Urban
et
a/.
1986
Urban
et a/.
1986
Johnsgard 1988
Clancey 1967
Schorger 1966
Johnsgard 1986
Knott
etal.
1943
Dementiev
et a/.
1967
Graison 1989
Martin 1984, Freeland
ef a/.
1995
continued
@
2001
British
Ornithologists' Union,
Ibis,
143,
133-143
lntraspecific nest parasitism
137
Table
1
continued.
Species
Lagopus leucurus
White-tailed Ptarmigan
Dendrogapus canadensis
Spruce Grouse
Dendrogapus obscurus
Blue Grouse
Tetra0 tetrix
Capercaillie
Grus canadensis
Sandhill Crane
Amaurornis flavirostris
Black Crake
Crex crex
Corn Crake
Fulica americana
American Coot
Fulica atra
Eurasian Coot
Fulica cristata
Crested Coot
Gallinula chloropus
Moorhen
Porphyrio porphyrio
Green-backed Gallinule
Charadrius melodus
Piping Plover
Charadrius montanus
Mountain Plover
Limosa fedoa
Marbled Godwit
Limosa
limosa
Black-tailed Godwit
Phalaropus fulicaria
Red Phalarope
Phalaropus tricolor
Wilson’s Phalarope
Vanellus vanellus
Northern Lapwing
Larus argentatus
Herring Gull
Larus delawarensis
Ring-billed Gull
Larus minutus
Little Gull
Sterna caspia
Caspian Tern
Sterna dougallii
Roseate Tern
Sterna hirundo
Common Tern
Rynchops niger
Black Skimmer
Catoptrophorys semipalmatus
Western Willet
Recurvirostra americana
American Avocet
Scolopax minor
American Woodcock
Scolopax rusticola
Eurasian Woodcock
Catharacta lonnbergi
Brown Skua
Columba livia
Rock Dove
Columba palurnbus
Wood Pigeon
Columba oenas
Stock Dove
Streptopelia risoria
Ringed Turtle Dove
Streptopelia senegalensis
Palm Dove
Streptopelia turtur
Turtle Dove
Streptopelia capiola
Ring-necked Dove
Oena capensis
Namaqua Dove
Zenaida macroura
Mourning Dove
Coccyzus americanus
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus eryfhrophthalmus
Black- bi
I
led Cuckoo
Coccyzus melacoryphus
Dark-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus
pumilus
Dwarf Cuckoo
Geococcyx californianus
Roadrunner
Glaucis hirsufa
Rufous-breasted Hermit
Family Colonial
-
Tetraonidae
Tetraonidae
Tetraonidae
Tetraonidae
Gruidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Rallidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Charadriidae
Laridae
Laridae
Laridae
Laridae
Laridae
Laridae
Rhynchopidae
Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae
Stercoraiidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Coccyzidae
Coccyzidae
Coccyzidae
Coccyzidae
Crotophagidae
Trochilidae
~
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
yln
Y/n
n
Y/n
Y
Y/n
n
Y
Y/n
yln
n
Yln
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
n
n
Y
Y
n
n
n
y/n Y/n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Altriciall
Precocial
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Nest type
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Reference
Choate 1963
Rand 1947
Redfield 1973
Cramp
&
Simmons 1980
Littlefield 1981
Urban
et
a/.
1986
Brown 1938
Arnold 1987, Lyon 1993
Horsfall 1984
Urban
et
a/.
1986
Gibbons 1986,
McRae 1996
Craig 1980
Hussell
&
Woodford 1965
Hamas
&
Graul 1985
Colwell 1986
Haverschmidt 1963
Kistchinski 1975
Colwell 1986
Spencer 1953
Burger in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Conover
et
a/.
1979
Haverschmidt 1946
Cuthbert
in
Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Shealer
&
Zurovchak 1995
Nisbet in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Erwin 1977
Colwell 1986
Giroux 1985
Lincoln 1951
Alexander 1946
Millar
eta/.
1994
Goodwin 1977
Murton 1965
Campbell in Cramp 1985
Goodwin 1977
Shoham 1975
Shoham 1975
Urban
et
a/.
