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Communication protocols in substation automation and IEC 61850 based proposal
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The automation of control systems of substations in the energy industry uses a variety of specialized standards, technologies and protocols. Among the most frequently used belong MODBUS, IEC60870, DNP3 and IEC61850 protocols. The present paper analyses and compares approaches to data communication among the abovementioned protocols with the main focus on modern standard IEC61850. The paper was created on the basis of experience while implementing data communications for ČEPS a.s., the national distributor in the Czech Republic.
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... The automation control of modern substations employs several standards, technologies, and protocols such as MODBUS, IEC60870, and IEC61850 protocols and are managed through an ethernetbased network [43]. The manufacturers established proprietary communication protocols for their IEDs which led to challenges in interoperability between devices. ...
Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies. These have significantly impacted the approach to the planning, design, and operation of active distribution networks or systems. Due to this constant change, the system has become more complex to plan, maintain, and control. In this paper, the benefits, and challenges of active distribution systems relative to traditional passive and active distribution systems are evaluated and investigated while the management and operational characteristics of demand-side resources in Active Distribution Systems (ADS) are studied. In a typical ADS, there exist several vulnerabilities and threats that eventually pose a challenge in the control and automation of substations. These vulnerabilities and threats are reviewed, and potential mitigation measures are suggested. Also in this paper, the communication technologies, and their implementation in terms of control and automation capabilities in active distribution networks are also studied. From this work, it is concluded that communication technologies play an integral role in the realization of a more active distribution networks and that the internet of energy (IoE) is a major player in ADS in the reduction of faults due to human error, fast responses, and improving the stability of power supply. Cyber threats are also and will still be a continuous challenge in smart metering technologies and in substation automation systems (SAS) which will require frequent evaluation and mitigation measures so as not to prevent the power supply system from collapsing.
... However, most of these papers did not provide clear guidance in migrating towards digital protocols for future smart grids. For instance, Ref [40] presents a review on IEC 61850 and communication protocols in substation automation systems. However, the paper ignored some important substation protocols such as Profibus, Profinet and TCP/IP protocols. ...
Communication protocols play a pivotal role in the substation automation system as they carry critical information related to asset control, automation, protection, and monitoring. Substation legacy protocols run the assets’ bulk data on multiple wires over long distances. These data packets pass through multiple nodes, which makes the identification of the location and type of various malfunctions a challenging and time-consuming task. As downtime of substations is of high importance from a regulatory and compliance point of view, utilities are motivated to revisit the overall scheme and redesign a new system that features flexibility, adaptability, interoperability, and high accuracy. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various legacy protocols and highlights the path forward for a new protocol laid down as per the IEC 61850 standard. The IEC 61850 protocol is expected to be user-friendly, employ fiber optics instead of conventional copper wires, facilitate the application of non-conventional instrument transformers, and connect Ethernet wires to multiple intelligent electronic devices. However, deployment of smart protocols in future substations is not a straightforward process as it requires careful planning, shutdown and foreseeable issues related to interface with proprietary vendor equipment. Along with the technical issues of communication, future smart protocols call for advanced personnel and engineering skills to embrace the new technology.
... International standards have been enacted for communication between substations, but most of them rely on private protocols from IED vendors. Using private protocols increases system complexity and interoperability, but protocols such as MODBUS and DNP3 are still used in the industry [10]. To overcome the limitations of these private protocols, IEC 61850, an international standard for power automation that defines data models and communication methods, has been developed [11][12][13][14]. ...
Traditional unidirectional power systems that produce large-scale electricity and supply it using an ultra-high voltage power grid are changing globally to increase efficiency. Current substations’ protection relays rely only on internal substation data, where they are located, to detect changes. However, to more accurately detect changes in the system, various data from several external substations, including micro-grids, are required. As such, communication technology regarding data acquisition has become an essential function for next-generation substations. Data aggregators that use the GOOSE protocol to collect data inside substations in real-time have been developed, but data acquisition from external substations is challenging in terms of cost and security, so only internal substation data are used. This paper proposes the acquisition of data from external substations by applying security to R-GOOSE, defined in the IEC 61850 standard, over a public internet network. This paper also develops a data aggregator based on R-GOOSE, showing data acquisition results.
