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Advancements and challenges in phytochemical-mediated silver nanoparticles for food packaging: Recent review (2021–2023)
... Numerous investigations have shown antimicrobial characteristics of metallic nanoparticles and their capacity to regulate microbial proliferation in fruits. Te antimicrobial efects of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in fruit conservation have been highlighted by Ali et al. [22], Elataf and Fang [23], and Ferrone [24]. Similarly, Laurenti and Cauda [25], Qi et al. [26], Li et al. [27], Rahisuddin et al. [28], Singh et al. [29], Ali et al. [30], Lallo et al. [31], Juan et al. [32], and Patel et al. [33] showed that ZnO prolongs the shelf life of the fruit in a variety of ways. ...
The purpose of this review was to investigate the application of metal nanoparticles in fruit shelf life extension. Despite growing interest in nanoparticles and their potential applications, there are currently few effective methods for prolonging the shelf life of fruits. The study concentrated on the principles underlying the shelf life extension of metallic nanoparticles, including copper oxide, zinc oxide, silver, and titanium oxide. The biological properties of nanoparticles, especially those with antibacterial qualities, have drawn interest as possible fruit preservation solutions. Many conventional preservation methods have drawbacks, including expensive production costs, short shelf lives, undesirable residues, and the incapacity to properly keep perishable fruits in their natural environments. Techniques for extending shelf life based on nanotechnology have the potential to get around these problems. The review focused on the effective use of environmentally benign, green synthesis-produced nanoparticles to extend the fruit shelf life. The ability of these nanoparticles to successfully preserve fresh fruits was established. The results imply that fruit preservation by the use of nanoparticle synthesis techniques may be a viable strategy, offering a more effective and sustainable substitute for traditional procedures.
... Pharmaceutical manufacturers and scientists are interested in new antibacterials due to infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance. The application of AgNPs as antibacterials can be applied to the medical industry, food packaging, wood healing, disinfectants, skincare, and others [82][83][84][85][86]. AgNPs in combination with biopolymers are an excellent wound healing agent because of their properties to inhibit infection and enhance the healing rate. ...
... In addition, AgNPs are one of the most talented harvests in nanotechnology manufacturing. AgNPs have some possible applications, such as indicative biomedical optical imaging [13], and medical request [14] such as wound bandages [15], clinical devices [16], food packaging [17], therapeutic applications [18], dental applications [19] and numerous key-purchaser belongings manufacturers that even now manufacture household substances that operate the antibacterial properties [20]. ...
Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are perceiving remarkable progress during the past few periods due to its exclusive properties in many applications. Recently, green synthesis method of NPs is racing against traditional chemical and physical methods by avoiding the use of many toxic chemicals, and expensive devices. Accordingly, in this study, dry and fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. leaf extract has been employed for producing AgNPs as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. This process is simple, eco‐friendly and green. UV–vis spectra showed the formation of AgNPs represented by the change of a colorless liquid to brownish solution. The crystallinity of the AgNPs, was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The contribution of the available functional groups of the leaf extract in the reduction and capping process of NPs was demonstrated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study showed that fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. leaf extract provides better NPs in terms of stability, purity, degree of crystallinity and spherical shape. The biosynthesized AgNPs from both procedures were coated on the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates to enhance the reflectivity property. It has been shown that the utilized AgNPs, from fresh Portulaca‐oleracea L. extract, has smaller size and negligeable agglomeration, consequently lower light transmittance.
... Each Citrus species has a unique phytochemical composition, which implies that their ability to synthesize AgNPs varies from species to species. [40] This work attempts to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of the peels of Citrus pennivesiculata (Lush.) Tanaka. ...
Silver nanoparticles were green synthesized using the aqueous extract of Citrus pennivesiculata (Lush.)
Tanaka, J. fruit peel. The metallic silver was reduced to silver nanoparticles by the action of secondary
metabolites in the fruit peel. The characterization of silver nanoparticles was done by UV-visible
spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-vis spectrophotometry of the silver nanoparticles showed an
absorption peak at 435 nm. The TEM analysis showed that the spherical diameter of the particle ranged
between 2 to 34 nm. The XRD analysis proved the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
The FTIR analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles showed the presence of alcohols, phenols, aromatic
esters, monosubstituted alkynes, disubstituted alkenes, sulfoxide, amino, and other functional groups.
Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were determined using
the mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), respectively. The lethal
concentration (LC50) of silver nanoparticles on the L929 cell line was found to be 48.521 µg/mL, and that
of the MCF-7 cell line was 21.625816 µg/mL. The synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed cytotoxic
activity in a dose-dependent manner. The conclusions drawn from this research could be beneficial for
nanotechnology-based biomedical applications
... The different nanoforms, especially nanoparticles, nanofilms, and surface nanostructuring are increasingly applied in the economy. The nanoparticles and nanofilms are nowadays proposed for different medical and pharmaceutical applications [12][13][14][15], in electronics and energy storage [16][17][18], environment protection [19,20], agriculture and food packaging [21,22], for inkjets [23], and in other applications. Among them, appear such nanoforms as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), the components of coatings developed in the present research. ...
... In the broader context of wood preservatives, AgNPs are deemed more environmentally friendly than traditional alternatives containing toxic chemicals that pose risks to human health and the environment [32]. Despite the notable drawback of AgNPs related to their higher synthesis and production cost, this limitation can be mitigated by exploring the minimum effective concentration and employing alternative synthesis strategies [33,34]. ...
This study focuses on Populus ×euramericana (Dode) Guinier, a globally distributed fast-growing tree. Despite its valuable wood, it exhibits low durability. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a binary composite comprising silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan oligomers (COS) in protecting P. ×euramericana 'I-214' wood against degradation caused by xylophagous fungi and termites through vacuum-pressure impregnation. The test material was carefully selected and conditioned following the guidelines of EN 350:2016, and impregnation was carried out in accordance with EN 113-1:2021. Five concentrations of AgNPs-COS composites were utilized. Biodeterioration resistance was evaluated based on EN 350:2016 for white (Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd) and brown (Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P.Karst.) rot fungi, and EN 117:2012 for subterranean termites (Reticulitermis grassei Clément). The durability class and use class were assigned following EN 350:2016 and EN 335:2013, respectively. In comparison to the untreated control, the binary solution at its highest concentration (AgNPs 4 ppm + COS 20 g·L −1) demonstrated a notable reduction in weight loss, decreasing from 41.96 ± 4.49% to 30.15 ± 3.08% for white-rot fungi and from 41.93 ± 4.33% to 27.22 ± 0.66% for brown rot fungi. Furthermore, the observed termite infestation shifted from "heavy" to "attempted attack", resulting in a decrease in the survival rate from 53.98 ± 10.40% to 26.62 ± 8.63%. Consequently, the durability classification of P. ×euramericana I-214 witnessed an enhancement from "Not durable" to "Slightly" and "Moderately durable" concerning decay fungi and termites, respectively. These findings expand the potential applications of this wood and substantiate the advantages of employing this environmentally friendly treatment.
