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Evaluation of antifungal activity of citrus grandis Essential oil and chemical composition
Abstract
The fungi have an important role in the environment. They cause the infections when grow on human. There is urgent need to get a new therapeutics or remedies from nature to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. In the present study, the chemical composition of Citrus grandis volatile oil and anti-dermatophytic activity was evaluated against isolated dermatophytic species. The Clear pale yellowish color with fresh and sweet aroma oil was extracted from the leaves of Citrus grandis that revealed the presence of 39 volatile components. The oil has revealed excellent inhibition activity against test organisms with presence of Maximum Inhibition Zone of 14.33 mm for Microsporum gypsium as well as 14 mm against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (KU578106) as compared to standard. The present study detailed to chemical composition of Citrus grandis volatile oil with the confirmative presence of phenol components. The data also prove the anti-dermatophytic potential against Microsporum and Trichophyton species. The data also represent the further requirements for to investigate the various pharmacological behaviors to its commercialization for the advantage of human beings.
... According to the results, changes in morphology and surface structure such as superficial wrinkles, flaking and destruction in the fungus hyphae, loss of cytoplasm and plasma membrane has also been observed (Sharma, Sharma, & Seth, 2017;Oliveira et al., 2019). Citrus sinensis essential oil with bifurcation of hyphal apex and abundant germination in vegetative hyphae of A. niger leads to complete loss of hyphae cytoplasm (Sharma & Tripathi, 2008). ...
Pomegranate fruit rot leads to the loss of a significant quantity of fruit worldwide. In the present study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the morphology of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune as the main fungi causing pomegranate fruit rot were investigated in in vitro conditions. Examination of cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in Aspergillus niger colony showed that cell deformation was observed due to the destruction of the cell membrane and loss of cell wall strength at a concentration of 250 µg mL−1 (50% FC) after 168 h. Produced hyphae had irregular branching and no spore production was observed. Evaluation of Penicillium commune colony cell morphology using SEM showed that thymol at a concentration of 250 µg mL−1 (50% FC) caused superficial wrinkles, bifurcation of the hyphal apex, and no spore production was observed.
... According to the results, changes in morphology and surface structure such as superficial wrinkles, flaking and destruction in the fungus hyphae, loss of cytoplasm and plasma membrane has also been observed (Sharma, Sharma, & Seth, 2017;Oliveira et al., 2019). Citrus sinensis essential oil with bifurcation of hyphal apex and abundant germination in vegetative hyphae of A. niger leads to complete loss of hyphae cytoplasm (Sharma & Tripathi, 2008). ...
Postharvest rot of pomegranate fruits due to fungal infections causes the loss of a significant amount of fruit. In this study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the growth of Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Penicillium commune (P. commune) were investigated. Molecular sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was used to identify fungal species. ITS of rDNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced and after basic local alignment search, it was registered in GenBank database. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of thymol for both fungi were 250 and 500 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in A. niger colony showed cell deformation due to destruction of the cell membrane and loss of cell wall strength at 250 μg mL⁻¹ (FC50) after 168 h. Evaluation of P. commune cell morphology showed that thymol at 250 μg mL⁻¹ (FC50) caused superficial wrinkles, bifurcation of hyphal apex and no spore production was observed. Thymol suppressed fungal growth by reducing cellulase and pectinase activity. The smallest cellulase and pectinase halo diameter was found at 125 μg mL⁻¹ of thymol. Thymol at 500 μg mL⁻¹ had a similar fungicidal effect compared with thiabendazole (1500 μg mL⁻¹).
... observed (Oliveira et al., 2019a,b;Sharma et al., 2017). Oliveira et al. (2019a,b) observed structural changes on the surface of Colletotrichum acutatum when subjected to Lippia sidoides oil through scanning electron microscopy techniques, such as superficial wrinkles in the fungus hyphae, in addition to flaking, distortion and their destruction, making them unfeasible. ...
