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生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述 (The impact of eco-environment and disaster factors on poverty: a review)
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Contiguous Extremely Poverty- Stricken Areas have become the main battlefield in China’ s poverty alleviation. Poverty is usually interwoven with eco-environmental and disaster factors, which is the most difficult work in China’ s poverty alleviation. Based on the literature, we analyzed the relationship between the eco-environment and poverty, and disaster and poverty. We explored poverty reduction demands of the poor and poverty alleviation modes. Finally, we proposed a systematic theoretical framework for poverty alleviation that could reconcile environmental protection and disaster mitigation with poverty eradication. We found that the
relationship between eco- environments and poverty is mutual and complicated, and the key influential factors contain environmental degradation factors, resource factors and multidimensional poverty factors. Related research on the relationship between disasters and poverty mainly focuses on three perspectives: vulnerability, direct relationship and household livelihoods. The poverty reduction demands of the poor present a diversification trend, but previous studies seldom consider the environment and disaster factors. Therefore, in future research on the relationship between eco- environments and poverty should pay more attention to sustainable development issues. The indirect impacts of disasters on poverty are worthy of attention. Issues
such as the vulnerability and post-disaster restoration of the poor could not be ignored. Attention should be paid to the development of innovative poverty alleviation modes, and actively promoting the organic combination of renewable energy and targeted poverty alleviation. Related research should comprehensively consider key factors associated with ecological environments, disasters and poverty as well as their interrelationships in an attempt to put forward poverty reduction strategies systematically.
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... Accurately identifying the main poverty-causing factors and optimizing the return-topoverty assistance mechanism are crucial for restoring livelihood resilience of the rural vulnerable. There are different factors contributing to poverty due to the unbalanced development in rural areas (Cheng et al., 2018;Zuo & Li, 2020). Scholars have discussed the external influencing factors of rural poverty, and examined the impact of factors such as infrastructure construction, ecological environment (Cheng et al., 2018;Li et al., 2020), financial lending, farmers' cooperatives, and public services on rural poverty reduction (Cheng et al., 2018;Hao et al., 2019;Liu & Yuan, 2020;Tan & Zhang, 2017;Wang et al., 2020;Xie et al., 2018). ...
... There are different factors contributing to poverty due to the unbalanced development in rural areas (Cheng et al., 2018;Zuo & Li, 2020). Scholars have discussed the external influencing factors of rural poverty, and examined the impact of factors such as infrastructure construction, ecological environment (Cheng et al., 2018;Li et al., 2020), financial lending, farmers' cooperatives, and public services on rural poverty reduction (Cheng et al., 2018;Hao et al., 2019;Liu & Yuan, 2020;Tan & Zhang, 2017;Wang et al., 2020;Xie et al., 2018). At the same time, what has also been noticed is that impoverished areas are often deeply impoverished with harsh natural conditions, backward economic development, scarce educational resources, and backward infrastructure. ...
... There are different factors contributing to poverty due to the unbalanced development in rural areas (Cheng et al., 2018;Zuo & Li, 2020). Scholars have discussed the external influencing factors of rural poverty, and examined the impact of factors such as infrastructure construction, ecological environment (Cheng et al., 2018;Li et al., 2020), financial lending, farmers' cooperatives, and public services on rural poverty reduction (Cheng et al., 2018;Hao et al., 2019;Liu & Yuan, 2020;Tan & Zhang, 2017;Wang et al., 2020;Xie et al., 2018). At the same time, what has also been noticed is that impoverished areas are often deeply impoverished with harsh natural conditions, backward economic development, scarce educational resources, and backward infrastructure. ...
