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Network Security and Data Privacy in 6G
Environment: Impacts and Challenges
Swathi Prathigadapa, Assistant Professor in CSE
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad-501301, Telangana, India
Dr. Sree Rama Chandra Murthy Dasika
Professor in CSE (Retd.), Hyderabad, India
Dr. Vijayalakshmi Kakulapati
Professor and Associate Dean (R & D), Department of Information Technology
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad – 501301, India
Dr. Shailaja Saligrama
University of the Cumberlands, Kentucky, USA
Abstract
1G, the first generation of wireless cellular
technology was born and by 1984. In Path to 5G,
1G facilitated the introduction of the mobile phone
to consumers. 2G was created on a digital cellular
network standard. 3G standards were required to
provide peak data rates of at least 144 Kbps with a
maximum of 14 Mbps. 4G offered faster web
access and added cloud, gaming, High Definition
(HD) videos, and 3D TV to the growing list of
amenities devices that it could handle. The 5G
technology standard for broadband cellular
networks to provide connectivity for cell phones
began deploying worldwide in 2019. 6G (Sixth
Generation Wireless) the successor to 5G cellular
technology, will be able to use
higher frequencies than 5G networks and provide
substantially higher capacity and much lower
latency. One of the goals of the 6G internet is to
support one microsecond latency communications.
Examples of 6G include e-health for all, precision
health care, smart agriculture, earth monitor,
digital twins, cobots and robot navigation. 6G
networks will operate by using signals at the higher
end of the radio spectrum. Primarily, 6G will
operate by Making use of free spectrum,
Improving the efficiency of the free spectrum,
taking advantage of mesh networking, Integrating
with the “new IP. Network Security is the security
designed to protect the integrity of the network
from unauthorized access and threats. Network
Security is one of the most important aspects to
consider when working over the internet, no
matter how small or big your business is. The
network Security consists of Protection, Detection,
and Reaction. Data Privacy generally means the
ability of a person to determine for themselves
when, how, and to what extent personal
information about them is shared with or
communicated to others. Impacts in 6G include
Advancing Extended Reality, Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning, Digital Twinning,
and more, 6G Shows Potential to Optimize
Communications, Interoperability, and
Sustainability. The development of the 6 G
network faces many challenges: the technological
issues include terahertz waves, peak throughput,
higher energy efficiency, connection flexibility,
and self-aggregating communications fabric; the
non-technical challenges include industry barriers,
spectrum allocation and usage rules, and policies
and regulations. Security Issues in 6G are
Virtualization Security Solution, Automated
Management System, Data security using AI,
Users’ Privacy-preserving, Post-Quantum
Cryptography. Impacts and Challenges of
Network Security and Data Privacy in 6G
Environment include real-time intelligent edge,
distributed AI, intelligent radio, and 3D intercoms.
The main security and privacy concerns here
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relate to authentication, access control, data
transmission and encryption.
Keywords: 1G-5G, 6G, Network Security, Data
Privacy, Impacts, Challenges, Applications,
Special Issues.
Introduction
G
“G” refers to “Generation” [1]. 1G was introduced
in 1979 in Tokyo. This first generation of wireless
cellular technology was born and by 1984, the
entire country of Japan had 1G. 1G was approved
in the United States in 1983 with Canada and the
United Kingdom following a few years later.
Path to 5G
1G facilitated the introduction of the mobile phone
to consumers. However, because of the exorbitant
cost, it was mostly used by business executives and
seen as a status symbol. It was time to make the
product and service affordable for greater
consumption and address cellular technology
inefficiencies. With 1G analog mobile
communications standards:
Coverage was poor.
Sound quality was subpar.
There was no compatibility between systems or
providers.
Because an analog wave comes through exactly
as it is created, calls between people could be
overheard via radio scanners, making for a
lack of privacy.
Maximum speed was 2.4 Kbps.
2G was created on a digital cellular network
standard. Because digital converts analog to
numbers, 2G offered encrypted calling with better
sound quality, text messaging, and picture or
multimedia file messages. Enabling these
alternative communication types was possible
because 2G offered a theoretical maximum
transfer speed of 40 Kbps. 2G saw larger-scale
construction of cell towers and considerable buy-
in from the public as phones and service plans
became more affordable.
