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Analysis on temperature field distribution of dual-redundancy PMSM

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Abstract

A weak thermal coupling and no electromagnetic coupling dual-redundancy permanent magnet synchronous motor(DRPMSM) was introduced. Stator winding copper loss, stator iron core losses in yoke, big teeth and small teeth, and eddy current losses in permanent magnet and rotor sheath were obtained with finite element analysis, and heat generation rates were calculated. On the basis of heat transfer theory, thermal conductivities and surface heat transfer coefficients of each part of motor were determined, stator winding was fine modeled with refinement, 3D steady-state temperature field model of PMSM was established, and 3D steady-state temperature distribution at rated condition was obtained with finite element analysis. Under the mode of fault state mono-redundancy, the biggest temperature difference between fault phase winding and working winding is 7.1℃, which shows that interphase thermal coupling is low. Under the mode of dual-redundancy, the error between analysis results and experimental results of the highest temperature on the casing surface is 4.5%, which verifies the efficiency of analysis method.
48 6
2015 6
天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版)
Journal of Tianjin University(Science and Technology)
Vol.48 No.6
Jun. 2015
收稿日期:2014-09-29修回日期2014-11-07.
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377114).
作者简介:陈益广(1963— ,男,博士,教授.
通讯作者:陈益广,chenyiguang@tju.edu.cn.
网络出版时间2015-02-02. 网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1127.N.20150202.1101.004.html.
DOI:10.11784/tdxbz201409081
双余度永磁同步电机温度场分析
陈益广,翟文聪,沈勇环
(天津大学智能电网教育部重点实验室,天津 300072)
介绍了一种各相绕组间低热耦合无电磁耦合双余度永磁同步电机. 通过二维电磁场有限元分析,得到了电
机定子绕组铜耗,定子铁心大齿、小齿和轭部铁耗,以及永磁体和护套的涡流损耗,计算出它们的生热率.根据传热
学理论,确定了电机各部件的导热系数和表面传热系数,并对定子绕组线圈进行了精细化建模,建立了电机三维温
度场模型,通过有限元分析得到了额定工况下电机的三维全域稳态温度分布结果.当一套绕组发生单相短路故障另一
套绕组单独工作时,故障相绕组和工作绕组最高温度相差 7.1,,说明相绕组间热耦合较低;当两套绕组同时工作
时,机壳表面最高温度的分析结果和实验结果误差为 4.5%,,验证了分析方法的有效性.
关键词:双余度;永磁同步电机;三维温度场;损耗
中图分类号TM351 文献标志码A 文章编号0493-2137(2015)06-0488-06
Analysis on Temperature Field Distribution of Dual-Redundancy PMSM
Chen YiguangZhai WencongShen Yonghuan
(Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of EducationTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China)
AbstractA weak thermal coupling and no electromagnetic coupling dual-redundancy permanent magnet synchro-
nous motor(DRPMSM)was introduced. Stator winding copper lossstator iron core losses in yoke
b
ig teeth an
d
small teethand eddy current losses in permanent magnet and rotor sheath were obtained with finite element
analysisand heat generation rates were calculated. On the basis of heat transfer theorythermal conductivities and
surface heat transfer coefficients of each part of motor were determinedstator winding was fine modeled with re-
finement3D steady-state temperature field model of PMSM was establishedand 3D steady-state temperature dis-
tribution at rated condition was obtained with finite element analysis. Under the mode of fault state mono-
redundancythe biggest temperature difference between fault phase winding and working winding is 7.1,which
