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Internet of things in construction
industry revolution 4.0
Recent trends and challenges in the
Malaysian context
Yaser Gamil
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
Majid A. Abdullah
UNITEN, Kajang, Malaysia
Ismail Abd Rahman
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia, and
Muhammad Mujtaba Asad
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
Abstract
Purpose –In this advanced era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, as an element of cyber physical systems,
the Internet of Things (IoT) has been applied in many different industries; however, its adoption in the
construction industry is still limited to a few applications. This study uncovers, identifies and
assesses the challenges of adopting IOT in construction projects. The challenges have been identified
through the briefed literature review and a survey instrument from construction industries in
Malaysia.
Design/methodology/approach –In this study, the quantitative research approach has been used and
data have been collected through a questionnaire survey for construction practitioners. Whereas, respondents
to the questionnaire are practitioners from the Malaysian construction industry. The method of sampling
implied is random sampling technique whereby the final sample size is 132 participants. Moreover, the
gathered data has been analysed using univariate approach via standard deviation and average index in
SPSS Software 22.0.
Findings –The results of this study indicated the most dominant challenges are lack of safety and
security, lack of documented standards, lack of benefit awareness, improper introduction of IOT and
lack of robustness in connectivity. This study also examined that the awareness of construction
practitioners toward the understanding of IOT and its possibility to be applied and extended in
construction projects and determined that construction practitioners are aware of IOT benefits to
improve the efficiency of construction projects.
Practical implications –The study presents a better understanding of IOT in the construction industry
and their potential challenges, which helps the construction policymakers to avoid encounters related to
challenges and provide education-based campaigns to educate construction practitioners on the concept and
importance of using IOT in the construction sector.
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the ministry of higher education in
Yemen and the support provided by University Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia.
Internet of
things (IOT)
Received 24 June2019
Revised 5 November2019
Accepted 1 January2020
Journal of Engineering, Design
and Technology
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1726-0531
DOI 10.1108/JEDT-06-2019-0164
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
https://www.emerald.com/insight/1726-0531.htm
Originality/value –This is a unique study because of its nature in this advance era of industry 4.0.
Furthermore, it is specifying the latest trend associated with IOT in the construction industry and addressing
the challenges of implementation, which is crucial to exploit and take advantage of the full potential of IoT
benefits.
Keywords Construction industry, Internet of things, Quantitative research, Industrial revolution,
Industrial challenges
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Internet of Things (IoT) is an innovative concept of the internet, which was initially introduced
by Kelvin Ashton in 1999 (Ashton, 2009). It is defined as the possibility of connecting things
using the internet to form a platform that is used to execute certain activities (Al-Qaseemi et al.,
2016). It uses the internet connectivity and all the things around to have the capability to
connect and communicate with each other to perform any specific function through the
network (Gershenfeld et al.,2004). It is an approach of giving the possibility to things around to
communicate using internet connectivity (Gubbi et al.,2013).Themethodiscarriedoutby
connecting all things with everyone in all times and locations using the built-in wireless
connection. Moreover, this facility enables easy linkage with all the surroundings, which ease
the monitoring and control process via the internet (Ashton, 2009).
Theoretically, IOT comprises four different layers, which are application layer,
perception layer, network layer and physical layer. The application layer refers to common
practices such as smart cities, smart transport, and intelligent homes; however, the
perception layer refers to technologies such as sensors and devices, which communicate
with other objects. The network layer refers to the network communication and the
component of network coverage. The physical layer refers to the hardware including smart
appliances and other devices (Kumar et al., 2016)
There are many advantages for using IoT in the construction sector. These consist of a
better execution monitoring, effective controlling, better quality, cost and timesaving. It has
also been expanded to be used in making fast decision making because of the availability of
real-time data analytics (Ning and Xu, 2010;Gubbi et al., 2013;Dave et al.,2016). In addition,
it improves the crisis management and emergency responses by introducing efficient
monitoring of the structure (Zhao et al.,2013). The IOT technology can be used in
environmental-related aspects such as waste management, pond pollution and flood
concentration analysis (Wei and Li, 2011).
The introduction of the new technology is associated with multiple challenges, which are
categorized into three main parts such as the method of introduction, lack of acceptance and
lack of knowledge and expertise (Bari et al.,2013;Matharu et al.,2014). This study aims to
investigate the awareness of construction parties towards IOT application and significance;
moreover, it then identifies the challenges of adopting IOT in construction projects and
finally determinates thedominant challenges of adopting IOT in the construction industry.