Effectively identifying and restoring the livelihood resilience of rural vulnerable populations are essential for consolidating poverty alleviation achievements. Previous studies have focused on low-income populations and have classified assistance for monitoring rural vulnerability. However, little research has defined the rural vulnerable and their key influencing factors from a multi-dimensional perspective. This paper constructs an indicator system for monitoring the return to poverty from a multi-dimensional perspective, based on survey data from rural households in poverty-stricken areas in 2005 and 2015. The dual cut-off method is used to identify the rural vulnerable and their key influencing factors from a multi-dimensional perspective. The results show that: (1) The incidence of multi-dimensional poverty has significantly decreased from 2005 to 2015; However, a vulnerable group still exists in rural China in 2015, and types of multi-dimensional poverty vary among regions. (2) Geographical environment and social resources are the primary influencing factors of rural vulnerability, followed by living standards. Income remains an important influencing factor of severe multi-dimensional poverty. (3) To restore the livelihood resilience of the rural vulnerable, targeted policies should be implemented based on influencing factors such as geographical environment and social resources. This study has significant reference value for policy implementation aimed at restoring the livelihood resilience of the rural vulnerable.
... Based on this view, Wan et al. [47] proposed the importance of relocation and believed that Chinese farmers should accumulate more productive material capital, human capital, financial capital, and social capital while increasing the efficiency of asset use to reduce vulnerability to poverty. Furthermore, in a research review of the impact of the environment and disasters on poverty, Cheng et al. [48] summarized that the poor need a variety of poverty alleviation models. Current research rarely considers the environmental and disaster factors. ...
Harsh natural climatic environments, such as extreme weather and natural disasters, cause devastating blows to production activities and increase the probability of geographic poverty, climate poverty, and return to poverty. Thus, this study uses climate data and micro survey data (CHIPS2013) to examine the impact of climate on vulnerability to individual poverty in rural China. The results demonstrated that extreme temperatures (hotter summers, colder winters, and greater day-to-day temperature gaps) reduce vulnerability to poverty. This was also supported by the median and average temperatures. Second, there is an association between poverty vulnerability and poverty; that is, poorer people will become poorer with an increase in poverty vulnerability. In fact, in the case of higher income, the higher the probability of returning to poverty, the higher the vulnerability. Policy formulation processes should take into consideration different types of impacts from harsh climate on different vulnerable groups. No single action might be adequate and an integrative approach integrating various strategies and actions are required to overcome challenges posed by climate change and poverty vulnerabilities.
... Jiandong Chen measured rural poverty and vulnerability from five aspects: natural resources, human resources, physical assets, financial assets, and social resources (33). In addition, some studies on vulnerability mainly focused on the relationship between ecological vulnerability and poverty (34)(35)(36)(37) or the relationship between food vulnerability and poverty (38,39). At present, studies on the measurement of health poverty vulnerability are limited. ...
Health poverty has become the most important cause of poverty and return to poverty. Understanding the health risk factors and action paths of poverty in families of rural elderly with chronic diseases is important to alleviate return to poverty because of illness. This study selected families with at least one elderly member (over 60 years old) with chronic diseases (sample size was 1,852 families) in two provinces and four counties in central and western China. The three-stage feasible generalized least square method was adopted, and the appropriate poverty line standard was selected to measure the poverty vulnerability index. A poverty vulnerability index ≥50% was considered to indicate vulnerability. The poverty vulnerability index and actual income status were combined to classify the samples. A structural equation model was established to explore the path of each health risk factor on the entire sample and various types of poverty vulnerabilities. The mean poverty vulnerability of 1,852 families was 0.5974 ± 0.25213, and among which, 1,170 households had a poverty vulnerability value ≥0.5, accounting for 63.17% of the entire sample. The incidence of poverty was higher among people with low vulnerability to poverty. Health shock was the direct cause of poverty for people with potential and avoidance poverty. The mediating roles of family and community significantly differed in various types of poverty vulnerability. The social and economic environment in rural areas should be enhanced in a diversified manner, and the income-generating ability of rural households should be improved based on actual local conditions. Moreover, the prevention and control of poverty vulnerabilities should be diversified and targeted. Policies implemented should be based on people and localities, the causes of poverty and returning to poverty, and the types of poverty vulnerabilities. The use efficiency of medical insurance should be further improved, and the responsibility of medical insurance targeted poverty alleviation must be clarified.