In this study, Psidium guajava (P. guajava) leaf extract-assisted silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized and their antibacterial activities were investigated. The synthesized green AgNPs were characterized by various analytical techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, etc. From the UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, the formation of nanoparticles has been confirmed by the color change from light yellow to reddish brown of the solution due to the excitation of the surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm. In addition, the FTIR study showed the reduction of Ag ions owing to the presence of biomolecules in the leaf extract, which acted as reducing as well as capping agents. Furthermore, XRD analysis reveals the identified 2θ peaks of AgNPs at ∼39° with cubic structure. The FE-SEM micrograph illustrated the material was formed in nano-dimensions, with an average particle size of ∼12 nm and almost spherical in shape. Moreover, P. guajava-mediated AgNPs demonstrated good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacterial strains. The synthesis was performed by a bio-reduction process where a bioactive agent is responsible for reducing metallic ions to metallic nanoparticles as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, non-toxic, one-step, and sustainable method. Therefore, this study may create an imperative synthetic route for the fabrication of green-AgNPs and their application in antibacterial coatings in cotton textiles.
Because of the high perishability of eggs during storage, the aim of this study was to increase the shelf life of quail eggs by maintaining nutritional and quality characteristics with the production of biodegradable three-part film Ag/AgCl/TiO2 based on corn starch. So, the synthesis and characterization of Ag/AgCl /TiO2 three-component nanocomposite using Zataria bracteata Boiss plant was performed using the techniques of XRD, TEM and FTIR. Then, the physicochemical and microbial properties of the film were investigated and the resulting film was used to cover the eggs. The eggs’ physicochemical and microbial properties were evaluated during 27 days of storage. TEM images showed uniform loading of Ag /AgCl nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface. The highest solubility of the film (55.96%) was related to the control sample and the lowest (42.73%) was related to the film containing titanium dioxide. Furthermore, the highest modulus of elasticity (1.99 MPa) was observed in the control sample and the lowest (1.07 MPa) in the film containing a three-component nanocomposite. Also, the Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanocomposite treatment had the lowest weight loss (5.44%) and lowest pH after 27 days egg storage. The results of Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, e.coli counts, total counts, and mold and yeast counts after 27 days of storage showed that the samples contain nanocomposites were significantly less contaminated than the control samples. In conclusion, the results showed that thyme extract, along with silver and titanium dioxide nanocomposites, has a high potential for the production of nanoparticles in high purity and nanometer sizes with antimicrobial properties and application in the food industry as it has a cover and a film.
The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-based whey emulsions and edible films for extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The AgNPs were synthesized using a biological method, and their morphological and topographical characteristics were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The AgNPs were incorporated into the emulsions and films to increase their antimicrobial efficacy. Bacterial and fungal strains were identified by DNA regions, including 16S and 18S rRNA, TEF-1α, and RPB2 to evaluate antimicrobial activity. AgNPs-based emulsions and films were used to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables for up to 15 days. The results showed that the use of AgNPs in the coated samples significantly increased their effectiveness against bacterial and fungal strains. SEM analysis revealed the presence of AgNPs of varying sizes, ranging from 21 to 62 nm. The zones of inhibition were measured against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamari, and Aspergillus niger. The total viable count (log cfu/ml) decreased from 6.423 in the control group to 3.301 in the treated samples. The antioxidant activity of the treated fruits and vegetables was also significantly improved, with values of 56.12, 23.36, 26.10, 7.6, 36.04, and 33.81% for strawberry, taro root, guava, peas, green chili, and carrot, respectively (p < 0.05). The AgNPs-based whey protein emulsions were found to exhibit the highest antimicrobial activity and are therefore a promising approach to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
The advent of nanotechnology profoundly transformed the pharmaceutical sciences and greatly enhanced the diagnostics and treatment of various diseases that threaten human life. Several metallic nanoparticles are extensively used as nanomedicines due to their potential therapeutic applications. Among them, silver nanoparticles are remarkable due to their unique chemical and physical properties. This review discusses types of nanoparticles, and green synthesis methods along with their reduction mechanisms, involving economically viable reducing materials like algae, seaweeds and flowers. Apart from environment-friendly methods, several biological activities such as wound healing, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumour, anti-viral, etc., are described in detail. Consequently, we have focused on how silver nanoparticles enhance targeted drug delivery and the mechanism of drug release along with their toxic effects.
In recent times, the searches for alternative materials to plastic is a very popular topic, due to the serious problems that synthetic materials cause to the environment and humans. Among the promising natural polymers, chitosan (CS) is certainly one of the most suitable since it derives from crustacean waste, and it is edible and non-toxic. However, it is necessary to improve its physical properties to be widely applied in food packaging, whose market is dominated by synthetic plastic. In this work we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using hot-plate and microwaves-based techniques, using Aloe Vera leaves extracts. The synthetic process follows the principles of green chemistry, since no toxic substance is used to obtain nanomaterials. These NPs, having dimensions < 20 nm, were characterized by TEM, zeta potential, UV-vis, FTIR, and then added to CS having low and medium molecular weight to develop thin films after its polymerization. These films were evaluated in terms of swelling ratio, optical properties, thermal stability, wettability, roughness, and friction coefficient, understanding that the physical properties of the films improved after the intercalation of the AgNPs, albeit differences were observed using the two NPs type. Subsequently, the release of silver ions from films using different pH as well as in vitro toxicity tests were carried out to evaluate their applicability. Largely, the excellent properties of new composite materials make them promising materials for packaging of different kinds of foods.
Over the course of the last several decades, nanotechnology has garnered
a growing amount of attention as a potentially valuable technology that has
significantly impacted the food industry. Nanotechnology helps in enhancing
the properties of materials and structures that are used in various fields such
as agriculture, food, pharmacy, and so on. Applications of nanotechnology in
the food market have included the encapsulation and distribution of materials
to specific locations, the improvement of flavor, the introduction of antibacterial nanoparticles into food, the betterment of prolonged storage, the detection of pollutants, enhanced storage facilities, locating, identifying, as well as
consumer awareness. Labeling food goods with nano barcodes helps ensure
their security and may also be used to track their distribution. This review
article presents a discussion about current advances in nanotechnology along
with its applications in the field of food-tech, food packaging, food security,
enhancing life of food products, etc. A detailed description is provided about
various synthesis routes of nanomaterials, that is, chemical, physical, and
biological methods. Nanotechnology is a rapidly improving the field of food
packaging and the future holds great opportunities for more enhancement via
the development of new nanomaterials and nanosensors.
There are several physical and chemical methods for synthesizing nanomaterials, while the most appropriate techniques involve using green chemistry and eco-friendly material. Recently, green synthesized materials for different applications have gained attention as a result of their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Applying green synthesized nanoparticles (NPS) in food packaging has been extensively investigated. Biopolymers require filler to enhance the optical, barrier, thermal, antimicrobial, and mechanical properties of packaging. Biopolymer packaging incorporated with green synthesized NPs is expected to simultaneously enhance performance while reducing environmental damage. The current review article focuses on biopolymer films with bio (green)-synthesized nanomaterials and their effectiveness in reducing the negative environmental implications of synthetic packaging. It also covers the general concepts of green synthesis of NPs, their production methods, their performance, and characterization, and discusses the potential, performance and recent developments of bio-nanocomposite films/coatings in biodegradable food packaging. Recent reports and trends provide more insight into the impact of green synthesized nanomaterials on food packaging.
