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Risk and risk factors of suicide attempt after first onset of suicide ideation: Findings from medical students in grades 1 and 2

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To examine transition probabilities from first onset of suicide ideation to attempt over time among medical students in grades 1 and 2 and risk factors in the transition. A total of 10 297 college students in grades 1 and 2 from three medical schools in Anhui province were invited to complete the questionnaires, which included history of suicidal behaviors, adverse childhood experiences, family history of suicide, sociodemographic characteristics, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Aggressiveness Questionnaire, and the Social Support Rating Scale. Transitions were estimated using life-table analysis. Risk factors were examined using Cox regression models. Of the 10,297 participants, 16.52% (n = 1701) reported lifetime ideation and 1.47% (n = 151) attempt. Cumulative probabilities was 8.88% for the transition from first onset of suicide ideation to attempt. The riskest probabilites of transition occurred within 1 year after onset of ideation (7.02%). 76.16% (n = 115) first attempts occurred within 1 year after onset of ideation. Cox regression models analysis found that parents' divorce ( OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.28-4.21), physical abuse (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.20-2.37) , suicidal behavior history of first-degree relatives (OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.25-3.25), impulsity (middle /lowest tertile: OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.15-3.06, highest/lowest tertile: OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.30 -3.36), and highest anxiety scores (highest/lowest tertile: OR = 1. 60, 95% CI 1.10-2.33)were significantly related to the transition from first onset of ideation to attempt. Adolescent suicidal ideation signals the recent rsik for suicide attempts. Parents' divorce, physical abuse, the suicidal behavior history of first-degree relatives, impulsity, and severe anxiety score are risk factors for the transition from first onset of suicide ideation to attempt.
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43 1
2014 1卫生研究
JOURNAL OF HYGIENE RESEARCH
Vol. 43 No. 1
Jan. 2014 47
文章编号1000-8020201401-0047-07
·
论著
·
基金项目美国纽约中华医学基金会资助No. 05-813
作者简介杨林胜
博士研究生
副教授
研究方向行为流行病学E-mailyangls168@ sina. com
1通信作者孙业桓
博士
教授
研究方向行为流行病学E-mailsun611007@ 163. com
1 ~ 2 年级医学生既往首发自杀意念后
自杀未遂风险及危险因素分析
杨林胜 张志华 孙良 吴红燕 孙业桓1
安徽医科大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系
合肥 230032
摘要了解大一
大二医学生既往首发自杀意念后不同时间向自杀
未遂发
探索促使这一发展过程的危险因素方法 安徽省 3所医学院校
安徽医科大学
皖南医学院和蚌埠医学院1 ~ 2 年级共10 297 名学生接受自填式
问卷调查其中自制问卷包括既往自杀行为史
儿童期不良经历史
家庭自杀史以及
一般人口学资料专用量表包括抑郁
贝克焦虑Barratt 冲动
攻击以及社会支持量
有自杀意念向自杀未遂发展速度和风险采用寿命表法进行描述
促使这一发展
过程的危险因素则采用 Cox 回归模型分析结果 10 297 名大学生中16. 52 % 学生
称有过自杀意念1. 47% 有自杀未遂自杀意念向自杀未遂发展的累积发生率为
8. 88 % 自杀意念后的第一年自杀未遂的条件风险最高7. 02 % 76. 16% n=
115的自杀未遂者发生在有自杀意念后的第一年Cox 回归模型的多因素分析结果
示父母离婚OR = 2. 3295% CI 1. 28 ~ 4. 21
躯体虐待OR = 1. 6995% CI 1. 20
~ 2. 37和一级亲属自杀行为OR = 2. 0295% CI 1. 25 ~ 3. 25等家庭不良事件
少年行为冲动性/OR = 1. 8895% CI 1. 15 ~ 3. 06/OR = 2. 0995% CI
1. 30 ~ 3. 36以及较高的焦虑评分/OR = 1. 6095% CI 1. 10 ~ 2. 33是自杀意
念向自杀未遂进一步发展的危险因素结论 青少年有自杀意念是近期自杀未遂的
高危信号家庭不良事件
青少年行为冲动性以及严重焦虑状态是有自杀意念者自
杀未遂主要危险因素
关键词首发自杀意念 自杀未遂 条件风险 青少年 大学生
中图分类号R179 文献标志码A
Risk and risk factors of suicide attempt after first onset of suicide
ideationfindings from medical students in grades 1 and 2
YANG LinshengZHANG ZhihuaSUN LiangWU HongyanSUN Yehuan
Department of Epidemiology and StatisticsSchool of Public HealthAnhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032China
AbstractObjective To examine transition probabilities from first onset of suicide
ideation to attempt over time among medical students in grades 1 and 2 and risk factors in
the transition. Methods A total of 10 297 college students in grades 1 and 2 from three
medical schools in Anhui province were invited to complete the questionnaireswhich
included history of suicidal behaviorsadverse childhood experiencesfamily history of
suicidesociodemographic characteristicsthe Beck Depression Inventorythe Beck
48 卫生研究 第43
Anxiety Inventorythe Barratt Impulsiveness Scalethe Aggressiveness Questionnaire
and the Social Support Rating Scale. Transitions were estimated using life-table analysis.
