Wolfgang Grisold

Medical University of Vienna | MedUni Vienna · Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental und Clinical Traumatology Donaueschingenstraße 13 A-1200 Wien

One sentence: The abducens or abducent nerve is CN VI and provides the motor innervation of the lateral rectus muscle.

One sentence: The hypoglossal nerve controls the somatic motor intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus muscle (Fig. 17.1).

One sentence: The acoustic nerve has a special sensory function and delivers signals from the cochlea into the brain stem.

One sentence: The vestibular nerve is a special sensory nerve that balances information from the semicircular canals, and its anatomy is best visualized in relation to the temporal bone (Fig. 13.1) and the vestibular organ (Fig. 13.2).

One sentence: The trochlear nerve (Fig. 8.1) is a pure motor nerve, and its lesions result in vertical diplopia, which increases when the gaze is directed downward and medially.

One sentence: The olfactory nerve is the afferent nerve for the sense of smell (it is the only CN where the afferents into the brain do not reach the brain via the thalamus) (Fig. 5.1).

One sentence: The oculomotor nerve supports motor nerve innervation of most extraocular muscles and main lid elevator, while the autonomic part is responsible for the pupillary reflex and accommodation (Fig. 7.1).

One sentence: The vagus nerve is the longest CN, with the widest anatomical distribution, and it is important for swallowing and autonomic function (Figs. 15.1 and 15.2).

One sentence: The glossopharyngeal nerve is part of the lower CNs and has motor, sensory, special senses, and autonomic functions, and while it is difficult to investigate in isolation, it is important for swallowing, taste, and autonomic functions (Fig. 14.1).

One sentence: The optic nerve is considered a part of the brain and serves the special sense of vision and is essential for visual reflexes.

One sentence: Predominate motor nerve for facial innervation with autonomic, sensory, and special senses functions.

The term “side topics” refers to CN functions which are often not confined to an isolated CN, but are within the control of several CNs or other local structures.

One sentence: The accessory nerve, or CN XI, is a motor nerve that stems from the brainstem and cervical cord, and it is involved in complex eye tracking movements.

Toxicity occurs most frequently as a cumulative and dose-dependent effect. Acute, delayed, intermediate, and late effects are noted, as well as indirect effects. Toxins can be identified in drugs, biological substances, plants, and venoms and can reach the body by ingestion, parenterally as aerosols, or locally to elicit toxic effects on the CNs. T...

One sentence: The trigeminal nerve is predominately sensory with a smaller motor portion and several autonomic fibers that travel via nerve anastomosis and blood vessels.

Worldwide, the number of persons with disability is assumed to be around 1.3 billion. Although several definitions exist, such as the medical and social models, the social model has more holistic approaches and engulfs more aspects. Historically, many considerations were based on eugenics until the middle of the 20th century when a change of paradi...

Background: The declining incidence of stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and dementia (the triple threat) in Norway encourages further investigation. We analysed the risks and trends of the three conditions using data from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD). Methods: We used GBD 2019 estimations for age-, sex-, and risk factor-specific...

Primary headache disorders are worldwide highly prevalent and burdensome and should be therefore considered as a global public health priority. However, too many patients with primary headache disorders still do not receive satisfying care. The most likely identified reasons for such a scenario - lack of public awareness, stigma, lack of trained pr...

The World Health Assembly (WHA) approved the Intersectoral Global Action Plan (IGAP) in 2022. This ambitious project, formally called the Intersectoral Global Action Plan for Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders, is a 10-year plan to enhance neurology implementation worldwide and to raise the status of brain health and neurology services for p...

Peripheral nervous system involvement is a frequent condition in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), yet its clinical manifestations are highly heterogeneous. The peripheral nervous system can be variously involved, but the most frequently affected sites are the dorsal root ganglia and presynaptic nerve endings of the neuromu...

Background: Neurological disorders pose a profound unmet medical need for which new solutions are urgently needed. The consideration of both biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) differences between men and women is necessary to identify more efficacious, safer and tailored treatments. Approaches for putting sex and gender medicine into pra...