Demand for better accessibility drove the creation
of 3G in 2001. It brought global interoperability.
Now, users could access data anywhere in the
world via greater web connectivity. It’s faster
speed added new communications options like
video conferencing, streaming, and voice over IP
(VoIP). 3G standards were required to provide
peak data rates of at least 144 Kbps with a
maximum of 14 Mbps.
Now that human-to-human communication was
settled, it was time to tackle the need to handle
large quantities of data. Reduced latency, the
amount of time that information takes to travel
from its source to its destination, and then come
back to its source, is a major benefit of 4G.
4G offered faster web access and added cloud,
gaming, High Definition (HD) videos, and 3D TV
to the growing list of amenities devices that it could
handle. 4G standards set minimum requirements
at 10 Mbps and peak speed at 100 Mbps. However,
the quicker data exchange and new features made
it necessary to purchase 4G-enabled devices.
Even 4G was not going to be fast enough to
advance technology and accommodate the
potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) to control
thermostats, connected vehicles, smart cities, and
more or enable healthcare possibilities with
wearables, telehealth, image transfer, and more.
The 5G technology standard for broadband
cellular networks to provide connectivity for cell
phones began deploying worldwide in 2019. 5G
technology increased bandwidth, the capacity on
the radio spectrum, to connect more devices in an
area and boasts eventual download speeds of 10
Gbps. 5G can operate in 3 frequencies, including
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low-band (600-900 MHz with download speeds of
30-250 Mbps), mid-band (1.7-4.7 GHz with
download speeds of 100-900 Mbps), or, the new
addition, high-band millimetre wave (mmW) (24-
47 GHz with download speeds of Gbps).
6G (Sixth Generation Wireless)
In telecommunications, 6G is the designation for a
future technical standard of a sixth-
generation technology for wireless
communications [2]. It is the planned successor
to 5G, and is in development by numerous
companies like Airtel, Anritsu, Apple, Ericsson,
Fly, Huawei, Jio, Keysight, LG, Nokia, NTT
Docomo, Samsung, Vi, Xiaomi; research institutes
like Technology Innovation Institute and
the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre and
countries like United States, European Union,
Russia, China, India, Japan, South Korea,
Singapore and United Arab Emirates that have
shown interest in 6G networks. 6G networks will
likely be significantly faster than previous
generations, and are expected to be more divers,
and are likely to support applications beyond
current mobile use scenarios, such as ubiquitous
instant communications, pervasive intelligence
and the Internet of Things (IoT). It is expected that
mobile network operators will adopt flexible
decentralized business models for 6G, with
local spectrum licensing, spectrum sharing,
infrastructure sharing, and intelligent automated
management underpinned by mobile edge
computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), short-
packet communication and blockchain
technologies. 6G networks are expected to be
developed and released by late 2020s.
Analog
0G Mobile Radio Telephone
1G
1.5G Digital Amps
Digital
2G
2.5G General Packet Radio Service
2.75G Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution
2.9G CDMA2000 1X
3G
3.5G High Speed Packet Access
3.75G Evolved High Speed Packet Access
3.9G/3.95G LTE Telecommunication
4G IMT Advanced
4.5G LTE Advanced
4.9G LTE Advanced Pro
5G
5.25G Ultra-wideband
5.5G 5G Advanced
6G
6G
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6G is the successor to 5G cellular technology [3].
6G networks will be able to use
higher frequencies than 5G networks and provide
substantially higher capacity and much lower
latency. One of the goals of the 6G internet is to
support one microsecond latency communications.
The 6G technology market is expected to facilitate
large improvements in the areas of
imaging, presence technology and location
awareness. Working in conjunction with AI, the
6G computational infrastructure will be able to
identify the best place for computing to occur; this
includes decisions about data storage, processing
and sharing. It is important to note that 6G is not
yet a functioning technology. While some vendors
are investing in the next-generation wireless
standard, industry specifications for 6G-enabled
network products remain years away.
Examples of 6G
Examples of 6G include e-health for all, precision
health care, smart agriculture, earth monitor,
digital twins, cobots and robot navigation.