Risk factors were examined using Cox regression models. Results Of the 10 297
participants16. 52% n= 1701 reported lifetime ideation and 1. 47% n= 151
attempt. Cumulative probabilities was 8. 88% for the transition from first onset of suicide
ideation to attempt. The riskest probabilites of transition occurred within 1 year after onset
of ideation 7. 02% 76. 16% n= 115first attempts occurred within 1 year after
onset of ideation Cox regression models analysis found that parents' divorce OR = 2. 32
95% CI 1. 28 - 4. 21physical abuse OR = 1. 6995% CI 1. 20 2. 37) ,suicidal
behavior history of first-degree relatives OR = 2. 0295% CI 1. 25 - 3. 25) ,impulsity
middle /lowest tertileOR = 1. 8895% CI 1. 15 - 3. 06highest / lowest tertileOR =
2. 0995% CI 1. 30 - 3. 36) ,and highest anxiety scoreshighest / lowest tertileOR =
1. 6095% CI 1. 10 - 2. 33were significantly related to the transition from first onset of
ideation to attempt. Conclusion Adolescent suicidal ideation signals the recent rsik for
suicide attempts. Parents' divorcephysical abusethe suicidal behavior history of first-
degree relativesimpulsityand severe anxiety score are risk factors for the transition from
first onset of suicide ideation to attempt.
Key wordsfirst onset of suicide ideationsuicidal attemptconditional risk
adolescentscollege students
WHO 17 个国家所做精神卫生调查显示
29%有自杀意念者会出现自杀未遂
超过 60%
自杀遂发生在首发自杀意念后的一年内1-2
这表明阻止自杀意念进一步向自杀未遂发展可能
种理想的自杀干预措施迄今为止
更多的
研究以无自杀意念和无自杀未遂的一般人群作为
对照
结果显示自杀意念和自杀未遂具有相似的
危险因素3一些干预研究发现自杀未遂率
干预后出现下降
但自杀意念则没有下降4-5
该结果提示上述干预措施可能降低了自杀意念向
未遂发展的风
而没有同时减少自杀意念
的发生风险然而
是哪些因素促使或加速了自
杀意念向自杀未遂发展仍然是未知的为此
研究利用一个大学生样本的调查结果
探讨有自
杀意念者自杀未遂的相关影响因素
1调查对象与方法
1. 1 调查对象
研究数据出自随访研究的基线调查考虑到
三年级及以上的学生在随后的一年里不能被有效
随访为此
本研究以安徽省3所医学院一
二年
级共 11 506 名本科学生作为研究对象经大学
各班级辅导10 343 89. 6 % 名学生到达
调查现场3名同学未签署知情同意书因而退出
调查
在收到10 340 份问卷中
剔除现场调查
员判为
填写不可靠
43 份问卷
最终本研究
确定的研象为 10 297 89. 2% 名学生
男 生 4775 46. 4% 女 生 5522
53. 6 % ) ; 一年级学生 5584 54. 2% ) ,
二年
学生471345. 8% 平均年龄为19. 6 !
