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106
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
ISSN 2278 – 0149 www.ijmerr.com
Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 2014
© 2014 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved
Research Paper
MOBILE OPERATED LAWNMOWER
K Prasada Rao1* V RamBabu1, K Santa Rao1 and D Venkata Rao1
*Corresponding Author: K Prasada Rao kancherlakp@gmail.com
Lawnmowers are the grass cutters which are used to cut the grass in the fields. Now a days
growing grass became interior decoration for the companies, colleges, and various other places.
But to maintain this grass in a proper way we need grass cutters. In the early 1827’s lawnmowers
are used as conventional grass cutters. Later, in order to improve its efficiency and automate
the process of grass cutting various new technologies such as remote operated lawnmowers
arrived. In remote operated lawnmowers the range of grass cutting equipment is limited as the
signal strength is very weak and also the equipment required for these lawnmowers is
sophisticated and expensive. In this work to overcome these limitations remote controlled lawn
mower is incorporated with a mobile phone which acts as a link between user and grass cutter.In
this work, two mobile phones are used in which one acts as a transmitter and the other as a
receiver. Mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone attached to the circuit of lawnmower.
In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a tone corresponding to the button pressed is
heard at the other end of the call. This tone is called ‘dual-tone multiple-frequency’ (DTMF)
tone. The microcontroller perceives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the
lawn mower. The received tone is processed by the microcontroller with the help of DTMF
decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent binary digit and this
binary number is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a
decision for any given input and output. It’s decision to motor driver in order to drive the motor
for forward or backward motion or a turn. The cutter is turned on or off with the help of a mobile
phone by a number which is instructed in the program. The mobile that makes a call to the
mobile phone stacked in the lawn mower acts as a remote and performs the function of a grass
cutter.
Keywords: Lawn Mower, Mobile phones, Rechargeable, Cutting Efficiency, Surgical Blade
INTRODUCTION
The aesthetic value of this environment is as
important as food and shelter to the modern
man. In general, grasses are found to survive
1Department of Mechanical Engineering , GMRIT-Rajam, INDIA-532127.
in a variety of conditions and thus the need
to curtail their growth in order to enhance the
beauty of our habitat environment. As man
evolved intellectually, grass cutting inevitably
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
developed to an art. As technology advanced
grass cutting developed, away from use of
machetes, hoes and cutlasses to motorized
grass cutters. Technology had continued to
advance and better techniques of grass
cutting has been invented and constantly
improved upon. This gave birth to the
invention of lawn mower. A lawn mower is a
machine used for cutting grass or lawns. A
lawn is any area of grass; mostly tough grass
which is neatly cut like in a private garden or
a public park.
The first lawn mower was invented in 1830
by Edwin Beard Budding.(Passmore, Everett
G et al., 1879). He said that he obtain the
idea after watching a machine in a local cloth
mill which used a cutting cylinder mounted
on a bench to trim clothes for a smooth finish
after weaving. Budding realized that a similar
concept could be used to cut grass if the
mechanism is mounted in a wheel frame to
enable the blades rotate close to the lawns
surfac.
Thomas Green patented the first lawn
mower to be driven by chains, a fundamental
development named Silent Messer which
implies silent running. In 1861 Ransomes re-
entered the lawn mower market with their
now improved machine. Although Ransomes
in 1867 introduced a totally new design of
mower, the Automaton which became an
instant success with over 1,000 machines
being sold in the first season. This design
was to put Ransomes level with the other two
main producers, Shanks and Green. Follows
and Bates entered the market in 1869 with a
mower called the Climax. This machine was
a major innovation - the land roller was
removed and replaced by two land wheels
placed on the outside of the side-frames. A
gear inside the land wheel drove the cutting
cylinder andthe machine had fewer parts and
was much lighter and cheap in costs.It was
shown at the International Exhibition of 1862
along with Shanks, Ferrabee and Green.
(Hall and Duck Trust et al., 2011).
By late 1890, motorized mowers appeared
as light weight petrol engines and small
steam power units became available.