2. Literature review
IOT has been extensively applied in different fields such as consumers, commercial and
infrastructure (Yan-lin, 2010;Perera et al.,2015). In the construction sector, it is difficult to
adopt and embrace new technology because of the complexity of construction projects and
the high risks of failure, which constrains the application. Despite all these difficulties, IOT
has been used in the construction industry, and one of the leading applications are
JEDT
monitoring and controlling of project executions in a different type of projects such as
bridges, railways, tunnels, onshore and offshore facilities (Zhong et al., 2017).
Further, it has been used to monitor building performance during disasters, real-time
safety warnings and risk detections (Ding et al., 2013). Chandanshive and Kazi (2017)
investigated the wide range of IOT applications in construction, which includes the design
of smart cities, smart dwelling and smart transportation. The BIM engineering US (2018)
highlighted the most widespread applications of IOT in the construction industry as follows:
Preventive Maintenance: This is important for machineries on site where any
breakdown is monitored by the embedded system and sensor in the machine to
report any need of fix that requires maintenance.
Reduction Of Admin Expenditure: By offering data driven choice that helps to produce
accurate forecast whereby the data are used to make fast and precise decisions
Real Time Monitoring and Observation: The information attained from sensors and
embedded systems can be used to monitor the process of construction and that also
helps to produce accurate decision.
Construction Management: IOT helps to avoid downtime and helps to provide
advanced communication with all things such as materials and trucks by helping
decisions makers to cut back the cost overrun that incurred because of the excessive
use of materials and machinery.
Human Resource Monitoring: IOT helps tracking the labor hours estimated for any
particular assignment.
Safety On Site: IOT helps to track labor on site and monitor their mobility which
helps to detect any hazard might occur.
An analytical study of previously published literature related to IOT. They resulted in
identifying the challenges of implementing IOT, which are described in detail in Table I;it
illustrates the challenges identified through the study of literature, and the descriptions were
developed based on these references. These challenges are from different industries
worldwide and will be numerically evaluated for the case of Malaysian construction
industry.
3. Methodology
The flowchart in Figure 1 shows the study flowchart, which demonstrates the sequential
phases used to carry out this study.
Figure 1 demonstrates the steps used to carry out the study, and those include four major
processes as follows:
(1) Analytical study of literature related to IOT was carried out to identify the
challenges of adopting IOT in construction projects. The method of extracting the
challenges was performed by investigating the current trends of research related to
IOT and identifying the challenges that are outlined in the literature; moreover,
avoiding repetition of common terms by thematically selecting the common
terminology represents the challenge.
(2) Designing questionnaire survey: The questionnaire comprises three main parts,
whereby the first part focuses on the demographic profile of participants in terms
of the type of company, current designation, educational background and years of
experience in the industry. While the second part focuses on the knowledge and
awareness of IOT among participants, and the last section concentrates on the
Internet of
things (IOT)
Challenges of
implementing IOT in
construction projects Description Reference
Lack of robustness in
connectivity
It refers to the inability of existing systems to cope
with errors while functioning
Stankovic (2014)
Interoperability issue Described as the incompatibility between IOT
systems and devices and the difficulty to
communicate and share services. It is also described
as the challenge to adopt new systems into the
application
Noura, Atiquzzaman
and Gaedke (2018)
Lack of documented
standards
Refers to the shortage of unified standards which
shapes the method of IOT application
Al-Qaseemi et al. (2016)
Naming and identity
management issues
Naming refers to the scheme of identification of
computer across networks and resources, whereas
identity management refers to the service provider
that identifies the resources or users in a specific
domain
Zhu and Badr (2018)
Lack of safety and
security
It is the difficulty of safeguarding connected
devices, information and entities of IOT
components and layers from external threat and
attacks because of the connectivity to the internet.
Hence, IOT is vulnerable to constant attacks if not
protected
Babar et al. (2010),Lee
and Lee (2015),Da Xu
et al. (2014),Kumar et al.
(2016)
Lack of data
confidentiality and
encryption
Described as the susceptibility of attacking the
privacy of data and lack of efficient encryption
methods
Matharu et al. (2014),
Bertino and Islam
(2017),Chahid et al.