... In energy and power industries, the automation of control systems of substations uses variety of specialized standards, technologies, and protocols, Among the most frequently used belong MODBUS [7], IEC 60,870 [8], DNP3 [9], and IEC 61,850 [10], the standard of communication in substations has resolved the interoperability between measurement equipment such as intelligence electronic devices (IEDs) from different vendors. However, these protocols still operate at the electronic utility level, the cyber system is usually adopted over the standards with the ultra-high speed and low loss latency communication environment [11]. It is difficult to describe fully structure of cyber system, this section gives the insight concept of cyber system and its operation, neglecting particular and complicated processes such as coding and modulation. ...
With the advancement of data-acquisition systems, information technology, and network technologies, the energy and power system has entered the deep integration of the cyber and physical sides as known as cyber-physical energy and power system (CPEPS) leading to more attention from researchers and practitioners in industry. The feedback loops in which physical processes affect cyber parts and vice versa, therefore, can gain greater efficiency, resilience, and intelligence through the data exchange process between two layers. The concept of CPEPS has been existed for a long time and its applications are gradually increasing in the real world, however, there has been still many potential risks and challenges in the research and development process. Simulation method is a common and simple approach for the purpose of analyzing, evaluating, and considering solutions before actual implementation. For this purpose, this paper provides first the framework of CPEPS, and current applications and challenges that researchers are facing. Then, the next section is the overview of simulation methods with different software and tools in CPEPS research in order to provide researchers with an optimal approach to the ongoing and further research towards the transition of digitalization on energy and power system.
... International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)-61,850 and distributed network protocol 3 (DNP-3) are the two commonly used protocols at the modern substations for the monitoring, control, and operation of the substation IEDs [32][33][34]. Detailed data modelling and communication requirements for monitoring, control, and protection for IEC-61,850 have been defined in Ref. [32] and for DNP-3 in Ref. [33]. In addition, IEEE has defined a standard [35] for interoperability among the IEC-61,850 and DNP-3 enabled devices. ...
This paper develops prototypical communication system (PCS) models to support the analysis of electric distribution systems dependency on communication. Though there exist representative and prototypical distribution test systems, i.e., IEEE test feeders and the taxonomy of prototypical feeders, there are no standard definitions of communication systems appropriate for studies of system interdependence. To accurately represent the impact communication systems have on electric distribution system operations, the paper introduces the design basis for developing PCS models highlighting key characteristics of communication systems architectures and commonly‐deployed technologies. It follows with functional definitions, implementations, and an example of how PCSs can be used for system analysis. The approach leverages existing open‐source modeling and simulation tools. Co‐simulation is achieved with ns‐3 for PCSs, GridLAB‐D\textsuperscript{\texttrademark} for distribution systems, and Python\textsuperscript{\texttrademark} for distribution system control centers. The Hierarchical Engine for Large‐Scale Infrastructure Co‐simulation (HELICS) environment is used to federate these individual simulators. It allows for different PCSs to be integrated with distribution systems and analyzed in different scenarios. This underlines the importance of correctly identifying network topologies and technologies and their impact on the system control strategies. Though this work uses specific tools development and implementation, the PCS models can be used in other simulation environments.
Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies. These have significantly impacted the approach to the planning, design, and operation of active distribution networks or systems. Due to this constant change, the system has become more complex to plan, maintain, and control. In this paper, the benefits and challenges of active distribution systems relative to traditional passive and active distribution systems are evaluated and investigated while the management and operational characteristics of demand-side resources in active distribution systems (ADS) are studied. In a typical ADS, there exist several vulnerabilities and threats that eventually pose a challenge in the control and automation of substations. These vulnerabilities and threats are reviewed, and potential mitigation measures are suggested. Also in this paper, the communication technologies and their implementation in terms of control and automation capabilities in active distribution networks are also studied. From this work, it is concluded that communication technologies play an integral role in the realization of more active distribution networks and that the Internet of Energy (IoE) is a major player in ADS in the reduction of faults due to human error, fast responses, and improving the stability of power supply. Cyber threats are also and will still be a continuous challenge in smart metering technologies and in substation automation systems (SAS), which will require frequent evaluation and mitigation measures so as not to prevent the power supply system from collapsing.
