A new sauropod from the Lower Jurassic of Huili, Sichuan, China

Abstract

Key words Huili, Sichuan; Lower Jurassic; Yimen Formation; Sauropoda; Tonganosaurus
The English summary can be seen in the attachment.

Full text

第48 卷摇第3期
2010 年7月摇摇摇摇摇摇摇 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报
VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA 摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇pp.185 -202
摇 figs.1 -7
四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙1)
李摇奎摇杨春燕摇刘摇建摇王正新
(成都理工大学博物馆摇成都摇 610059)
摘要:记述了四川会理下侏罗统益门组的蜥脚类化石。经研究,将化石归于马门溪龙科,建立
新属新种何氏通安龙 Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. 。 通安龙具有进步蜥脚类的特点:颈
椎细长、荐前椎发育侧凹、前肢较长,为后肢的 0. 80 等;同时,通安龙也具有原始蜥脚类的特
点:脊椎骨组织坚实不中空、肱骨和股骨骨干粗而圆。从国内外已有的资料看,原始蜥脚类主
要发现于侏罗纪早期,而进步蜥脚类则主要发现于侏罗纪中晚期。由于通安龙兼具原 始蜥脚
类和进步蜥脚类的特点,且时代为早侏罗世,因此,通安龙化石材料的发现对中国西南地区早
期蜥脚类的系统演化研究具有重要的意义。
关键词:四川会理,早侏罗世,益门组,蜥脚类,通安龙
中图法分类号:Q915. 864摇 文献标识码:A摇 文章编号:1000-3118(2010)03-0185-18
四川地区中晚侏罗世的恐龙化石材料相当丰富(董枝明等, 1983; 何信禄,1984; 李
奎,1997, 1998a; 欧阳辉、叶勇,2001) , 仅在自贡大山铺地区就发现了蜀龙、峨眉龙等多
个属种(张奕宏,1988; 何信禄等,1988; 彭光照等,2005)。 然而,早侏罗世的蜥脚类恐龙
化石相当少,到目前为止,发现并已经正式发表的仅有资中龙 Zizhongosaurus (董枝明等,
1983) 和珙县龙 Gongxianosaurus (何信禄等,1998) 两属。
2007 年,成都理工大学博物馆根据群众提供的线索,对四川省会理县通安镇的恐龙
化石点进行了考察和发掘,获得了一批新的蜥脚类恐龙化石材料,包括约 20 个脊椎、完整
的右侧肩带和右前肢、左肩胛骨远端、完整的左右坐骨、左股骨两端及完整的右后肢,以及
零散的 10 多件背椎神经棘、肋骨、跖骨及爪骨等。鉴于化石材料采集于同一个地点,各部
位骨骼没有重复,且均成比例,我们推断这些材料代表了同一个蜥脚类个体的不同部位。
根据野外地层剖面的追索观察,以及与 1 颐 20 万地质图的对比,化石产地的地层层位应为
下侏罗统益门组中上部,岩性为紫红色粉砂质泥岩。本文将描述这一川西南新的蜥脚类
材料,并建立一新属种———何氏通安龙 Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. 。 新材料的发现
有助于进一步了解早侏罗世晚期中国西南地区蜥脚类恐龙的多样性。
1) 国家自然科学基金项目(编号:40572016) 资助。
摇收稿日期:2010-02 -08

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1摇 系统描述
蜥臀目 Saurischia Seeley,1888
摇蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha Huene,1932
摇摇蜥脚次亚目 Sauropoda Marsh,1878
摇摇摇马门溪龙科 Mamenchisauridae Young & Chao,1972
摇摇摇摇通安龙属(新属)Tonganosaurus gen. nov.
摇摇属征摇见属型种的特征。
属型种摇何氏通安龙(新属、新种)Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. 。
词源摇 Tongan, 即通安。化石产地的行政区划属四川省会理县通安镇,故将产地作为
化石的属名以资纪念。 “saurus冶(希腊语) ,指“蜥蜴冶。 种名“he冶 赠予长期从事恐龙研究
事业的何信禄先生。
何氏通安龙 Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
(图1-7)
摇摇种征摇荐前椎均发育侧凹,侧凹大而深,但中间无隔板,结构简单。颈椎细长,神经弓
矮,神经棘低、前后延长。后部颈椎及背椎的板状及坑凹构造均发育。前部背椎后凹型,
中部平凹型,后部双凹型。前部尾椎双凹型,神经弓矮,神经棘高。脊椎骨组织坚实、不中
空。前后肢比例为 0. 80。 肱骨直而粗壮,其长度为股骨的 0. 75, 三角脊发育。股骨直而
粗壮,第四转节发育。
正型标本摇一具不太完整的蜥脚类成年恐龙个体的骨架。标本保存于成都理工大学
博物馆,标本登记号:MCDUT 14454。
产地与层位摇四川省会理县通安镇,下侏罗统益门组(J1y )。
标本描述摇通安龙已复原装架完毕,复原装架后的骨架长度实测为 11. 6 m, 故推测
活体长度为 12 m。 各部位骨骼描述如下。
脊椎:脊椎保存有 5个颈椎、6 个背椎、8 个尾椎和 3个零散的背椎神经棘。其中完整
的有一个颈椎、一个背椎和两个尾椎。脊椎的测量数据见表 1。
颈椎(图1, 2A-E): 枢椎保存了前半部分,前关节面的下半缘薄且略有扩展,侧视呈
铲状。前关节面中间最凹处发育有一个齿突,齿突分前后两节,椎体中部收缩。第三颈椎
保存完整,椎体细长,后凹型,椎体参数 R1) = 2. 94, 属长颈椎型。椎体侧凹发育,横突向
前向下倾斜,神经弓和神经棘低矮,神经棘前后延长,斜伏于关节突上,椎体中部收缩。通
安龙第三颈椎纤细这一特征,与四川盆地内的长颈蜥脚类峨眉龙相似。
1) 本文用参数 R来表示椎体的长短程度。表达式为 R = 椎体长 / [ (后高+后宽) / 2 ],这样处理可以排除由于椎体
变形所造成的误差,以后类同。