Advantages of 6G over 5G
6G networks will operate by using signals at the
higher end of the radio spectrum [4]. That estimate
applies to data transmitted in short bursts across
limited distances.
Characteristic 5G 6G
Operating frequency 3 - 300 GHz upto 1 THz
Uplink data rate 10 Gbps 1 Tbps
Downlink data rate 20 Gbps 1 Tbps
Spectral efficiency 10 bps/Hz/m2 1000 bps/Hz/m2
Reliability 10−5 10−9
Maximum mobility 500 km/h 1000 km/hr
U-plane latency 0.5 msec 0.1 msec
C-plane latency 10 msec 1 msec
Processing delay 100 ns 10 ns
Traffic capacity 10 Mbps/m2 1 - 10 Gbps/m2
Localization precision 10 cm on 2D 1 cm on 3D
Uniform user experience 50 Mbps 2D 10 Gbps 3D
Time buffer not real-time real-time
Centre of gravity user service
Satellite integration No Fully
AI integration Partially Fully
XR integration Partially Fully
Haptic communication integration
Partially Fully
Automation integration Partially Fully
Table1: Comparison Between 5G and 6G
Table 1 compares the main specifications and
technologies in both 5G and 6G. 6G will be able to
connect everything, integrate different
technologies and applications, support
holographic, haptic, space and underwater
communications and it will also support the
Internet of everything, Internet of Nano-Things
and Internet of Bodies.
Key Features for Future 6G
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Fig 1. Key features for future 6G
Fig. 1 summarizes the key features for future 6G
[5]. the THz wireless communications system, AI,
and programmable intelligent surfaces are the
outstanding concepts among all the blocks listed in
Fig. 1. These innovations welcome a radical
departure from the traditional design principles
and implementation norms practiced in mobile
wireless telecommunication industries.
6G Network
6G network is defined as a cellular network that
operates in untapped radio frequencies and uses
cognitive technologies like AI to enable high-speed,
low-latency communication at a pace multiple
times faster than fifth-generation networks [6]. 6G
is the sixth-generation mobile system standard
currently being developed for wireless
communications over cellular data networks in
telecommunications. It is the successor, or the next
bend in the road, after 5G and will likely be much
faster. The International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) standardizes wireless generations
every decade. Typically, they are denoted by a gap
in the “air interface,” which signifies a shift in
transmissions or coding. This is implemented so
that older devices cannot be updated to the newer
generation since doing so would generate a
limitless quantity of “noise” and “spectrum
pollution”. 6G network enables high-speed, low-
latency communication at a pace multiple times
faster than fifth-generation networks. Primarily,
6G will operate by:
Making use of free spectrum: A significant
portion of 6G research focuses on transmitting
data at ultra-high frequencies. Theoretically,
5G can support frequencies up to 100GHz, even
though no frequency over 39GHz is currently
utilized. For 6G, engineers are attempting to
transfer data across waves in the hundreds of
Giga Hertz (GHz) or Tera Hertz (THz) ranges.
These waves are minuscule and fragile, yet
there remains a massive quantity of unused
spectrum that could allow for astonishing data
transfer speeds.
Improving the efficiency of the free spectrum:
Current wireless technologies permit
transmission or reception on a specific
frequency at the same time. For two-way
communication, users may divide their streams
as per Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) or by
defining Time Division Duplex (TDD). 6G might
boost the efficiency of current spectrum
delivery using sophisticated mathematics to
transmit and receive on the same frequency
simultaneously.
Taking advantage of mesh networking: Mesh
networking has been a popular subject for
decades, but 5G networks are still primarily
based on a hub-and-spoke architecture.
Therefore, end-user devices (phones) link to
anchor nodes (cell towers), which connect to a
backbone. 6G might use machines as amplifiers
for one another’s data, allowing each device to
expand coverage in addition to using it.
Integrating with the “new IP:” A research
paper from the Finnish 6G Flagship initiative at
the University of Oulu suggests that 6G may use
a new variant of the Internet Protocol (IP). It
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compares a current IP packet in IPv4 or IPv6 to
regular snail mail, complete with a labelled
envelope and text pages. The “new IP” packet
would be comparable to a fast-tracked courier
package with navigation and priority
information conveyed by a courier service.