Graphical Abstract
The present study used physics to synthesize silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of fresh garlic as reducing and as a stabilizing agent silver nitrate solution. This method has proven to be environmentally friendly and safe for the synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles. The acquisition of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by optical detection, that is, by changing the color of the liquid to transparent orange and then blackish brown. Then, the characterization was confirmed using other assays. In this study, it was found that the absorption peak of silver nanoparticles was at a wavelength of 420 nm and the particle size ranged between [50–350] nm. The surface roughness of silver oxide/silver nanoparticles was 9.32 nm with an average square roughness of 21.19 nm, and the energy dispersive spectra showed that the absorption peak was in the region of 3 keV, indicating that the nanoparticles contained crystalline silver. In this study, the stability of the silver nanoparticles was good, as ZP reached (− 19.5). The results confirm that the conductivity increases with the increase in frequency due to the high energy of the photons, which causes the electrons to vibrate in the energy levels and thus increase the energy in the mitochondria and increase the movement of sperm in the Diabetic mice treated with doses of silver nanoparticles. The toxic effect of silver nanoparticles has been evaluated in other studies, in addition to evaluating antioxidants, antifungals, treating cancer cells, regulating cholesterol levels, the effect of these nanoparticles on sex cells in pregnant female mice, heart tension, and many other tests. In this study, the activities and efficacy of silver nanoparticles on sperms were determined in male mice with diabetes caused by STZ, and the treatment period was long (35 days) so that the evaluation period was a complete life cycle of male sex cells and within a long period of time and at an average nano size. This has not been studied in other previous studies. The results indicate that the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant led to positive results on sperm treatments by contributing to an increase in the number of sperm with reactivation and a decrease in abnormalities in addition to a decrease in mortality due to diabetes. This is evidence that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using garlic plant size (50–350 nm) can treat impotence and be used in the future in the treatment of many diseases without side effects.
In this original research, biodegradable corn starch (CS) and wheat gluten (wg)-based silver nanofilms were synthesized and analyzed by using goji berry extract taurine (ta), garlic extract (GC), whey powder (wh), and montmorillonite clay nanoparticles. Antibacterial-corn-starch-based nano films were analyzed by using the methods of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic and mechanical (DMA) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the antibacterial resistances of the corn starch nano films against the bacteria Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Listeria monocytogenes were examined and the migration assays were carried out. The migration analysis results of CS1, CS2, and CS3 nanocomposite films were found as 0.305, 0.297, and 0.297 mg/dm2, respectively. The inhibition zone of CS1, CS2, and CS3 nanocomposite films were found as 1547, 386, and 1884 mm2 against Salmonella bacteria. The results show that silver nanofilms are suitable as packaging films for the production of packaging in milk and dairy products, liquid foods, and acidic foods.
This study aimed to develop an environmentally friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using banana peel extract as reducing and capping agent. AgNPs obtained were characterized via Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preservation of banana blocks coated with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na‐CMC) and Na‐CMC incorporated with AgNPs (Na‐CMC + AgNPs) for 5 days were also conducted. Besides the AgO, which has been identified in FTIR analysis, AgNPs synthesized using banana peel extract exhibited aromatic nitro compound, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups as well. SEM image showed AgNPs in agglomeration caused by drying process. Banana blocks coated with Na‐CMC + AgNPs showed better preservation as no molds growth were observed throughout the 5 days storage. Meanwhile, banana blocks coated with only Na‐CMC showed molds started to grow on the 3rd day. This preliminary study evidenced that Na‐CMC incorporated with AgNPs could prolong shelf life of banana against mold growth.
In this work, a novel antioxidant, antibacterial, and biodegradable food packaging film was elaborated, by incorporating natural kaolin clay (KC) and Ficus carica mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into Chitosan (Cht). A comparison of the physico-chemical and functional characteristics of the Cht/KC/AgNPs film was performed with those of Cht, Cht/KC, and Cht/AgNPs. SEM analysis showed a rough surface in the composite films containing KC particles because of their large diameter (50 – 120 μm) compared to AgNPs (20 – 80 nm). The FTIR analysis suggested that the interactions between Cht and AgNPs were stronger than those between Cht and KC. The tensile strength of Cht film increased from 16 MPa to ∼24 MPa in Cht/KC/AgNPs film. The introduction of KC and/or AgNPs considerably improved the light and moisture barrier capacity of the Cht film. The UV light transmittance decreased by 50% for Cht film when incorporated by KC and AgNPs. Moreover, Cht/AgNPs was better in terms of antioxidant, antibacterial, and mechanical compared to Cht/KC, which was superior in biodegradability and water vapor barrier capacity. In particular, the Cht/KC/AgNPs film presented good barrier, antioxidants, antibacterial, mechanical, and biodegradable properties, owing to the synergistic effect between KC and AgNPs. For the packaging properties, all the films were tested for their ability to keep the freshness of apple slices as wrapping material. The films exhibited good results, and the Cht/KC/AgNPs showed promising performance regarding the moisture loss, browning index, total phenolic compound, and antioxidant activity of the apple slices. Moreover, the Cht/KC/AgNPs film exhibited a migration of silver meeting the standards set by EFSA and ECHA, which makes this film safe for food packaging.
Five materials with antimicrobial function, by adding silver, were investigated to evaluate total silver concentration in the polymers and migration of silver nanoparticles from the materials in contact with food. The migration test was carried out by contacting plastic material with food simulant. Migration concentrations and average silver particle sizes were determined by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, performed in single particle mode (spICP-MS). Additionally, silver particles size and shape were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with chemical identification by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Most of samples showed detectable total silver concentrations and all samples showed migration of silver nanoparticles, with concentrations found between 0.00433 and 1.35 ng kg−1. Indeed, the migration study indicated the presence of silver nanoparticles in all food simulants, with sizes bellow 95 nm. The average particle size determined for acetic acid was greater than that observed in the other simulants. In the images obtained by SEM/EDS also confirmed the presence of spherical silver nanoparticles, between 17 and 80 nm. The findings reported herein will aid the health area concerning of human health risk assessments, aiming at regulating this type of material from a food safety point of view.
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are an effective antibacterial agent, but their application in food packaging is limited due to their easy agglomeration and oxidation. In this study, antibacterial microcapsules were fabricated using Ginkgo biloba essential oil (GBEO) as core material and chitosan and type B gelatin biopolymer as capsule materials. These antibacterial microcapsules were then modified with green-synthesized Ag NPs, blended into the bio-polymer polylactic acid (PLA), and finally formed as films. Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were evaluated. Results showed that the prepared antibacterial PLA films exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. Its TVC exceeded the limit value of 7 log CFU/g at 7 days compared with the 5 days of pure PLA films. Therefore, these films can extend the shelf life of grass carp fillets by 2-3 days under refrigeration.