... The conceptual framework for the synthesis of renewable energy, poverty alleviation, and SDGs. Notes and sources: ① Nature-Human links and interactions; ② "Nested sustainable development-the economy dependent on society and both dependent on the environment"; ③ Energy indicators for sustainable development; ④ Environment-Poverty nexus analysis; ⑤ Renewable energy sources; ⑥ Global benefits of renewable energies production; ⑦ Understanding and managing the links between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation; ⑧ Multi-dimensions of poverty; ⑨ Poverty alleviation, sustainable energy development and sustainable development goals (Cheng et al., 2018b(Cheng et al., , 2018cYadoo and Cruickshank, 2012;Yang, 2016); ⑩ Sustainable Development Goals (Hopwood et al., 2005, Messerli et al., 2015. ...
Reliable and affordable energy supply is the key to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) aimed at alleviating poverty. However, few studies explore renewable energy and poverty alleviation (RE-PA) practices and RE-PA nexus from a text mining perspective. This paper aims to find the research concerns of the RE-PA nexus and propose a conceptual framework for the synthesis of renewable energy, poverty alleviation, and SDGs. Topic modelling method and Latent Dirichlet Allocation model were adopted, and 5333 records were obtained from Web of Science and the 12-topic model was used to reveal the latent intellectual structure of the current research on RE-PA nexus. The results suggest that the top research concerns of the RE-PA nexus are sustainable energy development, country resource policy, and economic-environmental-social sustainability. Energy access of rural households, ecosystem services, and renewable energy performance are the three essential future research directions. The top research concerns and future research directions would help to further explore the RE-PA nexus. This study could also provide a basis for integrated policy recommendations for renewable energy development and poverty alleviation while pursuing SDGs on energy and poverty.
... The main farming systems of 72 the TGRR are upland intensive mixed and lowland rice systems (Dixon, Gibbon, & Gulliver, 2001), of which the 73 prevalence of poverty are moderate and extensive respectively ( Dixon et al., 2001). Moreover, the poverty of 74 reservoir regions is usually influenced by an intertexture of ecology and environment (Liang, 2009;Shuai, Wang, 75 & Cheng, 2017;Cheng, Shuai, Wang, Li, & Liu, 2018a). Therefore, the traditional assessment, which just 76 considers one dimension (such as income or consumption), could not cover all aspects of sustainable agricultural 77 development in the TGRR. ...
Modelling is a good tool for understanding the complex interactions of the agricultural systems, however, few studies have used a combined method of text mining and system dynamics to analyse and simulate the agricultural system. We propose the topic modelling‐system dynamics modelling (TM‐SDM) analytical framework to extract, synthesise and dynamically simulate the factors of land management, disaster, pollution and poverty in the system. Specifically, 1,598 English language publications were collected to analyse the main concerns and conceptual structure of the sustainable development in the case study area based on TM. Historical data from 2000 to 2014 are used for simulation and prediction based on SDM, exploring and comparing different policy scenarios. The results show that policies about education and training, sewage treatment, infrastructure construction and soil erosion control would help poverty reduction significantly. Sewage treatment policy reduces the incidence of human disease and sewage discharge significantly. Education and training policy has the greatest impact on the improvement of poverty reduction and yield of crops, and the environmental protection scenario has the best performance on maintaining the cultivated land. The balanced development scenario benefits both the poverty reduction and environmental protection concurrently. Focussing on a systems approach to improve the sustainability of agriculture, this paper could have a positive impact on the development and implementation of sustainable agricultural systems. The TM‐SDM analysis and modelling framework we proposed has a generic nature, which could be applied to the further research and decision‐making on sustainable agriculture and other fields involving complex systems.