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 187摇摇
表1摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的椎体测量
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 Table 1摇 Measurements of vertebrae of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. 摇 (mm)
LC HV WC MH R LC HV WC MH R
Ce. 2 40 Ca. 1 88 153 166 0. 55
Ce. 3 168 56 58 105 2. 94 Ca. 2 90 170 150 0. 56
Ce. 4 55 60 Ca. 3 89 152 140 410 0. 61
Ce. 5 65 74 Ca. 4 90 150 140 0. 62
Ce. 17 147 130 112 1. 21 Ca. 5 97 115 127 305 0. 80
Ca. 6 100 120 111 0. 86
D. 2 140 143 133 380 1. 01 Ca. 7 106 117 100 0. 97
D. 4 118 121 155 0. 85 Ca. 8 110 96 80 1. 28
D. 8 126 142 166 0. 76
D. 9 114 146 170 0. 72
D. 10 110 163 162 0. 67
D. 11 110 155 160 0. 69
摇 摇 Note: Ce. cervical 颈椎;D. dorsal 背椎;Ca. caudal 尾椎;LC. length of centrum 椎体长;HV. height of centrum 椎 体
后高;WC. width of centrum 椎体后宽;MH. maximal height of vertebra 椎体全高;R. parameter of centrum 椎体参数。
图1摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的颈椎
Fig. 1摇 Cervicals of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
A. 枢椎左侧视 axis in left side view; B-D. 第三颈椎 the 3rd cervical: B. 左侧视 in left side view, C. 腹
视in bottom view, D. 背视 in top view; E-F. 第四颈椎 the 4th cervical: E. 左侧视 in left side view, F.
后视 in caudal view; G. 第五颈椎左侧视 the 5th cervical in left side view; H. 第十七颈椎左侧视 the
17th cervical in left side view
简字说明 Abbreviations: di. diapophysis lamina 横突板;pa. parapophysis 副突;pl. pleurocoel 侧凹;
poz. postzygapophysis 后关节突;prz. prezygapophysis 前关节突
摇摇相较于前部颈椎,最后一个颈椎椎体变得壮实,前关节球突略有收缩,神经弓变高,发
育有板状及坑窝构造。由于此椎体与背椎有较大的相似性,故推测这是通安龙的最后一
个颈椎。
背椎(图2F-L, 3): 第二背椎保存完整,后凹型椎体。侧凹发育,其结构简单。副突
位于椎体前关节面的上边缘,呈长椭圆形。神经弓高。关节突面呈椭圆形。后关节突上

188摇摇 古摇脊摇椎摇动摇物摇学摇报48 卷
图2摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)正型标本(MCDUT 14454)
Fig. 2摇 Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. ( MCDUT 14454, Holotype)
A-E. 颈椎左侧视 cervicals in left side views: A. 枢椎 axis, B. 第三颈椎 the 3 rd cervical, C. 第四颈椎
the 4th cervical, D. 第五颈椎 the 5th cervical, E. 第十七颈椎 the 17th cervical; F-G. 第二背椎 the 2nd
dorsal: F. 左侧视 in left side view, G. 前视 in anterior view; H -J. 背椎右 侧视 dorsals in right side
views: H. 第四背椎 the 4 th dorsal, I. 第八背椎 the 8th dorsal, J. 第九背椎 the 9th dorsal; K-L. 背椎左
侧视 dorsals in left side views: K. 第十 背椎 the 10th dorsal, L. 第 十一背椎 the 11th dorsal; M, N, P,
R-T. 尾椎右侧视 caudals in right side views: M. 第一尾椎 the 1st caudal, N. 第二尾椎 the 2nd caudal, P.
第四尾椎 the 4th caudal, R. 第六尾椎 the 6th caudal, S. 第七尾椎 the 7th caudal, T. 第八尾椎 the 8th cau鄄
dal; O, Q. 尾椎左侧视 caudals in left side views: O. 第三尾椎 the 3rd caudal, Q. 第五尾椎 the 5th caudal
简字说明 Abbreviation: sp. neural spine 神经棘,其余简字见图 1 for other abbreviations see Fig. 1

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 189摇摇
的神经棘支持板相当发育,位于后关节突的中上部、神经棘的侧边,这一支持板使神经棘
呈左右宽的长方形宽板状。此外,在神经棘前方的中下部的位置还发育有突起构造,前视
面中为一横向的小椭圆(图2G, 3B) , 侧视面中为横向长出的粗棱嵴。神经棘的上端面
粗糙。横突向两侧水平延伸,端部稍膨大,端面为浑圆三角形。前、后关节突呈叶片状。
椎体的板状及坑窝构造相当发育,其中横突支持板及其下方的坑窝尤为发育。
图3摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的背椎
Fig. 3摇 Dorsals of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
A-C. 第二背椎 the 2 nd dorsal: A. 左侧视 in left side view, B. 前 视 in anterior view, C. 背 视 in top
view; D-F. 第四背椎 the 4th dorsal: D. 前视 in anterior view, E. 右侧视 in right side view, F. 腹视 in
bottom view; G. 第八背椎右侧视 the 8 th dorsal in right side view; H. 第九背椎右侧视 the 9th dorsal in
right side view; I. 第十背椎左侧视 the 10 th dorsal in left side view; J-K. 第十一背椎 the 11th dorsal: J.
前视 in anterior view, K. 左侧视 in left side view
简字说明 Abbreviation: n. c. neural canal 神经孔;其余简字见图 1, 2 for other abbreviations see Fig. 1 and 2
前部背椎为后凹型,中部背椎平凹型,后部背椎双凹型、后关节面较深。所有背椎关
节面均为圆形,椎体宽约等于椎体长。后部背椎的椎体长度变短,而关节面面积有所增
大。另外,有几个零散的神经棘,其变化趋势是:由前到后神经棘变高变厚,即由原来的板
状变为棒状,其端面也渐呈浑圆形。
尾椎(图2M-T, 4): 保存完整的两个尾椎应为第三、第五尾椎。前部尾椎为双凹型
椎体,前关节面较浅。关节面圆形,脉弧面清晰可见。椎体中部收缩,不发育侧凹,横突位
于椎体的上部边缘,向左右两边突出。神经孔位于前关节突的下边缘。神经弓矮。前、后
关节突呈叶芽状向前上伸出约 30 mm。 前关节突与神经棘之间有薄板连接,薄板稍微向
上延伸后即与神经棘愈合,由此薄板与两前关节突共同构成一个比神经孔小的坑窝。两
个后关节突之间的坑窝则向上延伸到神经棘的中部,因此更像一个纵沟槽。神经棘位于
椎体上部中央,稍后倾,高度与椎体近等,中下部呈左右窄、前后长的板状,上部相对膨大,
端面呈浑圆形。尾椎的神经棘端面粗糙,凹凸不平的程度比背椎的更为明显。前部尾椎

