Wilson J e M Costa

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro | UFRJ · Departamento de Zoologia

The analysis of 78 morphological characters for 16 species representing all the lineages of the tribe Cynopoecilini and three out-groups, indicates that the incertae sedis miniature species 'Leptolebias' leitaoi Cruz & Peixoto is the sister group of a clade comprising the genera Leptolebias, Campellolebias, and Cynopoecilus, consequently recognised...

Material obtained from recent collections was used to revise taxonomy of the genus Atlantirivulus in the coastal basins of south - eastern Brazil, making possible to recognise four new species: Atlantirivulus maricensis, new species, from the rivers drainages connected to the Maricá lagoon system; Atlantirivulus guanabarensis, new species, from riv...

Laimosemion ubim, new species, is described from a small stream tributary of Lago Amanã system, Central Amazon, northern Brazil, based on external and internal anatomical morphological characters. It is considered closely related to other species of Laimosemion, subgenus Owiyeye, from the same region. It is distinguished from all other rivulids by...

Nematolebias, a genus of killifishes uniquely living in temporary pools of south-eastern Brazil, contains two nominal species, N. whitei, a popular aquarium fish, and N. papilliferus, both threatened with extinction and presently distinguishable by male colour patterns. Species limits previously established on the basis of morphological characters...

Two new species of the Anablepsoides urophthalmus group and three new species of the A. ornatus group, collected in the Brazilian Amazon, are described. Anablepsoides jari, new species, and A. roraima, new species, are the first records of members of the A. urophthalmus group for tributaries of the Amazonas river basin draining the Guiana Shield, b...

Melanorivulus leali, new species, from the Grande river drainage, south-eastern Brazil, is described. It differs from all other congeners by possessing a unique colour pattern, comprising red dots on body side arranged in chevron shaped rows, a broad dark grey stripe along the whole flank, flank light blue in males, dorsal and ventral portions of t...

Hypsolebias caeruleus, new species, is described from the semi-arid Caatinga savannah of north-eastern Brazil, middle São Francisco River basin. It is similar to H. adornatus and H. lopesi, differing from all other species of this group by having the dorsal-fin origin in a vertical anterior to the pelvic fin in males, flank blue in males, and two b...

Aplocheiloid killifishes, a diversified group of primary freshwater fishes occurring in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and south-eastern Asia, have been the focus of debates among biogeographers using dispersal and vicariance approaches. The aim of the present paper is to infer biogeographical events responsible for the pr...

Members of the Hypsolebias antenori species group comprise a diverse clade of morphologically similar seasonal killifishes occurring in a vast region of the semi-arid savannah of northeastern Brazil. The present paper focuses on an assemblage of three allopatric cryptic species (H. antenori from isolated coastal river drainages, Hypsolebias igneus...

Laimosemion jauaperi, new species, from the Jauaperi river drainage, central Brazilian Amazon, is described. It was found in a shallow, black-water pool adjacent to a stream within dense forest. Laimosemion jauaperi differs from all other rivulines by possessing four pelvic-fin rays in the female (vs. 5-9), four branchiostegal rays (vs. 5-6) and th...

Notholebias, a genus of seasonal miniature killifishes from south-eastern Brazil, contains two species threatened with extinction, N. minimus and N. fractifasciatus, and one possibly extinct species N. cruzi. These species are mainly distinguishable by male colour patterns. Species limits were tested using a combination of morphological characters...

Trichomycterus septemradiatus and T. piratymbara are described from the Paraná river basin, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus septemradiatus is similar to T. reinhardti, T. pauciradiatus and T. piratymbara by sharing a unique colour pattern consisting of a broad dark brown stripe on the flank, dorsally bordered by a yellow zone. Trichomycterus se...

Anablepsoides urubuiensis, new species, is described from the upper Urubu river drainage, northern Brazil. It constitutes the first record of a species of the A. limoncochae group for the central Amazon region. The new species is distinguished from all other rivulines by a unique colour pattern of flank, including the presence of two red stripes di...

