Magnolia genus -A systematic review on the composition and biological properties of its essential oils
Abstract
The genus Magnolia comprises approximately 219 species and is widely distributed in the Asian and American regions. The plants in the Magnolia genus posess unique ornamental values, strong anti-pollution properties, and significant economic and medicinal relevance due to the chemical diversity and biological potentials of their essential oils. The current review includes 24 Magnolia species from around the world and the chemical and biological properties of their essential oils. The data were collected from scientific electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Chemically, major components identified in most Magnolia essential oils were eucalyptol, linalool, limonene, β-eudesmol, β-elemene, β-pinene, and caryophyllene. Additionally, the essential oils displayed various biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiphotoaging, antifungal, cytotoxic, antidermatophytic, and nematocidal properties. The review emphasises Magnolia species' chemical and biological properties and provides guidance for selecting accessions or species with the best chemical profiles. The review also identifies species that were not yet studied and the potentials of their essential oils.
... Its flowering period spans from April to May, while the fruiting season occurs between August and September. The distribution of this species is limited to the southern provinces of China, including Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi, where it thrives in the fertile broadleaf forests at elevations ranging from 700 to 1400 m [3][4][5]. ...
... Unraveling the genetic blueprint of M. lotungensis, encapsulated within its transcriptome, holds the key to understanding its adaptability, resilience, and susceptibility to extinction pressures [4,7]. However, our current understanding of M. lotungensis at the genetic level is severely limited. ...
... The ability of these genes to escape the overall trend of sequence conservation and undergo rapid evolution raises questions about their adaptive significance and the selective pressures driving their divergence. This finding is consistent with previous studies on many endangered plants, including other Magnolia species [4,12,13,47]. The low genetic diversity may render M. lotungensis more vulnerable to environmental changes and biotic stressors, as it may lack the necessary genetic variation to adapt and survive under challenging conditions. ...
Magnolia lotungensis is an extremely endangered endemic tree in China. To elucidate the genetic basis of M. lotungensis, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis using a sample integrating the plant’s bark, leaves, and flowers. De novo transcriptome assembly yielded 177,046 transcripts and 42,518 coding sequences. Notably, we identified 796 species-specific genes enriched in organelle gene regulation and defense responses. A codon usage bias analysis revealed that mutation bias appears to be the primary driver of selection in shaping the species’ genetic architecture. An evolutionary analysis based on dN/dS values of paralogous and orthologous gene pairs indicated a predominance of purifying selection, suggesting strong evolutionary constraints on most genes. A comparative transcriptomic analysis with Magnolia sinica identified approximately 1000 ultra-conserved genes, enriched in essential cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, protein synthesis, and genome stability. Interestingly, only a limited number of 511 rapidly evolving genes under positive selection were detected compared to M. sinica and Magnolia kuangsiensis. These genes were enriched in metabolic processes associated with adaptation to specific environments, potentially limiting the species’ ability to expand its range. Our findings contribute to understanding the genetic architecture of M. lotungensis and suggest that an insufficient number of adaptive genes contribute to its endangered status.
... Hydrocarbon monoterpenes varied between 7.2% and 19.6%. These values are notably lower than those reported in previous studies by Yahaya et al. [86], Morshedloo et al. [27], and Farag et al. [19], where hydrocarbon monoterpenes were found to be between 40.7% and 43.8%. The concentration of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in the extracts ranged between 2.3% and 4.6%. ...
... champaca, M. denudata, M. grandiflora, and M. officinalis). The obtained values are notably lower than those reported in previous studies by Yahaya et al. [86], Morshedloo et al. [27], and Farag et al. [19]. ...
This research focuses on exploring the bioactive and antibacterial properties of extracts from the flowers and bark of four Magnolia species (Magnolia champaca, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia grandiflora, and Magnolia officinalis) for possible cosmetic applications. We used ethanol to extract compounds from these plants and conducted various tests including spectrophotometry, HPLC, GC-MS, and microbiological analyses. The extracts, particularly rich in polyphenols (55.18 mg GAE/g), displayed significant antioxidant capabilities, with IC 50 values ranging between 9.99 mg/mL and 23.23 mg/mL. We quantified different compounds: phenolic acids (6.259 to 27.883 mg/g dry weight), aglycone flavonoids (61.224 to 135.788 mg/g dw), glycosidic flavonoids (17.265 to 57.961 mg/g dw), and lignans (150.071 to 374.902 mg/g dw). We identified 76 volatile compounds, predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, which contribute to the antibacterial effectiveness of the extracts. These extracts showed greater antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. The diverse chemical compounds and their demonstrated activities suggest these extracts could be valuable in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or food industries.