1986
Urban
et
a/.
1986
Weeks 1980
Nolan
&
Thompson 1975,
Fleischer
et
a/.
1985
Baicich
&
Harrison 1997
Sick 1993
Ralph 1975
Miller 1946
Haverschmidt 1968
~~ ~
continued
@
2001
British Ornithologists’ Union,
lbrs,
143,
133-143
138
Y
Yom-Tov
Table
1
continued.
Species
Threnetes rucken
Band-tailed Barbthroat
~~~~~~ ~
Merops bullockoides
White-f ronted Bee-eater
Calocifta formosa
White-throated Magpie-jay
Gymnorhynus cyanocephalus
Piiion Jay
Pica
pica
Black-billed Magpie
Passerculus sandwichensis
Savannah Sparrow
Spizella passerina
Chipping Sparrow
Spizella
pusilla Field Sparrow
Amandava amandava
Red Munia
Es
trilda paludicola
Fawn
-
b reasted Wax bi
I I
Lonchura
bicolor
Blue-billed Mannikin
Lonchura cantans
African Silverbill
Lonchura kelaarfi
Hill Munia
Lonchura malabarica
White-throated Munia
Lonchura puncfulafa
Spice Finch
Taeniopygia guffata
Zebra Finch
Carduelis chloris
European Greenfinch
Carduelis
tristis
American Goldfinch
Hirundo pyrrhonota
Cliff Swallow
Hirundo
rustica
Barn Swallow
Hirundo spilodera
South African Cliff Swallow
Pefrochelidon ariel
Fairy Martin
Progne subis
Purple Martin
Riparia riparia
Bank Swallow
Tachycineta bicolor
Tree Swallow
Agelaius phoeniceus
Red-winged Blackbird
Agelaius tricolor
Tricolored Blackbird
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Bobolink
Euphagus cyanocephalus
Brewer's Blackbird
Quiscalus
quiscula
Common Grackle
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Mimus polyglottos
Northern Mockingbird
Anthus spinoleffa
Alpine Water Pipit
Ficedula hypoleuca
Pied Flycatcher
Yellow-headed Blackbird
Nectarinia osea
Orange-tufted Sunbird
Parus major
Great
Tit
Parus monfanus
Willow Tit
Dendroica petechia
Yellow Warbler
Passer domesficus
House Sparrow
Passer melanurus
Cape Sparrow
Family Colonial
~~
Trochilidae
Meropidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Emberizidae
Ernberizidae
Ernberizidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Fringillidae
Fringillidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
Hirundinidae
lcteridae
lcteridae
lcteridae
lcteridae
lcteridae
lcteridae
Mirnidae
Motacillidae
Muscicapidae
Nectarinidae
Paridae
Paridae
Parulidae
Passeridae
Passeridae
~
n
Y
n
Y
Y
yJn
n
n
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
yln
n
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
yJn
Y
n
Y
Y
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Y
Y
Altriciall
Precocial
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Nest type
Open
Cavity
Open
Open
Closed
Open
open
open
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closedkavity
closed
open
Open
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
closed
cavity
Cavity
Open
Open
Open
Open
closed
Open
Closed
Open
Cavity
Closed
Cavity
Cavity
Open
Closedlcavity
Closed
Reference
~~
Skutch 1973
Ernlen
&
Wrege 1986,
Wrege
&
Ernlen 1987
Langen1996
Trost
&
Webb 1986
Trost
&
Webb 1986
Weatherhead
&
Robertson 1978
Middleton in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Petter
et
a/.
1990
Goodwin 1982
Goodwin 1982
Goodwin 1982
Goodwin 1982
Goodwin 1982
Dhindsa 1983b
Goodwin 1982
Birkhead
et a/.
1990
Monk 1954
Middleton in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Brown
&
Brown 1988,
Smyth
etal.
1993
M~ller 1987
Earle 1986
Manwell
&
Baker 1975
Morton
etal.
1990
Hoogland
&
Sherman 1976
Lombard0 1988,
Lifjeld
eta/.