Phylogenetic relationships of five species of Prolebias from the Oligocene of southern France (P. aymardi, P. cephalotes, P. delphinensis, P. meridionalis, and P. stenoura) were examined under an analysis comprising 36 terminal taxa, representing all the main lineages of the order Cyprinodontiformes. It indicated Prolebias as a polyphyletic group,...

Melanorivulus ubirajarai, new species, and Melanoriviilus kunzei, new species, are described from the upper Araguaia river basin, central Brazil; both are considered as closely related to other species endemic from the same area. Melanorivulus ubirajarai shares with M. litteratus a unique colour pattern of caudal fin in females (short grey stripe b...

The coastal plains of the Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil, have been considered an important hotspot of aplocheiloid killifish diversity. A conservation status assessment based on 17 years of field studies directed to record habitat decline indicates that five species of seasonal killifish, Leptolebias marmoratus, Nematolebias papillifer...

The caudal skeleton of teleost fishes of the order Cyprinodontiformes is described and compared on the basis of 394 ex-tant and eight fossil species, supporting delimitation of 21 phylogenetic characters, of which 13 are firstly reported. The Cyprinodontiformes are unambiguously diagnosed by the presence of a single, blade-like epural, and by princ...

Trichomycterus puriventris, new species is described from the upper Paraíba do Sul river basin, southeastern Brazil. It differs from all species of the genus by the unique colour pattern consisting of dark pigmentation concentrated along and above midline of flank, but absent below midline. The new species is similar to T. alternatus, T. caudofasci...

Melanorivulus schuncki is first recorded for a vast geographic area of the eastern Brazilian Amazon between Rego Grande River, Amapá state, and the lower Amazonas River basin, Pará state. It was found in shallow parts of clear and black water streams, as well as in broad flooded areas, both in the edge of the forest and in open savannah. Some varia...

Melanorivulus pindorama, new species, from the upper Tocantins River drainage, southern Amazonas River basin, central Brazil, is described. It is distinguished from all other congeners by having a unique colour pattern of flank and unpaired fins, consisting of pale grey spots overlapped by red reticulations on the flank and transverse rows of light...

Trichomycterus macrophthalmus, new species is described from the upper Paraíba do Sul river basin, southeastern Brazil. It differs from all species of Trichomycterus from southeastern Brazil by possessing nine pleural ribs. Trichomycterus macrophthalmus is similar to T. travassosi from the same basin by both owning short nasal barbel, but the new s...

The organisms investigated are members of the Hypsolebias flavicaudatus species complex; a clade of morphologically similar annual killifishes endemic to the semi-arid savannah of north-eastern Brazil in the São Francisco River basin, which is a tropical area under intensive process of habitat loss. A taxonomic revision was conducted combining two...

Trichomyeterus fete, new species is described from the upper rio de Contas basin, northeastern Brazil. It is the first record of the genus to the Caatinga semi-arid region. The new species is distinguished from all its congeners by having a combination of eight pectoral-fin rays, the first pectoral-fin ray prolonged as a filament, metapterygoid dee...

Simpsonichthys margaritatus, new species, is described from the Verde River floodplains, upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. It is distinguished from all other congeners by having series of small light blue to light yellow spots arranged in close proximity on the dorsal and caudal fins in males and oblique dark brown bars on the anal fin in f...

Poecilia waiapi, new species, is described from the lower Jari river drainage, in northern Brazil. It is hypothesized to be closely related to P. branneri, P. minima and P. sarrafae by sharing eight apomorphic conditions. Poecilia waiapi differs from all of its congeners by the presence of vertical dark gray bars on the flank in males (vs. bars abs...

Carrionellus diumortuus from the Lower Miocene of Loja, southern Ecuador, is the type species of fCarrionellus, the only American cyprinodontiform genus uniquely containing fossil species. It was first considered as a member of the cyprinodontid tribe Cyprinodontini, a group comprising extant taxa geographically restricted to North and Middle Ameri...

