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Are Rapists Differentially Aroused by Coercive Sex in Phallometric Assessments?

Authors:

Abstract

In this chapter we examine whether rapists are sexually aroused by coercive, nonconsensual sex. This question is theoretically important because it speaks to a potential sexual motivation underlying rape. It is also clinically important in that it may reveal an important assessment and treatment target. We first revisit and update quantitative reviews of studies that examined the phallometric responses of rapists and other men. We then present new data on the discriminative and diagnostic validity of a phallometric test for rapists. Finally, we discuss methodological and conceptual issues in phallometric assessment and the nature of rapists' sexual interests.
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... The evidence that suggests that sexual sadism and expressive aggression play a signicant role in sexual coercion has also found considerable empirical support Lalumière et al, 2003;Seto et al., 2012). To date, sexual coercion and sexual sadism are clinically considered as sep-arate constructs, as (Knight, 2010;Knight et al., 2013;Longpré et al., 2019;Longpré et al., 2020), with sexual coercion at the lower end of the spectrum and sexual sadism at the higher end of the spec-trum. ...
... The evidence that suggests that sexual sadism and expressive aggression play a significant role in sexual coercion has also found considerable empirical support Lalumière et al, 2003;Seto et al., 2012). To date, sexual coercion and sexual sadism are clinically considered as separate constructs, as evidenced by separated diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -5th Editions (DSM-5; respectively, Paraphilic Coercive Disorder and Sexual Sadism Disorder; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). ...
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In recent years, a lot of interest has been devoted to the study of sexual coercion. Although the definition varies across studies, sexual coercion is generally defined as the employment of tactics to obtain sexual activity against freely given consent. Several measures of sexual coercion exist, however those measures present some methodological limitations. The purpose of this study was to create and validate a scale of sexual coercion using items from the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression and assess its validity. The sample included 529 adult males who were incarcerated for a sexual offence. Results revealed that a 5-item version of the sexual coercion scale had the best psychometric properties, with good internal consistency, convergent and concurrent validity. Furthermore, the item response theory analysis shows that most items were considered difficult and that all items discriminate between individuals at different levels along the continuum.
... Each of these research groups found that deviant arousal on phallometric testing was predictive of future offending against children. Others have suggested that the phallometric test can be used to reliably diagnose sexual dangerousness (e.g., Lalumière, Quinsey, Harris, Rice, & Trautrimas, 2003 ); however, the degree of diagnostic power in that domain remains well below that enjoyed by the phallometric protocol for age and gender preferences. ...
Chapter
Phallometric evaluation of persons who have sexually offended has a complicated history. Also known as the penile plethysmograph (or PPG), the technology was refined and adapted to forensic use by Kurt Freund in the 1950s and has been employed in sexual psychodiagnostics and forensic sexological research for more than 50 years. At present, it is perhaps the only objective measure of differential sexual arousal available to researchers and practitioners concerned with paraphilic interests and preferences. However, although the method has been the subject of many peer‐reviewed investigations, questions remain regarding its reliability and validity as a component of comprehensive risk appraisal and risk management with this client population. Some practitioners regard the PPG as a crucial part of the evaluative process with sexual offenders, whereas others have expressed concerns in a variety of domains, including psychometric defensibility, relative utility in different contexts (assessment versus treatment outcome), and, interestingly, morality.
... The response patterns can indicate relative sexual interest in nonconsenting sexual activities. 29 Results of these assessments are important for decisions about case formulation, diagnosis, treatment, and risk management. 30 Importantly, the types of sexual stimuli that can be used in forensic settings vary by jurisdiction. ...