(2017)
Big data issue Big data refers to the massive volume of data,
which is complex and difficult to understand.
Hence, in IOT, it is difficult to extract the relevant
data required for certain function
Matharu et al. (2014)
Improper introduction of
IOT
Refers to the improper selection of methods used to
apply IOT in the industry
Bertino and Islam (2017)
Inaccuracy of data The data are extracted from big data, which causes
inaccuracy of data selection to execute a certain
function
Matharu et al. (2014)
The negative impact on
society
IOT has a negative impact on the society, whereby
it prioritizes things over social aspects.
Furthermore, IOT caused seismic transformation on
all the societal norms such as the way we
communicate, work, deal and use the information
BCS-OII Forum Report,
(2013),Riggins and
Wamba (2015)
The requirement of extra
budget to acquire IOT
technologies
Companies are required to have the extra fund for
acquiring technology and training for their
employees
Matharu et al. (2014)
The complexity of use/
technology is not user-
friendly
The IOT deals with big data, which makes the
process more complex to execute
Al-Qaseemi et al. (2016)
Poor network
connectivity
Refers to the level of connectivity in the targeted
area where, in most cases, the availability of
network coverage in construction sites remains a
challenge
Syamsul et al. (2018)
(continued)
Table I.
Description of IOT
challenges
JEDT
challenges. The challenges identified through literature are assessed using a Likert
scale. Likert’s type scale of 5 is used to evaluate the severity of the challenges. The
five levels of agreement on the severity of each factor using the following scales: 1:
Not Severe, 2: Slightly Severe, 3: Moderately Severe, 4: Very Severe and 5:
Extremely Severe.
(3) Data collection: In this phase, the data is collected by inviting 132 participants
from the construction industry using a questionnaire survey. The population
number in this research is extracted from the statistics produced by Construction
Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) for 2016, which states the number
construction personnel of a total of 767,563 were registered in 2016 in all of
Challenges of
implementing IOT in
construction projects Description Reference
Information privacy
issues
Described as the lack of information security
because all things are connected to the internet,
which makes them vulnerable to external attacks
Matharu et al. (2014)
Legalization issues Described as the process of introducing new legal
enforcement and its associated encounters
Syamsul et al. (2018)
Lack of confidence Refers to the poor confidence among construction
parties, which is caused by the exposure of
information. The construction projects involve the
client, contractor and consultant
Zhao et al. (2013)
Compatibility and
longevity
Refers to the devices used in IOT, which are
incompatible to work in the existing technology.
Longevity refers to the long life of the technology
Matharu et al. (2014)
Lack of expertise The construction industry lacks experienced IOT
supporters because the technology is new to the
industry
Syamsul et al. (2018),
Tang et al. (2019)
Lack of awareness of the
benefit
Users are unaware of the advantage gained from
IOT applications
Zhao et al. (2013),Tang
et al. (2019)
Fear to fail The construction projects are mostly on a large-
scale, which makes the trial or introduction of new
technology become a hurdle because of the fear of
failure
Syamsul et al. (2018)
Lack of support from
officials
Refers to the involvement of officials to contribute
to the success of IoT implementation
Chandanshive and Kazi
(2017)
Lack of training centers Refers to the shortage of training centers specialized
in IOT tuition
Tang et al. (2019)
Lack of IOT technology Refers to the unavailability of network and
technology in the construction site
Tang et al. (2019)
Lack of IOT knowledge Refers to the lack of educational resources to
embark IOT knowledge
Syamsul et al. (2018)
Unfamiliarity and lack of
IOT experience
In construction, IOT has limited use and it is still
growing technology and most of the companies’
lack experience
Syamsul et al. (2018) ,
Zhao et al. (2013)
Poor collaboration
among construction
parties
The poor collaboration among the project parties
can be a challenge to implement IOT because it
requires all parties to work together
Ghimire et al. (2017),
Tang et al. (2019)
Heterogeneity of
connected things
Described as the diverse and nonuniformity of
methods in using things to execute certain tasks
and this issue leads to infringe the security
Al-Qaseemi et al. (2016)
Table I.