A maximum parsimony analysis of a combined set of mitochondrial and morphological data available in the literature for 33 rivuline taxa and three outgroups confirms Rivulus as a paraphyletic assemblage. In order to adjust a generic classification to our present phylogenetic knowledge on rivuline relationships, the following taxonomic changes are pr...

Hypsolebias nudiorbitatus, new species, is described from the semi-arid Caatinga area of northeastern Brazil, upper Itapicuru River basin. It is a member of the H. antenori species group, differing from all other species of this group by having a rudimentary squamation on the supra-orbital region, a unique color pattern on the caudal fin in males c...

The Hypsolebias flavicaudatus species complex is a clade of annual killifishes inhabiting seasonal pools associated to São Francisco River basin, in the semi-arid Caatinga region of northeastern Brazil. The analysis of both morphological and molecular data supports recognition of a new species of that complex, herein named as Hypsolebias guanambi....

The study of morphological characters of the holotype of Rivulus ocellatus (= Kryptolebias ocellatus) revealed that K. caudomarginatus (Seegers) is a synonym of K. ocellatus. The species identified until now as K. ocellatus is redescribed as K. hermaphroditus, which is distinguished from all other species of the K. marmoratus group, which also incl...

Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses were performed for the Plesiolebiasini, a group of 20 small and rare species of South American annual killifishes, some threatened with extinction, occurring in river basins of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. The results of a maximum parsimony analysis of 142 morphological characters highly corrob...

Morphological characters of two lineages of aplocheiloid annual killifishes containing predatory species feeding on sympatnc congeners were analysed under a phylogenetic framework. They are the South American rivulid genus Austrolebias and the African nothobranchiid genus Nothobranchius. Independent phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters...

The genus Lophogyne is revised based on recent collections and examination of type material. The two nominal species, Lophogyne arculifera and Lophogyne helicandra, are herein placed in synonymy under the new combination Lophogyne lacunosa (previously published as Marathrum lacunosum), rendering the genus monotypic. A detailed description and a dis...

Rivulus cajariensis, new species, is described from the Cajari River drainage, lower Amazonas River basin, north-ern Brazil. It is hypothesized to be a member of a species assemblage endemic to the Guiana Shield area and adjacent lowlands of Venezuela, diagnosed by the presence of numerous rays in the anal and pectoral fins. The new species is dist...

Rivulus schuncki, new species, is described from the Anauerapucu River drainage, lower Amazonas River basin, northern Brazil. It is distinguished from all other species of the subgenus Melanorivulus by its pointed snout in lateral view, 12 rows of scales around the caudal peduncle, bright green bars on the flank and caudal fin in males, flank dark...

Poecilia sarrafae, new species, is described from the Parnaíba and Mearim river basins, in northeastern Brazil. It is hypothesized to be closely related to P. branneri and P. minima by sharing eight apomorphic conditions: teeth of the external rows of dentary and premaxilla conical; 5-7 teeth on the external rows of dentary and premaxilla; vomer pr...

Simpsonichthys ilheusensis, new species, is described from an isolated coastal basin near Ilhéus, Bahia State, north-eastern Brazil. It is diagnosed by a distal marginal black stripe on the anal fin, which is absent in all other species of the subgenus Ophthalmolebias. It is similar to S. suzarti from the coastal plains adjacent to the Pardo River,...

Rivulus jalapensis, new species, from the Sono River drainage, Tocantins River basin, central Brazil, is described. It is hypothesized to be closely related to R. decoratus from the Sao Francisco River basin by both species sharing the presence of five branchiostegal rays and small maximum size as adult. Sister group species of the Rivulidae occurr...

Aim To analyse the biogeographical events responsible for the present distribution of cynolebiasine killifishes (Teleostei: Rivulidae: Cynolebiasini), a diversified and widespread Neotropical group of annual fishes threatened with extinction. Location South America, focusing on the main river basins draining the Brazilian Shield and adjacent zones....