In the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, devices will predominate, using it in a manner similar to how people used it. Devices will cooperating in a multicast network to collect, share, and forward information way while interacting with one another autonomously and without centralised supervision. The building of an intelligent environment the capability of real-time collection of data, which is crucial for maximising the value of the IoT, will make this possible. A typical electric grid is made up of many power plants that use various power generating units, such as coal-based units, gas-based units, hydro units, etc. The majority of the infrastructure and wires that make up the conventional electricity grid have been in existence for a long time, it should be mentioned. They require significant investments, so providing them could take years. As a result, many grid components are outmoded and must be maintained and monitored on a regular basis to keep power flowing. A sophisticated technology is the smart grid (SG) system that makes it easier to integrate green technology and environmental considerations. The SG cyber–physical system was implemented thanks to the advancement and use of communication technologies in the conventional power system. The Internet of Things (IoT) and essential devices are both present in the complicated architecture of the SG systems. The traditional electric grids are been transformed into smart and efficient grid known as “Smart grid”. The Internet of Things’ smart grid allows for two-way communications among connected devices and technology that can recognise and respond to human needs. The cost and reliability of a smart grid are superior to that of conventional power infrastructure. Through use and data maintenance, smart grid technology will assist in reducing energy use and costs. One of the primary contributions made to grids is the integration of IoT with producing facilities using sustainable energy at various levels. To enhance the smart grid for bidirectional information exchange, improve power quality, and increase reliability Internet of Things (IOT) devices are becoming an important part of smart electric grid. IOT Infrastructure (IOTI) provide a flexible, efficient and secure platform providing strategic management for monitoring and controlling of different operations under different working conditions. This paper discusses cyber security on IOT based infrastructure for electric power systems. A comprehensive study is highlighted which includes type of IOTs, architecture used for smart grid, and future challenges.
Restructuring of the power industry worldwide has brought the issue of market competitiveness to the forefront. While "vertical" market power has been limited by disaggregating generation and transmission, nondiscriminatory access to the transmission system by power suppliers, and the creation of the independent system operator (ISO), "horizontal" and localized market power still survives. In the last few years, the issue of a small number of generators exercising market power has received a great deal of attention, and much has been published on how to identify and mitigate such abuse by market management measures. This paper focuses on the analysis and mitigation of market power in electricity supply.
The main goal of IEC 61850 standard is interoperability, i.e. the ability for intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) from one or several vendor to exchange information and use the information for their own functions. If IEC 61850 client can't acquire IEC 61850 data model of IEC 61850 server, the following real-time data communication will become impossible. Based on the research and analysis of substation configuration description language (SCL) and manufacturing message specification (MMS), two methods are put forward to exchange IEC 61850 data model, including the offline exchange based on SCL configuration tools and the online exchange based on MMS. In this paper, a prototype system based on the second method is designed, and interoperability and function tests prove the feasibility of the proposed scheme.
The international standard IEC 61850 has been published between 2003 and 2005. The first use of the standard was for the communication within a substation automation system. In the mean time, the standard is as well used in other domains like as an example, the control of hydro power plants. It is the strategy of the standardization community, that IEC 61850 will in the future provide the basis for collecting all information in the different field devices of a power system. This paper provides an overview on IEC 61850 concepts, its use in the different areas of the power system and an outlook on future developments related to IEC 61850.
Contenido: 1. Principios generales: Tecnologías de redes de área extensa; Análisis del desempeño: algunas herramientas básicas; Técnicas para la ingeniería del desempeño; Temas relacionados con el desempeño de la retransmisión de tramas; Uso de sonidos para el análisis del desempeño; 2. Conjuntos de aplicaciones/protocolos específicos: Análisis del desempeño de aplicaciones TCP/IP de redes de área extensa: FTP, HTTP y Telnet; Consideraciones de desempeño de redes de área extensa para redes en Novell NetWare; Asuntos del desempeño de redes de área extensa para aplicaciones cliente/servidor; Consideraciones de diseño y desempeño de redes de área extensa para redes SNA; 3. Estudios de caso.
In the past 10 years, the electric power industry's involvement in
distribution automation (DA) has been principally focused on remote
monitoring and control of the distribution systems and their equipment.
SCADA has constituted the most significant attribute. Electric utilities
in many locations around the world have installed numerous SCADA systems
for their distribution substations and feeders and built the
infrastructure for real-time distribution operation and control.
Real-time data is available to human operators, enabling them to monitor
more and more events in their distribution systems and to control
automatic equipment remotely. This article features Pacific Gas and
Electric Company's (USA) approach to utilizing the existing
infrastructures and available data more effectively by introducing
intelligence to DA/SCADA systems through development of advanced
analytical tools for operations decision support
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