shows that interphase thermal coupling is low. Under the mode of dual-redundancythe error between analysis results
and experimental results of the highest temperature on the casing surface is 4.5%which verifies the efficiency o
f
analysis method.
Keywordsdual-redundancypermanent magnet synchronous motor3D temperature fieldloss
双余度永磁同步电机(dual-redundancy permanent
magnet synchronous motorDRPMSM)不仅功率密度高,
而且其可靠性和安全性得到进一步提高,在航空航天
事业等领域必将得到广泛应用[1-4]在航空航天领域,
不仅注重余度电机的整体运行性能,还更加关注其运
行中的温升对系统的安全性影响.近年来,国内外对电
机内温度场方面的研究颇为迅速.文献[5-8]研究了温
度场的建模方法,对永磁同步电机进行温度场分析主
要是考虑到永磁材料在高温下可能会产生退磁现象.
目前,电机的温度场分析多针对大型或专用电机的模
[9-10]文献[11-13]研究了电机某个元件的温度场分布.
而对于双余度永磁同步电机的全域温度场研究非常少.
本文对笔者提出的一种各相绕组间无电磁耦合
低热耦合双余度永磁同步电动机,运用有限元分析软
件建立该电机的稳态全域温度场模型,并进行了分析
计算,得到了正常情况下电机两套绕组共同工作——
2015 6 陈益广等:双余度永磁同步电机温度场分析 ·489·
双余度工作模式下和一套绕组发生相间短路故障另
一套绕组工作——单余度工作模式下的三维温度场
分布.分析和实验结果表明,新型双余度永磁同步电
机相间热耦合低.
1 新型双余度永磁同步电机
本文所提出的新型双余度永磁同步电机结构如
1所示.它从各相绕组之间电枢反应磁场所对应的
互感为 010 12 槽双层分数槽集中绕组三相永
磁同步电动机定子演变而来[14]其特殊之处是在定
子相邻两相绕组线圈边共槽的 6个槽的槽中心处都
增设了一个小齿,并在小齿两侧放置隔热板.这样使
得各相绕组在物理上和电气上隔离开,相绕组间槽漏
互感也为 0相绕组端部不重叠,端部漏磁场对应的
漏互感也极小;以认为各相绕组间互感为 0无电
磁耦合.小齿两侧放置绝热材料后,降低了各相绕组
间的热耦合.1中的 A1B1 C1 三相绕组 Y接,
A2B2 C2 三相绕组 Y接,构成两套独立的三相
绕组,每套绕组由一台控制器单独供电.正常两套绕
组同时工作时双余度工作;当其中一套系统的控制器
或绕组出现故障时,另一套系统还能单独工作,电机
继续运行.即使一套绕组发生了短路故障,在新结构
电机中,故障电流产生的磁场对正常工作绕组无电磁
影响,发热影响也较小.该电机是一种各相绕组间低
热耦合无电磁耦合的双余度永磁同步电机.
1 双余度永磁同步电机剖面图
Fig.1 Cross-sectional diagram of the DRPMSM
2 电机的损耗计算
准确计算电机内各部分的损耗是进行温度场分
析的前提,电机损耗绝大部分会转化为热量.电机的
各个部件又与外界环境进行着热交换,最终整个电机
系统达到稳定的热平衡状态.
电机损耗包括铜耗、铁耗、机械损耗、转子上永
磁体内和护套内的涡流损耗以及电机附加损耗.
本文以一台 10 12 槽各相绕组间无电磁耦合
低热耦合双余度永磁同步电机为例进行温度场有限
元分析.电机主要参数如表 1所示,物理模型如图 2
所示.其中永磁体平行充磁.
1 双余度永磁同步电机主要参数
Tab.1 Main parameters of the DRPMSM
额定功率/
kW
额定电压/
V
额定电流/
A
额定转速/
(r·min-1)
极数/
槽数
铁心长度/
mm
定子外径/
mm
定子内径/
mm
转子外径/
mm
永磁体厚度/
mm
10 280 17.9 3,600 10/12 150 120 61 58 4.46/5.50
ab)转子
2 双余度永磁同步电机物理模型
Fig.2 Physical model of the DRPMSM
2.1 定子绕组铜耗
根据焦耳-楞次定律,多相绕组电机基本铜耗为
2
Cu x
PIR (1)
式中:Ix为绕组 x中的电流有效值,AR为工作温度
下绕组的电阻值,.
从电机总体铜耗不变出发,一套绕组单独工作时
的相绕组额定电流是两套绕组同时工作时相绕组额
定电流的 2倍;两套绕组同时工作时的额定功率是
一套绕组单独工作时额定功率的 2.
当电机某相出现短路故障时,该相所属的那套 Y
接绕组停止工作,正常的那套绕组依然工作.出现故
障那套绕组的非故障相绕组开路,出现短路故障的相
绕组故障短路电流
ff f
=
I
EL
(2)
式中:Ef为出现故障的这部分绕组内部的永磁感应电
动势,Vω为电角频率,rad/sLf为出现故障的这部
分绕组对应的电感,H.
2.2 铁耗和涡流损耗
本文以二维电磁场仿真得到各种损耗作为温度
·490· 天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版) 48 6
场的热源.定子铁心的大齿、小齿以及轭部磁密相差
较大,为了精确计算定子铁心损耗,将它们分开考
虑.电机在额定转速下两套绕组同时工作及仅一套绕
组单独工作时定子铁心轭部损耗 Pe大齿损耗 Pbt
小齿损耗 Pst永磁体涡流损耗 Pm护套涡流损耗 Ph
随时间变化的曲线分别如图 3和图 4所示.
a)定子铁耗
b)永磁体和护套上的涡流损耗
3 电机带额定负载双余度工作时损耗
Fig.3 Losses at rated load under dual-redundancy
a)定子铁耗
b)永磁体和护套上的涡流损耗
4 电机带 0.7 倍额定负载单余度工作时损耗
Fig.4 Losses at 0.7 times of rated load under mono-
redundancy
由上述分析得到的各部件损耗,依据各部件体
积,得到各部件在稳态时的生热率(热力学中称之为
热源密度)如表 2所示.
2额定工况下电机各部分的平均损耗及生热率
Tab.2 Average losses and heat generation rate at steady-
state in each part of the motor
双余度工作模式 单余度工作模式
电机部件 损耗/
W
生热率/
(W
·
m
-
3)
损耗/
W
生热率/
(W·m
-
3)
定子轭部 086.67 2.689×105 076.47 2.373×105
定子大齿 218.51 6.906×105 187.19 5.916×105
定子小齿 022.29 7.148×105 028.87 9.256×105
永磁体 029.81 2.492×105 043.61 3.646×105
护套 051.62 6.197×106 072.02 8.645×106
转子铁心 000.53 4.752×103 000.92 8.272×103
3 温度场计算基础
在进行三维温度场求解中,为了简化分析,做出
如下假设:①浸漆后,隔热材料表面平整;②部件加
工良好,护套、磁钢、转子与轴之间,以及机壳与定子
铁心之间的接触热阻为零;③各部件与空气接触面的
散热系数取平均值.
3.1 求解方程及边界条件
根据传热学理论,对于各向异性的介质,电机内
的稳态三维温度场的求解区域的直角坐标系边界条
件为
m
()()()(,,)0
()
xyz
x
TTT
qxyz
xxyyzz
T
STT
n