Seven new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus are described and Trichomycterus brasiliensis is redescribed from tributaries of the Rio Itabapoana, São Francisco and Paraiba do Sul river basins, southeastern Brazil. Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus, new species, is diagnosed by autapomorphic characters: morphology of the metapterygoid, wide...

Simpsonichthys harmonicus, new species, is described from the left flood plains of the middle São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil. It is considered to be closely related to S. magnificus and S. picturatus, also endemic to the middle São Francisco River basin, by all possessing a combination of apomorphic states of morphological characters in m...

Rivulus tocantinensis, new species, from the middle section of the Tocantins River drainage, and R. xinguensis, new species, from the lower Xingu River drainage, eastern Amazonas River basin, northern Brazil, are described. Both species are missing the well-defined marginal yellow stripes on the caudal fin present in adult males of all other specie...

Kryptolebias marmoratus is an important experimental fish, and is considered to represent the only vertebrate species comprising self-fertilizing hermaphroditic individuals. Subsequent to the discovery of this unusual mode of reproduction, approximately 50 years ago, K. marmoratus has been the focus of a series of studies. However, little is known...

Cynolebias parnaibensis from the Canindé River drainage, Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil, is described. It is considered to be a member of a clade endemic to the Caatinga. The clade is diagnosed, e. g., by a series of structural modifications of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, which is related to the sound production exhibited by males duri...

Rivulus megaroni, new species, is described from the Xingu River drainage, southern Amazonas River basin, central Brazil. It is similar to other species of Melanorivulus endemic to the southern Amazonian tributaries of central Brazil by having a unique color pattern of flank in males, consisting of red marks arranged in a chevronlike pattern, in wh...

The osteological and myological structure of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) of a species assemblage of the Brazilian annual killifish genus Cynolebias, known as the Cynolebias-clade α, is first described. The Cynolebiasclade α comprises all species of the genus except C. griseus, and includes species in which males produce sounds during courtsh...

Tests of species delimitation based oil two methods using morphological characters were applied to seasonal killifish populations of eastern Tanzania previously identified as Nothobranchius korthausae. Two species were recognized, N. korthansae considered geographically widespread along the Mafia Island, and N. ruudwildekampi, new species, from the...

A comparative study, involving feeding items found in gut contents and morphological structures related to feeding habits, among 15 species of the South American annual killifish genus Austrolebins indicates a considerable intra-generic trophic radiation. Species of basal lineages are generalist aquatic invertebrate feeders with unspecialized morph...

A new species of Laetacara is described from the rio Verde, rio Araguaia basin, São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás, Brazil; L. dorsigera is re-described. The new species from the rio Verde, rio Araguaia differs from all the species of the genus by its low dorsal-fi n ray number. It is distinguished from L. thayeri by the presence of a caudal-fi n pedunc...

Osteological structures of Callopanchax are fi rst described and illustrated. Twenty-six characters derived from comparisons of osseous structures among some aplocheiloid fishes provided evidence supporting hypotheses of relationships among three western African genera (Callopanchax, Scriptaphyosemion and Archiaphyosemion), as proposed in recent mo...

The egg surface of four species of the South American genus Leptolebias is examined under scanning electron microscopy. Two distinct morphological patterns are described: surface reticulate, lumen punctate, in L. marmoratus, L. aureoguttatus, and L. itanhaensis; and, surface insulate and not punctate, in L. citrinipinnis. Both the punctate lumen an...

A new species of Laetacara is described from the rio Verde, rio Araguaia basin, São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás, Brazil; L. dorsigera is re-described. The new species from the rio Verde, rio Araguaia differs from all the species of the genus by its low dorsal-fin ray number. It is distinguished from L. thayeri by the presence of a caudal-fin peduncle...

A new species of Pterolebias from Caceres, Paraguay River Basin, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, is described. It was found in a temporary lagoon on the Brazilian Central Cerrado and seems to have the same annual habits of the other species of the group. The new species differs from all other species but P. staeckiin the colour pattern on the sides o...