... Essential oils have been utilised for thousands of years for their therapeutic and medicinal effects. In addition, essential oils are important natural sources and are used as raw materials for the production of fragrance compounds in cosmetics, as flavouring additives for food and beverages, as scenting agents in a variety of household products, and as intermediates 272 Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Assessment of Variability of Essential Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, and Shazlyn Oil Components in the Genus Lindera Milleana Shaharudin (Lauraceae) by Multivariate Analysis in the synthesis of other perfume chemicals [20]. Meanwhile, essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants have been known since antiquity to possess biological activities, most notably antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant properties [21][22][23]. ...
Essential oils hold tremendous medicinal attributes and are greatly exploited industrially worldwide. Lindera is an important genus of the Lauraceae family of plants which are known for their medicinal values. In the present study, eleven studies reported on Lindera essential oils were selected and reviewed. Then the variability of essential oil components in the genus Lindera were assessed by multivariate analysis. The chemical analysis enabled the identification of qualitative and quantitative differences among the essential oils. The essential oils were characterized by high proportions of germacrene B, spathulenol, nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, dihydromyrcene, furanosesquiterpenoid, sesquithuriferol, and linalool. Then, the differences in the chemical profiles of the essential oil were confirmed by the multivariate statistical analysis, which was determined via principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The analysis classified the Lindera species into four different clusters. Group A of cluster analysis (L. obtusiloba) was highly correlated with α-copaene and β-eudesmol and group B of cluster analysis (L. strychnifolia, L. umbellata and L. pulcherrima) were highly correlated with linalool and 1,8-cineole. Moreover, group C of cluster analysis (L. erythrocarpa, L. pipericarpa, L. nacusua and L. glauca) were highly correlated with spathulenol, α-humulene and β-phellandrene, whereas for group D (L. chunii, L. communis and L. fragrans) were highly correlated with β-farnesene and β-caryophyllene. This data analysis may be used for the identification and characterization of essential oils from different Lindera species that are to be used as raw materials of traditional herbal products. However, there is much variation in the essential oil compositions of Lindera essential oils, both within subspecies and between geographical locations; much additional investigation is necessary to more fully characterize the volatile phytochemistry of this plant.
... Notably, M. officinalis is distinguished for its significantly high content of lignans in the bark, particularly magnolol and honokiol. The presence of lignans in both the bark and flowers of Magnolia species has been confirmed in several studies [28][29][30][31]. These studies underscore the notable presence and impact of these compounds in Magnolia extracts, attributing antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties to them [32][33][34][35][36]. ...
This study rigorously investigates the bioactive properties and characteristics of extracts derived from the flowers and bark of four distinct Magnolia species: Magnolia champaca, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia officinalis. The primary objective is to evaluate the potential application of these extracts in cosmetics and other relevant industries. We used ethanol to extract compounds from these plants and conducted various tests, including spectrophotometry, HPLC, GC-MS, and microbiological analyses. The extracts, particularly rich in polyphenols (55.18 mg GAE/g), displayed significant antioxidant capabilities, with IC 50 values ranging between 9.99 mg/mL and 23.23 mg/mL. We quantified different compounds: phenolic acids (6.259 to 27.883 mg/g dry weight), aglycone flavonoids (61.224 to 135.788 mg/g dw), glycosidic flavonoids (17.265 to 57.961 mg/g dw), and lignans (150.071 to 374.902 mg/g dw). We identified 76 volatile compounds, predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, which contribute to the antibacterial effectiveness of the extracts. These extracts showed greater inhibitory potential against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. The diverse chemical compounds and their demonstrated activities suggest these extracts could be valuable in the cosmetics industry, pharmaceutical industry, or other industries.
Blumea balsamifera essential oils (BBEOs) and Magnolia sieboldii essential oils (MSEOs) have exhibited outstanding antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, their anti-photoaging ability is still unclear. In this study, the chemical compositions of BBEOs and MSEOs are firstly determined by GC-MS analysis, and then their anti-photoaging is evaluated via an ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) induced mice skin-injury model. A total of 35 and 33 components are identified from BBEOs and MSEOs, and their dominant compositions are caryophyllene (18.54%) and borneol (18.33%) in BBEOs, and β-elemene (29.10%), γ-terpinene (17.01%) and (E)-β-ocymene (11.69%) in MSEOs. According to the skin injury model, the application of BBEOs and MSEOs to mice skin can effectively inhibit skin photoaging by down-regulating the expression of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Clearly, both essential oils reveal the potential as additives in cosmetics for anti-photoaging.