Gasoline powered lawn mowers were first,
manufactured in 1914 by Ideal Power. Ideal
Power Mower also introduced the world’s first
self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922,
known as the “Triplex. In US, Colonel Edwin
George produced the first gasoline powered
mower in 1919. Electric powered mowers and
rotary cutting machines emerged in the
1920’s and 1930’s.
The objective of this paper, is to control
the motion of robot by a mobile phone (as
transmitter) that makes call to the mobile-
phone (as receiver) attached to the robot.
Control of rover is done by any mobile device
that does not restrictits motion. Mowing the
lawn with a standard motor powered lawn
mower is an inconvenience, and no one takes
pleasure in it and cannot be easily accom-
plished by elderly, younger, or disabled
people because they can some- times cause
danger. The blades of self-powered push
mowers (gas oline or electric) can injure a
careless or in attentive operator; as such,
many come equipped with a dead man’s
switch to immediately disable the blade
rotation when it is not being operated. In the
United States, over 12,000 people per year
are hospitalized as a result of lawn mower
accidents (Costilla V and Bishai D M, 2006)
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
Motor powered push lawn mowers and riding
lawn mowers create noise pollution due to
the loud engine, and local air pollution due to
the combustion in the engine. Also, a motor
powered engine requires periodic main-
tenance such as changing the engine oil.
Even though electric lawn mowers are envi-
ronmentally friendly, they too can be an
inconvenience. Along with motor powered
lawn mowers they also hazardous and cannot
be easily used by all. Also, if the electric lawn
mower is corded, mowing could prove to be
problematic and dangerous. The transition
from traditional hand-guided or ride-on
mowers to automaticelectric mowers is
beginning to take place, with the growth in
robotic lawn mower sales of 2012 (Kinnander
and Ola, 2012). The self-propelling electric
and mobile operated lawn mower is robotic
user friendly, cost efficient, safe to use,
efficient to use, environmentally friendlyand
can reduce noise pollution and no need of
fuel and engine (Cheryl Springfels et al.,
2011).
Along with the various ages of users, this
lawn mower can also be used by people who
have disabilities and are unable to use a
regular push, or riding lawn mower. The
prototype will also be automatic and will run
on a charged battery with no cords to interfere
with operation this cordless electric lawn
mower includes control capability through
mobile phones which is less expensive than
a robotic lawn mower with sensor capability
(Hollis and Scott, 2005). With its control
capability the lawn mower stays within the
boundaries of the lawn because the user is
able to have control over the lawn mower with
the controller.
The main objective to extend the design
of currently used lawn mower, and to improve
the capabilities of standard robotic lawn
mowers by increasing its range as well as
assuring cost efficiency. Most consumers will
be able to use this device as it is safe to use,
as well as efficient because it electric
powered and cordless.
All the above systems are controlled by
the Micro controller. In our project we are
using the popular 8 bit micro controller AT
89C51. It is a 40 pin micro controller. The
Micro controller AT89C51 is used to control
the dc motors. It gets the signals from the
DTMF decoder and it drives the moto rs
according to the DTMF in puts. Two D C
motors a reused to drive the rover in four
directions i.e. Front, Back, Right, Left. With
the instructions given to micro controller
through program it is moved along the lawn
and performs the grass cutting operation by
using a two surgical blades which acts as a
cutter which are separated by 180 degrees.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of the micro controller
based mobile operated lawn mower. In this
the total equipment is run through the 2
mobile phones which are equipped with the
headset in which one mobile act as trans-
mitter and the other as a receiver. The impor-
tant components used to run the cutter along
with moment of chassis is micro controller
with DTMF decoder and motor driver. An MT
8870 Series DTMF decoder is used here.
DTMF signaling is used for telephone
signaling over the line in the voice frequency
band to the call switching center. The version
of DTMF used for telephone dialing them
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
obilet hat makes a call to th e mobile phones
tacked in the robot acts as a remote is known
as touch tone. DTMF assigns a specific
frequency (consisting of two separate tones)
to each keys that it can easily be identified
by the electronic circuit. Here the decoder
converts the input signal into output signals
inform of the hex file which is programmed
by using the KILE software. And the input
program used is instructed according to the
information that is given to mobile phones
that is the directions are controlled through
buttons on the mobile phone. And the output
is received through another mobile which acts
as a receiver. According to the output
received by mobile phones the motor driver
drives the cutter and the wheels and performs
the operation of cutting or the moment of the
chassis in desired directions. (P
Raghavendra Prasad and K Susram Rahul,
2008).