Strawberry and peach crops are of great economic and social importance, mainly due to the added value and income generation for small and medium producers in different regions of Brazil. Some fungal diseases can compromise the final profitability of production, such as those caused by Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola fungi. The control of these pathogens mainly occurs through fungicides, which has been generating concern for consumers, as well as biological imbalance and environmental contamination. The need for new alternatives for disease control has been leading to more research being conducted on essential oils. Our scientific questions were based on a compilation of experiments which revealed the efficiency of essential oils in disease control. With the purpose of evaluating the fungicidal activity of Aloysia citriodora, Cymbopogon winterianus, Lippia alba and Ocimum americanum essential oils on the control of fungi, such as Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola in vitro and in the post-harvest of fruits, this work was developed at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen county (Rio Grande do Sul state), Brazil, from 2016 to 2018. The following evaluations were done: (i) characterization of essential oil doses in vitro for controlling Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola fungi, and (ii) determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (Ω, mL/L) of essential oils in post-harvest of strawberries and peaches. All essential oils have high fungicidal activity in vitro experiments. The A. citriodora, L. alba and O. americanum essential oils had a satisfactory effect for post-harvest controlling of Colletotrichum sp. C. winterianus and O. americanum. The essential oils promoted satisfactory post-harvest control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. All essential oils have high fungitoxicity against Monilinia fructicola in vitro and post-harvest, highlighting the greater efficiency of A. citriodora essential oil in peaches. The essential oils present high fungitoxicity for controlling diseases in strawberries and peaches, presenting high potential performance for formulating commercial fungicide.
... and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. In the present study, it was observed that the growth of C. citratus was higher in the genotypes of Alternaria solani and C. cassiicola (OLIVEIRA et al., 2017), in the inhibition of mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum at 62.5 ppm and inhibition of spore germination at 125 ppm ( SHARMA et al., 2017), and in postharvest diseases caused by M. fructicola and C. gloesporioides (PANSERA et al., 2015). In the present study, it is possible to determine the effect of the microorganisms on the growth of the spores. ...
: The use of highly toxic pesticides to control soil
pathogens, such as Fusarium spp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has
generated concern, due to the irreversible impacts caused on the
environment, in addition to selecting resistant isolates. In this
way, essential oils appear as an efficient alternative in control of
diseases. Facing the problem of soil pathogens control and high
antimicrobial fungicide that essential oils present, this work
aimed to evaluate the in vitro fungicidal potential of essential
oils in control of Fusarium spp. and S. sclerotiorum. A completely
randomized design, factorial scheme 2×4×8 was used, with two
isolates (Fusarium spp. and S. sclerotiorum), four essential oils
(Aloysia citriodora, Cymbopogon winterianus, Lippia alba and
Ocimum americanum), eight essential oil concentrations (0.0;
0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2 and 1.4 μL·mL-1), and ten replicates.
The essential oils inhibited mycelial growth of the fungi in
different concentrations, being their potential justified by the
presence of antifungal chemical compounds. Essential oils of
A. citriodora, C. winterianus, L. alba and O. americanum present
high fungicidal potential, being viable alternatives for formulation
of commercial products, boosting the pesticides industry.
... Studies have revealed that pomelo peel essential oils had a DPPH scavenging effect [19] and exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Penicillium chrysogenum, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli [20], and P. expansum [21]. Additionally, essential oils from the pomelo leaf were demonstrated to possess antidermatophytic potential against Microsporum and Trichophyton species [22]. Aumeeruddy-Elalfi et al. reported that pomelo leaf essential oil had the strongest antityrosinase capacity among 19 traditional medicinal plants in Mauritius [1], and could be used to inhibit the formation of melanin pigment [23,24]. ...