In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, we tested essential oils extracted from different plant parts of Magnolia grandiflora L. for their insecticidal and biting deterrent activities against Aedes aegypti. Biting deterrence of seeds essential oil with biting deterrence index value of 0.89 was similar to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). All the other oils were active above the solvent control but the activity was significantly lower than DEET. Based on GC-MS analysis, three pure compounds that were only present in the essential oil of seed were further investigated to identify the compounds responsible for biting deterrent activity. 1-Decanol with PNB value of 0.8 was similar to DEET (PNB = 0.8), whereas 1-octanol with PNB value of 0.64 showed biting deterrence lower than 1-decanol and DEET. The activity of 1-heptanol with PNB value of 0.36 was similar to the negative control. Since 1-decanol, which was 3.3% of the seed essential oil, showed biting deterrence similar to DEET as a pure compound, this compound might be responsible for the activity of this oil. In in vitro A & K bioassay, 1-decanol with MED value of 6.25 showed higher repellency than DEET (MED = 12.5). Essential oils of immature and mature fruit showed high toxicity whereas leaf, flower, and seeds essential oils gave only 20%, 0%, and 50% mortality, respectively, at the highest dose of 125 ppm. 1-Decanol with LC 50 of 4.8 ppm was the most toxic compound.
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/6/1359
Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from various plants by distillation, hydrodiffusion or compression. In recent years, the use of essential oils has gained popularity. Many pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary, food industry and agriculture studies have revealed that essential oils exert antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anticancer, neuroprotective, psychophysiological and anti-aging effects. Despite their reported uses, recent studies of eukaryotic cells have demonstrated that essential oils exert prooxidant and cytotoxic effects. Therefore, for the effective clinical use of essential oils, an evaluation of their cytotoxicity and the identification of the mechanisms affecting cell viability are required. To evaluate cytotoxicity, the present study determined the IC50 values of 15 essential oils provided by the Korea Forest Research Institute (Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki, Trifolium repens, Ligularia fischeri, Abies nephrolepis, Illicium anisatum, Zanthoxylum coreanum, Abies koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Chamaecyparis obtuse, Pinus densiflora, Magnolia kobus, Picea koraiensis, Picea abies, Abies holophylla and Platycladus orientalis). Their effect was then assessed in human lung cells (A549) and human skin cells (Detroit 551) by performing cell counting kit-8 assays. To identify the mechanism associated with each oil's cytotoxicity, expressions of cytotoxicity-associated marker genes (cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D and cyclin E) involved in the cell cycle and caspase-3 (involved in cell death) were examined by performing reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. In conclusion, plant essential oils can be used as a good source of medicine. However, without examining the safety of essential oils, they cannot be used in clinics. The results included estimates of the degree of cytotoxicity and the mechanism of cell death for each oil. It is expected that the data obtained from the current study will form guidelines for the clinically appropriate and safe use of these tested essential oils.
Kuspradini H, Putri AS, Egra S, Yanti. 2019. Short Communication: In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from twelve aromatic plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2039-2042. In the aim of this works was to investigate the antibacterial activity of twelve essential oils against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, oral pathogen causing dental caries. The essential oils were collected by a steam distillation method. Refractive index was measured by using a refractometer. The antibacterial activity of essential oils was determined using an agar well diffusion method. The yields of essential oils varied with the plant species. The steam distillation yielded clear to yellowish essential oils. Refractive indexes of oil were found to be in the range of 1.344 to 1.500. Syzigium sp. appeared to be more abundant in oil (1.54%) than the other plant species, while C. odorata was poorer (0.04%). All of the essential oils tested showed a varied level of inhibition zone (0-53.65 mm) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The oil from leaves of Cymbopogon citratus had the highest activity against S. sobrinus and S. mutans (53.15 and 52.85 mm, respectively). On the other hand, the Magnolia x alba oil showed the lowest activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus (10.50 and 11.65 mm, respectively). The research results demonstrated that the essential oil in this study has the potency for development of dental health products for preventing and treating oral infections.