190摇摇 古摇脊摇椎摇动摇物摇学摇报48 卷
椎体长小于椎体关节面宽。中前部尾椎双 凹型,椎体较之前部尾椎变长变细、关节面变
小,前、后关节突收缩,神经棘变矮、前后宽变大。
图4摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的尾椎
Fig. 4摇 Caudals of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
A-B. 第一尾椎 the 1st caudal: A. 后视 in caudal view, B. 左侧视 in left side view; C-D. 第二尾椎 the
2nd caudal: C. 后视 in caudal view, D. 右侧视 in right side view; E-F. 第三尾椎 the 3rd caudal: E. 前视
in anterior view, F. 左侧视 in left side view; G-H. 第四尾椎 the 4th caudal: G. 前视 in anterior view, H.
右侧视 in right side view; I-L. 第五尾椎 the 5th caudal: I. 前视 in anterior view, J. 右侧视 in right side
view, K. 腹视 in bottom view, L. 背视 in top view; M-N. 第六尾椎 the 6th caudal: M. 前视 in anterior
view, N. 右侧视 in right side view; O-P. 第七尾椎 the 7th caudal: O. 前视 in anterior view, P. 右侧视
in right side view; Q-R. 第八尾椎 the 8th caudal: Q. 前视 in anterior view, R. 右侧视 in right side view
简字说明 Abbreviation: e. f. s. end face of neural spine 神经棘端面;其余简字见图 1-3
for other abbreviations see Figs. 1-3
肩带及前肢:右侧的肩胛骨、乌喙骨及前肢完整保存。此外,还保存有右胸骨大部、左
肩胛骨远端、左桡骨远端和左尺骨近端。肩带及前肢的测量数据见表 2。
肩带(图5, 6): 肩胛骨的长度介于股骨长和肱骨长之间,近端强烈扩展成一扇状,其
最大宽度为肩胛骨全长的一半。近端的上边缘薄,下边缘厚。乌喙骨接触面(图5C)呈一
等腰三角形。肩胛骨的肱骨关节面粗糙,有多个小的凹坑和髁突,其中位于肩胛骨内下边
缘的髁突在近端内侧面引出一条浑圆粗嵴,此粗嵴延伸到近端开始扩展处,消失在骨干
上。肩胛骨骨干呈板状,横截面呈透镜状。远端略有扩展,而厚度和截面形状与骨干同。
乌喙骨高度稍大于宽度,外侧较凸,内侧稍凹,前缘和上缘较薄,下缘较厚,最厚处位于肩
臼,其厚度达乌喙骨上下高度的 0. 4 倍。肩胛面(图5D)长,且凹凸不平,其长度约等于乌
喙骨宽度。在肩臼面与乌喙骨下边缘之间有一较深的凹沟。乌喙孔洞穿,呈圆形,孔内侧
紧靠肩胛边。胸骨较大,呈长卵形,上下高大于左右宽,上下缘厚而窄,中部宽而薄。骨板
腹面稍凸,背面略凹,背面中上部有一个水滴状的嵴。乌喙骨的前边缘呈圆弧状。

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 191摇摇
表2摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)肩腰带、肢骨及后脚测量
Table 2摇 Measurements of pectoral and pelvic girdles,limbs and pes of Tonganosaurus hei
摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 gen. et sp. nov. 摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇摇(mm)
TL WP TP WD TD MWD TL / humerus
肩胛骨 scapula (r) 760 379 117 215 30 152 1. 21
肱骨 humerus ( r) 628 283 98 204 124 96 1
桡骨 radius ( r) 498 119 76 112 77 61 0. 79
尺骨 ulna ( r) 520 165 126 63 101 72 0. 61
TL / femur
坐骨 ischium ( r) 573 278 80 97 95 64 0. 67
坐骨 ischium ( l) 570 310 85 110 105 51 0.68
股骨 femur ( r) 840 300 122 256 206 147 1
胫骨 tibia ( r) 562 226 135 169 120 88 0.67
腓骨 fibula ( r) 566 127 61 123 81 47 0. 67
跖骨 metatarsal (r-1) 109 59 66 66 39 44
跖骨 metatarsal (r-2) 166 80 60 67 60 38
跖骨 metatarsal (r-3) 153 54 65 58 45 33
跖骨 metatarsal (r-5) 125 108 32 43 36 33
爪骨 claw (r-1) 170 50 74
乌喙骨 coracoid (r) anteroposterior width 208
maximum thickness 126
superoinferior width 344
diameter of coracoid foramen 40
胸骨 sternum ( r) anteroposterior width 300 width of right鄄and鄄left 195
摇 摇 Note: TL. total length 全长;WP. width of proximal end 近端宽度;TP. thickness of proximal end 近端厚度;WD. width
of distal end 远端宽度;TD. thickness of distal end 远端厚度;MWD. minimum width of shaft 骨干最小宽度;r. right 右侧
的;l. left 左侧的。
肱骨:直而粗壮,其长度为股骨长的 0. 75。 骨干横截面近椭圆形。三角嵴发育。近
端强烈扩展,呈一扇状,最大宽度为肱骨长度的 0. 45, 近端面粗糙。近端前侧的附肌凹比
较宽阔,后背侧稍隆起。远端扩展也显著,但其程度不如近端强烈,其宽度为骨干最小宽
的两倍,远端关节髁分异明显,内髁比外髁大,前侧的髁间沟明显。
桡尺骨:桡骨纤细,为肱骨长的 0. 79。 近端扩展比远端扩展显著,最大宽度约为骨干
最小宽度的两倍。近端端视面呈浑圆形,略凸。远端端视面呈浑圆三角形。桡骨骨干较
长,横截面近圆形。尺骨为肱骨长的 0. 82。 骨干较桡骨粗壮,近端面为异化的三角形,最
大宽度为骨干最小宽的 2. 30。 肘 突发育。近端内外侧各为一凹面,内侧凹较深,外侧凹
向下延伸较长,前内缘与后内缘较薄。骨干愈往下愈细。下部的骨干稍微向内侧倾斜。
远端稍扩展,端面呈长椭圆形,端面粗糙。
坐骨及后肢和后脚:化石材料包括完整的左右坐骨、右股骨、右胫骨、右腓骨、右跖骨
玉, 域, 芋, 吁和爪骨玉, 以及左股骨的近端和远端、左腓骨远端。测量数据见表 2。
坐骨(图6, 7): 近端扩展显著,其宽度为坐骨长度的 0. 54, 而远端扩展不明显,整个
坐骨呈“Y冶字形。耻骨突面与肠骨突面约等大,前者呈三角形,后者呈浑圆形。耻骨突与
肠骨突之间即为髋臼窝的后下部分。坐骨骨干纤细,最窄处的宽度仅为近端宽度的0. 17,
横截面为圆形。左坐骨因受压变形,骨干后侧变薄,横截面为三角形。
股骨:直而粗壮,近端股骨头向内侧显著扩张,呈一靴状,近端端面为粗糙的长椭圆