Internet of
things (IOT)
Malaysia. This includes new and renewal of construction personnel. By excluding
workers, the total number of populations is 220,795 (CIDB, 2017). Random
sampling technique is widely used in construction research where the sample is
randomly selected from the population based on non-zero probability. This
technique is considered to be effective because it produces a sampling
representative of the population by avoiding any voluntary response bias
(Sandelowski, 2000). All population has the probability of equal chance of being
selected as the sample and provide accurate representation for the broader
population (Sharma, 2017). Therefore, this technique is adopted to select the
participants for this study. The method to determine the calculation of sample size
of population is adopted from Enshassi and Al Swaity (2015) as follows:
SS ¼Z2P1P
ðÞ
C2(1)
where:
SS = Sample Size;
Z = Z value (1.96 for 95 per cent confidence level)l;
P = percentage picking a choice, expressed as a decimal (0.5 used for sample size
needed); and
C = margin of error (9 per cent), maximum error of estimation which can be 9 or 8
per cent.
SS ¼1:9620:510:5
ðÞ
0:092¼118:57 ffi119 as the minimum sample size
ðÞ
To check the marginal error value, the following formula is being used Enshassi
and Al Swaity (2015):
(3) The maximum margin of error for a 95 per cent confidence level 1:96
ffiffiffiffiffi
SS
p=1:96
ffiffiffiffiffi
119
p=
0.18 >0:09. Hence, the margin is acceptable and the minimum size is 119; therefore,
the collected 132 is deemed acceptable as well.
Data analysis: The data is analysed using univariate analysis by calculating the
average index and standard deviation using SPSS v25.
Figure 1.
Study flowchart
Analytical study of literature
Questionnaire design and Improvement
Data collection
Data analysis
•Univariate Analaysis (AI,Std)
JEDT
4. Results and analysis
The data collected through the questionnaire survey are analysed using a univariate
approach, and the details of the analysis are described in the following subsections.
4.1 Profile of respondents
The main concern of this part was to select the appropriate participants to answer the
questions by investigating their demographic profile.
Figure 2 shows the categories of companies that the participants work for, which mainly
includes two main groups: privately owned companies and governmental companies
administer by the officials. From Figure 2, the highest percentage is private companies,
which is 72 per cent of the total and 23 per cent for government companies; however, 5 per
cent are other companies that are semi owned by the government. This distribution covers
diverse activities and different project scopes, which are related to the possibility of
applying IOT on these projects.
Figure 3 shows the designation of participants, which shows that most of the
participants are civil engineers with 31 per cent; nevertheless, there is apparently acceptable
distribution of percentage among other classifications. This distribution helps to obtain
different opinions and helps to uncover related challenges to IOT application in the
construction industry.
Figure 4 shows the distribution of participants’qualifications. It is indicated that 71 per
cent of participants obtained bachelor’s degrees; however, 21 per cent received a diploma
and a few held masters and PhD.
Figure 5 shows the number of years respondents worked in the construction industry. It
is demonstrated that most of the participants have less than ten years of experience;
however, 31 per cent of participants have <20 years of experience. Thus, the distribution is
Figure 2.
Categories of
company
72%
23%
5%
Private
governmental
Others
Figure 3.
Designation of
participants
12%
21%
17%
31%
7% 8%
4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Company director Project manager Architect
Civil engineer Planning engineer QA/QC engineer
others
Internet of
things (IOT)
acceptable, and the participants have enough experience to share their opinions related to
applying IOT in the construction industry.
4.2 Awareness of adopting Internet of things in the construction industry
It is necessary to anticipate and study whether the IOT is likely to be applicable in the
construction industry by investigating the knowledge and awareness factors among
construction practitioners. Aside from that, it is necessary to investigate people’s
readiness to accept the technology, and the following questions are relatively
structured.
Figure 6 shows the awareness and likelihood of the IOT application in the construction
industry based on the opinions of participants. From the results, 63 per cent of participants
have prior knowledge of IOT concept and technology, and 57 per cent are aware of the IOT
benefits to the project. Regarding the application in the future, 31 per cent are planning to
implement IOT in project executions, while only 28 per cent agreed to allocate extra budget
for IOT introduction to their corporations.
Figure 5.
Years of experience in
construction
41%
31%
23%
5%
0-10 Years
11-20 Years
21-30 Years
31 and more
Figure 4.
Qualification of
participants
21%
71%
4% 2%
Diploma
Bachelor degree
Master
PhD
Figure 6.