‘Mato Peiyu’ pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck ‘Mato Peiyu’) leaves from pruning are currently an agricultural waste. The aim of this study was to isolate essential oils from these leaves through steam distillation (SD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and to evaluate their applicability to skin care by analyzing their antimicrobial, antioxidant (diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, and nitric oxide scavenging assay), anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay), and antityrosinase activities. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results indicated that the main components of ‘Mato Peiyu’ leaf essential oils were citronellal and citronellol, with a total percentage of 50.71% and 59.82% for SD and SFME, respectively. The highest bioactivity among all assays was obtained for 5-lipoxygenase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 0.034% (v/v). The MIC90 of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans ranged from 0.086% to 0.121% (v/v). Citronellal and citronellol were the main contributors, accounting for at least 54.58% of the essential oil’s bioactivity. This paper is the first to report the compositions and bioactivities of ‘Mato Peiyu’ leaf essential oil, and the results imply that the pomelo leaf essential oil may be applied in skin care.
Earth has native milieu for fungi that cover individual kingdom since evolution. The Keratinophilic fungi are allied molds that produce the keratinase enzyme to degrade the keratinous materials in or on the soil. These saprophytic fungi also play a role as causative of superficial infections in the environment. In order to present study, three isolates of fungi were evaluated to determine the effect of physical conditions (temperature & pH) on fungal growth on keratinophilic species. They were grown in an inundated culture medium containing various parameters of temperature & pH variations. In the study, Among isolated species, all species Chrysosporium indicum showed the highest growth weight of dry mycelium at 15ºC to 35ºC temperature & pH 3. While another two remaining species show slime increased growth at 35 º C & 7pH. In the present study, the best growth was recorded at 25°C to 35°C and 5-7 pH. Usually too alkaline and too acidic solutions or too high and too low temperature are not favorable for the growth of fungi. The leading phenomena of keratinophilic fungi in Jaipur are possibly due to the certain environmental conditions.
The Dermatophytes engage in an important role in the atmosphere. They invade the keratinophilic substrates with causing the superficial infections. The certain augmentation in the infection in the human, there is urgent need to search out a new therapeutics or remedies from nature. In the presented study, the chemical composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum’s volatile oil and its anti-dermatophytic potential was evaluated against isolated Dermatophyte species from Jaipur (India). The Clear pale yellowish colored oil containing 40 volatile components was extracted & analyzed using Hydro Distillation Process and GC & GC-MS methods. The main constitutions were obtained as β-Caryophyllene (38.90%) and Eugenol (19.63%)in the oil and it revealed excellent inhibition activity against test fungal organisms with presence of Maximum Inhibition Zone of 37 mm against T. mentagrophytes(KU578106)as well as 31.67 mm for M. gypsiumand 28.33mmfor M. nannum as compared to standard. The results studied in the present research, helps to look out new natural therapeutic drugs from Ocimum tenuiflorum as an anti-dermatophytic agent than the standard.
The influence of various culture media and environmental factors play an imperative role in the growth of mycelia and sporulation of keratinophilic fungi. Fungi grow up best at optimal temperature, pH, humidity and culture media. The extremely high and low temperature, as well as pHs, reduce the growth. The study was aimed at determining the effect of optimal parameters (incubation temperature, pH and culture media) for the mycelium growth and sporulation of Chrysosporium queenslandicum (KU560575) isolated from the poultry farm of Rajasthan. The fungus was identified by morphological and molecular characteristics of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region. The growth and sporulation was evaluated on different temperature regimes i.e. 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 oC, pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 and culture media i.e. Sabouraud’s dextrose broth (SDB), Richard’s synthetic broth (RSB), Czapek dox broth (CDB), Mannitol salt broth (MSB), Yeast extract broth (YEB), Malt extract broth (MEB). C. queenslandicum showed their maximum mycelium growth at 25oC (1.321±0.08 gm) with the best sporulation at 25-35oC. On the other hand, in the relation to pH maximum growth and best sporulation was recorded at pH 7.0 (1.459±0.05 gm). The fungus grew maximum on MEB (1.007±0.02 gm) followed by SDB (0.807±0.08 gm), but least grew on the YEB.
Key words: Environmental factors, keratinophilic fungi, Chrysosporium queenslandicum.