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图5摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的肩带及前肢
Fig. 5摇 The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
A-B. 右肩带右侧视 the right pectoral girdle in right side views: A. 肩胛骨 scapula, B. 乌喙骨 coracoid;
C. 肩胛骨近端视 scapula in proximal end view; D. 乌喙骨的肩胛面 scapular surface of coracoid; E. 胸
骨sternum: E-1. 前视 in anterior view, E-2. 后视 in caudal view; F-H. 右肱骨 right humerus: F. 近端
视in proximal end view, G. 远端视 in distal end view, H. 前视 in anterior view; I-K. 右桡骨 right radi鄄
us: I. 前视 in anterior view, J. 内侧视 in inside view, K. 远端视 in distal end view: L-N. 右尺骨 right
ulna: L. 前视 in anterior view, M. 近端视 in proximal end view, N. 远端视 in distal end view
简字说明 Abbreviations: co. f. coracoid foramen 乌喙孔;d. c. deltopectoral crest 三角嵴;
ex. co. exocondyle 外髁;in. co. innercondyle 内髁
形。第四转节发育,呈脊状,上下长为股骨全长的 0. 14, 位于股骨中上部后内侧。远端以
内、外髁突向两侧扩展,髁间沟较深,约有 70 mm。
胫骨:胫骨粗壮,近端扩展显著,其宽度为骨干最小宽度的 2. 50,胫骨翼发育。远端
略微扩张,端视面为荷叶状,其宽度为骨干最小宽的 2. 00,骨干前后略扁,内缘中上部呈
弧形,内边缘较薄,外边缘直而厚,后侧面上部微凹。胫骨长度为股骨长度的 0. 67。
腓骨:腓骨比胫骨纤细。近端薄而宽,端视面呈长椭圆形,其宽度为骨干最小宽的
2. 70,不足胫骨近端宽度的一半。远端略为扩张,宽度为骨干最小宽的 2. 61, 骨干内外侧
较扁,内侧微凸、外侧微凹。骨干上部比下部直,上边缘比下边缘薄,前边缘比后边缘薄。
骨干横切面为三角形。腓骨长度为股骨长度的 0. 67。
后脚:跖骨玉短而粗壮,跖骨玉长与近端高的比值为 1. 65, 近端面为浑圆矩形,骨干腹
部收缩,表面光滑。跖骨域与跖骨芋相似,均较纤细,骨干长与近端高的比值分别为 2. 51
和2. 35, 近端面呈梯形,远端面呈浑圆形。骨干表面光滑,中部收缩明显。跖骨 V背视呈

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 193摇摇
图6摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)正型标本(MCDUT 14454)
Fig. 6摇 Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. ( MCDUT 14454, Holotype)
A. 右肩胛骨右侧视 right scapula in right side view; B. 右乌喙骨右侧视 right coracoid in right side view;
C. 右胸骨背视 right sternum in top view; D. 右股骨后视 right femur in caudal view; E. 右肱骨前视 right
humerus in anterior view; F. 右尺骨后视 right ulna in caudal view; G. 右桡骨后视 right radius in caudal
view; H. 右胫骨后视 right tibia in caudal view; I. 右腓骨后视 right fibula in caudal view; J. 左坐骨左
侧视 left ischium in left side view; K. 右坐骨右侧视 right ischium in right side view; L-O. 右跖骨玉,域,
芋, 吁背视 right metatarsals玉,域, 芋 and 吁 in dorsal views; P. 右爪玉侧视 right claw玉in lateral view
简字说明 Abbreviation: 4th . tr. fourth trochanter 第四转节;其余简字见图 5 for other abbreviations see Fig.5
扇形。近端扩展强烈,左右宽为跖骨 V长度的 0. 86,近端背部中央有一粗嵴,往下稍有延
伸即后消失。骨干最小宽仅为近端宽度的 0. 30, 位于骨干中下部。远端略微扩展。跖骨
V腹部粗糙、微凹。爪骨玉近端面呈多边形,关节面内凹,近端外侧有一纵长的沟槽,近端
外侧下方呈髁状。背视呈锥型。爪尖弯曲,爪尖截面粗圆。

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图7摇 何氏通安龙(新属、新种)的腰带、后肢和后脚
Fig. 7摇 Pelvic girdle, hindlimb and pes of Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov.
A-C. 右股骨 right femur: A. 近端视 in proximal end view, B. 后视 in caudal view, C. 远端视 in distal
end view; D-F. 右腓骨 right fibula: D. 近端视 in proximal end view, E. 前视 in anterior view, F. 远端
视in distal end view; G-H. 右胫 骨 right tibia: G. 后视 in caudal view, H. 远端视 in distal end view;
I-K. 左坐骨 left ischium: I. 近端视 in proximal end view, J. 左侧视 in left side view, K. 远端视 in distal
end view; L. 右坐骨右侧视 right ischium in right side view; M. 右跖骨背视及近端视 right metatarsal in
top and proximal end view, a-d. Me. 玉, 域, 芋 and 吁 respectively; N. 右爪骨玉背视和侧视 right claw
玉 in dorsal and lateral views
简字说明 Abbreviations: ac. acetabulum 髋臼;ili. p. ilium peduncle 肠骨突;pub. p. pubic peduncle 耻骨
突;其余简字见图 5,6 for other abbreviations see Fig. 5 and 6
2摇 比较与讨论
如下通安龙与国内外的蜥脚类恐龙的比较讨论,均在科级和属级水平上进行。
2.1摇 与晚三叠世蜥脚类的比较
晚三叠世的蜥形类 ( sauropodomorpha) 多属原蜥脚类( Yates, 2003 ) , 蜥脚类仅有一
例,为出土于泰国东北部 Nam Phong 组的伊森龙 Isanosaurus ( Buffetaut et al., 2000,
2002) 。 伊森龙属于原始蜥脚类,区别于通安龙的特点有:颈椎椎体短,背椎神经弓高、神