Rivulus riograndensis, a new species of the subgenus Atlantirivulus from the Patos lagoon basin and adjacent coastal plains, southern Brazil, is described. It is similar to R. haraldsiolii and R. luelingi, and distinguished from all other species of the subgenus, by having dark brown dots over the dorsal portion of the flank and dorsum in females....

Rivulus cearensis, new species, from São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará, northeastern Brazil, is described. It was found in a shallow stream within a residual humid forest inserted in the semi-arid Caatinga region. The new species seems to be closely related to R. bahianus and to the species of the R. urophthalmus group by all having the ventral surfac...

Rivulus unaensis, new species, from Una, Bahia, eastern Brazil, is described. It is similar and possibly closely related to R. depressus by both possessing few mandibular neuromasts and the anterior portion of the trunk wider than deep. It differs from R. depressus in having fewer caudal-fin rays, fewer scales in the longitudinal series and more pe...

Rivulus bahianus, endemic to the coastal plains of northeastern Brazil, is redescribed. It is considered to be closely related to a species assemblage from northern South America, including R. cryptocallus, R. deltaphilus, R. elongatus, R. hartii, R. igneus, R. lungi, R. micropus, R. rubrolineatus, R. stagnatus, R. taeniatus, and R. urophthalmus, b...

Nine new species of Australoheros from Southern Brazil are herein described: Australoheros autrani from rio São João basin; A. barbosae from rio Preto basin, rio Paraíba do Sul basin; A. ipatinguensis from rio Doce basin; A. macacuensis from rio Macacu basin, A. macaensis from rio Macaé basin, A. muriae from rio Muriaé basin, rio Paraíba do Sul bas...

Simpsonichthys inaequipinnatus, new species, from the Tocantins River basin, central Brazil, is described. It is considered closely related to S. semiocellatus from the Araguaia River basin with which it shares two derived features: dorsal fin subtriangular in males, terminating as a single, long filament, and frontal squamation F-patterned. It dif...

Trichomycterus caipora, espécie nova, é descrita para a bacia do rio Macabu, drenagem da lagoa Feia, serra de Macaé, sudeste do Brasil. A nova espécie distingue-se dos demais Trichomycterus do sul e sudeste do Brasil pela combinação: da presença de nove raios na nadadeira peitoral, nadadeira caudal emarginada e elevado número de odontódeos opercula...

Rivulus amanan, new species, from the Amanã lake drainage, Amazonas river basin, Brazil, is described. It was found in shallow places of lentic aquatic biotopes at igarapé do Bare floodplains, within the Amazon forest. The new species is a member of the subgenus Anablepsoides, which also includes R. atratus and R. ornatus. It differs from both by t...

Ammoglanis amapaensis, new species, is described from three drainages of the Brazilian Amazon: Jari, Amapari and Araguari. It is distinguished from other congeners by having nostril barbel long, reaching the posterior margin of the eye, cranial fontanel absent, and the anterior portion of the palatine with a small ossification. It seems to be more...

Simpsonichthys longignatus, new species, from the Pacoti River basin, an isolated coastal drainage of northeastern Brazil, is described. It is considered to be closely related to three species of the Tocantins River basin, S. multiradiatus, S. flammeus and S. brunoi, by all possessing bright blue anal fin in males and concave dorsal profile of head...

Rivulus jurubatibensis, a new species of the Rivulus santensis group, from a coastal swamp close to the Lagoa do Pires, Quissamã, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, is described. It is distinguished from all other species of the R. santensis group by having fewer scales in the longitudinal series. Rivulus jurubatibensis is considered to be closel...

Australoheros ribeirae, new species, described from the rio Ribeira do Iguape basin, southeastern Brazil, has a colour patter similar to several undescribed species of Rio de Janeiro Sate. However, it differs from them by having a truncate neural process of the 2 nd caudal vertebra. Australoheros ribeirae differs from the other valid species of the...