In this work we programmed to have left,
right, front, backward directions for the
numerical key 4,6,2,8 respectively. And so
on and off the motor we have used 5 and to
switch on or off the cutter 0 is used. Thus the
controlled movement of the chassis is
performed.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
•Chassis
•Wheels
•Grass Cutter
•DC Motors
•Power Supply
•Arduino-uno
•2 Mobile Phones
Chassis
The material of the Chassis is of plywood
because and it is rectangular shaped. And it
is provided with spaces for mounting compo-
nents. Ithas more strength and has more
resistant to vibrations which are created due
to the moments of chassis and it has more
stiffness than that of Steel. And it is excellent
corrosion resistance. The main physical
properties are low density, durable, ductile,
malleable. It has the temperature resistance
upto 100-1600c and does not affect to
plywood size. The front wheels to drive, and
back wheels to make a turn. And the whole
moment of the chassis is dependent on the
circuit of Arduino - Uno.
Table 1: Mechanical Properties of Wood
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
TERMS
Moisture content
Glue shear strength in dry condition
Glue shear strength in wet condition
Glue shear strength in
Tensile strength
1.Parallel to gain direction
2.Right angle to gain direction
3.Sum of two directions
ISI REQUIREMENTS
15%
Individual Min-1078.7 N
Average Min.- 1329.9 N
Individual Min- 784.5 N
Average Min.- 580.7 N
Individual Min- 784.5N
Average Min.- 580.7N
Min - 470 Kg/cm2
Min - 250 Kg/cm2
Min - 845 Kg/cm2
RESULTS
7.20%
1450 N
1700 N
1250 N
1420 N
1120 N
1300 N
645 Kg/cm2
395 Kg/cm2
1040 Kg/cm2
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Figure 1: Block Diagram of Mobile
Operated Lawnmower
Figure 2: Chassis
Figure 3: Straight Type Tyres
Wheels
When constructing any robot, one major
mechanical constraint is the number there a
two-wheel drive or a four-wheel drive. Though
four-wheel drive is more complex than two-
wheel drive, it provides more torque and good
control. Two-wheel drive, on the other hand,
is very easy to construct.
Wheels are classified based on their
Design of land. The Various types are straight
helical. And they are also classified Based
on their applications Such as Tuberous
wheels which are used on hilly areas and
highly stone areas.
In this work used helical types of wheels
so that they can easily move on high hill areas
and heavy bush places without any obstruct.
Grass Cutter
A Lawn mower is a machine that uses one or
more revolving blades to cut a lawn to an
even height. The blades may be powered
either by hand by pushing the mower forward,
or may have an internal combustion engine
to spin their blades. Some mowers also
include other abilities, like mulching or
collecting their clippings.
Two main styles of blades are used in lawn
mowers. Lawn mowers employing a single
blade that rotates about a single vertical axis
are known as rotarymowers, while those
employing a multiple blade assembly that
rotates about a single horizontal axis are
known as cylinders or reel mowers.
There are several types of mowers, each
suited to a particular scale and purpose. The
smallest types are pushed by a human user
and are suitable for small residential lawns
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and gardens. Riding mowers are larger than
push mowers and are suitable for large lawns.
The largest multi-gang mowers are mounted
to tractors and are designed for large expan-
ses of grass such as golf courses and muni-
cipal parks.
Figure 4: Surgical Blades
In this work 2 surgical blades are used
which is carbon steel and low weight. Sandvik
provides hardened and tempered cold-rolled
strip steel used for surgical scalpel blades.
Here we use single blade cutter and corrosive
resistances and it has excellent edge proper-
ties, and enables grinding, high sharpness,
tough and stable edge. Even with low speed
the grass can be cut very easily. And thus it
increases the efficiency of grass cutting.