Background and purpose: With aging population, there is an increase of atrial fibrillation (AF) and other vascular risk factors. We investigated trends in stroke severity at hospital admission with respect to AF and other risk factors in a prospective national stroke registry from 2005 to 2020. Methods: Data from the prospective Austrian Stroke...

This book is the result of reflections and work of the Specialty group on neurology in migrants of the World Federation of Neurology. The volume provides a synthesis of migrants’ health in relation to the sustainable development goals and the 2030 agenda, and an up-to-date overview on neurological diseases among migrants, refugees and ethnic minori...

The diagnostic criteria published by the PNS (Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes) Euronetwork in 2004 provided a useful classification of PNS, including paraneoplastic neuropathies. Subacute sensory neuronopathy (SSN) was the most frequently observed peripheral PNS, whereas other forms of neuropathy, as sensory polyneuropathy, sensorimotor polyn...

Palliative Care (PC) is being successfully applied in several neurological diseases. The concept originally comes from cancer and hospice care and has been customized for neurological patients. Migration is a complex issue and is driven by socio-economic, political causes or armed conflicts. The term is heterogenous and can be defined as people mov...

Introduction to a collection. This article is intended to introduce a collection of papers on toxic neuropathies. Toxic neuropathies can be caused by a variety of substances and by different mechanisms. Toxic agents are numerous and can be distinguished between drugs, recreational agents, heavy metals, industrial agents, pesticides, warfare agents,...

Three major arteries supplying the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel are commonly known. However, their vascular territories (angiosomes) have not been described yet. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to identify the angiosomes of posterior ulnar recurrent artery, inferior ulnar collateral artery and superior ulnar collateral artery in 20 fresh...

Introduction/Aims For cubital tunnel syndrome, the avoidance of predisposing arm positions and the use of elbow splints are common conservative treatment options. The rationale is to prevent excessive stretching and compression of the nerve in the cubital tunnel, as this mechanical stress impedes intraneural perfusion. Data regarding those upper ex...

Hardcover 139,99 € | £119.99 | $169.99 149,79 € (D) | 153,99 € (A) | CHF [1] 165,50 eBook 117,69 € | £95.50 | $129.00 117,69 € (D) | 117,69 € (A) | CHF [2] 132,00 Available from your library or springer.com/shop MyCopy [3] Printed eBook for just € | $ 24.99 springer.com/mycopy Error[en_EN | Export.Bookseller. MediumType | SE] Provides practical gui...

Hardcover Ca. 139,99 € | Ca. £119.99 | Ca. $169.99 Ca. 149,79 € (D) | Ca. 153,99 € (A) [1] | Ca. CHF 165,50 eBook Available from your library or springer.com/shop MyCopy [3] Printed eBook for just € | $ 24.99 springer.com/mycopy Error[en_EN | Export.Bookseller. MediumType | SE] Provides practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of each d...

OBJECTIVE There is not agreement on the “gold standard” for detection and grading of Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity (CIPN) in clinical trials. We performed an observational prospective study to assess and compare both patient-based and physician-based methods. METHODS Consecutive patients, aged 18 years or older, candidates for ne...

We present a prolonged disease course in a 32-year old woman with COVID-19 and multiple sclerosis on rituximab-treatment for three years. The patient was admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 and had persistent fever, cough and radiologic bilateral lung opacities over the course of 29 days. After ineffective antibiotic treatment and the detection t...

“High” vagus nerve lesions are rare and refer to the region of the nerve from the jugular foramen through the branching of the auricular (Arnold's branch) and the pharyngeal branch. Rapid onset of vagus nerve palsy is observed predominantly in trauma, and rarely in inflammation. An insidious onset points to a neoplastic cause. The acute “high” vagu...

The main objective of this study was to analyse neurological symptoms during a Covid-19 infection and determine the pattern of symptoms by comparing outpatients with inpatients. A further goal was to identify possible predictors, such as pre-existing conditions and neurological symptoms. We recorded the clinical data of 40 inpatients and 42 outpati...