Objective: Studying the coupling relationship between multidimensional poverty and geological disaster risk is a beneficial exploration for the collaborative promotion of disaster and poverty reduction. Methods: Taking Sichuan province as the research area, this study adopted the multidimensional poverty index and the information content model to quantitatively evaluate the multidimensional poverty and geological disaster risk in 2019, and uses the coupling coordination degree model to explore their coupling relationship and coordinated development. Results: The development level of high-altitude areas and remote mountainous areas was lower than that of plain and hilly areas, and the spatial difference of multidimensional poverty is obvious. The risk of geological disaster is relatively high overall in the alpine valley regions of Western, Southern and Northern Sichuan. The coupling level of multidimensional poverty and geological disasters is comparatively prominent. The overall coordination degree is relatively high. There existed obvious gathering areas in places of disorder of both poverty and disaster, disaster risk lag, poverty lag and synchronous development. In contrast, the coordinated-disaster risk and the poverty lags were relatively scattered. The unbalanced development between eastern and western Sichuan is comparatively prominent. More efforts will be paid to pursue poverty and disaster reduction in a highly collaborative way. Conclusion: This study gives data support for the long-term mechanism established in Sichuan province for forestalling and defusing the risk of returning to poverty caused by disease so that the international community can learn from China’s experience through observation and collaboration in terms of poverty and disaster reduction.
Eradicating poverty is the primary goal for pursuing equitable and sustainable development of the world. Rural land consolidation (RLC) aims to achieve efficient and sustainable land use while promoting poverty alleviation. This study empirically examined the impact of RLC on multi-dimensional poverty, using the difference-in-differences (DID) method and survey data from impoverished households. Additionally, the role of human capital in moderating the impact of RLC on poverty alleviation is also emphasised. We found that (1) The RLC has had a positive and significant impact on the improvement of impoverished households’ livelihoods in China. (2) Human capital (migrant worker, labour force, and education) has a positive moderating effect on the impact of RLC on poverty alleviation, and education exerts the most obvious moderating effect. We suggest that the Chinese government should not only continue to increase investment in and provide supporting policy for RLC, but also develop targeted RLC strategies. Education, labour capability, sustainable poverty reduction, sustainable land use, and sustainable rural development require sustained attention. It also could help to improve policy and decision-making for effective poverty reduction, sustainable rural development, and rural revitalisation.
How to break the vicious cycle of poverty and ecological degradation is widely concerned and discussed. In the poverty alleviation practices in China, ecological poverty alleviation (EPA) is regarded as an important way to synthesize the dual goals of poverty reduction and environmental protection and to achieve the win-win outcomes. Many Chinese researchers have fruitful research achievements on EPA yet they do not recognize that EPA is not a simple combination of various policies, but a complex system involving multiple policy instruments, governmental agencies, social forces, and agents. However, few studies abroad illustrate EPA in detail. They focus more on specific components of EPA such as payment for ecosystem services while overlooking the integral concept of EPA and practices from China. Based on field research in Guizhou Province, China, this paper proposes a framework of EPA with an effective multi-agent and co-government system, for demonstrating the concept and practice of EPA. With case analysis, we illustrate key elements in this system and their relationships, and how they play a vital role in pursuing win-win outcomes in environmental protection and poverty alleviation. The three dimensions of this EPA system have been discussed. The first is to strengthen the interaction among the agents. Many efforts should be made for establishing an efficient communication routine and a stable relationship among their interests. The second is to reinforce the connection between diverse elements in each policy subsystem, such as the systematization and coordination of the ecological industry development, the systematization of the links before, during, and after the relocation of ecological immigrants, etc. The third is to promote the interactions between the three subsystems, so that ecological enhancement, ecological compensation, and industrial development, and migration and relocation can promote each other, and ultimately promote the coordination of poverty alleviation and ecological protection in poverty-stricken areas. Thus, this paper analyzes how to establish the communication routine among the relevant agents of EPA, the interaction among the internal elements of the subsystems, and the relationship between the subsystems in series, trying to reveal the basic operating mechanism of the system.
There is little research on the ecology, environment and poverty nexus. To understand the major research concerns and clusters of ecology, environment and poverty (EEP), we have built an integrated framework of their nexus to pursue sustainable development. We have collected 4335 English language publications using the search terms “Ecology and Environment and poverty” by type “Topic” in Web of Science, covering publication years from 1981 to 2017. A 9-topic model, 35 references with the strongest citation bursts and the top-30 citation clusters are used to describe the integrated framework. We introduce topic modelling into the EEP field using scientific articles, combined with bibliometric analysis and visualisation approaches, and finally propose an integrated ecology-environment-poverty model. The greatest concerns are biodiversity and environmental services. Six main clusters related to poverty are ecosystem, health risk, economic and environmental development, natural resources and food production, children, women and inequality, and urban poverty. Therefore, ecological and environmental degradation and poverty are linked, and must be tackled together. The win-win strategies on local and national levels that both restore the environment, enhance incomes and ensure a sustainable livelihood are needed. The joint approaches of topic modelling and bibliometrics are expected to be further applied in ecological and environmental economics and management fields. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further research and decision making and contribute to sustainable development.