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Background Sexual stimuli, such as sexual videos, images, and narratives describing sexual interactions, are one of many tools used by clinicians and researchers to elicit or augment sexual response. Given the wide variability within sexual stimuli and their effects on sexual response, we provide guidance on when and how to use sexual stimuli, selecting sexual stimuli, and standardizing the use and reporting of sexual stimuli in research and clinical practice. Aim This expert opinion review article discusses standard operating procedures when using sexual stimuli in clinical and research applications, addressing 3 broad areas: settings in which sexual stimuli are used, characteristics and contexts of the stimuli, and practical and ethical considerations when using the stimuli. Methods This article is based on an expert opinion review of the sexual psychophysiology literature. Results First, we discuss the settings in which sexual stimuli are typically used and evaluate the ecological validity of each setting. Second, we review the types of sexual stimuli used in sexual response research, including physical characteristics, depicted sexual activity, and context, and the impacts of these characteristics on sexual response. Last, we discuss the practical and ethical considerations that come with the choice and use of sexual stimuli in clinical and research settings. We address potential limitations of certain sexual stimuli, including practical and ethical considerations such as participant vs experimenter choice, diversity and representation, and proper sourcing of sexual stimuli for use in clinical and research applications. Discussions on the future applications of sexual stimuli, such as the use of virtual reality, and ethical considerations in terms of user-generated Internet sexual stimuli are also explored. Conclusion We provide an expert opinion review of the literature regarding use of sexual stimuli for clinical and research applications and offer best use practices and recommendations.
... It is thus likely that paraphilic thoughts and other paraphilic stimuli generate feelings of anxiety in most people, especially stimuli associated with greater stigmatization and moral rejection (e.g., pedophilia or necrophilia, compared to fetishism or masochism). Yet, paraphilic stimuli-including pedophilic stimuli and coercive sex stimuli-generate some level of sexual arousal in many men (e.g., Lalumière et al., 2003Lalumière et al., , 2017Seto & Lalumière, 2001;Seto et al., 2012). ...
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Despite a multitude of theoretical views, it is still unclear how individuals develop and sustain paraphilic interests (e.g., sexual attraction to children, interest in non-consensual violence). It is also not clear from these views why many paraphilic interests, and especially many paraphilias and paraphilic disorders, are much more common in men than in women. One possible factor affecting male's higher rate of paraphilias is anxiety, because anxiety can potentiate sexual arousal in men. We speculated that paraphilic interests could develop when feelings of anxiety are recurrently generated by atypical sexual stimuli, and when that anxiety repeatedly potentiates sexual arousal, reinforcing sexual response to atypical stimuli. It follows that men with paraphilic interests are susceptible to anxiety disorders, because an anxiety disorder would facilitate the hypothesized developmental process. We conducted a retrospective file review of 1048 consecutive patients (944 male patients retained for analysis) referred to an outpatient sexual behavior clinic at a psychiatric hospital to investigate the link between paraphilias and anxiety. Male patients with a paraphilia had 1.64 greater odds than male patients without a paraphilia of having been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, but they also had elevated rates of many other types of disorders. Therefore, there does not seem to be a specific link between paraphilias and anxiety in this sample. The discovery of a general link between the paraphilias and psychological disorders in men opens new avenues for studying the developmental origins and consequences of male paraphilic interests.
... Our results would, therefore, resemble research on men adjudicated for sexual offenses who engaged in coercive paraphilic acts, including sexual sadism and other non-consensual paraphilias (e.g., Chan et al., 2015). Indeed, individuals who engage in non-consensual sexual sadism have been found to exhibit increased arousal to depictions of rape (Lalumière et al., 2003) and often use cognitive distortions to justify not obtaining consent (Ó Ciardha & Ward, 2013). ...