A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters indicates that Leptolebias Myers, 1952, a genus of small killifishes highly threatened with extinction, from Brazil, is paraphyletic. As a consequence, Leptolebias is restricted in this study to a well-supported clade that includes Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges, 1934), Leptolebias splenden...

Austrolebias paucisquama is described from the rio Vacacaí drainage, a tributary to the rio Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The new species belongs to the Austrolebias alexandri species-group, by sharing the apomorphic bright blue iridescence and dark gray pectoral fins in males. It is distinguished from other species of this group by having fewe...

Rivulus formosensis, new species of the subgenus Melanorivulus, is described from the upper Corrente River drainage, a part of the Paranaiba River drainage of the upper Parana River basin, central Brazil. It is considered a member of the R. pictus clade, which is diagnosed by the flank being intense greenish blue, to purplish blue above anal-fin ba...

Rivulus giarettai, new species, from the Araguari river drainage, upper rio Parana basin, Brazil, is described. This is the first record of a rivulid in tributaries of the left bank of the Paranaiba river. Rivulus giarettai differs from all other species of the subgenus Melanorivulus by possessing a unique color pattern on flank in males, in which...

Rivulus planaltinus, new species, from the Maranhao River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil, is described. It is a member of a subclade of the subgenus Melanorivulus endemic to the central Brazilian plateau, which is diagnosed by having ventral process of angulo-articular vestigial and flank intense greenish blue or greenish gol...

Fifty species in five subgenera of Simpsonichthys (family Rivulidae) are recognized as valid. Xenurolebias, from the coastal plains of eastern Brazil, includes one species, S. myersi; Ophthalmolebias, from the coastal river basins of eastern and southeastern Brazil, comprises S. constanciae, S. suzarti, S. bokermanni, S. perpendicularis, and S. ros...

Rivulus kayabi, new species, from the Arinos and Teles Pires drainages of the Tapajós river basin, central Brazil, is described. It is similar to other species of Melanorivulus from southern Amazonian tributaries of central Brazil by having a unique color pattern of flank, consisting of red marks arranged in a chevron-like pattern with vertex on th...

Rivulus faucireticulatus, new species, collected in the Bonfim river floodplains, upper Claro drainage, upper Paraná river basin, central Brazil, is described. It differs from all other species of the subgenus Melanorivulus in having a broad sub-basal red stripe on the dorsal fin in males, ventral portion of the head with a black reticulate color p...

Rivulus bororo, new species, from the Santana River drainage, and R. paresi, new species, from the Sepotuba River drainage, upper Paraguay River basin, central Brazil, are described. Both species are distinguished from the remaining congeners endemic to the Paraguay basin in having close red dots on flank, arranged in chevron-like series with the v...

Rivulus illuminalus, new species, collected in the floodplains of corrego da Queixada, upper rio Parana basin, central Brazil, is described. It differs from all other species of the subgenus Melanorivulus by possessing six pelvicfin rays. Rivulus illuminatus belongs to a group, herein referred as the Rivulus piclus clade, diagnosed by having ventra...

Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus, new species, collected in a seasonal swamp at the floodplains of rio da Prata, rio Aporé drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil, is described. It is a member of the western clade of the subgenus Simpsonichthys, which is diagnosed by having 24-26 vertebrae, a dark gray band bordered by a bright blue line on t...

Simpsonichthys punctulatus, new species, collected in a seasonal swamp of the upper rio Paracatu drainage, rio São Francisco basin, central Brazil, is described. It is a member of the eastern clade of the subgenus Simpsonichthys, which also includes S. boitonei, S. santanae and S. zonatus, and is diagnosed by pectoral fin red with blue spots in mal...

Rivulus luelingi and R. haraldsiolii, two poorly known species of the R. santensis group from southern Brazil, are redescribed. Rivulus luelingi is endemic to the area between the Guaratuba bay and the Itapocu river, and R. haraldsiolii to the area between the Cubatão river and the Tijucas river. The two species are found between Cubatão and Itapoc...