Double-layered active films based on furcellaran (1st layer—FUR), chitosan, and gelatin hydrolysates (2nd layer—CHIT+HGEL) were successfully prepared. Bioactive ingredients were added to the 1st film layer: AgNPs, which were synthesized in situ with yerba mate extract; montmorillonite clay (MMT); and different loads of ethanolic curcumin (CUR) extract enriched with rosemary essential oil (REO). SEM images confirmed the presence of AgNPs with a size distribution of 94.96 ± 3.33 nm throughout the films, and AFM and SEM photos indicated that the higher substance concentrations had rougher and more porous film microstructures. However, the water vapor transmission rate was reduced only at the lowest load of this ingredient. Despite the tensile strength of the films having decreased, the incorporation of the compounds showed a tendency towards reducing the modulus of elasticity, resulting in a lower stiffness of the composites. The addition of CUR and AgNPs improved the UV light barrier properties of the materials. The presented films showed quick reactions to changes in the pH value (from orange to red along with an increase in pH from 2 to 10), which indicates their potential use as indicators for monitoring the freshness of food products. Composite No. 2 showed the highest antimicrobial potential, while none of the presented films showed an antifungal effect. Finally, the antioxidant activities of the films increased dramatically at higher AgNP and CUR loads, suggesting an outstanding potential for active food packaging applications.
Currently, petroleum-based synthetic plastics are used as a key barrier material in the paper-based packaging of several food and nonfood goods. This widespread usage of plastic as a barrier lining is not only harmful to human and marine health, but it is also polluting the ecosystem. Researchers and food manufacturers are focused on biobased alternatives because of its numerous advantages, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and structural flexibility. When used alone or in composites/multilayers, these biobased alternatives provide strong barrier qualities against grease, oxygen, microbes, air, and water. According to the most recent literature reports, biobased polymers for barrier coatings are having difficulty breaking into the business. Technological breakthroughs in the field of bioplastic production and application are rapidly evolving, proffering new options for academics and industry to collaborate and develop sustainable packaging solutions. Existing techniques, such as multilayer coating of nanocomposites, can be improved further by designing them in a more systematic manner to attain the best barrier qualities. Modified nanocellulose, lignin nanoparticles, and bio-polyester are among the most promising future candidates for nanocomposite-based packaging films with high barrier qualities. In this review, the state-of-art and research advancements made in biobased polymeric alternatives such as paper and board barrier coating are summarized. Finally, the existing limitations and potential future development prospects for these biobased polymers as barrier materials are reviewed.
The contemporary world is concerned only with non-biodegradable waste management which needs more sophisticated procedures as compared to biodegradable waste management. Biodegradable waste has the potential to become useful to society through a simple volarization technique. The researchers are behind sustainable nanotechnology pathways which are made possible by using biodegradable waste for the preparation of nanomaterials. This review emphasizes the potentialities of biodegradable waste produced as a viable alternative to create a sustainable economy that benefits all humans. Volarization results in the utilization of biowastes as well as provides safer and hazard-free green methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Starting from different sources to the application which includes therapeutics, food industry and water treatment. The review hovers over the pros and cons of biowaste-mediated nanoparticles and concludes with possible advances in the application. In the present scenario, the combination of green synthesis and biowaste can bring about a wide variety of applications in nanotechnology once the hurdles of bulk-scale industrial production are resolved. Given these points, the review is focused on the cost-effective synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles synthesis under green conditions has been performed using natural resources to diminish the use of toxic chemicals. For instance, microbial synthesis has allowed to produce nanoparticles that are biocompatible, stable, and safe. Microorganisms allow crystal growth and prevent aggregation. Microorganisms act as reducing and capping agents because microorganisms provide enzymes, peptides, poly(amino acids), polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polysaccharides. Here, we review microorganisms-based synthesis of nanoparticles containing gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and selenium. The size of nanoparticles ranges generally from 1 to 100 nm with spherical, rod shape, triangular, cube, and hexagonal shapes. We present nanoparticle properties and applications in waste treatment, cancer treatment, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidants.
The alarming effect of antibiotic resistance prompted the search for alternative medicine to resolve the microbial resistance conflict. Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles to discover their new dimensions. Green nano synthesis is a rapidly expanding field of interest in nanotechnology due to its feasibility, low toxicity, eco‐friendly nature, and long‐term viability. Some plants have long been used in medicine because they contain a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles have taken a special place among other metal nanoparticles. Silver nanotechnology has a big impact on medical applications like bio‐coating, novel antimicrobial agents, and drug delivery systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmaceutical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as a convenient guideline for plant‐based silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.
Nanotechnology used in the synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted great interest in the field of food packaging. It promises the development of food packages with upgraded properties that helps in prolonging the shelf life of food products. This review presents the most commonly used nanoparticles in food packaging, the significant changes they cause in the properties of packaging material, and the commercially available nano-based packaging materials. Nanoparticles are used in the development of improved packaging, active packaging, and intelligent packaging which helps in the maintenance of food quality and traceability during the supply chain. Nanoparticles possess antimicrobial activity, oxygen scavenging ability, UV impermeability, and various other properties that make them valuable for their application in the preparation of nanocomposites. The large surface area to volume ratio sometimes becomes the reason for nanoparticle toxicity so it is important to study their migration and interaction with polymer matrix while developing packaging materials.
This study demonstrated a controllable release property and synergistic antibacterial
actions between orange essential oil (OEO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated onto cellulose (CL) nanofibers. The preparation of AgNPs attached to CL nanofibers was conducted through multiple processes including the deacetylation process to transform cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers to CL nanofibers, the in situ synthesis of AgNPs, and the coating of as-prepared silver composite CL nanofibers using OEO solutions with two different concentrations. The success of immobilization of AgNPs onto the surface of CL nanofibers and the incorporation of OEO into the polymer matrix was confirmed by SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR characterizations. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young’s modulus of the nanofibers after each step of treatment were recorded and compared to pristine CA nanofibers. The high antibacterial activities of AgNPs and OEO were assessed against Gram-positive B. subtilis and Gram-negative E. coli microorganisms. The combined effects of two antimicrobials, AgNPs and OEO, were distinctively recognized against E. coli.
A novel, eco-friendly, and biocompatible method was applied to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in great water dock (Lapathi radix) (KB) and pu-erh (Camellia sinensis) (PE) extracts. The surface plasma resonance peak of green synthesized AgNPs at 451.8 nm for AgNPs+KB and 440.8 nm for AgNPs+PE was observed via spectral analysis of UV absorbance. In this study, double-layered biopolymer films (FUR/CHIT+HGEL) with AgNPs incorporated in KB solution (AgNPs+KB) and AgNPs in PE solution (AgNPs+PE), were successfully prepared using the casting method. The SEM, XRD, zeta potential and size analyses confirmed the presence of AgNP in the films. The addition of AgNPs in plant extracts improved antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and thermal stability, whereas WVTR experienced a decrease. The nanocomposite films’ orange-brown colour may aid in the protection of food products against UV rays. The composite films demonstrated antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens and may offer potential in food packaging applications.