Awareness of IOT
application in
construction projects
63 57
31 28
37 43
69 72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Knowledge on IOT Awareness of IOT
benefits
Planning to
implement IOT
Agreement to
allocate budget for
IOT
Yes (%) No (%)
JEDT
4.3 Challenges of implementing Internet of things in construction projects
The challenges identified from the literature were evaluated by construction practitioners
using a 5-point Likert type scale;furthermore, the average index and standard deviation was
determined using SPSS.
Table II illustrates the challenges that deter the application of IOT in the construction
industry, and their assessment based on the analysis derived from the data collected
through a questionnaire survey. From the results, the most dominant challenge toward IOT
application is lack of safety and security, which exhibit an overall average of 4.631. Hence,
this outcome is justified because of the fact highlighted by Babar et al. (2010), Lee and Lee
(2015), Da Xu et al. (2014) and Kumar et al. (2016), which considers safeguarding the devices
that are connected to the internet being a numerous challenge to maintain a high level of
safety in which tools are susceptible to attacks on a daily basis. While the second dominant
challenge is the lack of documented standards with an AI of 4.573, which is established
because of the circumstance of being a new technology and requires more policies and
standardizations (Al-Qaseemi et al.,2016). The third dominant challenge is the lack of
benefit awareness with an AI of 4.554, while the fourth dominant challenge is improper
introduction of IOT with an AI of 4.532, which refers to the wrong selection of methods used
Table II.
Assessment of
challenges of
implementing IOT in
construction projects
Classification/
group
Challenges of implementing IOT in
construction projects AI STD
Group-based
ranking
Overall
tanking
Technology Lack safety and security 4.631 0.931 1 1
Lack of robustness in connectivity 4.521 0.993 2 5
Big data issue 4.481 1.020 3 7
Lack of data confidentiality and encryption 4.314 0.889 4 10
Complexity of use/not user-friendly 4.301 1.010 5 11
Inaccuracy of data 4.221 0.831 6 15
Interoperability issue 4.112 0.810 7 18
Poor network connectivity 4.017 0.901 8 19
Information privacy issues 4.011 0.921 9 20
Compatibility and longevity 3.981 0.822 10 21
Lack of IOT technology 3.892 1.021 11 22
Heterogeneity of connected things 3.872 1.01 12 23
Naming and identity management issues 3.837 0.973 13 24
Administrative
and legislative
Lack of documented standards 4.573 0.932 1 2
Legalization issues 4.431 0.905 2 8
Lack of training centres 4.381 0.851 3 9
Lack of support from officials 4.274 1.073 4 13
Knowledge Lack of benefit awareness 4.554 0.892 1 3
Improper introduction of IOT 4.532 0.970 2 4
Lack of IOT knowledge 4.512 0.963 3 6
Lack of expertise 4.293 0.886 4 12
Poor collaboration among construction parties 4.225 1.02 5 14
Unfamiliarity and lack of IOT experience 4.183 0.842 6 16
Lack of confidence 4.134 0.914 7 17
Negative impact to society 3.373 1.02 8 25
Requirement of extra budget to acquire IOT
technologies
3.263 1.01 9 26
Fear to fail 3.233 1.02 10 27
Notes: *Std: denotes standard deviation; AI: denotes average index
Internet of
things (IOT)
to apply IOT in the industry (Bertino and Islam, 2017). The fifth dominant challenge is the
lack of robustness in connectivity with an AI of 4.521.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many benefits of applying IOT in construction projects, and
these advantages can be related to improving the efficiency of the project, safety and
performance, as well as this is achieved by conveying a robust method of collecting
data and information in real-time basis. This study discussed the investigation of
awareness toward the transformation and application of IOT technology in
construction projects, as well as identified and assessed the challenges of implementing
IoT in construction. The analytical study of literature resulted in identifying 26
challenges that were classified into different groups named technology, administrative
and legislative, as well as knowledge, process and social. The study found the most
dominant challenges to apply IOT in the construction industry, and these challenges
are lack safety and security, lack of documented standards, lack of benefit awareness,
the improper introduction of IOT and lack of robustness in connectivity. The study
recommends more research to be performed focusing on drafting standardization and
network security to produce more effective products.
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Corresponding author
Yaser Gamil can be contacted at: yaseruthm@yahoo.com
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