1993
Orians in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Emlen 1941
Gavin
&
Bollinger 1985
Orians in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Howe in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Harms
et
a/.
1991,
Lyon
et
a/.
1992
Derrickson in Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989
Reyer
ef a/.
1997
G. Hogstedt in Haland 1986,
Gelter
&
Tegelstrom 1992
Zilberman
eta/.
1999
Verboven
&
Mateman 1997
Orell
etal.
1997
Sealy
etal.
1989
Burke
&
Bruford 1987,
Wetton
eta/.
1987
Earle 1986
continued
@
ZOO1
British Ornithologists' Union,
Ibis,
143,
133-143
lntraspecific nest parasitism 139
Table
1
continued
Species
Altriciall
Family Colonial Precocial Nest type Reference
Passer moabificus Dead Sea Sparrow
Passer monfanus Tree Sparrow
Euplecfes afer Golden Bishop
Euplecfes axillaris Red-shouldered Widow
Euplecfes capensis Yellow-rumped Bishop
Euplecfes orix Red Bishop
Ploceus baglafecht Baglafecht Weaver
Ploceus benghalensis Indian Weaverbird
Ploceus bojeri Golden Palm Weaver
Ploceus cucullafus Village Weaver
Ploceus intermedius Lesser-masked Weaver
Ploceus manyar Striated Weaver
Ploceus nigerrimus Vieillot's Black Weaver
Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver
Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaverbird
Ploceus rubiginosus Chestnut Weaver
Ploceus faeniopferus Northern-masked Weaver
Ploceus velafus Southern-masked Weaver
Ploceus xanfhops Holub's Golden Weaver
Sturnus cineraceus Grey Starling
Sfurnus roseus Rose-coloured Starling
Sfurnus unicolor Spotless Starling
Sfurnus vulgaris European Starling
Jroglodytes aedon House Wren
Siala sialis Eastern Bluebird
Jurdus grayi Clay-colored Robin
Turdus migraforius American Robin
Jurdus pilaris Fieldfare
Passeridae
Passeridae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Ploceidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Troglodytidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y
A
Y/n A
Y
A
Y
A
y/n A
n A
n A
n A
n A
n A
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
Cavity
cavity
cavity
Open
Open
Open
Yom-Tov 1980b
Summers-Smith 1988
Maclean 1993
Maclean 1993
Maclean 1993
Maclean 1993
Freeman 1988
Dhindsa 1983a
Freeman 1988
Victoria 1972
Freeman 1988
Dhindsa 1983a
Freeman 1988
Freeman 1988
Dhindsa 1990
Freeman 1988
Jackson 1992
Freeman 1988
Freeman 1988
Yamaguchi
&
Saitou 1997
Cramp
&
Perrins 1994
Cramp
&
Perrins 1994
Yom-Tov ef a/. 1974,
Evans 1988,
Romagnano et a/. 1990
Picman
&
Belles-Isles 1988
Gowaty
&
Karlin 1984
Dryrez 1983
Gowaty
&
Davies 1986
Haland 1986
and
6
(100%)
species, respectively, are colonial.
Evidently, INP is closely related to coloniality. In
contrast, none of the Galliformes is colonial, hence
there is a relatively low rate
of
INP
(12%)
in this
precocial order.
In summary, high rates of INP exist among precocial
birds and are associated with coloniality, as reported
earlier (Yom-Tov 1980a, Andersson 1982, Rohwer
&
Freeman 1989).
NOTE
ADDED
IN
PROOF
After the acceptance
of
this paper, intraspecific nest
parasitism was reported in
two
more avian species: the
Pied Avocet
Recuwirostru
uvosettu
(Hotker 2000) and
the Emu
Drornaius
novaehollandiue
(Taylor
et
al.
2000).
These additions raise the number of species for
which INP
is
reported
to
236.
I
am grateful to Jon Wright for encouragement and hospitality,
to Robert Payne, Harry Power and an anonymous referee
for their comments, to Arieh Landsman for his help
with compiling the data from the literature and to Mary
Fox
and Dorothy Vincent for careful editing. This work was sup-
ported by the Israel Cohen Chair for Environmental
Zoology.
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