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 195摇摇
经棘的前后长大于左右宽。肱骨近端宽为长度的 0. 34, 远端宽为长度的 0. 29, 股骨长、
呈棒状,第四转节长而尖、呈S形。通安龙的颈椎椎体细长,背椎神经弓低矮,神经棘的左
右宽大于前后长,肱骨末端的扩展比伊森龙更强烈,股骨的第四转节发育,但为稍微隆起
的粗嵴,也不呈 S形。因此,二者区别较大。
2.2摇 与早侏罗世蜥脚类的比较
国内已公开发表的早侏罗世的蜥脚类有 3属:产于云南的昆明龙 Kunmingosaurus,产
于四川的珙县龙 Gongxianosaurus 和资中龙 Zizhongosaurus。
昆明龙(Young, 1940; 李奎,1998b;方晓思、李佩贤,2008) 与通安龙明显不能归于同
一类,原因是:昆明龙的颈部和颈椎均较短,背椎椎体无侧凹,股骨的第四转节不发育,肱
骨的三角脊不发育。珙县龙(何信禄等,1998) 与通安龙不同特点表现在:椎体两侧无侧
凹,脊椎的板状构 造 极 不发育,颈椎平凹型,构造简单,神经棘小,前肢为后肢长度的
0. 70 ~ 0. 75, 乌喙骨无乌喙孔。资中龙的脊椎无侧凹,脊椎神经棘较低,股骨头不发育,
肱骨的三角脊不发育。通安龙与之对应的特点表现为:椎体侧凹和板状构造发育,并且板
状构造复杂,颈椎后凹型,前后肢比例为 0. 80, 股骨头发育,肱骨的三角脊发育,乌喙孔发
育且洞穿。鉴于这些区别,通安龙与昆明龙、珙县龙和资中龙不属于同一类。
迄今为止,国外已正式发表的早侏罗世的蜥脚类恐龙共有 6属:津巴布韦的火山齿龙
Vulcanodon (Raath, 1972) , 印度南部科塔组( Kota Formation) 的巴拉帕龙 Barapasaurus
(Jain et al., 1975, 1979)和科塔龙 Kotasaurus (Gillette, 2003), 印度南部 Upper Dharma鄄
ram 组的莱姆帕拉佛龙 Lamplughsaura (Kutty et al., 2007), 非洲摩洛哥的塔邹达龙 Tazou鄄
dasaurus (Ronan et al., 2004) 和德国 的 欧姆登龙 Ohmdenosaurus ( Wild, 1978; Gillette,
2003) 。
国外早侏罗世蜥脚类恐龙与通安龙相区别的特点为:火山齿龙的荐前椎缺乏侧凹,股
骨纤细;巴拉帕龙的颈椎椎体短,肱骨和股骨较纤细,肱骨的近端和远端扩展程度相等,尺
骨比桡骨短;科塔龙的背椎结构简单,肱骨两端略有扭曲、并且扩展不明显;莱姆帕拉佛龙
的颈椎粗短,第三颈椎的长高比仅为 1. 65, 肩胛骨近端与远端的扩展程度近等,前肢为后
肢长度的 0. 74, 肱骨远端没有髁突,肱骨三角脊和股骨的第四转节相当发育;塔邹达龙颈
椎和背椎的神经弓高、与椎体等高,并且椎体无侧凹,神经棘矮,背椎的副突向外伸出较
长,神经棘向后倾斜的程度大,后下肢短,腓骨不足股骨长度的 0. 65; 欧姆登龙的荐前椎
没有发育侧凹,而且股骨纤细。
2.3摇 与国内中-晚侏罗世蜥脚类的比较
中国的中侏罗世的蜥脚类恐龙相当繁 盛,四川盆地有 6属:原颌龙 Protognathosaurus
(张奕宏,1988), 蜀龙 Shunosaurus (董枝明等,1983), 酋龙 Datousaurus (董枝明、唐治路,
1984) , 大山铺龙 Dashanpusaurus (彭光照等,2005) , 秀龙 Abrosaurus (欧阳辉,1989)和峨
眉龙 Omeisaurus (Young, 1939, 1958; 何信禄等,1988; 唐烽等,2001) ;云南地区有 3属:
蜀龙 Shunosaurus (付丽娅、张加华,2004), 川街龙 Chuanjiesaurus (方晓思等,2004 ) 和元
谋龙 Yuanmousaurus (吕君昌等,2005); 新疆有 3属:巧龙 Bellusaurus (董枝明,1990), 克