Antibiotic resistance against infections caused by microbes has emerged as a global challenge resulting in longer hospitalizations and higher medical cost and mortality. The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the swift progression of antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains. Metallic and metal oxide (M/MO) nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to provide a pertinent alternative to antibiotics as they interact with the critical cellular organelles and biomolecules such as DNA, enzymes, ribosomes, and lysosomes. This affects the permeability of the cell membrane causing oxidative stress, gene expression, protein activation, and enzyme activation restricting the habitat of microbes. Further, NPs simultaneously target multiple biomolecules at once making them an efficient antibacterial agent against which microbes are unable to develop resistance easily, although the toxicity associated with the M/MO NPs still remains a key challenge for clinical uses. Green synthesis provides an efficient solution to reduce the toxic effects associated with these NPs as it does not use harsh chemicals and environment for the synthesis of NPs. In this work, we have provided a comprehensive review of the green synthesis of M/MO NPs using plants (roots, seeds, barks, flowers) and microbes (bacteria, fungi, algae). The yield of the NPs achieved from the green synthesis is lower than that of conventional methods and significant advancements have been made recently which are delineated in this review for different M/MO NPs. Further, the mechanism of NP interaction with the microbes and their different antimicrobial applications have been discussed in detailed. The present review aims to provide a critical overview of the current state of the large-scale synthesis of the M/MO NPs as well as their different antimicrobial activities.
Background: Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices have attracted considerable scientific attention due to their ability to incorporate multiple complex analytical processes onto a single chip. Such miniaturised devices can reduce most large-scale laboratory processes to small chips. Scope and approach: This review discusses the recent developments and applications of nanomaterial-based LOC devices for sustainable food and agricultural industries. First, we present a brief introduction to this topic. We then highlight the applications of nanomaterial-based LOC devices in the food and agriculture industries. In the subsequent section, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such devices in food screening. Finally, we conclude the review by providing the future perspectives of this promising field for detecting and monitoring important analytes in food and agricultural products. Key findings and conclusion: Due to the miniaturisation of the entire assay, a minute sample is needed to perform the complete analysis quickly, thereby increasing the efficiency of the overall process. Thus, by exploiting the unique electrical, optical, and physical properties of the nanomaterials onto such LOCs, several properties of the sensing process can be improved, including the ability to selectively label the target analytes and thereby improve the overall sensitivity of the process. Such nanomaterial-based LOC devices have considerable potential in identifying nucleic acid, proteinic, and cellular components from complex food and agricultural samples with high specificity and, therefore, can be applied in the continuous monitoring of multiple agri-food analytes to ensure sustainability and food safety.
Abstract
Background
Due to biomaterials' biodegradable, biocompatible, sustainable, and renewable nature, there is growing interest in developing biopolymer-based food packaging films based on green ingredients and strategies. To improve the performance of biopolymer-based food packaging materials, either by modifying the biopolymer molecules or combining them with various additives, including nanomaterials, crosslinkers, bioactive compounds, and other polymers. Among them, green crosslinking technology is considered an effective method to improve the performance of degradable food packaging films. Tannic acid is widely used as a natural green crosslinker in different biopolymer-based films.
Scope and approach
In this review, after an overview of tannic acid chemistry, different types of biopolymer-based food packaging materials crosslinked by tannic acid have been discussed in detail. In addition, this work summarizes the application of tannic acid crosslinked biopolymer-based food packaging films/coatings for food preservation in recent years.
Key findings and conclusions
The crosslink of tannic acid could improve the performance of biopolymer-based films comprehensively. The effect of tannic acid on the properties of different films is mainly related to its addition concentration and reaction state, where the crosslinking of tannic acid with polymer molecules increases the cohesion of the polymer network. The crosslinking between tannic acid and polymers occurs, including physical and chemical covalent crosslinking. Importantly, biopolymer-based food packaging films/coatings crosslinked by tannic acid have shown surprising effects in preserving fresh foods.
The nanocomposite of graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles has attracted great interest from scientists. In this work, [email protected] oxide ([email protected]) nanocomposite was synthesized via a biological reduction route using Andrographis paniculata extract as the reducing agent. The factors affecting the material preparation, comprising AgNO3 volume, temperature, reaction time, and the amount of GO used, were investigated to select the appropriate conditions. As a result, silver nanoparticles were indicated to successfully form spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 31.93 ± 3.42 nm at 0.8 mL of the AgNO3, pH 10, and 90 °C for 30 min of the reaction time with a ratio of AgNO3 : GO = 1 : 1, corresponding to the [email protected] sample. Moreover, [email protected] showed high antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The composite also induced notable cytotoxicity against the cancerous KB cells while barely affecting the normal HEK-293 ones. Besides, [email protected] showed great sensing ability for H2O2 with a relatively low limit of detection (2.65 μL) along with a wide detection range of 0-15 μM. Therefore, those results confirmed the potential applications of bio-synthesized [email protected] in the medical and environmental fields.
This study characterized the physicochemical and functional properties of nanocomposite films synthesized by incorporating cotton linter cellulose nanocrystals (CN) and green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into banana flour/agar. The results showed that CN could not enhance the tensile strength of the B/A nanocomposite films, but it did prolong the antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes when combined with AgNPs. However, the binary blend of CN and AgNPs resulted in a flocculated morphology on the film surface, causing an increase in the film brittleness and a decrease in the water solubility, elongation, and final decomposition temperature. Unfortunately, none of the nanocomposite films were found to inhibit the growth of the Gram-negative species Escherichia coli within 12 h. Further research is needed to assess the migration release of CN/AgNPs in nanocomposite films and to determine their potential for use as active food packaging.
In recent decades, nanotechnology has been empowered as a new and developing interdisciplinary region of science and innovation that coordinates material science and biology. Nanoscience and nanotechnology open up new streets of examination that are helpful in synthesizing novel nanomaterials with remarkable applications. Among different metal nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) attracted the attention of researchers due to their versatile antibacterial characteristics and biological properties. Biogenically synthesizing AgNPs from plants and microorganisms seems to be a highly promising alternative for developing a technology that is both environmentally benign and fast. Plants and microorganisms' ability to synthesize AgNPs has mostly remained untapped, and the lack of investigation is due to the vast variety of plants and microorganisms. This review aims to describe the current progress in various synthetic techniques for AgNPs and their potential for antibacterial applications. It discusses biogenic synthetic approaches, the role of various metabolites in the growth processes of AgNPs with antibacterial implications, bactericidal mechanisms, and the influence of operational parameters on AgNPs synthesis. Furthermore, the present status, critical challenges, and future outlook of AgNPs will be explored, which will definitely affect their present and future scenarios. We believe that by focusing readers' attention on nature-inspired, biogenically synthesized AgNPs and their bactericidal applications, this review will enable them to formulate a new perspective.
All-cellulose composite (ACC) was directly fabricated by the partial-dissolution welding of cellulose microfibers from agro-residual corn stalks treated with low-concentration ZnCl2 solvent (10-40 %). The solvent infiltrated deeply into nano/micro-scaled pores of cellulose fibers to facilitate the free migration of the disordered chains among the cellulose network while leaving the fiber core undissolved. Then, these disordered chains would entangle and regenerate to serve as a welded layer to bond the undissolved microfibril core in the solvent removal process. Such welding achieved exceptional mechanical (the tensile strength and Young's modulus of 49.9 MPa and 6.6 GPa, respectively), antibacterial (log removal value (LRV) of 4.8 and 3.0 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively) and biodegradable properties of the multifunctional ACCs. It is worthwhile noting that the excellent antimicrobial effect is attributed to the sufficient contact of these microbes with ZnO NPs that were converted from the residual Zn2+ in ACCs. After five recycling processes, the elimination efficiency could still maintain a high LRV of 2.0-3.8. This high durability of ACC microbicidal activity was originated from strong twining interactions of cellulosic fibrils with in-situ synthesized ZnO NPs. This strategy was proven to be a facile and economical pathway to fabricate functional all-cellulose composites.