Applications of 6G Network
6G is expected to fuel innovative applications
such as Holographic-Type Communications
(HTC), Tactile Internet, Connected
Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Autonomous
Healthcare Solutions and Manufacturing
Systems, Virtual Reality (VR) / Augmented
Reality (AR)/ Extended Reality (XR), and more.
Network Security
Network Security [6] is the security designed to
protect the integrity of the network from
unauthorized access and threats. The network
administrators are responsible for adopting
various defensive measures to guard their
networks from possible security risks. Computer
networks are linked in daily transactions and
communication within the government, private, or
corporates that needs security. The most common
and straightforward strategy of protecting
network support is allocating it with a unique
name and a corresponding password. Network
security is one of the most important aspects to
consider when working over the internet, Local
Area Networks (LAN) or other method, no
matter how small or big your business is. While
there is no network that is immune to attacks, a
stable and efficient network security system is
essential to protecting client data. A good
network security system helps business reduce
the risk of falling victim of data theft and
sabotage. Network security helps protect your
workstations from harmful spyware. It also
ensures that shared data is kept secure. Network
security infrastructure provides several levels of
protection to prevent Main-in-the-Middle
(MiM) attacks by breaking down information
into numerous parts, encrypting these parts and
transmitting them through independent paths,
thus preventing cases like eavesdropping.
Getting connected to the internet means that you
could receive lots of traffic. Huge traffic can
cause stability problems and may lead to
vulnerabilities in the system. Network security
promotes reliability of your network by
preventing lagging and downtimes through
continuous monitoring of any suspicious
transaction that can sabotage the system. The
network security consists of:
1. Protection: The user should be able to configure
their devices and networks accurately.
2. Detection: The user must detect whether the
configuration has changed or get a notification
if there is any problem in the network traffic.
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3. Reaction: After detecting the problems, the user
must respond to them and must return to a
protected position as quickly as possible.
Data Privacy
Data Privacy [7] generally means the ability of a
person to determine for themselves when, how,
and to what extent personal information about
them is shared with or communicated to others.
This personal information can be one's name,
location, contact information, or online or real-
world behavior. Just as someone may wish to
exclude people from a private conversation, many
online users want to control or prevent certain
types of personal data collection. As Internet usage
has increased over the years, so has the importance
of data privacy. Websites, applications, and social
media platforms often need to collect and store
personal data about users in order to provide
services. However, some applications and
platforms may exceed users' expectations for data
collection and usage, leaving users with less
privacy than they realized. Other apps and
platforms may not place adequate safeguards
around the data they collect, which can result in
a data breach that compromises user privacy.
Impacts in 6G
By Advancing Extended Reality, Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning, Digital Twinning,
and more, 6G Shows Potential to Optimize
Communications, Interoperability, and
Sustainability.
Challenges in 6G
The development of the 6 G network faces many
challenges: the technological issues include
terahertz waves, peak throughput, higher energy
efficiency, connection flexibility, and self-
aggregating communications fabric; the non-
technical challenges include industry barriers,
spectrum allocation and usage rules, and policies
and regulations. [8]
Security Issues in 6G [9]
Virtualization Security Solution: Virtualization
security concerns need the use of a system with
a secure virtualization layer, which includes a
security technology that identifies concealed
harmful software, such as rootkits. In addition,
the hypervisor must enable total separation of
computing, storage, and the network of
different network services using secure
protocols such as Transport Layer Security
(TLS), Secure Shell (SSH), Virtual Private
Network (VPN), and so forth. Virtual Machine
Introspection (VMI) is a feature of the
hypervisor that examines and identifies security
risks by analysing the vCPU register
information, file IO, and communication
packets of each Virtual Machine (VM) to
prevent infiltration. When using
containerization, the operating system should
appropriately set the different containers’
privileges and prevent the mounting of essential
system directories and direct access to the host
device file container.
Automated Management System: To manage
vulnerabilities caused by the use, update, and
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disposal of open sources is the most important
thing to do when addressing open-source
security issues. That is why fast detection of
threats necessitates an automated management
system that can discover vulnerabilities and
apply patches. An additional step is needed to
ensure that the patched software is applied
quickly and securely using the secure Over-
The-Air (OTA) technique. Furthermore, a
security governance framework must be
established to handle (1) open-source
vulnerabilities from a long-term view, (2)
changes in the developer’s perception, and (3)
the deployment of security solutions.