  



:
(3)
式中:T为物体的温度,K
x
y
z
分别为 xyz
方向上的导热系数,W/(m
·
K)q为热源密度,
W/m3S为电机的外表面与端部表面;
为散热系
数,W/(m
·
K)Tm为环境温度,K.
3.2 等效热模型的建立
为了比较精确地分析电机槽内温度分布情况,
做出如下假设:①槽内的导线排列均匀,生热均匀;
②电机端部导线均匀排列;③槽内浸漆充分并且分布
均匀;④电机运行时产生的涡流损耗均匀地分布于护
套和永磁体中.子绕组线圈槽部精细化等效热模型
如图 5所示.
电机内的传热过程包括传导、对流和辐射 3种方
式.其中辐射散热所占比例较小,可以忽略不计.
于电机内的传热过程与介质的导热系数和表面散热
2015 6 陈益广等:双余度永磁同步电机温度场分析 ·491·
系数直接相关,温度场分析之前,首先要确定电机各
部件的等效导热系数和表面散热系数.
5 精细化的定子绕组线圈模型
Fig.5 Refined model of stator winding coil
电机转子旋转将导致气隙中空气流动,空气是流
动流体,致使温度场与流体场耦合.在此引进等效导
热系数 eff
[14]将其热交换等效为静止流体的传热,
即单位时间内气隙内流动空气所传递的热量与等效
后静止流体所传递的热量相等.
气隙处的等效导热系数要依据其雷诺数确定
r1
=Re v
(4)
式中:vr1 为转子表面线速度,m/s
为空气运动黏
度,m2/s
为气隙长度,m

i1 2
=2DD
(5)
式中: i1
D为定子内径,m2
D为转子外径,m.
i1
41.2Re D
时,气隙中空气流动形态为层
流,气隙的等效导热系数为空气的导热系数.
i1
41.2Re D
时,气隙中空气流动形态为
紊流,其导热系数可表示为

0.461 4ln 3.33361
0.908 4
eff
2i1
0.0019 Re
DD

(6)
另外,小齿两侧的隔热板选用厚度为 1,mm 的石
棉板,其导热系数为 0.2,W/(m
·
K)
3.3 机身表面与端部散热系数的确定
由于电机端部没有装配风扇,因此从机壳表面散
热的方式是自然风冷. 其表面散热系数[15]
0.62
19.73 14u
 (7)
式中 u为机壳表面风速,m/s.
定子铁心端部散热系数为
0.62
2r1
15 6.5v
 (8)
转子铁心端面的散热系数计算式分别为

2ra2
=/2Nu D

(9)
0.385
rr
1.67Nu Re (10)