The eco-environmental pressure of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) is increasing with the immigrants' relocation.The poverty alleviation work becomes more and more difficult,when the climate change and deterioration of eco-environment and are intertwined with immigrant poverty.Firstly,we put forward the index system of poverty alleviation pressure from the perspective of eco-environment based on the Driving forces-States-Responses (DSR) model.Then,we explore the developing relationship between eco-environment and social economy based on a Back Propagation (BP) Neural Network and decoupling analysis.Lastly,we analyze the trend of period and regional distribution of poverty alleviation pressure,based on Geographic Information System (GIS).The results show that:(1) The poverty pressure is relieving from 2007 to 2013.Whereas,76％ of the counties in the TGRR are improving their economic development at the cost of destroying the eco-environment;(2) In the upper stream of the TGRR,the poverty alleviation indexes of the east are higher than the west,showing the trend of polarization;(3) In the middle of the TGRR,the poverty pressure collapses,conducing the situation of "decentralized development and poverty aggregations" in the TGRR;and (4) In the lower stream of the TGRR,it falls into "the vicious circle of eco-environment and economy".On the basis of the findings,we proposed some policy recommendations correspondingly in an effort to improve reservoir poverty from the eco-environmental perspective.【基于驱动力—状态—响应(DSR)模型,从生态视角提出了减贫指数测度指标体系并运用BP神经网络进行测度,再通过脱钩分析探讨了三峡库区的生态环境与社会经济之间的发展关系,最后运用GIS分析了三峡库区综合减贫压力的时间规律及空间分布.研究发现:①2007-2013年间,三峡库区扶贫压力在减轻的同时,76％的区县社会经济发展以超速的生态破坏为代价;②库首地区的综合减贫指数东高西低,呈现两极分化趋势;(③库中地区贫困“塌陷”,形成库区“发展分散,贫困集聚”的局面;④库尾呈现“生态—经济恶性循环”趋势.基于以上研究发现,从生态视角出发提出了旨在改善库区贫困问题的对策建议.】
With the rapid development of China's economy and poverty reduction, revolutionary, mountainous, ethnic minority, and immigration reservoir areas have become the main battle field of poverty alleviation. With lack of means of production, ecological environment deterioration and frequently geological disasters, poverty in the reservoir has become the toughest issue in the new era. Therefore, it is of vital importance to solve the poverty issue promptly. Based on the analysis of grounded theory on immigrants, we firstly proposed a new framework of immigrants’ livelihoods. With a total sample of 796 households in 4 counties from 26 counties in the Three Gorges Reservoir, we firstly adopted the gray correlation and entropy analyses methods to analyze the major factors of poverty. Secondly, we used the PLS-SEM method to analyze the key factors and key paths affecting immigrants’ livelihoods. Thirdly, we analyzed the heterogeneity of ecological environment on the structure model. The results show that, (1) rural poverty in the Three Gorges Reservoir is still serious, with 1.7594 million rural immigrants still under poverty, where sickness (26.49%) is the main factor for poverty, followed by weak labor (22.10%) and land scarcity (21.65%), (2) psychological capital can effectively promote the performance on other capitals, with a significant direct and indirect effect on livelihood, (3) among the four capitals influencing their livelihoods, human capital has the highest influence. Finally, this paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations for precision poverty eradication for the Three Gorges Reservoir region. 