Fruit peels are rich source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants but are often discarded as waste due to limited pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. This study aimed to valorise pomegranate and citrus fruit peel into green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in order to modify cellulose-based wrapping material for prospective food packaging applications and propose an alternate and sustainable approach to replace polyethene based food packaging material. Four different concentrations of AgNO3 (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM) were used for green synthesis of AgNPs from fruit peel bioactive, which were characterised followed by phytochemical analysis. Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy showed surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm, XRD analysis showed 2θ peak at 27.8°, 32.16°, 38.5°, 44.31°, 46.09°, 54.76°, 57.47°, 64.61° and 77.50° corresponding to (210), (122), (111), (200), (231), (142), (241), (220) and (311) plane of face centred cubic crystal structure of AgNPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of AgNPs green synthesised from pomegranate and kinnow peel extract showed a major peak at 3277, 1640 and 1250-1020 1/cm while a small peak at 2786 1/cm was observed in case of pomegranate peel extract which was negligible in AgNPs synthesized from kinnow peel extract. Particle sizes of AgNPs showed no statistically significant variance with p > 0.10 and thus, 2 mM was chosen for further experimentation and modification of cellulose based packaging material as it showed smallest average particle size. Zeta potential was observed to be nearly neutral with a partial negative strength due to presence of various phenolic compounds such as presence of gallic acid which was confirmed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array(UHPLC-PDA) detector. Thermal stability analysis of green synthesised AgNPs qualified the sterilisation conditions up to 100 °C. AgNPs green synthesized from both the peel extracts had higher polyphenolic content, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity as compared to peel extracts without treatment (p < 0.05). The cellulose based food grade packaging material was enrobed by green synthesised AgNPs. The characterisation of modified cellulose wrappers showed no significant difference in thickness of modified cellulose wrappers as compared with untreated cellulose wrapper (p > 0.42) while weight and grammage increased significantly in modified cellulose wrapper (p < 0.05). The colour values on CIE scale (L*, a* and b*) showed statistically significant increase in yellow and green colour (p < 0.05) for modified cellulose wrappers as compared to control wrapper. The oxygen permeability coefficient, water vapour permeability coefficient, water absorption capacity and water behaviour characteristics (water content, swelling degree and solubility) showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) for modified cellulose wrapper as compared to control wrapper. A uniform distribution and density of green synthesised AgNPs across cellulose wrapper matrix was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images with no significant aggregation, confirming successful enrobing and stable immobilisation of nanoparticles from cellulose matrix. A seven-day storage study of bread wrapped in modified and control cellulose wrappers showed delayed occurrence of microbial, yeast and mould count in bread packaged in modified cellulose wrappers and thus, resulting in shelf life extension of bread. The results are encouraging for the potential applications of modified cellulose wrappers to replace polyethene based food packaging.
The demand for advanced, biocompatible wound dressings with antibacterial properties is increasing in order to treat people with severe skin wounds, such as burn victims or those suffering from ulcers. We have developed an ultrafine three-layer polymer nanofiber mesh using electrospinning that is able to kill bacteria (Escherichia coli; E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus) but also has cytocompatibility properties. The first layer was generated with polystyrene (PS) for strength and functions as a carrier layer. The second layer consisted of polycaprolactone (PCL) with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that were added to the spinning solution, which had antibacterial properties. Finally, the third layer comprised of polyethylene oxide (PEO) acts as a hydrophilic, barrier layer that was also non-adhesive, with the potential to further assist in wound healing. Systematic physicochemical and biological characterization was performed including dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angles, evaluation of antibacterial properties, and cell attachment and proliferation assays. The cumulative Ag ion release was optimized for a period up to 84 days in physiologically similar media at physiological temperature. Chemical, mechanical, and biological analysis demonstrated that incorporation of Ag NPs at higher quantities into the PCL fibers layer providing excellent antimicrobial activity with minimal toxicity at low concentration. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing the properties of Ag based antibacterial meshes to find the balance between high antibacterial activity and low toxicity.
In this study, chitosan-coated biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNP-CH) were obtained through green chemistry by recycling wheat crop leaf residues. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, and total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the nanoparticle formation, and the incorporation of chitosan surrounding silver nanoparticles. The size and morphology of nanoparticles were evaluated by microscopy techniques, showing a size range of 2–10 nm, with spherical shape and narrow distribution. The antifungal assay indicated a higher antimicrobial activity showing values of minimum inhibitory concentrations of 41.7 μg/mL against Fusarium oxysporum, and 208.37 μg/mL for Aspergillus niger, A. versicolor and A. brasiliensis. Finally, non-phytotoxic effects were observed in germination assays at early plant stage of development, and an increase in chlorophyll levels were observed at the doses tested with AgNP-CH. Thus, the use of AgNP-CH could be a potential alternative for the prevention of fungal infections in cereals in the early stages of wheat crop development.
Sliver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded on chitosan (CS) and incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to develop novel active food packaging films. AgNPs were fabricated by liquid phase chemical reduction method using CS and sodium citrate friendly reductant of AgNO3. The silver we prepared was found to be nanoscale by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and AgNPs were homogeneously dispersed in the matrix by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composite film exhibited excellence mechanical properties with tensile strength of 49.97 MPa and elongation at break of 275.90%. When the concentration of AgNPs was 0.019% (w/w), the diameter of filter paper was 5.00 mm, and the inhibition zone against Escherichia coli reached 16.07 mm at 37 °C for 8 h. The water vapor permeability and water solubility of the [email protected]/PVA films decreased with the incorporation of AgNPs, and this was beneficial for food preservation. Especially, [email protected]/PVA films could reduce the weight loss of strawberries and avoid microbial infection at 25 ± 1 °C and 50 ± 5% RH. Benefiting for good mechanical properties, antibacterial property, flexibility and high transparency, [email protected]/PVA films showed its great potential in fruit storage and transportation application.
Today, the development of multifunctional and versatile packaging materials based on green ingredients has received a lot of attention from researchers and consumers due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability, and renewable nature of biomaterials. These emerging packaging materials in addition to increasing the shelf life of food products (active packaging), informs the consumer about the freshness and spoilage of the product in real-time (smart packaging). The limitations reported for biopolymers-based packaging, such as hydrophilicity and poor mechanical resistance, can be modified and improved by combining biopolymers with various materials including nanomaterials, cross-linkers, bioactive compounds, and other polymers. Consequently, the use of innovative, high performance, and green bio-nanocomposites reveal a promising opportunity to replace conventional non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastics. Likewise, interest in making polymeric bio-nanocomposites for active and smart packaging purposes has been increased in response to a global request for more effective and safe food packaging systems. There are various factors affecting the quality of bio-nanocomposites, such as biomaterials type, additives like nanoparticles, foods type, storage conditions, and the approaches for their preparation. In this review paper, we aimed to discuss the main challenges of the techniques commonly employed to prepare polymeric bio-nanocomposites, including casting, melt mixing (extrusion), electrospinning, and polymerization techniques. The casting has captured scientists’ interest more than other techniques, due to the easy handling. The extrusion methods showed a more industrial approach than other techniques in this field. The electrospinning process has attracted a lot of interest due to the production of fibrous membranes, able to encapsulate and stabilize bioactive molecules. The polymerization technique shows less interest amongst scientists due to its complicated conditions, its reaction-based process and the use of toxic and not green reactants and solvents. In conclusion, all techniques should be optimized based on relevant specific parameters to obtain bio-nanocomposites with notable mechanical behaviors, barrier and permeability properties, contact angle/wettability, uniform structures, low cost of production, environmental-friendly nature, migration and penetration, and biodegradability features.