1. 3
1. 2 调查方法
项目经安徽医科大学伦理学委员会审查并授
2006 10 月开展了预调查
2007
12 月实施了线由流行病与卫生统计学
系研究生组成调查
调查前根据调查手册对其
进行培调查现场以班为单位安排学
并在学生签署知情同意书后正式开始问卷调
调查员当场核查并确认问卷无空
缺及逻辑
错误如有空
缺或逻辑错误
学生须及时补充信
调查所需时间为 25 ~ 60 min
中位数为
39 min
1. 3 调查工具
1. 3. 1 人口学变量 采用自制一般情况问卷
容包括性别
年龄
生源地
家庭经济状况以及父
母受教育的年限
1. 3. 2 自杀行为6自杀意念条目为
过去任
何时候您是否想自杀
不论当时你是否真的去
自杀未遂条目为
过去任何时候您是否有
喝药
割腕等自杀行为
若回答
则分别回答首次发生的年月日
1. 3. 3 早期不良经历ACEs根据文献7
采用自编条目询问调查对象16 岁之前的 4
1期 杨林胜
. 1 ~ 2 年级医学生既往首发自杀意念后自杀未遂风险及危险因素分析 49
: ( 1是否目睹父母间暴力打斗行为 2
被父母或其他监护人殴打过 3是否经历感官
或躯体的性侵犯 4是否经历父母离婚
1. 3. 4 自杀为史 采自编
查对象的级亲父母和同和其他血亲在
过去任何时候是否有自杀死亡
自杀未遂及自杀
意念的存在
1. 3. 5 抑郁
8分别采用贝克忧郁
问卷Beck Depression InventoryBDI和贝克焦虑
问卷Beck Anxiety InventoryBAI定调对象
一周的抑郁和焦虑水平两量表均包含
21 个条目
每个条目分 4个等级0 ~ 3
0 ~ 63
得分越高
焦虑程度越严重
两个问卷的中文版本已在中国成人人群中进行了
大规模测试
信效度优良本次预调查也
显示了令人满意的内部信Cronbach αBDI
0. 86BAI 0. 89 和外部一致性两周重测信
BDI 0. 73BAI 0. 63
1. 3. 6 冲动攻击 别采Barratt 冲动量表
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11BIS-119
性问卷Aggressiveness QuestionnaireAQ10
两个量表均30 个条目且每个条目分
5个等
0100
得分越高
攻击性特越突预调查表明两量表具有
良好的内部信度和两周重测一致性BIS-11
表和 3个分量表的 Cronbach α分别为 0. 90
0. 830. 80 0. 84
重测组内相关系数ICC
别为 0. 840. 830. 74 0. 77AQ总量表和5
分量Cronbach α分别为 0. 900. 740. 82
0. 770. 70 0. 69
重测组内相关系数ICC
别为 0. 770. 740. 780. 760. 66 0. 70
1. 3. 7 社会支持 采用肖水源8编制的社
持评定量表Social Support Rating ScaleSSRS
量表包含10 个条目并分成 3个维度客观社
会支持
主观社会支持以及社会支持利用度
量表在国内广泛使
具有较好的信效度
次预调查也显示了令人满意的内
外部信度
1. 4 统计分析
以首次自杀意念发生的时间作为起点
首次
自杀未遂发生的时间作为终点
计算以年为单位
的生存时间应用寿命表法分别描述首次出现自
杀意念
自杀未遂的年龄分布以及自杀意念向自
杀未遂发展的条件风险利用 Cox 回归模型筛选
影响自杀意念向自杀未遂发展的危险因素先进
行单因素分析
有统计学意义的变量将被纳入多
因素分析模型采用逐步向前
向后方法筛选变
最终选择一个稳定的 Cox 回归模型
为了便于对 OR 值进行解释以及避免极端值
的影响
将连续变量三等份
单因素分析时视之为
哑变量在多因素分析时
采用正交多项式的方法
评估其原始连续变量的线性或非线性趋势
尝试
以该变量的不同尺度进入方程
Cox 回归方程
的对数似然函数值绝对值最小时
这一尺度将作
为该变量的最佳尺度进入模型以上分析过程均
SPSS 15. 0 软件上实现
所有检验的检验水准
为双侧0. 05
2结果
2. 1 首次自杀意念和自杀未遂的年龄
性别分布
10 297 名学生中
既往自杀意念和自杀未遂
行为率分别为 16. 52% n= 17011. 47% n=