随着我国经济发展和扶贫成效的显现,老区、山区、民族地区和移民库区等集中连片的特殊贫困区已经成为我国当前精准扶贫的主战场。由于面临生产资料匮乏、生态环境恶化和地质灾害频发等恶劣环境,库区移民贫困问题已成为新时期扶贫攻坚最难啃的“硬骨头”。因此,开展库区移民贫困致因的精准识别与减贫路径研究具有重要的现实意义。基于对库区移民贫困现状的扎根理论分析,本文提出了分析农户生计的新框架。在此基础上,本文以三峡库区26个县(区)为研究对象,随机抽取4县(区)796户移民作为样本,首先,采用灰色关联分析法和熵权法对库区移民主要致贫因子进行挖掘;接着,采用PLS-SEM模型分析影响库区移民生计状况的关键因子和关键路径。研究表明:(1)三峡库区移民贫困现象仍很严重,患病、劳动能力弱和失地是移民致贫的三大主因。三峡库区仍有175.94万人生活在贫困线以下,三大致贫原因依次是:因病致贫26.49%、因劳动能力弱致贫22.10%和失地致贫21.65%。(2)心理资本可有效促进移民其他资本效能的发挥,对生计状况存在着显著的直接效应和间接效应。(3)在影响生计状况的四类资本中,人力资本对库区移民生计状况影响最大。基于以上发现,本文提出了实现库区移民精准脱贫的政策建议:(1)国家应高度重视三峡库区移民贫困问题,大力开展精准扶贫;(2)增加心理干预措施以提高移民心理资本存量,帮助移民摆脱心理贫困;(3)开展劳动力技能培训,提高库区移民人力资本水平。URL:http://www.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGRZ201706016&dbname=cjfdtotal&dbcode=CJFD&v=MDA0OTFNcVk5RVlvUjZEZzgvemhZVTd6c09UM2lRclJjekZyQ1VSTDJmWWVac0Z5am5VN3ZPUHlyWmRMRzRIOWI=
Poverty eradication and sustainable development are common missions of humanity and are top priorities of the Chinese government. Nevertheless, the poverty of reservoir immigrants is usually interwoven with eco-environmental and geo-disaster factors, making poverty alleviation the most challenging task in rural China. In this context, a System Dynamics Model (SDM) is used to explore interactive mechanisms of eco-environment, geo-disasters and immigrant poverty as well as enable policy makers to understand the impacts of different investment strategies on the key variables and the sustainable development of China's Poverty-stricken Reservoir Regions (CPRR). Based on data from 1998 to 2014, this paper simulates the Wanzhou reservoir area. It designs four policy scenarios to simulate changes to the major variables: sewage treatment investment, disaster control investment, soil erosion control investment and poverty alleviation fund, from 2015 to 2020. It is found that 1) China's Poverty-stricken Reservoir Regions are highly likely to achieve the poverty reduction goal by 2020 by taking the coordinated strategy and pay more attention to disaster management; and 2) the coordinated development scenario could reduce poverty, sewage discharge, disease incidence, geo-disasters and soil erosion, and increase the areas of forest cover and agricultural land systematically. The SDM method is reliable for the dynamic development analysis of CPRR. The results could offer policy recommendations to policy makers and provide a method to implement best practices for the sustainable development of CPRR.
"This year's report on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) highlights several milestones. The target of reducing extreme poverty by half has been reached five years ahead of the 2015 deadline, as has the target of halving the proportion of people who lack dependable access to improved sources of drinking water. Conditions for more than 200 million people living in slums have been ameliorated-double the 2020 target. Primary school enrolment of girls equalled that of boys, and we have seen accelerating progress in reducing child and maternal mortality."