In order to be used in food packaging, the study aims to develop a composite film based on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The MCC was derived from sugar cane bagasse. Protein, starch, and poly-ethylene glycol 1500 (PEG-1500) are employed to improve the tensile strength, flexibility, and durability of the packaging film. The AgNPs was synthesized by a green route employing Azadirachtaindica leaf extract as reducing agent. The determined average crystallite size of AgNPs was seen at 20 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the final film prepared have an elevated peak with a crystallinity of 37.5%. The scanning electron microscopic images (SEM) of the AgNPs and the prepared samples, reveal their surface morphology. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies (FT-IR) disclose the functional group changes during the film preparation. The antibacterial activity of the amalgamated AgNPs against five bacterial pathogens studied was found to be highly active against tested food pathogens, except for Proteus vulgari. When coated over a vegetable, the produced nanocomposite film displayed an increased shelf life for the vegetable by limiting the decay impact caused by food pathogens. According to the findings, the AgNPs-impregnated MCC/Starch/Whey protein has the potential to be employed as an antimicrobial packaging material.
Above 1000 invasive species have been growing and developing ubiquitously on Earth. With extremely vigorous adaptability, strong reproduction, and spreading powers, invasive species have posed an alarming threat to indigenous plants, water quality, soil, as well as biodiversity. It was estimated that an economic loss of 120 billion dollars or equivalent to 1 % of gross domestic product as a consequence of lost crops, control efforts, and damage costs caused by invasive plants in the United States. While eradicating invasive plants from the ecosystems is practically infeasible, taking advantage of invasive plants as a sustainable, locally available, and zero-cost source to provide valuable phytochemicals for bionanoparticles fabrication is worth considered. Here, we review the harms, benefits, and role of invasive species as important botanical sources to extract natural compounds such as piceatannol, resveratrol, and quadrangularin-A, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which linked tightly to the formation and application of bionanoparticles. As expected, the invasive plant-mediated bionanoparticles have exhibited outstanding antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. The mechanism of biomedical activities of the invasive plant-mediated bionanoparticles was insightfully addressed and discussed. We also expect that this review not only contribute to efforts to combat invasive plant species but also open new frontiers of bionanoparticles in the biomedical applications, therapeutic treatment, and smart agriculture.
Fruits and vegetables contain excellent amounts of nutritional and bioactive compounds. The maintenance their shelf-life and prevention from decay, quality deterioration, and microbial spoilage of the fresh produce are the major challenges for food processing industries. Several techniques such as physical, chemical, and bio-preservation are used to extend the shelf-life of fresh produce. However, these techniques could not fully sustain because of their higher cost, and side-effects. In past few decades, nanotechnology came into existence, which provides a green, novel and cutting-edge solution to preserve fresh produce. Organic, inorganic, and combined engineered nanomaterials (nano-particles, nano-composites, nano-emulsion, nano-tracers, nano-packaging, and nano-sensors) are broadly used in shelf-life improvement of fresh produce because of their broad surface to volume ratio, higher barrier property, and better antimicrobial spectrum. This review comprehensively discusses various methods, components, and roles of nanotechnology for extending the shelf-life of fresh produce and scope of developing advanced packaging.
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit distinctive attributes and continue to entice researchers to investigate new dimensions of their worth. Amongst the different noble metal NPs, silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles have stolen the limelight. AgNPs and AuNPs are typically synthesized using hazardous chemicals, which affect the environment and human health. This necessitated the development of environment-friendly techniques and gave rise to the green synthesis methodology. Plant-based biological molecules in the form of extracts are the backbone of plant-mediated production of NPs, which outperforms conventional chemical techniques. These natural molecules undergo a strictly regulated assembling process to make them appropriate for forming metal NPs. These plant-based metallic NPs also display well-known biological characteristics, such as antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, wound repair, etc. The remarkable benefits of this environmentally friendly technique have also opened the door for fascinating advancements in the synthesis of NPs. The current review highlights the plant's plethora that can be employed to quickly generate a nanoparticulate system adhering to green principles than conventional ones. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the most recent patents and research articles on the synthesis, applications, environmental effects, and future prospects of Ag and AuNPs is provided. Conclusively, it's imperative to focus on creating engineered NPs that are less toxic, have controllable size, shape, and improved health benefits, and expand their application in related industries.
The dynamic interplay of food, environment, and human factors has expanded the role of active packaging in maintaining and improving food safety and quality, extending product shelf life, and promoting marketability. Given the desirability of active food packaging, continuous assessment of its safety and effectiveness is required. Recognizing the gap between research and commercialization, the latest innovations and technologies must comply with regulatory standards. This article provides an overview of the basic scientific work on active packaging, its existing industrial applications, future perspective, and market outlook. This review is based on related articles published from 2013 to present, focusing on three main modes of action: chemical absorption and scavenging, chemical release, and microbial control. Examples of commercial brands and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-endorsed active packaging systems were included to illustrate how the market potential of active packaging is hampered by current limitations in technology, consumer behavior, and legislation.
The consumer demand for safe, “healthy,” and premium foods, preferably with an extended shelf-life; demand for easy packaging; and choice for more sustainable food packaging have contributed to the development of novel packaging technologies. The application of adequate packaging materials has recently become a major post-harvest challenge concerning the control of fungi and mycotoxin. This review will describe the current antifungal packaging technology involved to prevent the contamination of fungi and mycotoxin, along with the characteristics and mechanism of action in food products. Antifungal packaging has incredible potential in the food packaging sector. The most suitable approach for the safe storage of agricultural produce for farmers is the hermetic packaging technology, which maintains quality while providing a good barrier against fungi and mycotoxin. Furthermore, active antifungal packaging is a viable method for incorporating antifungal agents against pathogenic fungi. Essential oils and organic acid have received more scientific attention due to their increased efficacy against mold growth. Polypeptides, chitosan, and natamycin incorporated in active packaging significantly reduced fungi. Even though nanotechnological advancements in antifungal packaging are promising, safety and regulation issues remain significant concerns.
The development of simple, nontoxic and eco-friendly method for the preparation of nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Among the metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain much attention due to its chemical, physical and biological properties and applications.This review article discussed recent scientific publications in the green synthesis area of AgNPs and their applications. The plant extract, fungi algae and bacteria have ability to bio-reduction, formation and stabilizing the AgNPs. Various molecules (alkaloids, polysaccharides, alcoholic compounds, vitamins and amino acids) present in plant have ability to bio-reduction, formation and stabilization of AgNPs. In this study, synthesis application, properties and characterization using numerous techniques such as Transmission electron Microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Dynamic light scattering, Atomice force spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared are discussed. The silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against different bacteria and antibacterial activity is greatly affected by variation in size and shape of silver nanoparticles.