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Little is known about distinct factors linked with acting on paraphilic interests or refraining from engaging in paraphilic behaviors. Participants from Canada and the United States ( N = 744), aged 19–42 years ( M = 29.2; SD = 3.18), were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Participants completed questionnaires about their paraphilic interests and behaviors, as well as potential key factors linked to behavioral engagement (i.e., perceptions of consent, sexual excitation/inhibition, impulsivity, moral disengagement, empathy). Results indicated that higher moral disengagement and impulsivity, lower sexual control (i.e., high sexual excitation, low sexual inhibition), and maladaptive understandings of consent were best able to differentiate individuals who reported highly stigmatized (e.g., hebephilia, pedophilia, coprophilia) or Bondage and Dicipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism(BDSM)/Fetish paraphilic interests and engagement in the paraphilic behaviours associated with these interests relative to individuals who did not report such paraphilic interests or behaviors. Moreover, higher moral disengagement, impulsivity, and maladaptive perceptions of consent were best able to differentiate non-consensual paraphilic interests and behaviours (e.g., voyeurism, exhibitionism) compared to individuals who did not report these paraphilic interests or behaviours. These results provide future directions for the exploration of mechanisms that may contribute to engagement in paraphilic behaviors and may be targets for intervention aimed at preventing engagement in potentially harmful paraphilias.
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Sexual violence has likely been a feature of warfare throughout human history and may even have been present during prehistoric conflicts. In recent decades, international policymakers have improved efforts to prohibit and prosecute wartime sexual violence, including holding criminal tribunals for suspected perpetrators of wartime rape. Social scientists have offered a range of potential explanations for wartime rape and have attempted to bring the data on wartime rape under a single, unified theory. Many such theories have identified sociocultural factors such as patriarchal values, hostile attitudes toward women, or hatred toward specific ethnic groups as potential causes of wartime rape. We review the competing sociocultural theories of wartime rape citing evidence from evolutionary psychology, biology, and anthropology. We highlight strengths of the biosocial theory, which consider the influence of both social and biological factors on wartime rape, and enjoy strong theory-data fit. Specifically, we emphasize the ability of the biosocial theory to not only explain the existence of wartime rape as a near-universal phenomenon, but also its ability to explain variation in rates of wartime rape across armed conflicts.
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The assessment of individuals who rape is a fundamental component of risk management and effective rehabilitation. Rapists are an extremely heterogeneous offender group and important differences between rapists and other sexual offenders have been noted. Such diversity underscores the importance of assessment but also poses a significant challenge to evaluators who work with this type of sexual offender. There are a number of different areas that are relevant when assessing rapists in addition to several different methodologies for gathering relevant information. This chapter reviews the methodological issues associated with common assessment methods used with rapists, including nosological diagnoses, risk to reoffend, and the identification of treatment need.
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Sexual aggression remains a significant public health concern, and alcohol intoxication is a key contributor to its occurrence. Despite its prevalence and harmful consequences, interventions addressing the specific mechanisms underlying alcohol-involved sexual aggression are lacking. In the present chapter, we argue that an experimental medicine approach to identifying, measuring, and targeting postulated mechanisms contributing to sexual aggression would enhance these intervention efforts. To that end, we review the extant research on sexually aggressive behavior, focusing on key cognitive, physiological, and emotional mechanisms. Within each of these areas, we examine the research regarding alcohol’s relationship to the mechanism as well as the existence and effectiveness of interventions targeting said mechanisms. Finally, we present as an exemplar a study that used an experimental medicine approach to investigate the utility of targeting emotion regulation as a mechanism underlying alcohol-involved sexual aggression, with additional suggestions for other novel investigations utilizing this paradigm. We conclude that by capitalizing on both new and established rigorous experimental methods, researchers can identify and target the mechanisms of behavior change underlying alcohol-involved sexual aggression, thereby increasing the effectiveness of sexual aggression prevention and intervention programs.KeywordsSexual aggressionBehavior changeAlcoholMechanismsIntervention
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Meta-analyses were performed on 9 studies of subjects' (N = 434) penile responsivity to rape stimuli. The mean effect size for raw score data suggested that most sexual aggressors against women exhibit slightly more rape arousal than control or comparison subjects, whereas the mean effect size for rape index (rape arousal: consenting sexual arousal) data suggested a moderate between-groups difference. Rape index effect sizes in individual studies, however, were heterogeneous. The rape index appears sensitive to differences between sexually aggressive men and those who are not but is not sensitive to differences between men who sexually aggress against women versus other types of sexual aggressors. Also discussed are the needs for standardization and methodological and statistical improvements.