196摇摇 古摇脊摇椎摇动摇物摇学摇报48 卷
拉美丽龙 Klamelisaurus (赵喜进,1993) 和拉伯龙 Lapparentosaurus ( Farida et al., 2005)。
原颌龙和蜀龙归于鲸龙科 Cetiosauridae Lydekker, 1888, 该科的科征为:颈椎椎体短,
背椎神经棘高,荐前椎不发育侧 凹,前后肢比例小,仅为 0. 67。 酋龙、大山铺龙和秀龙归
于圆顶龙科 Camarasauridae Cope, 1877, 该科的科征为:颈椎椎体短,后部颈椎和前部背
椎的神经棘分叉,前部尾椎前凹。由于通安龙的颈椎椎体细长,荐前椎发育侧凹,脊椎的
神经棘不分叉,前后肢比例为 0. 80,因此,不宜将通安龙归入鲸龙科和圆顶龙科的各属蜥
脚类中。通安龙与峨眉龙有较多相同特点,表现在:它们都有细长的颈椎,神经棘低而长,
颈椎的腹嵴、副突发育,荐前椎侧凹发育,椎体中部收缩,后部颈椎及背椎的板状构造及坑
窝构造发育;前后肢比例为 0. 80, 肱骨和股骨均直而粗壮。然而,峨眉龙与通安龙的不同
点也较为明显:峨眉龙的侧凹结构复杂,椎体内部有蜂窝构造,尾椎的神经弓较高。元谋
龙和川街龙是大型的蜥脚类恐龙,与通安龙不同的特点是:元谋龙和川街龙的后部颈椎和
前部背椎的神经棘分叉,其上的板状及坑窝构造相当复杂。巧龙的颈椎椎体短、神经棘
高,尾椎前凹型。克拉美丽龙的神经棘很高,荐前椎呈后凹型,后部颈椎和前部背椎神经
棘分叉,前部尾椎为前凹型。拉伯龙的中前部背椎双凹型,背椎的神经棘末端向后延伸,
板状构造相当发育,在前关节突上只有一个神经棘支持板。
国内晚侏罗世的蜥脚类分布较为分 散,共有 6属:四川的大安龙 Daanosaurus (叶 勇
等, 2005) , 四川、云南、甘肃和新疆等地的马门溪龙 Mamenchisaurus ( Young, 1954; 杨钟
健、赵喜进,1972; Russell and Zheng, 1993; 李奎、蔡开基,1997; 张奕宏等,1998; 王正新
等,2003; 欧阳辉、叶勇,2001; 方晓思等,2004) , 新疆的天山龙 Tienshanosaurus (Young,
1937) 、蝶龙 Hudiesaurus (Dong, 1997) , 山东的盘足龙 Euhelopus (Wiman, 1929) , 以及甘
肃和新疆的嘉峪龙 Chiayusaurus。大安龙与通安龙不同的特点表现在:大安龙的颈椎粗
短、无腹嵴,背椎神经孔呈椭圆形。马门溪龙是进步的蜥脚类,其明显区别于通安龙的特
点表现在:荐前椎椎体侧凹的结构复杂,后部颈椎及前部背椎的神经棘分叉,前部尾椎前
凹型,椎体内部的蜂窝构造相当发育。天山龙、蝶龙、盘足龙和嘉峪龙共同区别于通安龙
的特征是:后部颈椎和前部背椎的神经棘分叉,前部尾椎 前凹型。此 外,天山龙的前肢
较短。
综上所述,通安龙与国内中、晚侏罗世的蜥脚类皆有不同。因此,通安龙不能归于 以
上的任何一属。
2.4摇 与国外中-晚侏罗世蜥脚类的比较
国外中-晚侏罗世的蜥脚类恐龙(McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson and
Sereno, 1998; Myers and Fiorillo, 2009) 可归于如下 5科:鲸龙科 Cetiosauridae, 圆顶龙科
Camarasauridae, 梁龙科 Diplodocidae, 腕龙科 Brachiosauridae 和巨龙科 Titanosauridae。
通安龙与鲸龙科和圆顶龙科的不同特点见上一节(2. 3)。 梁龙的前部尾椎前凹型,
前肢较短,仅为后肢长的 0. 67 左右。而通安龙的前部尾椎双凹型,前后肢比例为 0. 80。
腕龙科(Monbaron et al., 1999; Rauhut, 2001)与通安龙最大的不同点表现在:腕龙的前肢
比后肢长,而且后部颈椎和前部背椎的神经棘分叉;而通安龙的后肢比前肢长,所有脊椎
的神经棘均不分叉。巨龙科与通安龙的不同特点是:背椎神经棘向后延伸,背椎横突向侧

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 197摇摇
上方延伸,近端尾椎为典型的前凹型。
综上所述,通安龙与国外中、晚侏罗世的各属蜥脚类皆具有不同特点,因而不能归于
以上的任何一属。
3摇 结摇论
晚三叠世到晚侏罗世的国内外蜥脚类恐龙皆具有与通安龙明显不同的特点,通安龙
不应归入其中任何一属中。通安龙发现于下侏罗统,并且与中侏罗统出土的峨眉龙有较
多相似性:颈椎细长,前部颈椎神经棘低长,颈椎的腹嵴、副突发育,荐前椎侧凹发育,椎体
中部收缩,后部颈椎及背椎的板状构造及坑窝构造极为发育,前后肢比例为 0. 80, 肱骨和
股骨均直而粗壮。董枝明、唐治路(1984)、何信禄等(1988) 和李奎(1998a) 等均将峨眉龙
归入马门溪龙科。因此,笔者也暂将通安龙归于马门溪龙科 Mamenchisauridae Young &
Chao, 1972, 建新属通安龙属 Tonganosaurus gen. nov. ,其特点比峨眉龙属原始。通安龙
对四川盆地早期蜥脚类恐龙的演化意义将另文阐述。
致谢摇黄明、陈志刚、陆远、李益民等参加了通安龙化石的野外发掘工作,陈天佑、刘晓虎、
苏林等对化石进行了精心修复,文中所用的化石照片由陆远和郑薇薇拍摄,郑薇薇花费大
量的心血绘制全部的骨骼图件,徐星研究员、David Hone 博士和 Corwin Sullivan 博士仔细
修改了英文摘要。对于以上各位的帮助,在此表示衷心的感谢。
A NEW SAUROPOD FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC OF
HUILI,SICHUAN,CHINA
LI Kui摇 YANG Chun鄄Yan摇 LIU Jian摇 WANG Zheng鄄Xin
(Museum of Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 likui9988@ sina. com. cn)
Key words摇 Huili, Sichuan; Early Jurassic; Yimen Formation; Sauropoda; Tonganosaurus
Summary
A new sauropod, Tonganosaurus hei gen. et sp. nov. from the Yimen Formation (Lower
Jurassic) of southern Sichuan, China, is described on the basis of a collection of bones. These
fossils include about 20 vertebrae, a complete right pectoral girdle and right forelimb, the distal
end of a left scapula, a pair of complete ischia, a complete right hindlimb, the proximal and
distal ends of a left femur, right metatarsals ( mt. I, II, III and V), a right pedal ungual, and
ten neural spine and rib fragments. The third cervical and anterior caudals are most similar in
shape to those of the mamenchisaurid Omeisaurus (from the Middle Jurassic, Sichuan Basin) ,
and quite different from those of other sauropods. The material was therefore assigned to the
Family Mamenchisauridae Young & Chao, 1972 and a new genus and species were established.
This represents the first discovery of a sauropod in the Lower Jurassic of China since Gongxiano鄄
saurus was found in Sichuan Basin. The Tonganosaurus material is of great importance for un鄄
derstanding the phylogenetics of the early Sauropoda.