Aim : The present investigation evaluated the antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Citrus sinensis Linn. (Rutaceae) fruit peel. There is a basis for the traditional use of this plant for local health remedies. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of C. sinensis fruit peel was tested against three bacterial and two fungal strains. Turbidimetric or tube dilution method and paper disc diffusion method were followed. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.78 μg/ ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 6.25 μg/ml, and appreciable antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml. The phytochemistry of C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates (reducing sugars, hexose sugars, non-reducing polysaccharides, gums, and mucilages), flavonoid glycosides, coumarin glycosides, volatile oils, organic acids, fats and fixed oils. Conclusion: Most of the organic chemical constituents reported are aromatic phenolic compounds, which are known for their wide spectra of antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the bacteriostatic and fungistatic action of the tested extract may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In short, C. sinensis fruit peel methanolic extract is a potential source of natural antimicrobials.
Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used extensively to prevent and treat human diseases. In the past decades, worldwide demand for citrus essential oils has greatly increased. Citrus essential oils containing 85-99% volatile and 1-15% non-volatile components. Essential oils from Citrus pseudolimon and Citrus grandis peels were extracted through steam distillation and characterized by GC-MS. C. pseudolimon has thirty six and C. grandis has thirty three total components; limonene 47.07% and 71.48% was the major component in both oils respectively. Antioxidant activity was checked by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching test. Both oils have modest activity. The antimicrobial potential was assessed against different bacterial and fungus strains. C. pseudolimon oil possessed strong activity against all tested strains while C. grandis has moderate activity. The antitumor activity was evaluated by potato disc assay, C. pseudolimon showed 81.25% inhibition. Hence the essential oils could have a great potential in pharmaceutical industry.
Background: Keratinous wastes are recognized as solid waste and troublesome environmental pollutant generated from poultry farms, slaughter houses and barber’s shops and are abundant in Jaipur district, Rajasthan. Keratinous waste degradation by biological methods has been increasingly interested because of environmental awareness. Methodology: The present study was aimed at the biodegradation of keratinous wastes in an eco-friendly way by a highly efficient keratinophilic fungus namely Arthroderma multifidum (KU560574) isolated from poultry farm for the first time in Rajasthan. Results: The strain was identified by morphological traits and confirmed by the BLAST search of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region. Arthroderma multifidum was inoculated into the Basal Salt Medium (BSM) with 2.5% (w/v) keratinous waste substrates to observe keratin degradation by measuring the degree of degradation and changes in pH. The rate of keratin degradation was expressed as weight loss. In this study, keratinous waste degradation was found maximum on the chicken feathers (39.2%) after 24 days and the pH increased from the initial 7.0-8.15 at 30EC by colonization of A. multifidum. The medium’s alkalinity was increased due to keratin substrate degradation at different incubation time. Maceration of keratinous waste substrates by fungi was also shown by microscopic examinations. Conclusion: This strain may be used efficiently for keratin waste management and production of industrially important protease, which would be extremely useful for biotechnological processes involving keratin hydrolysis.
Due to increasing use of natural products, essential oil are also in great demand in various field such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus grown in Dehradun, India. A total of twenty seven compounds were identified from the essential oil, by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy representing 100 % of the total oil. The dominant compounds being Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) 54.79 %, â-pinene 18.54 % á-pinene 11.46 %, â-eudesmol 4.68%, á-phellandrene 2.06% Para cymene 1.60% and Gamma-eudesmol 1.20%. Comparison of the literature on essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus around the world (seven countries) suggested eight compounds that were uniquely present only in Dehradun essential oil sample. Thus, the present study suggested that Eucalyptus globulus growing in Dehradun contains several volatile compounds that are not reported in other Eucalyptus globulus essential oil around the world.