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Independent data sets from phallometric assessment studies were analyzed to examine methods of maximizing the discriminant validity of phallometric testing. Community volunteers and non-sex-offender patients were compared with rapists and child molesters recruited primarily from a maximum security psychiatric institution. The results indicated that the discriminant validity of phallometric assessments is enhanced by the use of (a) z (rather than raw) scores to compensate for individual differences in responsivity, (b) deviance indexes (computed by calculating the difference in responsivity between deviant and nondeviant stimuli) rather than responses to deviant categories alone, (c) stimuli depicting brutal sexual coercion, and (d) pubescent stimuli for assessing sexual age preferences. Discriminant validity was unimpaired by including subjects with low levels of response. The implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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Measured the penile tumescence of 20 heterosexual rapists (mean age 28.6 yrs), 10 non-sex-offenders (mean age 25.8 yrs) from the same psychiatric institution, and 10 males (mean age 24.6 yrs) with low SES recruited from the local community as they listened to audiotaped narrations. Story categories of the tapes were as follows: female victim and/or partner (neutral situation, consenting sex, rape, nonsexual violence, consenting bondage and spanking, masochistic bondage and spanking, and nonconsenting bondage and spanking) and male victim and/or partner (neutral situation, consenting sex, rape, and nonsexual violence). Results show no differences between the non-sex-offender group and control Ss. Rapists showed more sexual arousal to rape descriptions and less to consenting sex stories than control Ss; rapists were sexually aroused by stories involving nonsexual violence with female but not male victims. (13 ref)
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Developed a survey capable of reflecting hidden cases of rape and of documenting a dimensional view of sexual aggression/sexual victimization. This survey examines degrees of coercion used or experienced in sexual activity. Results obtained from 3,862 university students support a dimensional view. The viability of a survey approach to sample selection for future rape research is discussed. (4 ref)
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Fifteen rapists and fifteen non-sex offenders' penile circumference responses to audiotaped narratives were compared. These narratives involved neutral heterosocial scenes, consenting heterosexual activity in which the female partner was active or passive, and rape scenes. The rape scenes varied according to whether the female victim assertively refused or pleaded for mercy and according to whether the victim ultimately experienced pain or pleasure in the assault. Non-sex offenders responded most to the consenting sex narratives and least to the stones in which the victim suffered whereas rapists' responses did not vary over the various categories of consenting and nonconsenting heterosexual activity. These data are consistent with the theory that nonrapists' sexual responses are inhibited by nonsexual cues given by the female whereas those of rapists are not.
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A number of studies have shown that the probability that a man is homosexual increases with the number of older brothers (but not sisters) bom to his mother. This older brother effect suggests that a progressive maternal immunosensitization process is involved in producing homosexual preferences. A recent demonstration of the older brother effect in homosexual pedophilia raises the question of whether it is involved in other anomalous sexual preferences as well. In the present study, phallometric data were gathered from 29 child molesters, 38 rapists, and 11 individuals who had offended against both children and adults. In all groups, a phallometric index of sexual deviance (a relative preference for children or for coercive sex) was positively correlated with the offenders' number of older brothers (but not sisters). These results suggest that the maternal immunosensitization hypothesis may explain some variations in male sexual preferences.
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The authors examined how well identified rapists could be discriminated from non-sex offenders using phallometric assessments, what variables might moderate this discrimination, and whether rapists respond more to descriptions of rape than to consenting sex. Eleven primary and five secondary phallometric studies involving 415 rapists and 192 non-sex offenders were examined using meta-analytic techniques. Study effect sizes averaged 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 1.49). Only stimulus set was a statistically significant moderator of effect size: Stimulus sets that contained more graphic rape descriptions produced better discrimination between rapists and non-sex offenders. There was a trend for stimulus sets that contained more exemplars off rape descriptions to achieve better discrimination. Also, rapists responded more to rape than to consenting sex cues in 9 of the 16 data sets and in all 8 of those using the more effective stimulus sets.
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