In this letter‐to‐the‐editor the Task Force on Gender and Diversity issues in Neurology founded under the auspices of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) addresses various gender issues that are arising during the COVID‐19 pandemic. These issues concern different aspects, spanning from gender disparities in health care workforce to gender diffe...

Direct imaging of the peripheral nervous system is an integral part in the diagnostic workup of neuromuscular diseases. It can also be used to guide diagnostic and therapeutic interventions such as biopsies or injections. The primary imaging modalities are MRI and ultrasound, whereas CT and conventional radiography are complementary modalities as t...

Several diagnostic tools are necessary for the proper evaluation of a patient with a suspected neuromuscular disorder. Each individual chapter in this book is headed by a “tool bar,” indicating the usefulness of various diagnostic tests for the particular condition discussed in the chapter. For example, genetic testing is necessary for the diagnosi...

Diseases of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerve roots are a frequent cause of neurological consultation. Anatomically, each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a dorsal sensory root and a ventral motor root. Based on their location, the resulting nerve roots define the dermatomal and myotomal maps. Lesions of nerve roots are termed a ra...

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) maintains homeostasis of all major organs relative to the external environment. The ANS is subdivided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. Disorders of the ANS can lead to cardiovascular, sudomotor, gastrointestinal, or urogenital dysfunction. When addressing potential disorders of t...

Although the history and clinical examination remain the most effective way of diagnosing the presence of muscle disease, increasingly the clinician has to rely on an understanding of muscle electrophysiology, pathology, and genetics to differentiate between an ever-increasing number of complex disorders of muscle. There are several groups of muscl...

The goal of medical rehabilitation is to improve a patient’s function, activity levels, and participation in the daily activities of living. A widely accepted model of rehabilitation is provided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by the World Health Organization. According to the World Health Organizatio...

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves (CNs) with distinct anatomical and functional characteristics. CN nuclei are located within the brain stem, and in select cases, also in the cervical spinal cord. In addition to motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers, CNs are also responsible for olfaction, taste, vision, and hearing.

Motor neuron diseases are a family of sporadic and inherited neurodegenerative diseases that selectively target motor neurons whose primary function is to control voluntary muscle activity. The best known of these diseases is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS presents as a progressive painless weakness of both bulbar and extremity muscles. A...

Peripheral nerve surgery encompasses the repair of primary nerve transection, the reconstruction of nerve gaps as well as the management of painful nerve conditions including end neuroma and neuroma-in-continuity. The gold standard for nerve repair is considered to be microsurgical suture with attention to restoring alignment and providing close ap...

Several entirely new disease-modifying neuromuscular therapies have recently emerged, ranging from gene-interfering or -altering drugs for hereditary conditions to precise biologic therapies for autoimmune illnesses. These novel approaches include antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), exon-skipping ASOs, RNA interference (RNAi), gene editing and repla...

A large proportion of neuromuscular diseases have a genetic basis, often due to monogenic (Mendelian) mutations. Given the remarkable clinical and molecular heterogeneity of many neuromuscular diseases, conventional genetic testing such as Sanger sequencing has been largely unsuccessful in the past. The introduction of next-generation sequencing ha...

Polyneuropathies encompass a broad array of etiologies, which vary by fiber size (small or large fiber), fiber type (somatic motor, somatic sensory, or autonomic), pattern of injury (axonal or demyelinating), distribution (length-dependent and length-independent), and rapidity of onset (acute, subacute, or chronic). Diabetes, B12 deficiency, alcoho...

Neuropathic pain is common in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Highly prevalent conditions including polyneuropathy, radiculopathy, and mononeuropathy, and less prevalent conditions such as plexopathy and neuronopathy share pain as central aspect that often requires treatment. Diagnosis often requires only a careful clinical history, but this c...

The prevalence and incidence of myasthenia gravis (MG) have increased over the years, especially in elderly men. Current estimates are 0.17–1.04/100,000 for incidence and 0.3–20/100,000 for prevalence. Antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AchR-Ab) are found in approximately 80%. Antibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK-Ab) occur in...

The cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus receive fibers from nerve roots and form peripheral nerves which innervate the corresponding anatomical structures. The cervical plexus (C1–4) descends in a loop-like structure and serves a large area of skin innervation and several motor nerves. The dorsal rami of C1–4 innervate the paraspinal musc...

Mononeuropathies are an essential part of clinical neurology. Their clinical diagnosis depends on knowledge of anatomy, clinical syndromes, and common etiologies, depending on the nerve involved. In addition to electrophysiology, imaging—particularly MRI and ultrasound—is proving increasingly useful in the timely and proper diagnosis and treatment...

This atlas offers a comprehensive overview of neuromuscular diseases. It discusses all aspects of neuromuscular disorders, including general tools, the cranial and spinal nerves, the nerve plexus, peripheral nerves, mono- and polyneuropathies, entrapment syndromes, the neuromuscular junction, motor neuron diseases, muscle disease, and autonomic inv...

Pharyngeal Electrical Stimulation (PES) is a novel treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia resulting from neurogenic causes such as stroke, prolonged intubation, tracheostomy, or multiple sclerosis, and may be effective in other medical conditions such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). A 74-year-old male patient with a pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (P...

In 2017, the International Headache Society convened a Global Patient Advocacy Summit (GPAS-1) to begin a collaborative effort involving patients, patient advocates, patient advocacy organizations, healthcare professionals, scientists, professional pain, neurology, and headache societies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and regulatory agencies to adv...

Since its establishment the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) has manifested a keen interest in the environment and its relation to neurological diseases. Thus, in 2007 the WFN renamed the "Neurotoxicological Research Group" to "Environmental Neurology Research Group". In this short article, we review some recent events which illustrate the WFN i...

Every year, the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) celebrates World Brain Day (WBD) on July 22 (the official anniversary of WFN) with each year focusing on a different theme. This year the theme is “ Migraine, The Painful Truth”. Migraine is the number one cause of disability affecting people under the age of fifty years (the group with the highes...

Neurology is concerned with diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and neuromuscular system. Neurological diseases can be acute or chronic, and residual or progressive disease often leaves patients with handicaps and disability. Besides many frequent neurological diseases as stroke, epilepsy, movement disorders and others, neurology also includes rare...

This chapter takes an international perspective on advocacy. It focuses on the question of how international advocacy projects can look like and what makes them successful. In doing so, we turn to the practical and applied sides of advocacy. Advocacy activities aim at taking the voice of patients to inform, protect, and support them. In the first p...

We might well conceive of fin-de-siècle and interwar Vienna as providing the background for a paradigmatic project of Late Enlightenment: a ‘powerhouse of modernity’, as Charles Schorske once called it. The emergence of a widely renowned medical school was, in a variety of ways, characteristic for that project. Brilliant in diagnosis, nihilistic in...

Projects end according to plan if the goals are achieved, or the content of a project becomes part of routine procedure. In specific circumstances, advocacy projects can be set up for continuous policy/procedure development purposes. Irregular endings can occur at any time for several reasons and do not necessarily indicate failure. Persons working...

Brain tumours include different entities in terms of pathology, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic options; however, all represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The symptom burden of brain tumour patients is extremely high, and the different phases of the disease (at diagnosis, after surgery, during the adjuvant treatments,...

Knowledge and science are the basis of neurology, while competence, skills, and possession of a virtue synthetically referred to as ‘phronesis’ are also expected in clinical practice. There is an increasing awareness of the importance of ‘soft facts’, which are well-formulated in the CanMEDs and belong to the neurologist’s spectrum of abilities. Th...

The main goals of this book are to provide a systematic view on advocacy and provide insight that advocacy is a useful and powerful tool. Advocacy, as used in the context of medicine and in particular neurology, is not new, but has always been practised by physicians and neurologists and can be considered an implicit permanent activity, even duty o...