2
r2
π120Re D n
(11)
式中: 2
为铁心端面散热系数,W/(m2
·
K)r
Nu
铁心端面努塞尔常数; r
Re 为铁心端面雷诺数; a
空气导热系数,W/(m
·
K)
为空气的动力黏度,
Pa
·
s.
4 温度场仿真结果分析
4.1 额定负载下两套绕组同时工作时的温度场
假设环境温度为 40,将额定负载下电机两套
绕组同时工作时磁场分析得到的损耗结果代入三维
温度场求解模型,得到如图 6所示的电机稳态运行时
的三维温度场分布.绕组端部中心处温度最高达
121.27,定子铁心和机壳的最高温度分别为
119.14,106.85,定子绕组温度高于定子铁心
温度.定子小齿两侧放置隔热板后,经小齿传热能力
减弱,热量主要通过大齿向轭部、机壳传至周围环
境.因为转子表面有护套,齿谐波和电枢反应谐波磁
场在其内部引起的涡流损耗,永磁体内部也会产生一
些涡流损耗,之趋肤效应的影响,导致永磁体表面
温度比较高,永磁体和转子铁心最高温度分别为
119.41,118.55,由于电机轴向长度比较长,
转子温度在轴向上存在一定的温度差.
a)全域 b)定子铁心
c)定子绕组 d)中间截面图
6 额定负载下两套绕组同时工作时的温度分布
Fig.6 Temperature distribution under dual-redundancy
at rated load
4.2 一相绕组短路故障另一套绕组工作时的温度场
当图 7A1 相绕组发生短路故障时,控制器切
A1 相绕组所在的 A1B1 C1 整套绕组,另一套
绕组 A2B2 C2 单独工作.A1 相短路电流为
27,A正常绕组电流为 2IN25,A电机输出 0.7
额定负载时温度场分布云图如图 7所示.
7可知,由于对绕组进行了精细化建模,
比于传统的将绕组等效为一根铜棒,可以看到槽中心
处线圈导体的温度值.A1 相发生单相短路故障
·492· 天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版) 48 6
a)全域 b)定子铁心
c)定子绕组 d)中间截面图
7 电机 0.7 倍额定负载下一相绕组短路故障另一套绕
组单独工作时的温度场
Fig.7 Temperature distribution of single-phase short-
circuit failure at 0.7 times of rated load
时,A1 相绕组端部中心处温度最高,最高温度为
151.41,由于齿部磁密较高,铁心损耗也比较大,
因此定子铁心处小齿的齿尖和大齿的极靴处温度比
较高,定子铁心最高温度为 135.82,电机中心截面
处邻近故障相 A1 的正常绕组 B2C2 两相大齿上的
线圈以及远离故障相正常绕组 A2 相大齿上的线圈
导体温度对比如图 8所示,槽内导体的温度沿半径方
向呈先升后降趋势.这是由于热量容易经大齿和轭部
传向机壳,而槽中心处散热最差.B2 C2 相与 A2
相两个线圈边的温升差不是很明显,B2 C2
个别导体因靠近机壳散热条件稍好的位置,导致 B2
C2 相导体温度低于 A2 相外,其余 B2 C2 相导
体温度均高于 A2 相,两者温差最大为 3.64,并且
随着线圈编号的增大呈逐渐减小趋势.A1 相最高温
度与 B2 C2 两相的最高温度相差 7.10,由此可
见,小齿以及小齿两侧隔热板的存在,隔热作用明
显,使得相邻两相绕组之间的热耦合很小.
8 单相短路故障时 A2 B2 相工作绕组的温度对比
Fig.8 Temperature comparison between A2 and B2 at
single-phase short-circuit failure
5 实验结果
1台原动机拖动新型双余度电机作发电机运
行为 2组三相电阻箱供电,各相输出电流为额定电
流,用以模拟电机额定工况.运行 2,h后机壳表面
温度趋于稳定,ThermaCAM E30 红外热像仪拍
摄机壳表面温度图像如图 9所示,实验时环境温
23,.
由图 9可见,机壳表面最高温度 102,发生在图
中“十”字中心处,与仿真所得的 106.85,相差
4.85,误差为 4.5%,表明分析方法有效.
9 实测电机表面温度分布
Fig.9 Measured temperature distribution of motor sur-
face
6
(1)电机温度达到稳态时,定子绕组端部温度最
高,其次是定子槽中的绕组中心部,定子绕组的温度
明显高于定子铁心的温度.
(2)隔热板的绝热作用明显,可以改变热流方
向,使绕组热量沿大齿经定子铁心轭部、机壳传至外
部环境,防止发生短路故障时故障相绕组产生的热量
影响到正常工作相绕组.
(3)转子护套内的涡流损耗是转子上的主要损
耗,护套轴向分段可以降低该损耗.
(4)定子绕组线圈精细化建模相较于传统建模方
法的优势在于可以更清楚地了解绕组最高温度.
(5)仿真计算和实验结果表明,两套绕组同时工
作拖动额定负载时及一套绕组发生单相短路故障另
一套绕组单独工作拖动 0.7 倍额定负载时,绕组及永
磁体均未超出允许的最高温度,电机都能可靠运行.
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