Grade and their Description
Sandvik Bio line 13C26: Martensitic
stainless chromium steel which after
hardening is characterized by very high hard-
ness and wear resistance and good corrosion
resistance.
Sandvik 13RM19: An austenitic stainless
steel combining high mechanical strength
with a non-magnetic structure. The grade has
good fatigue properties and excellent ductility.
Sandvik Bio line 4C27A: The hardened
stainless chromium steel characterized by
very good machinability. It has highhardness
and high wear resistance after hardening.
Table 2: Components and their
Percentges in Carbon Steel
Components
C
Fe
MN
P
Pb
S
Weight%
Max 0.15
97.91 - 98.7
0.85 - 1.15
0.04 - 0.09
0.15 - 0.35
0.26 - 0.35
Table 3: Mechanical Properties
of Carbon Steel
Hardness, Rockwell B
Density
TensileUltimateStrength
Tensile Yield Strength
Elongation at Break
Modulus of Elasticity
Bulk Modulus
Poisson's Ratio
Shear Modulus
84
0.284 lb/in³
540 MPa
415 MPa
10%
200 GPa
140 GPa
0.29
80 GPa
Motor
A unit which creates mechanical energy from
electrical energy and which transmits mecha-
nical energy through the gear box at a reduc-
ed speed is a Gear motor. A gear head and
motor combination is to reduce the speed of
the motor to obtain the desired speed or
torque.
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Figure 5: Motor
Gear motors of all types and sizes include
single/ multiphase, universal, servo, induction
and synchronous types. DC gear motors are
configure dinmanyty pes and sizes, including
brushless and servo. A DC gear motor
consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic
field stator and an integral gearbox or
gearhead. The magnetic field is maintained
using either permanent magnets or electro
magnetic windings. DC motors are most
commonly used invariable speed and torque
applications. ADC servo motor has an out
puts haft that can be positioned by sending a
coded signal to the motor.
As the input to the motor changes, the
angular position of the output shaft changes
as well. Servo motors are generally small and
powerful for their size, and easy to control.
Common types of DC servo motors include
brushless or gear motor types. Stepper
motors are classes of motors that provide
incremental motion, or steps, in response to
pulses of current that alternately change the
polarity of the stator poles; step motors do
not require feed back and are sometimes
used in “Open Loop,”
Important performance specifications to
consider when searching for gear motors
include shaft speed, continuous torque, and
continuous current and continuous output
power. The terminal voltage is the design DC
motor voltage. The continuous torque is the
output torque capability of the motor under
constant running conditions.
Continuous current is the maximum rated
current that can be supplied to the motor
windings without over heating. Continuous
output power is the mechanical power
provided by the motor output.
Important DC motor specifications to
consider include terminal voltage, motor
construction and commutation. The terminal
voltage is the design DC motor voltage. Motor
construction choices include permanent
magnet, shunt wound, series wound, com
pound wound, discarmature, and coreless or
slotless. Important gearing specifications to
consider for gear motors and gear heads
include the gearing arrangement, gearbox
ratio, and gearbox efficiency. Gearing
arrangement choices for gear motors or
gearheads includes pur, planetary, harmonic,
worm, and bevel. Gearbox ratio is the ratio
of input speed to output speed. A ratio greater
than one, therefore, indicates speed
reduction, while a ratio less than one
indicates speed increase. Efficiency is the
percentage of power or torque that is
transferred through the gearbox. Losses
occur duet of actors such as friction and
slippage inside the gearbox.
In this work two types of motors are used
•Cutter motor: 12000 rpm motor with
torque less and should resist the cutter
weight
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•Drive motor: 200 rpm with 5 kg torque
and it should resist the weight of the
chassis and can able to resist the
vibrations during operation
Power Suuply
Here using rechargeable batteries as means
of power supply. There are 2 batteries, in
which one battery is of a 12v 1.3AH battery
to run motor which used drive the chassis
that is 4 wheels and cutter. And we are using.
When acsign alisgivent ot he primary of
the transformer due to the magnetic effect of
the coil magnetic flux is induced in the coil
(primary) and transfer to the secondary coil
of the transformer due to the transformer
action. Transformer is an electro mechanical
static device which transforms electrical
energy from one coil to another without
changing its frequency.