Antimicrobial starch/PBAT films with the combination of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were prepared by extrusion blowing. SEM demonstrated the relatively homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles on the fracture surfaces of the nanocomposites. The incorporation of nanoparticles improved mechanical and barrier properties of the film. The UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that the SP-ZnO(1) film had the highest UV-absorbance. The inhibition effects of the nanocomposite films against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria were observed. The antimicrobial efficiency of SP-Ag (0.8)-ZnO(0.2) and SP-Ag(0.6)-ZnO(0.4) films reached more than 95% within 3 h of contact. The combination of AgNPs and ZnONPs into starch/PBAT blends showed a synergistic effect on improving material properties and antimicrobial efficiency of the films. Furthermore, preliminary packaging studies on peaches and nectarines revealed that the antimicrobial films inhibited spoilage of fresh produce and extended their shelf life compared with commercial LDPE packaging films.
The growing world population, evolving urbanization, and globalization have created more demand for food, which has increased challenges in food safety. Development and innovations in food packaging, one of the most important components in the food industry, is of key importance as food safety issues have gathered tremendous attention of the world. Food packaging is mainly intended to prevent a deterioration in quality of foods and beverages during distribution, sales, and consumption. Polymeric materials have been widely used as packaging materials due to their advantageous characteristics, including excellent mechanical, thermal, and corrosion-resistant properties, a lightweight nature, and ease in production. Polymer composites refer to polymers impregnated with nanomaterials and organic or inorganic compounds. Polymer composites have been applied in the packaging industry to enhance or bestow additional properties to packaging materials. This review summarizes the recent advances in polymer and polymer composites used in food packaging applications. First, progress in the polymers utilized for food packaging, with a focus on biodegradable polymers, will be introduced. Subsequently, the utilities of polymer composites in advanced food packaging will be highlighted and categorized into three classifications of packaging: improved, active, and intelligent packaging. Next, concerns on the relevant safety issues and regulations will be briefly discussed. Finally, an outlook on the future research directions of polymer and polymer composites for food packaging will be provided.
Numerous viral infections are common among humans, and some can lead to death. Even though conventional antiviral agents are beneficial in eliminating viral infections, they may lead to side effects or physiological toxicity. Silver nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been demonstrated to possess inhibitory properties against several pathogenic microbes, including archaea, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. Its pronounced antimicrobial activity against various microbe-mediated diseases potentiates its use in combating viral infections. Notably, the appropriated selection of the synthesis method to fabricate silver nanoparticles is a major factor for consideration as it directly impacts antiviral efficacy, level of toxicity, scalability, and environmental sustainability. Thus, this article presents and discusses various synthesis approaches to produce silver nanoparticles and nanocomposites, providing technological insights into selecting approaches to generate antiviral silver-based nanoparticles. The antiviral mechanism of various formulations of silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of its propensity to combat specific viral infections as a potential antiviral agent are also discussed.
Graphical abstract:
In the present study, antibacterial soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS)-based nanocomposite films containing in-situ generated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were fabricated for food packaging applications. SSPS first reduced silver ions to AgNPs in aqueous solution, and then immobilized these nanoparticles via film casting and drying methods. The formation and homogeneously distribution of AgNPs in glycerol-plasticized SSPS films were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The structure and properties of the SSPS/AgNPs films were characterized via ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, mechanical testing, water vapor permeability and optical properties measurements. The presence of AgNPs improved the thermal stability and ultra-violet light barrier property of the SSPS films. Antibacterial tests revealed excellent inhibition activity of the SSPS/AgNPs films against different types of bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The SSPS/AgNPs films could be processed into heat-sealed packaging pouches to extend the shelf life of green grapes.
Background
Microbial contamination and oxidation of nutrients are two main reasons for food spoilage. Bioactive food fresh-keeping films (FFKFs) or functional edible coatings (FECs), which refer to a class of nature polymer-based preservation materials with advantages of green, nontoxic, edible and degradable characteristics, can effectively maintain the freshness of food stuffs and have gained considerable attentions.
Scope and approach
Two major factors in food spoilage, microbial contamination and nutrient oxidation, are described. Besides, the compositions, preparation technologies, and application range of functional FFKFs and FECs are introduced. This review also emphasizes the classification, preparation methods, modification approaches and application objects of FFKFs, as well as the development bottlenecks of FFKFs and FECs, and elaborating their development trends.
Key findings and conclusions
Bioactive FFKFs and FECs play vital roles in inhibiting microbial contamination and oxidative deterioration of food products for extending their shelf lives. However, poor mechanical properties, gas barrier properties and heat resistance are the main problems of multifunctional FFKFs. Besides, poor hydrophobicity and bad water resistance of FFKFs make them easy to break when exposed to water, which limit their applications in preservation of some food products with high surface water content or easy to leak water. For FECs, the main problem is that the formulation and application of FECs should be properly performed based on different food stuffs to avoid their unnecessary removal. Future research should focus on designing suitable preservation strategies for different food stuffs according to their own different spoilage reasons. Importantly, it is necessary to track and deepen the researchers in order to optimize the properties of FFKFs and FECs and understand their action mechanisms, which will be very meaningful to allow these materials for specific applications in food industry.
Nanotechnology has underpinned vital progress in current research and has immensely promoted the food production chain. This review projected the critical intervention of nano-based technologies like modern advancements of nano-based biosensors in detecting mycotoxins, microbial contaminations, antibiotics, pesticides, food additives and dyes. It also highlighted the starring roles of nanotechnology in terms of active, intelligent food packaging and food safety. These approaches have certainly intensified the strength of food processing technology and improved food quality and maintenance standards during shelf life. Apart from these trending facets, this review threwlight on the utilisation of food waste for the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and the application of nano-based materials for the recycling process in food production units to ensure a complete cleaner technology. However, monitoring the chronic exposure of food contact nanomaterials should be critically evaluated to ensure food safety. Nanotechnology embraced an influential role in the food sector by providing effective avenues for energy conservation, sustainability and cues to improve the capital funds well.
This study aims to develop bioactive packaging films prepared from starch/polyvinyl alcohol/silver nanoparticles/citric acid (starch/PVA/AgNPs/CA) using a green process. One-pot green synthesis of AgNPs with starch/PVA using sugarcane leaf extract as the reducing substance was used to fabricate the packaging films. The incorporation of CA in the preparation of AgNPs resulted in a smaller particle size and narrower size distribution compared to that without CA. Moreover, the well-dispersed characteristic of AgNPs in the starch/PVA film was observed, resulting in the enhanced mechanical properties of the film. The synergistic effect between AgNPs and 20%CA in starch/PVA was explored against S. aureus and E. coli and showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate-scavenging activity. The Ag ion released in food simulants was lower than the limit set by the European Standard. The results indicated that the starch/PVA/AgNPs containing CA composite films is a promising green food packaging film to retain food freshness.