198摇摇 古摇脊摇椎摇动摇物摇学摇报48 卷
Saurischia Seeley,1888
摇 Sauropodomorpha Huene,1932
摇 摇 Sauropoda Marsh,1878
摇 摇 摇 Mamenchisauridae Young & Chao,1972
摇摇摇摇Tonganosaurus gen. nov.
摇摇Diagnosis摇 As for the type and only known species.
Type species摇Tonganosaurus hei sp. nov.
Tonganosaurus hei sp. nov.
( Figs. 1 -7)
摇 摇 Etymology摇 The generic name is from the type locality of Tonganosaurus, Tong爷an, Hui鄄
li, Sichuan. The specific name, hei, refers to He Xinlu, who spent a lifetime in dinosaur re鄄
search.
Diagnosis摇 Pleurocoels are developed in all presacral vertebrae, and the bone texture is
solid. Pleurocoels are large and deep. Cervical centra are slender. A ventral keel is present on
each cervical centrum. Posterior cervical centra have well developed laminae and cavities. Both
laminae and pleurocoels are well developed in the dorsal vertebrae. Cervical and anterior dorsal
centra are opisthocoelous, middle dorsal centra are platycoelous, posterior dorsal and anterior
caudal centra are amphicoelous. Centra lack a cancellous structure. Forelimb length is 0. 80 of
hindlimb length. Humerus is straight and robust, and deltopectoral crest is well developed. Fe鄄
mur is straight and robust with a well developed 4th trochanter.
Holotype摇 An incomplete skeleton of a long鄄necked sauropod (MCDUT 14454) .
Locality and horizon摇 The town of Tong爷 an in the south of Sichuan Province, China.
The Lower Jurassic Yimen Formation.
Remarks摇 The cervical centra are slender, with well鄄developed parapophyses and ventral
keels. The pleurocoels are simple in structure, each having a deep anterior part and a shallow
posterior part. The neural arches are low, and the middle part of each vertebra is constricted.
The neural arches of the posterior cervicals bear well developed laminae.
The anterior dorsal centra are opisthocoelous, and are longer than wide. The terminal sur鄄
face of each parapophysis is elliptical. The neural spines in this region are high and plate like,
and the parapophyseal laminae expand horizontally on both sides. The neural arches are complex,
with well鄄developed laminae and pleurocoels. The mid鄄dorsal centra are platycoelous. The poste鄄
rior dorsal centra are amphicoelous, and more slender than the middle and anterior dorsal centra.
Pleurocoels, laminae and cavities are developed on all dorsal centra, and the pleurocoels are sim鄄
ple in structure. The middle part of each dorsal centrum is strongly constricted.
The anterior caudal centra are amphicoelous, and the middle part of each centrum is con鄄
stricted. The width of each centrum exceeds its length, but the length is approximately equal in
each case to the height of the centrum at its midpoint. The neural arches are equivalent in
height to their centra. The plate鄄like neural spine is centrally positioned on the centrum and in鄄
clined slightly posteriorly, with a rounded terminal face. The prezygapophyses and postzy鄄
gapophyses are constricted and attenuated.
The forelimb to hindlimb length ratio is 0. 80, whereas the length ratios of the radius to the
humerus and of the tibia to the femur are 0. 79 and 0. 67 respectively. The humerus is straight
and robust. The proximal surface is larger than the distal surface, and the deltopectoral crest is
well developed. The femur, which bears a well developed 4th trochanter, is also straight and ro鄄
bust, and the proximal surface exceeds the size of the distal one as in the humerus. The dia鄄
physis of the ischium is moderately slender, and the iliac peduncle is identical to the pubic pe鄄
duncle in shape and size. The proximal end of the scapula is broad and thick, whereas the

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 199摇摇
scapular blade is narrow and thin.
Comparison and discussion摇 Well鄄preserved sauropodomorph skeletons are relatively un鄄
common in the Late Triassic, and most of the ones that have been recovered belong to prosauro鄄
pods. A major exception is the primitive sauropod Isanosaurus, from the Nam Phong Formation
of Thailand ( Buffetaut et al., 2000, 2002). Isanosaurus has a rather short neck, and the 4th
trochanter on the femur is S鄄shaped. By contrast, Tonganosaurus has gracile cervical centra and
a long neck, and the 4th trochanter is low and straight.
In China, Early Jurassic sauropods are less. There are only three previously recorded gen鄄
era: Kunmingosaurus from Yunnan Province, and Gongxianosaurus and Zizhongosaurus from Si鄄
chuan Province. Kunmingosaurus lacks pleurocoels in the dorsal vertebrae and a clearly deve鄄
loped 4t h trochanter on the femur, while in Tonganosaurus the dorsal centra have pleurocoels
and the 4th trochanter of the femur is well developed. Gongxianosaurus and Zizhongosaurus also
lack pleurocoels, and their neural arches are without well developed diapophyseal laminae and
cavities. As a result, Tonganosaurus cannot be synonymous with any of these previously de鄄
scribed Early Jurassic Chinese sauropod taxa.
Well鄄preserved sauropod skeletons from Lower Jurassic strata outside China include speci鄄
mens of Vulcanodon from Zimbabwe, Barapasaurus and Kotasaurus from the Kota Formation of
India (Jain et al., 1975, 1979; Gillette, 2003) , Lamplughsaura (Kutty et al., 2007) from the
Upper Dharmaram Formation of India, Tazoudasaurus from Morocco, and Ohmdenosaurus from
Germany. These dinosaurs differ from Tonganosaurus as follows. Vulcanodon lacks pleurocoels
and has a gracile femur, in contrast to the presence of presacral pleurocoels and a robust femur
in Tonganosaurus. In Barapasaurus the humerus and femur are moderately gracile with the
proximal and distal ends about equally expanded, so that there is no particularly strong expan鄄
sion of the proximal end of the femur. We can distinguish Kotasaurus from Tonganosaurus on
the basis of osteological details including simple dorsal vertebrae and less expanded humerus
with slight twist at both ends. The forelimb to hindlimb length ratio is 0. 74 in Lamplughsaura,
and in lateral view the deltopectoral crest of the humerus appears so large that its width exceeds
that of the humeral shaft. However, Tonganosaurus has a moderately long forelimb that is 0. 80
as long as the hindlimb, and the deltopectoral crest is comparatively small. Tazoudasaurus dif鄄
fers from Tonganosaurus in lacking pleurocoels on the dorsal centra, and the dorsal vertebrae of
the former taxon have high neural arches but low neural spines. Ohmdenosaurus differs from
Tonganosaurus in lacking pleurocoels on the cervical and dorsal vertebrae and in having a gra鄄
cile femur. 摇 摇
Sauropods from the Middle Jurassic of China are abundant. Described taxa include Protog鄄
nathosaurus,Shunosaurus,Datousaurus,Dashanpusaurus,Abrosaurus and Omeisaurus from Si鄄
chuan Province; Shunosaurus,Chuanjiesaurus and Yuanmousaurus from Yunnan Province; and
Bellusaurus,Klamelisaurus and Lapparentosaurus from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Pro鄄
tognathosaurus and Shunosaurus are members of Cetiosauridae Lydekker, 1888. In cetiosaurids
the cervical centra are short, the dorsal centra lack pleurocoels, and the forelimb to hindlimb
length ratio is 0. 67. Datousaurus,Dashanpusaurus and Abrosaurus belong to the Camarasauri鄄
dae Cope, 1877. Camarasaurids also have short cervical centra, and the neural spines of the
posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals are bifurcate, whereas the anterior caudals are procoe鄄
lous. Omeisaurus,Yuanmousaurus and Chuanjiesaurus have several derived characteristics,
such as complex pleurocoels and the development of cancellous structure throughout the cervical
part of the column. In addition, Omeisaurus and Tonganosaurus share numerous characteristics:
long, thin cervical vertebrae with low and long neural spines; well developed ventral keels and
parapophyses on the cervical centra; pleurocoels on the presacral centra are developed; presa鄄
cral centra are constricted near the midpoint; many well鄄developed laminae and cavities in the
neural arches of the posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals; a forelimb to hindlimb ratio of