The chemical composition and functional activities of cold-pressed and water distilled peel essential oils of
Citrus paradisi
(
C. paradisi
) and
Citrus grandis
(L.) Osbeck (
C. grandis
) were investigated in present study. Yields of cold-pressed oils were much higher than those of distilled oils. Limonene was the primary ingredient of essential oils of
C. paradisi
(cold 92.83%; distilled 96.06%) and
C. grandis
(cold 32.63%; distilled 55.74%). In addition,
C. grandis
oils obtained were rich in oxygenated or nitrogenated compounds which may be involved in reducing cardiovascular diseases or enhancing sleep effectiveness. The order of free radical scavenging activities of 4 citrus oils was distilled
C. paradisi
oil > cold-pressed
C. paradisi
oil > distilled
C. grandis
oil > cold-pressed
C. grandis
oil. Cold-pressed
C. grandis
oil exhibited the lowest activity in all antioxidative assays. The order of antimicrobial activities of 4 citrus oils was distilled
C. grandis
oil, cold-pressed
C. paradisi
oil > distilled
C. paradisi
oil > cold-pressed
C. paradisi
oil. Surprisingly, distilled
C. grandis
oil exhibited better antimicrobial activities than distilled
C. paradisi
oil, especially against
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella enterica
subsp. The results also indicated that the antimicrobial activities of essential oils may not relate to their antioxidative activities.
Earth has been documented as a natural territory for fungi which cover individual kingdom with evolution. In subsequently vertebrates developed keratin which was a part of life as a structural aspect. Few moulds have skilled to digest keratin and crop up from soil and wastewater habitats. They take part as a keratinolytic agent in the purification of α-keratins with an incidence of disul-phide and hydrogen bonds which are improperly biodegradable. The best moulds genera to decay of keratin are Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The presences of these genera are open health issues in developing countries where they cause the mortal mycotic contagion. The reason behind this is perceived to be the poor hygienic environment and socioeconomic behaviour among people. The present review is a compilation of updated information concerning the nature of these keratinolytic moulds and abundances of most contributed developing countries including India.
Nature provides initial needs of beings for self-care. Natural remedies have a strong efficacy against several assorted diseases. In All Assorted Disease, Skin Disease Caused by Fungi and moulds are common throughout the world especially in developing countries. The most common using antifungal drugs are azoles, Allylamines as traditional trade for dealing with mycoses and fungal disease. These traditional synthesized drugs have low intention, resistance potential, irreversible side effects on host during the managing of fungus disease. Plant Essential oils are best candidature in presence of their cytotoxic aptitude against fungus. In India, several tribes' citizens are using plants to treat the skin disorders. In current reviewed data a large plant families are studied for their cytotoxic skill against fungus.
The essential oils and methanol extracts of Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, Ocimum gratissimum L, Ocimum canum Sims, and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (green type) were examined for their potential antibacterial activities. The chemical composition of essential oils of Ocimum species was analysed by GC-MS. The inhibitory effects of essential oils and methanol extracts were studied on two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus) and five Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, and Shigella flexneri) bacteria using disc-diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed by micro broth dilution method. The antibacterial test results showed that the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke, and Ocimum gratissimum L. strongly inhibited the growth of all of the microorganisms studied, especially of the Gram-negative strains, whereas other two essential oils showed moderate activities. The result may suggest that the essential oils of Ocimum possess compounds with antibacterial activities, and therefore could be used as natural preservative ingredients in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
Leaves and peel hydrodistilled essential oils of Citrus aurantium from Constantine (Algeria) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major compounds of the leaves essential oil were linalool (18.6%), γ-terpinene (6.9 %) and α-terpineol (15.1%) while the main components of the peel essential oil were linalool (12%), cis-linalool oxide (8.1%), trans-carveol (11.9%), endo-fenchyl acetate (5.5%) and carvone (5.8%).
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different cultivation regions on the pattern and content of flavonoids in two pummelo cultivars
(C. grandis L. Osbeck) in China. Results showed that similar patterns of flavonoids were observed in the flavedo or juice of each pummelo cultivar from these cultivation regions, whereas the individual flavonoid content showed unique characteristics. Naringin, the predominant flavanone glycoside, showed the highest content in both flavedo and juice of C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the Pinghe of Fujian (FJ) cultivation region compared with the Dapu of Guangdong (GD) and Nanbu of Sichuan (SC) regions. However, its content in the flavedo of C. grandis “Shatianyu” from the Pingle of Guangxi (GX) was significantly lower than in the GD and SC regions. Vicenin-2 appeared to be the dominant flavone
C-glycoside in the flavedo of both cultivars, and the lowest content was observed in the flavedo of C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the SC region. However, C. grandis “Shatianyu” contained the highest content of vicenin-2 in the flavedo from SC region. Similarly, the predominant flavone O-glucoside, rhoifolin, showed the highest content in C. grandis “Guanximiyu” from the GD and FJ regions, whereas C. grandis “Shatianyu” in SC region showed the highest content of rhoifolin. Cluster analysis suggested that genotype played a primary role in determining the flavonoid profiles of pummelo cultivars, whereas regional differences significantly affected the flavonoid distribution of pummelo cultivars potentially via affecting the direction of flavonoid accumulation in pummelo.