151首次自杀意念最早发生在6
之后自杀意
念人数
10 岁开始快速上升
17 岁达到高峰男女间 10 岁之前自杀意念人数
差别不
10 岁开始
女生自杀意念人数明显
高于男生1自杀未遂从 8岁开始出现
数缓慢增加12
13 岁开始自遂人
出现明显增加
尤其是女生增加了117
到高峰13 ~ 18 岁自杀未遂人数女生于男生的
比例在1. 8 ~ 4. 0 之间2
1大学生既往首发自杀意念的年龄分布
Figure 1 Age distrubition of first onset of suicide
ideation among college students
2. 2 自杀意念后不同年份自杀未遂的条件风险
自杀念发生后自杀未遂的条件发生率为
8. 88 % 其中
首发自杀意念后的第一年自杀未
遂的条件风险最高7. 02 %
第二年自遂的
50 卫生研究 第43
2大学生既往首次自杀未遂的年龄分布
Figure 2 Age distrubition of first onset of suicidal
attempt among college students
条件风险迅速下降到 1%
之后维持在一个较低
的水平76. 16% n= 115的自杀未遂发生在自
杀意念有自杀意念后每个时间段
女生自杀未遂风险均高于男生
首次自杀
意念 7年后
男生不再有自杀未遂出现
而女生
继续有自杀未遂发生男女生两条生存曲线差异
有统计学意义#
2= 14. 30P< 0. 001) ( 3
3大学生既往首发自杀意念后不同时间
自杀未遂生存率
Figure 3 Transition probabilities over time from
first onset of suicide ideation to attempt among
college students
2. 3 自杀未遂相关因素 Cox 回归模型分析
单因素分析结果显示
性别
首发自杀意念的
年龄16 岁之前父母离婚
躯体虐待/
虐待/
一级亲属自杀行为史包括自杀意
自杀未遂和自杀死
行为冲动
自我攻击
语言攻击
抑郁以及焦虑与自杀未遂之间的关联
有统计学意义1
由表 2可见
多因素模型中有统计学意义的
变量分别为父母离婚
行为冲动性
一级亲属自杀
未遂史
躯体虐待和焦虑评分
3讨论
3. 1 自杀意念
未遂的分布
本调查基于大学生人群一个较大样本
因此
有望获得该人群自杀意念和自杀未遂率的稳定估
也便于探讨有自杀意念者自杀未遂的条件风
险及其危险因16. 52% 的自杀意念率略高于
杨艳杰119. 1 % 和陈1213. 0%
1. 47% 的自杀未遂率则介于 1. 0%11
1. 7%12之间意念和自杀未遂首发年
始于童年期
人数快速增多在青春发育期
如女生
10 岁出现自杀意念和自杀未遂的人数较以前明
显增多
男生 12 岁自杀意念和自杀未遂开始明显
增多高峰期则发生在 17 岁左右尽管该结果并
非来自一般青少样本
但其所显示的分布特征
与采用一般青少年样本的其他研究313-15所获
结果一致
3. 2 有自杀意念者自杀未遂的条件风险
与先前研究结果相似1-2
有自杀意念者较
一般人群具有更高的自杀未遂风险究中有
自杀意念者自杀未遂的条件风险是一般大学生人
群发生自杀未遂风险的6不过
相比既往研
1 -2报告称近 1 /3 有自杀意念者会自杀未遂
研究中有自杀意念者自杀未遂条件风险只有
8. 88 % 尽管目前未见有文献报道中国人群有自
杀意者的自杀未遂条件风险
但先前 WHO
社区为基础的流行病学调查结果显示中国人群中
自杀未遂与自杀意念之比处于较低的水平
不到
世界其他国家平均比值的一半16我国大学生
自杀未遂与自杀念之1∶ 10 11-12
8. 88% 是我国大学生有自杀意念者自杀
未遂条件风险的真实反映较小的自杀未遂与自
杀意念比值与我国人群酒精依赖及药物滥用率低
有关17研究表明
酒精依赖和药物滥用是有自
杀意念者冲动性自杀的主要促成因素18-19
本研究进一步显示首发自杀意念后第一年是
自杀未遂的高危险期
超过 76% 的自杀未遂发生
有自杀意念一年上述结果表明
自杀意念
能否及时有效识别以及识别后能否预防或阻止近
1期 杨林胜
. 1 ~ 2 年级医学生既往首发自杀意念后自杀未遂风险及危险因素分析 51
1大学生自杀未遂相关因素 Cox 回归模型的单因素分析结果