200摇摇 古摇脊摇椎摇动摇物摇学摇报48 卷
about 0. 80, and a robust, straight humerus and femur. However, many details of the osteology
of Omeisaurus, including complex pleurocoels of presacral centra, the cancellous bone texture
of centra, anterior caudals with high neural arch, indicate that we can not attribute Tongano鄄
saurus and Omeisaurus to the same genus. Bellusaurus has wide cervical centra with high neural
spines, and the anterior caudal vertebrae are procoelous. The presacral centra of Klamelisaurus
are opisthocoelous, the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal neural spines are bifurcate, and
the anterior caudals are procoelous. The architecture of the dorsal neural arches is more com鄄
plex in Lapparentosaurus than in Tonganosaurus.
Six genera of Late Jurassic sauropods are known from China: Daanosaurus from Sichuan
Province, Mamenchisaurus from Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Xinjiang, Tienshanosaurus,
Hudiesaurus and Chiayusaurus from Xinjiang, and Euhelopus from Shandong. The cervical cen鄄
tra of Daanosaurus are short. Mamenchisaurus is the most derived sauropod known from the Si鄄
chuan Basin, and derived characteristics that differentiate this taxon from Tonganosaurus in鄄
clude: complex pleurocoels, well鄄developed cancellous structure in all cervicals, anterior cau鄄
dals that are typically procoelous, and bifurcate posterior cervical and anterior dorsal neural
spines. Tienshanosaurus,Hudiesaurus,Chiayusaurus and Euhelopus are also more derived than
Tonganosaurus in that their posterior cervical and anterior dorsal neural spines are bifurcate,
and in that their anterior caudals are procoelous. In Tienshanosaurus the forelimb is also com鄄
paratively short.
Sauropod dinosaur remains, which have been discovered and collected from the Mid鄄Late
Jurassic of other countries ( McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson and Sereno,
1998; Myers and Fiorillo, 2009 ) , belong to five families: Cetiosauridae, Camarasauridae,
Diplodocidae, Brachiosauridae and Titanosauridae.
Features distinguishing Tonganosaurus from cetiosaurids and camarasaurids were enumera鄄
ted above.
In diplodocids the anterior caudals are procoelous, the forelimbs are comparatively short,
and the forelimb to hindlimb length ratio is 0. 67. By contrast, the anterior caudals of Tongano鄄
saurus are amphicoelous, and the forelimb to hindlimb length ratio is 0. 80.
Brachiosaurids (Monbaron et al., 1999; Rauhut, 2001) can be easily distinguished from
Tonganosaurus on the basis of their numerous unique characteristics: for example, the forelimb
is longer than the hindlimb and the neural spines of the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal
vertebrae are bifurcated. Titanosaurids Sternfeld, 1911 differ from Tonganosaurus in typically
having procoelous anterior caudals and posteriorly inclined dorsal neural spines.
In conclusion, Tonganosaurus is different from all other sauropods currently known from
the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic, both in China and abroad. Among the sauropods men鄄
tioned above, Omeisaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan is most similar to Tonganosau鄄
rus. The similarities are as follows: thin and long cervical vertebrae, low and long neural
spines, well developed ventral keels and parapophyses on the cervical vertebrae, well developed
pleurocoels on the presacral centra, presacral centra are constricted near the mid鄄point, ex鄄
tremely well鄄developed laminae and cavities in the posterior cervical and dorsal vertebrae, a
forelimb to hindlimb length ratio of 0. 80, and a straight and robust humerus and femur. How鄄
ever, Tonganosaurus has simply constructed presacral centra, while Omeisaurus has complex
presacral centra. Furthermore, the ratio of humeral length to femoral length in Tonganosaurus is
0. 75, compared to 0. 80 in Omeisaurus. Dong and Tang (1984), He et al. (1988), Li
(1998a) and others have attributed Omeisaurus to the Family Mamenchisauridae Young &
Chao, 1972, so we attribute Tonganosaurus to this family as a newly established genus. This
new genus is more primitive than Omeisaurus in its characteristics.

3期 李摇奎等:四川会理早侏罗世一新的蜥脚类恐龙 201摇摇
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