Data security using AI: To guarantee that AI
systems are safe from Automated Machine
Learning (AML), they must be transparent
about how they safeguard their users and the
mobile communication system from AML.
Creating AI models in a dependable system is
the first step in the process. Additionally, a
method such as digital signatures must be used
to verify if the AI models running in User
Equipment (UE), Radio Access Networks
(RAN), and the core have been maliciously
updated or altered by a hostile assault. When a
harmful AI model is found, a system must
conduct self-healing or recovery operations.
The system should also restrict the data
gathering for AI training to trustworthy
network parts.
Users’ Privacy-preserving: Users’ personal
information should be stored and used in
accordance with agreed-upon protocols
between the service provider, the Mobile
Network Operator (MNO), the subscriber, and
the MNO in order to ensure their safety.
Personal information is kept secure in a Trusted
Execution Environment (TEE) and dependable
SW by the 6G system, which also reduces or
anonymizes the amount of information that is
made publicly available when it is used.
Authenticity and authorization must be verified
before MNO releases personal information.
Another option is to utilize Homomorphic
Encryption (HE) when dealing with user
information so that the data may be accessed in
an encrypted form. AI-based solutions, such as
a learning-based privacy-aware offloading
scheme, may also be used to preserve the
privacy of the user’s location and use patterns.
Post-Quantum Cryptography: The 6G system
has to get rid of existing asymmetric key
encryption techniques since quantum
computers will make them insecure. Post-
Quantum Cryptography (PQC) solutions, such
as lattice-based cryptography, code-based
cryptography, multivariate polynomial
cryptography, and hash-based signature, have
been the focus of many researchers. As part of
its PQC study, the US National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) is scheduled
to pick the best PQC algorithms between 2022
and 2024. In comparison to Rivest–Shamir–
Adleman (RSA), the key length presently under
consideration for PQC is projected to be many
times larger. PQCs are likely to have a larger
computational cost than the current RSA
method. As a result, it is essential that PQC be
appropriately integrated into the 6G network’s
HW / SW performance and service needs.
Impacts and Challenges of Network Security and
Data Privacy in 6G Environment
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Fig. 2. Security and privacy issues in the 6G
network
The circles in Fig. 2 indicate the four key
components of a 6G network, which include real-
time intelligent edge, distributed AI, intelligent
radio, and 3D intercoms [10]. We chose these four
areas as our focus because they cover the most
powerful part of the 6G study that is being
conducted so far. They are also subject to the most
security and privacy concerns. The technologies
involved in the present research include the AI-
based software, the molecular communications,
the quantum communications, the blockchain,
the Tera Hertz (THz) technology, and the Visible
Light Communication (VLC) technology. As
denoted in squares in Fig. 2, all these technologies
hold great promise for use in various 6G network
applications, such as multi-sensory X Reality
(multi-sensory XR) applications, connected
robotics and autonomous systems, wireless brain-
computer interactions, and blockchain and
distributed ledger technologies. These are shown
as clouds in Fig. 2. The first three areas, namely,
the distributed AI area, the real-time intelligent
edge area and the intelligent radio area, contain
intersecting technologies. Moreover, AI exists at
the intersection of all three areas because we
assume that 6G networks will be AI-empowered.
The five main security and privacy issues are listed
below the diagram. Most components of this
diagram are vulnerable to authentication, access
control, and malicious behavior. However, some
technologies are particularly sensitive to certain
issues. For example, the VLC, together with both
real-time intelligent edge and intelligent radio, is
particularly weak against malicious behavior and
data transmission process. The molecular
communication and the THz technology both
support intelligent radio. The molecular
communication technology is associated with
security and privacy issues concerning
authentication, encryption and communication,
while the THz technology especially suffers from
authentication security and malicious behavior.
The blockchain technology and the quantum
communication overlap with distributed artificial
intelligence and intelligent radio. The main
security and privacy concerns here relate to
authentication, access control, data transmission
and encryption.
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