The innovation of spatial poverty measurement method is the key to precisely allocate poverty alleviation resources and improve the quality of rural poverty alleviation. This paper summarized the three-dimensional analysis framework of spatial poverty and constructed the spatial poverty index system at county scale and the method of geographical identification. With Jingyuan county as a study case, the geographical identification of spatial poverty was carried out. The results can be obtained as follows. (1) Spatial poverty index (SPI) in different geographical areas is listed in the order: Plain Area in Valleys Formed by Erosion and Deposition of Rivers (PAVFEDR) (mean value 1.571) > Denudation Structure in Hilly Regions (DSHR) (mean value -0.199) > Erosion Structure in Mountainous Regions (ESMR) (mean value -0.334), indicating that the highest poverty degree is in ESMR, which should be the main area of poverty alleviation. The common feature of spatial poverty in the three geographical areas is economic disadvantage (C4-C7, C17). The main differences are: for PAVFEDR, ecological disadvantage (C25, C16) > economic disadvantage (C5) > location disadvantage (C20) > political disadvantage (C8); for DSHR, economic disadvantage (C5-C7, C17) > location disadvantage > (C18-C20) > ecological disadvantage (C16, C23-C25) > political disadvantage (C8); for ESMR, economic disadvantage (C4- C7, C17) > political disadvantage (C8) > location disadvantage (C18-C20) > ecological disadvantage (C16, C21-C25). (2) The rank of SPI for different ethnic villages is as follows: Han villages (mean value 1.484) > Hui villages (mean value 1.262) > Hui-Han mixed villages (mean value 1.033), indicating that Hui-Han mixed villages at county scale should be the key villages for poverty alleviation. The common feature of spatial poverty in different ethnic villages is the economic disadvantage resulting from the long distance to the nearest market (C17), as well as the ecological disadvantage due to less arable land per capita (C23) and small crop area, especially economical crop area (C24). The main differences of spatial poverty in different ethnic villages are ecological disadvantage resulting from poor living conditions and high disaster loss rate in Han villages, as well as economic disadvantage caused by lack of loans (C5). For Hui villages, it is economic disadvantage caused mainly by low level of knowledge (C12, C13) that leads to the high opportunity cost in entering the market. In Hui-Han mixed villages the differences of production and lifestyle resulted in difficulties in allocation of poverty alleviation resources, consequently the satisfaction rate of poverty alleviation policies (C8) is the lowest for farmers, reflecting that the political disadvantage of spatial poverty is most significant. (3) There are significant differences in spatial poverty among different ethnic villages in the same physical geographical area. The mean values of SPI for Han, Hui, and Hui-Han mixed villages in PAVFEDR are 0.526, 2.557 and 1.644, respectively, which indicates that the Han villages have a high level of poverty and economic disadvantage (C5); the mean values of SPI for Hui and Hui-Han mixed villages in DSHR are 0.321 and -1.934, respectively, which indicates that the poverty level for Hui-Han mixed villages is high, and economic disadvantage (C2, C6, C7) and ecological disadvantage (C16) are both significant; the mean values of SPI in Han, Hui and Hui-Han mixed villages in ESMR are 1.031, -0.029 and -0.842, respectively, which indicates that the poverty level of Hui-Han mixed villages is high, and economic disadvantage (C5-C7, C17), political disadvantage (C8), location disadvantage (C18-C20) and ecological disadvantage (C16, C25) are all present. Therefore, the Han-villages in PAVFEDR, Hui-Han mixed villages in both DSHR and ESMR should be the key villages of poverty alleviation.
This paper aims to study on the precise identification and targeting of immigrant poverty in the TGRR, with a multi-dimensional poverty line as a standard, which has transcended the traditional income poverty line. Then, we figured out the changing trend and the causes of immigrant poverty under the perspective of multidimensional poverty. Based on the dual cutoff method and regression analysis, the study results show that the discrepancy of poverty before and after immigration is significant, but the poverty problem of immigrants in the TGRR is still serious. The current multi-poverty incidence of immigrants is 30.15%, which means that there are still 2.3097 million people under poverty. The major causes of poverty in this region are poverty in assets, poverty in education and poverty in health. The poverty contribution rate of land scarcity has increased from 12.16% to 29.52% with the deterioration of land loss, which has a negative effect on immigrants' livelihood. The results reveal several outstanding poverty problems in this region: the coverage of social security of immigrants is far from ideal; There are still 12.75% of the impoverished immigrants without medical insurance and 11.36% without pension insurance; the percentage of female laborers, the education level of laborers, the percentage of agricultural expenditure and the percentage of medical expenditure have significant correlations with immigrants' poverty in this region. The paper argues that the precise identification and targeting of poverty reduction in China should be undertaken from a multidimensional perspective.