Table 1 The single Cox regression results of related factors of suicidal attempt among college students
变量 变量赋值 OR 95% CI P
性别 女/1. 42 1. 00 ~ 2. 01 0. 047
自杀意念首发年龄 < 10 1. 00
11 ~ 14 1. 66 0. 80 ~ 3. 48 0. 18
15 ~ 16 3. 43 1. 65 ~ 7. 13 < 0. 001
> 17 1. 34 0. 63 ~ 2. 84 0. 44
经济状况 好 1. 00
0. 74 0. 24 ~ 2. 40 0. 61
0. 70 0. 22 ~ 2. 24 0. 55
生源地 城市/农村 0. 92 0. 66 ~ 1. 28 0. 63
16 岁之前不良经历 父母间暴力/1. 11 0. 80 ~ 1. 53 0. 52
父母离婚/2. 55 1. 41 ~ 4. 59 0. 002
躯体虐待/1. 72 1. 24 ~ 2. 37 0. 001
性虐待/2. 15 1. 36 ~ 3. 41 0. 001
一级亲属自杀史 自杀意念/1. 52 1. 08 ~ 2. 12 0. 015
自杀未遂/2. 30 1. 43 ~ 3. 68 0. 001
自杀死亡/2. 67 1. 31 ~ 5. 44 0. 007
血缘亲属自杀史 自杀意念/0. 98 0. 66 ~ 1. 47 0. 94
自杀未遂/1. 29 0. 84 ~ 1. 98 0. 24
自杀死亡/0. 91 0. 58 ~ 1. 43 0. 69
行为冲动维度 低0 ~ 321. 00
33 ~ 452. 08 1. 28 ~ 3. 38 0. 001
46 ~ 1002. 55 1. 60 ~ 4. 07 < 0. 001
计划冲动维度 低0 ~ 321. 00
33 ~ 451. 31 0. 89 ~ 1. 95 0. 18
46 ~ 1001. 30 0. 87 ~ 1. 96 0. 21
认知冲动维度 低0 ~ 321. 00
33 ~ 450. 96 0. 65 ~ 1. 41 0. 84
46 ~ 1001. 03 0. 70 ~ 1. 51 0. 89
自我攻击维度 低0 ~ 251. 00
26 ~ 401. 12 0. 72 ~ 1. 73 0. 62
41 ~ 1002. 08 1. 42 ~ 1. 31 < 0. 001
敌意攻击 低0 ~ 281. 00
29 ~ 420. 97 0. 62 ~ 1. 50 0. 89
43 ~ 1001. 16 0. 78 ~ 1. 72 0. 47
生气攻击 低0 ~ 291. 00
30 ~ 490. 94 0. 61 ~ 1. 44 0. 76
50 ~ 1001. 37 0. 92 ~ 2. 04 0. 12
语言攻击 低0 ~ 251. 00
26 ~ 400. 64 0. 43 ~ 0. 97 0. 04
41 ~ 1001. 06 0. 73 ~ 1. 53 0. 76
躯体攻击 低0 ~ 221. 00
23 ~ 361. 08 0. 72 ~ 1. 61 0. 73
37 ~ 1001. 37 0. 94 ~ 1. 99 0. 10
焦虑评分 低41 ~ 481. 00
49 ~ 520. 76 0. 48 ~ 1. 20 0. 24
53 ~ 831. 86 1. 31 ~ 2. 66 0. 001
抑郁评分 低0 ~ 41. 00
5 ~ 101. 07 0. 69 ~ 1. 64 0. 77
11 ~ 431. 84 1. 25 ~ 2. 73 0. 002
社会支持 低17 ~ 361. 00
37 ~ 410. 83 0. 57 ~ 1. 22 0. 35
42 ~ 610. 79 0. 53 ~ 1. 16 0. 23
52 卫生研究 第43
2大学生自杀未遂相关因素 Cox 模型的
多因素分析结果
Table 2 Multi-Cox regression results of related
factors of suicidal attempt among college students
变量 变量赋值 OR 95% CI P
父母离婚 是/2. 32 1. 28 ~ 4. 21 0. 005