Citrus peel essential oils have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. In the present study we investigated the variation in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from fresh, ambient-, and oven-dried peels of three Citrus species namely Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata), Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) and Citrus paradisii (C. paradisii). The hydro-distilled essential oil content from fresh-, ambient-, and oven-dried peels of C. reticulata, C. sinensis and C. paradisii ranged from 0.30-0.50, 0.24-1.07 and 0.20-0.40 g/100 g, respectively. The maximum amount of the oil was determined in oven-dried while the minimum in fresh peel samples. Using GC and GC/MS, a total of 16-27, 17-24 and 18-40 chemical constituents were identified in the peel essential oils of C. reticulate, C. sinensis and C. paradisii, respectively. The content of limonene, the most prevalent chemical constituent, detected in these essential oils, ranged from 64.1-71.1% (C. reticulata), 66.8-80.9% (C. sinensis) and 50.8-65.5% (C. paradisii). The yield and content of most of the chemical components including limonene (the principal chemical compound detected) of the tested essential oils varied significantly (p < 0.05) with respect to drying treatments and species employed.
In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa were analyzed and their phytotoxic effects were evaluated. All together, 41 compounds were identified, accounting for 96% of the total oil. The monoterpenes fraction amounted to 61% of the oil and was characterized by a high proportion of monoterpene hydrocarbons (55%), amongst which the most abundant was α-pinene (42%) and sesquiterpenoids (29%). Regarding the herbicidal activity, the oil completely inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of three common weeds: Phalaris paradoxa, Trifolium campestre and Lolium rigidum and the activity by direct contact was more effective than by fumigation. The findings of the present study suggest a possible use of these essential oils as natural herbicides.
The antifungal activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin were tested by broth microdilution technique, against 60 dermatophytes isolated from nail or skin specimens from Goiania city patients, Brazil. In this study, the microtiter plates were incubated at 28 masculineC allowing a reading of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) after four days of incubation for Trichophyton mentagrophytes and five days for T. rubrum and Microsporum canis. Most of the dermatophytes had uniform patterns of susceptibility to the antifungal agents tested. Low MIC values as 0.03 microg/mL were found for 33.3%, 31.6% and 15% of isolates for itraconazole, ketoconazole and terbinafine, respectively.
Diffusion and dilution methods have been employed to study the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants. A number of modifications have been made in the technique in order to obtain better results. Since some factors (culture medium composition, microorganisms tested, extractive method, pH, solubility of the sample in the culture medium, etc.) can change results, it is difficult using these methods to standardize a procedure for the study of antimicrobial plants. Bioautography is another method for studying antimicrobial activity. With it, previously chromatographed principles are diffused to the agar. The results can also change according to the method employed. All the various techniques are reviewed here and, in order to unify the different criteria and parameters, standard methods to study the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants are proposed.
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the peel of Shatian pummelo was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-one components were identified. The monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the principal compound groups with 96.64% (w/w) of the total oil, among which, limonene was observed dominant (89.96 ± 1.64%), followed by β-myrcene (4.49 ± 0.38%), α-pinene (0.63 ± 0.05%), 3-carene (0.48 ± 0.04%), caryophyllene (0.47 ± 0.04%), and other minor constitutes. Esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ether represented 3.15% of the total oil. Results by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration determination method showed that the essential oil contained a wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 10106, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21616, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, with their inhibition zones ranging from 8.27 ± 1.07 mm to 20.71 ± 1.50 mm. The MIC values were ranging from 4.69 to 37.50 μL/mL. However, no inhibition effect was observed on the Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888.