Objectives:
This study sought to determine the quality of essential oil from Xylopia aethiopica fruits of different geographical origins using GC-MS-based metabolomics, bacterial quorum sensing and anti-inflammation assessment.
Methods:
Essential oil was obtained from eight batches of X. aethiopica fruits from Ghana and Nigeria by hydrodistillation, characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and differences therein found using metabolomics. The respective antibacterial activity of the oils was tested against four bacterial strains: two Gram-positive strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC12759), and two Gram-negative strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883). Anti-inflammation was tested using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
Key findings:
The outcome of the study revealed that the oil of the Ghana-sourced samples exhibited superior antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects than those from Nigeria. This could be attributed to the higher levels of the bioactive compounds present in those samples. This distinction between the samples from the two countries was clearly established using the metabolomics approach, and 14 differential metabolites were found to be potential chemical markers.
Conclusions:
The study lends credence to the traditional uses of the essential oil of X. aethiopica as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent.
The leaf and twig essential oils of Magnolia hypolampra, growing wild in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province of Vietnam, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The oil yield calculated on a dry weight basis from leaves of M. hypolampra was very high (1.62%, v/w), while that from twigs was much lower (0.07%, v/w). The essential oils were dominated by monoterpenoids (74.3% and 84.8%) and sesquiterpenoids (24.4% and 13.3%) with β-pinene (36.5% and 41.3%), α-pinene (23.7% and 24.4%), and germacrene D (14.6% and 5.8%) as respective major components. Antibiotic activity of the essential oil samples was tested against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and yeast Candida albicans using an agar disk diffusion method. Both the leaf and twig oils showed strong inhibition against all 3 tested microorganism strains with inhibition zones from 18.5 to 30.5 mm and from 45.5 to 46 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils was determined using microdilution broth susceptibility assay against 7 test microorganism strains including Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 3 abovementioned strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of the essential oil from the twigs were from 2.0 to 8.2 mg/mL, while those from the leaves were from 4.1 to 16.4 mg/mL.
Magnoliae Flos is a commonly used traditional medicinal material in Asia. It is used to treat sinusitis, nasal congestion, and hypersensitive skin. Because Magonlia Flos was described as an aromatic material in ancient Chinese texts, we hypothesized that its essential oil may be used to treat immune disorders. Dendritic cells (DCs), regarded as a major target of immunomodulators to control immune responses, play a critical role in the adaptive immune response. In this study, Magnoliae Flos essential oil (MFEO) decreased the production of the cytokines TNF-
α
, IL-6, and IL-12p70 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DCs. It also suppressed the surface markers MHC II, CD80, and CD86 in LPS-stimulated DCs. Animal models demonstrated that the 2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) inducing a contact hypersensitivity response was inhibited following treatment with MFEO. In addition, MFEO inhibited the infiltration of T cells in the ears of DNFB-induced mice. To explore its bioactive compounds, the components of MFEO were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the major compounds in MFEO are camphor and 1,8-cineole. Additional DC bioassays confirmed that these compounds substantially suppressed cytokine production in LPS-induced DCs. Therefore, we demonstrated that MFEO exhibits an immunosuppressive effect both in vivo and in vitro, and camphor and 1,8-cineole may be the major components responsible for its immunosuppressive ability. The findings indicate that MFEO has the potential to be developed as a new immunosuppressant for excessive diseases.
Abstract
An electronic nose (E-nose) coupled with chemical methodology was established, which can quickly screen and evaluate the radical scavenging activity of each component in the essential oil from Magnolia biondii Pamp (EOMB) without time-consuming and laborious separation of pure compounds. The method was established based on the differences of peak areas of the antioxidant components in EOMB before and after reaction with free radicals. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of EOMB were performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The radical scavenging activities were evaluated by E-nose coupled with chemical methodology. The results showed that the major components of EOMB were β-pinene (854.2 μg/g), sabinene (753.0 μg/g), α-pinene (437.2 μg/g), farnesol (272.2 μg/g), α-myrcene (190.7 μg/g), epi-cubebol (188.2 μg/g) and eucalyptol (147.1 μg/g). Among all chemical components in EOMB, α-terpineol, ç-cadinene and α-phellandrene showed the strongest scavenging ability in 1,1′-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazine (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals, respectively, with scavenging rates of 84.1 %, 89.1 % and 54.1 %.