Figure 6: Battery
Arduino Uno
Arduino is a single-board micro controller
intended to make the application of interactive
objects or environments more accessible.The
hardware consists of an open-source hard-
ware board designed aroundan 8-bit Atmel
AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.
Current models feature an USB interface, 6
analogue input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O
pins which allow to attach various extension
boards.
It is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analogue inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains every-
thing needed to support the microcontroller.
It is simply connected to a computer with
a USB cable or powered with an AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does
not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega 8U2 progra-
mmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Figure 7: Arduino-Uno
Technical Specifications
MODEL CALCULATIONS
Chasis
Weight of the chassis = 2kg
Speed of the drive motors = 300 rpm
Diameter of the wheel = 6.8 cm
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We have,
Power required to drive the chassis (P) = F*V
And we know F = M*G
= 2*9.81
=19.62
Where, F= Force
V = Velocity = (π*d*n)/60
M= Mass
G= Acceleration due to gravity
Velocity 'V' = (π*0.068*300)/60
=1.068 m/sec
Power ‘P’ = F*V
= 19.62*1.068
= 20.96 W
Hence power required to drive the Chassis =
20.95W
Wheel Motor
Speed of the drive motor = 300 rpm
We have,
Torque (T) = F*R
Where,
F = Force =M*G
R=Perpendicular distance =0.034
Therefore,
Torque ‘T’ = F*R
=1*9.81*0.034
=0.33 N-m
Power Obtained from the Wheel Motor
= (2*π*N*T)/60
=(2*π*30*0.33)/60
= 10.46 W
Hence Power Obtained from the
1 wheel motor = 10.46 W
Therefore power obtained from the
2 wheel motors = 2.092 W
Cutter Specifications
Speed of the Cutter Motor= 12000 rpm
Diameterof the Cutter Shaft= 9cm=0.09m
Torque (T) = F*r
Where,
r = Perpendicular distance to cutter axis =
0.045
Therefore, Torque 'T' = 0.275*0.045
=0.0124 N-M
Power required to run the cutter Motor=
(2*π*N*T)/60
= (2*π*12000*0.0124)/60
= 15.6 W
Hence, Power required to run the cutter Mo-
tor = 15.6 W
Battery Specifications
Voltage of the battery ‘v’ = 12V
Current obtained from battery ‘i’ = 1.3 A
Power obtained from the battery = v*i
= 12*1.3
= 15.6 W
Table 4: Technical Specifications
Domain
Micro Controller
Communication Device
Transmitter
Receiver
Battery
Rechargable Battery
Cutter Motor
Driver Motor
Chassis equipped with
grass cutter, Wireless
communication
AT89C52
DTMF Decoder
Mobile phone
Mobile phone
9V
12v 1.3AH
12000 rpm, Torque less
200 rpm, 5 kg Torque
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Hence, Power obtained from the
battery = 15.6W
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
The objective of this paper, is to control the
robot by a mobilephone (as transmitter) that
makes call to the mobilephone (asreceiver)
attached to the robot. Now after answering
the call, and in the course of the call, if any
button is pressed control corres ponding
tothebutton pressed is heard at the other end
of the call. This tone is called dual tone multi
frequency tone (DTMF) robot receives this
DTMF tone with the help of phones tacked in
the robot.
The received tone is processed by the
89S52 micro controller with the help of DTMF
decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes the
DTMF tone into its equivalent binary digit and
this binary number is send to the micro
controller, the micro controller is pre progra-
mmed to take a decision for any give input
and outputs its decision to motor drivers in
order to drive the motors for forward or
backward motion or a turn.
So this simple robotic project does not
require the construction of receiver and
transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used for
telephone signaling over the line in the voice
frequency band to the call switching center.
The version of DTMF used for telephone
dialing the mobile that makes a call to the
mobile phones tacked in the robot acts as a
remote is known as touch tone. DTMF
assigns a specific frequency (consisting of
two Separate tones) to each keys that it can
easily be identified by the electronic circuit.