Fungal infections of the skin and nails are a common global problem. The high prevalence of superficial mycotic infections shows that 20-25% of the world's population has skin mycoses, making these one of the most frequent forms of infection. Pathogens responsible for skin mycoses are primarily anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes from the genera Trichophyton (T.), Microsporum (M.) and Epidermophyton (E.). There appears to be considerable inter- and intra-continental variability in the global incidence of these fungal infections. Trichophyton rubrum, T. interdigitale (mentagrophytes var. interdigitale), M. canis, M. audouinii, T. tonsurans and T. verrucosum are the most common, but the attack rates and incidence of specific mycoses can vary widely. Local socio-economic conditions and cultural practices can also influence the prevalence of a particular infection in a given area. For example, tinea pedis (athlete's foot) is more prevalent in developed countries than in emerging economies and is likely to be caused by the anthropophilic germ T. rubrum. In poorer countries, scalp infections (tinea capitis) caused by T. soudanense or M. audouinii are more prevalent. This review summarises current epidemiological trends for fungal infections and focuses on dermatomycosis of glabrous skin on different continents.
Fifty-one essential oils extracted from plants of known origin were tested for their antimicrobial activity against three bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and four yeasts, Torulopsis utilis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the drop diffusion method. All showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the micro-organisms. Following this preliminary screening, 13 essential oils showing antimicrobial activity against at least five of the micro-organisms were tested in the range 50 micrograms ml-1 to 500 micrograms ml-1 using broth micro dilution techniques with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) as a dispersing solvent. The concentration of most of the oils required for total inhibition of growth was > 500 micrograms ml-1. Further studies on the antimicrobial action of cinnamon oil in the range 10-150 micrograms ml-1 showed that 50-fold higher activity was found when no dispersing solvent was used.
The volatile constituents of cold-pressed peel essential oils of redblush grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen forma Redblush) and pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) from the same locality in Kenya were determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of 67 and 52 compounds, amounting to 97.9 and 98.8% of the two oils, respectively, were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted 93.3 and 97.5% in the oils, respectively, with limonene (91.1 and 94.8%), alpha-terpinene (1.3 and 1.8%), and alpha-pinene (0.5%) as the main compounds. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted 0.4% in each oil. The notable compounds were beta-caryophyllene, alpha-cubebene, and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. Oxygenated compounds constituted 4.2 and 2.0% of the redblush grapefruit and pummelo oils, respectively, out of which carbonyl compounds (2.0 and 1.3%), alcohols (1.4 and 0.3%), and esters (0.7 and 0.4%) were the major groups. Heptyl acetate, octanal, decanal, citronellal, and (Z)-carvone were the main constituents (0.1-0.5%). Perillene, (E)-carveol, and perillyl acetate occurred in the redblush grapefruit but were absent from the pummelo oil. Nootkatone, alpha- and beta-sinensal, methyl-N-methylanthranilate, and (Z,E)-farnesol were prominent in both oils.
The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of 14 kinds of citrus oils and to test their biological activities. Citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from immature fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)- flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene (55.4% to 91.7%), myrcene (2.1% to 32.1%), alpha-pinene (0.6% to 1.6%) and linalool (0.4% to 6.9%) were the major components in most citrus species. To evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity, all essential oils were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nine out of fourteen citrus oils exhibited antibacterial activity against P. acnes, but not against S. epidermidis. The effects of the citrus oils on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical anion scavenging, nitric oxide radical, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. Three essential citrus oils, Joadeung, Dongjunggyul, and Bujiwha, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Two essential oils, Dongjunggyul and Joadeung, showed potent free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay. For future applications in cosmetic products, we also performed MTT assays in a human dermal fibroblast cell line. The majority of the essential oils showed no cytotoxicity. The results indicate that citrus essential oils can be useful natural agents for cosmetic application.
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