Ituglanis paraguassuensis, new species, is described from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. It is distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the following combination of characters: color pattern composed of several irregular pale brown blotches aligned along the body (Fig. 1), parietal fontanel extending to posterior edg...

Ituglanis paraguassuensis, new species, is described from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. It is distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the following combination of characters: color pattern composed of several irregular pale brown blotches aligned along the body (Fig. 1), parietal fontanel extending to posterior edg...

The seasonal plesiolebiasine killifish genera Pituna Costa, Plesiolebias Costa, and Maratecoara Costa, endemic to central and northeastern Brazil, are revised. A key is provided for the identification of plesiolebiasine genera, and keys are also included for species of the three revised genera. Six species are recognized in Pituna: P. brevirostrata...

The seasonal plesiolebiasine killifish genera Pituna Costa, Plesiolebias Costa, and Maratecoara Costa, endemic to central and northeastern Brazil, are revised. A key is provided for the identification of plesiolebiasine genera, and keys are also included for species of the three revised genera. Six species are recognized in Pituna: P. brevirostrata...

Localidade-tipo: Várzea do rio Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Distribuição: Bacia do Paraguai. Documentação primária: Localidade tipo. Estado de conservação: Deficiente de dados. Stenolebias damascenoi (Costa, 1991) Localidade-tipo: Estrada entre Poconé e Porto Cercado, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Distribuição: Bacia do Paraguai. Documenta...

Rivulus kayapo, new species, a member of the Rivulus punctatus species group from the rio Caiapó drainage, upper rio Araguaia basin, is described. It is similar to R. pinima by the absence of bars on the caudal fin and flank in both sexes, in having longitudinal rows of red dots along the entire flanks in both sexes, and in having longitudinally el...

Simpsonichthys boitonei de Carvalho, a rare seasonal killifish threatened with extinction, from the upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazil, is redescribed on the basis of a recent collection made in the type locality drainage and examination of type material. Redescription includes morphometric and meristic data, fin morphology, and features of lat...

Three new species of the Simpsonichthys antenori group from the upper sections of eastern drainages of the middle rio São Francisco, serra do Espinhaço, are described. Simpsonichthys janaubensis, new species, from the rio Gorutuba floodplains, upper rio Verde Grande drainage, shares a derived color pattern of anal fin in males with S. flavicaudatus...

Trichomycterus pauciradiatus, new species, is described from the rio Paraná basin, southeastern Brazil. It differs from all other species of Trichomycterus by having four pelvic-fin rays. The new species is possibly closely related to T. reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1918), since both share a unique color pattern consisting of a yellow body with a broad d...

Three new species of the neotropical seasonal killifish genus Simpsonichthys are described from the middle rio Paracatu drainage of the middle rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Simpsonichthys virgulatus is a typical member of the S. notatus species group, diagnosed by the derived A-pattern frontal squamation and presence of blue spots on distal marg...

Campellolebias, a genus of South American annual killifishes, is diagnosed by a unique specialized structure, the pseudogonopodium, on the anterior part of the anal fin in males, which is used for internal insemination; a derived caudal skeleton morphology; an apomorphic color pattern on the ventral portion of the head in males; and a unique courts...

Pterolebias is revised on the basis of osteology, external morphology, latero-sensory system, and color patterns. Two species are recognized as valid: P. longipinnis, from the eastern and southern Amazon River basin and the ParanáParaguay River system, in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina; and P. phasianus, from the Paraguay River basin, in B...

The annual fish genus Austrolebias is redefined to include species previously placed in Megalebias, and is revised based on characters of osteology, external morphology, the latero-sensory system and color patterns. Monophyly of Austrolebias is supported by the absence of scales between the corner of the mouth and anterior portion of the preopercul...

Listrura picinguabae, new species, is described from small tributary streams of rio da Fazenda, an isolated coastal river in Picinguaba, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. It is distinguished from all other trichomycterids, except L. nematopteryx, in possessing a single long pectoral-fin ray. It differs from L. nematopteryx by a combination of f...