Figure 8: Module Design
Module Block Diagram
The signal generated by the DTMF decoder
is the direct algebraic submission, in realtime
of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves
of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will
send a tone made by adding 1336Hz and 770
Hz to the other end of the mobile.
The detected application by the DTMF
encoder in ther over section is interface to
the personal computer through the DTMF
decoder and micro controller. so the DTMF
encoding and decoding is used for the
transmission and receiving of data
respectively.
Figure 9: Rover Controlling Section
Operation
The operation of transmitter is done using a
DTMF decoder, an Arduino Uno and L293D
Motor Driver. The transmitter section is rover
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
which was controlled by the mobile and it is
arranged with certain applications attached
through the encoder and Arduino Circuit. The
controlled and the desired path are followed
by using controller and transmitted using
transmitter and is furthered operated
accordingly if any unwanted material is
detected in its surroundings while it moves.
The designed lawn mower can move in
four directions forward, backward, left and
right. The directions are controlled by the
DTMF decoder and the pre programmed
Arduino and the grass is cut along with the
moment of the rover along the desired path
in the lawn. The technique we used here is
DTMF technique for the controlling of the
rover, i.e. we know that each key in the mobile
key pad issum of two frequencies that is
column and row frequencies so each key had
different frequency. By using DTMF decoder
we can convert the frequency in to that
particular binary number. Initially the rover
consist a mobile connected with headset. The
mobile headset is connected to the DTMF
decoder input. Here the mobile act as a
receiver to give a moment for ther over in a
required direction. Initially that is kept in auto
answer mode. By making the call to mobile
which was attached to the rover from any
other mobile (transmitter) the call was attemp-
ted automatically because of the auto answe-
ring facility. Now if we press any key in the
mobile (transmitter) the DTMF decoder
decodes that frequency into its binary form.
The out put depends upon the input applied
to it that is the output of the DTMF decoder.
The Arduino gives the output based on a pre
programmed logic given to it. The code is
written in such a way that it enables the
motors to move the rover in required direction
and performs the grass cutting operation.
(P Raghavendra Prasad and K Susram
Rahul, 2008).
The output current from the arduino circuit
is about 10 mA which is not sufficient to
drive the motors. So here L293D, a current
driver is used. The current driver serves the
purpose by increasing the current to about
600m A which is sufficient enough to drive
the motors. An encoder is also attached to
the rover, which is used to transmit the data
related to the applications provided at there
over. All the outputs of applications are conn-
ected to the encoder which transmits this data
to the receiver section there by providing us
the required information regarding the envi-
ronmental round the rover and the grass
cutter.
Figure 10: Circuit
Applicationsof the Circuits
The rover we designed is an application
that can detect the presence of the motion,
temperature, water and smoke when the
rover proposed to move in the desired direc-
tion. All the above application circuits des-
cribed below.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 K Prasada Rao et al., 2014
•Motion Detector
•Smoke Detector
•Temperature Detector
•Water Detector
CONCLUSION
The advantage sex plained earlier in this
chapter justify the significance of a mobile
based robotic arm. The application are as a
real so vast with the simplest of modifications.
Since all we need is a mobile call establish-
ment to instruct the robot due to the cell
phone’s un ending and cheap availability, this
is highly feasible. Thesignals received at the
robot’s mobile are decoded with DTMF
decoder which is easy touse. No heavy
motors are employed in the making of the
robot, and thus it becomes very light weight.
The level of sophistication is quite low and
hence its working is user friendly.
This method is having good expected
results. Thus the proposal should be consi-
dered for the most important system for the
safety the costliest human life and the nation
property. Since this robot is highly flexible
adding components to facilitate application
specific working yields a robot that has high
use in vast areas. This project can also be
subjected to standardization and hence has
a good future scope.
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3. The Hall & Duck Trust et al.: Lawn Mower
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5. Costilla V and Bishai D M (2006),
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6. Kinnander Ola et al. (2012), “Rise of the
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7. Cheryl Springfels et al. (2011), “Pollution
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8. Hollis, Scott. “Cordless electric lawn
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Tools
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