冲动性 低 1. 00
1. 88 1. 15 ~ 3. 06 0. 011
2. 09 1. 30 ~ 3. 36 0. 002
一级亲属自杀未遂 是/2. 02 1. 25 ~ 3. 25 0. 004
躯体虐待 是/1. 69 1. 20 ~ 2. 37 0. 003
焦虑评分 1. 00
0. 71 0. 44 ~ 1. 14 0. 155
1. 60 1. 10 ~ 2. 33 0. 013
期自杀行为的发生对降低自杀未遂率有着重要的
意义
有必要了解是哪些因素促成了自杀
意念向自杀未遂发展
本研究创新之处是采用生存分析方法探索自
杀意念向自杀未遂发展的危险因素与以往的研
究相1-218 -19
一致的结果是女性
自杀
发年龄和一级亲属自杀行为是自杀意念向自杀未
遂发展的危险因素不一致的方面是本次研究中
较高的抑郁
焦虑评分是有自杀意念者自杀未遂
的两个危险因素
之前的研究则显示有
无自杀未
遂的自杀意念者抑郁
焦虑评分差异没有统计
学意义本研究首次发现16 岁之前父母离婚
体虐待
性虐待以及冲动
攻击性是有自杀意念者
自杀未遂的主要危险因素在短期内
父母离婚
躯体虐待
性虐待以及一级亲属自杀行为对儿童
青少年来说均是严重应激事件
对自杀行为的发
生起着
扳机
而从长期角度看
这些事件
可成为终生自杀倾向的素质因素
并与冲动
攻击
等人格特征有关20-21本研究中大学生既往自
杀行为的年龄分布显示16 ~ 17 岁是自杀意念和
自杀未遂发生的高峰年龄
超过 60% 的自杀未遂
发生在16 岁之前因此
在本研究中父母离婚
躯体虐待
性虐待以及一级亲属自杀行为作为危
险因素所起的主要作用应该是短期
扳机
效应
冲动
攻击性
尤其是行为冲动能最后进入多因素
模型
20-21
攻击性人格的人
在面临严重应激性生活事件时
不仅会想到自杀
而且容易在想到后就采取自杀
行动尽管在分析中冲动与攻击性变量与上述应
激事件间的交互作用没有统计学意义
说明上述
变量没有相乘交作用
但恰恰说明它们之间存
在相加的交互作用
本研究有1本研究利用一个横
断面样本调查既自杀
有低估自杀行为发
生率的可能为降低这种可能性
一方面在调查
过程时会列举自杀行为具体方式
如在自杀未遂
条目中列举喝
割腕等自杀行为另一方面还
利用事件联想的方式帮助被调查者回忆既往自杀
行为发生时间如提示自杀行为发生时
你上几
年级
是夏天还是秋天或是什么节日等以上举
措有助于被调查者准确回忆事件发生时间从调
查结果看
无论是终生自杀行为率还是自杀行为
的年龄分布特征
都和既往研究接近或相似
说明
控措施取得了一定的效果2本研究选择
3所医学院校大
这可能限制
了结果的外推不过与其他人群的研究相比
果相似处多于不之处
表明结果的外推有一定
的把握3在生存分析
以年为时间单位
果大分自杀未遂发生在首发自杀意念后第一
没有更为准确的时间信息
如自杀意念后多少
分钟
小时或天等会发生自杀未遂这些更为准
确的时间信息无论对于了解自杀行为发展过程的
理论机制
还是制定自杀未遂预防计划都至关重
将有待后续研究的跟进
尽管存在这不足
本研究获得了一些有意
义的结果青少年产生自杀意念是该人群近期自
杀未遂的高危信号首发自杀意念后第一年是自
杀未遂高危险期家庭不良事件如父母离婚
童虐以和一级亲属自杀行为
/攻击人格以及严重的抑郁焦虑状态是自杀意
念向自杀未遂近一步发展的危险因素上述结果
提示
在青少年人群中及时识别并阻止自杀意念
进一步向自杀未遂发展可能是一种理想的自杀干
预措施在识别自杀意念的同时
应评估青少年
家庭内不良事件以及儿童人格及心理状态
针对
不同应激事件类型采用已被证明有效的方法消除
其危害性
如通过定期家庭随访可以有效降低虐
待对儿童青少年心的必要时采取一定心
行为干预
旨在阻止自杀意念向自杀未遂的发
展进程后续研究应采用纵向随访研究
在人群
中筛选有自杀意念
在评估相关危险因素的基
础上
对其进行密集随访
尤其是第一年增加随访
频次
考察不同时间段有自杀意念者自杀未遂的
关键危险因素
从而制定出特异性的有效自杀干
预计划
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稿日期2013-02-04
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