![The 6G network's concept includes strong security, worldwide coverage, full applications, all spectrum, and all senses. 6G MARKET STATISTICS AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES: -While 5G wireless systems are still in the early stages of deployment, 6G wireless systems are anticipated by extensive research to meet the demands of anticipated revolutionary IoE smart services shortly. The 6G industry is expected to reach 4.1 billion US dollars by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 70% between 2025 and 2030 [17]. Out of all the 6G components-edge, cloud, and AI-communication infrastructure is expected to have the biggest market share, perhaps reaching USD 1 billion. By 2028, there will be more than 240 million AI chipsets, another essential 6G component.](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vatsala-Sharma-3/publication/378463915/figure/fig1/AS:11431281225597152@1708819746979/The-6G-networks-concept-includes-strong-security-worldwide-coverage-full-applications_Q320.jpg)
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Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Technol. Volume 13, Issue 02, 2024, pp.1248-1255.
www.ijarst.com Sharma & Nayanam Page | 1248
International Journal of Advanced Research in
Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.62226/ijarst20241319
ISSN 2319 – 1783 (Print)
ISSN 2320 – 1126 (Online)
Sixth Generation (6G) to the Waying Seventh (7G) Wireless Communication Visions
and Standards, Challenges, Applications
Dr. Vatsala Sharma1, Kamal Nayanam2
1Department ECE, GEC Buxar, Bihar
2Department ECE, BMIET Sonipat, India
1vatsalasharma01@gmail.com, 2knayanam@gmail.com
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received
Accepted
Available online
10 Feb 2024
16 Feb 2024
23 Feb 2024
The increasing need for next-generation wireless networks becomes
apparent as the Internet of Everything (IoE) gains prominence in smart
services, projecting widespread popularity in the future. While sixth-
generation (6G) networks have the capability to support a diverse range of
IoE services, their potential limitations in meeting the demands of
innovative applications prompt consideration for seventh-generation (7G)
wireless systems. This article seeks to compare the characteristics of 6G and
the planned 7G wireless systems. The commercial development of fifth-
generation (5G) mobile communication systems is currently underway,
introducing new services and enhancing user experiences. Despite these
advancements, 5G encounters challenges that require on-going
improvements. With the International Telecommunication Union Radio
communication Sector (ITU-R) actively envisioning 6G and anticipating a
consensus on 7G by October 2024, numerous unresolved questions persist
in global discussions. This paper delivers a comprehensive overview of the
current understanding of 7G, exploring the vision, technical requirements,
and application possibilities. It presents a critical evaluation of the 7G
network architecture and essential technologies. Furthermore, the article
provides an in-depth examination of advanced 7G verification platforms
and existing test beds, unveiling these aspects for the first time. Future
research directions and lingering issues are emphasized to contribute to the
on-going global discourse on 7G networks. Discussions on lessons learned
from 7G networks culminate in the suggestion that 7G systems signify the
pinnacle of mobile communication technology. The ongoing research on
7G, an intelligent cellular technology, holds promise for the future of
wireless communication.
© 2024 International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology (IJARST). All rights reserved.
Keywords:
wireless networks,
beyond 6G,
7G mobile communication,
6G network architecture,
6G application scenarios,
7G challenges.
Introduction:
Beginning in 2020, the fifth generation (5G) of wireless
communication networks will be standardized and
implemented globally. Massive machine type
communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low
latency communications (uRLLC), and enhanced
mobile broadband (eMBB) are the three main 5G
communication scenarios. In comparison to fourth-
generation (4G) wireless communication systems, the
primary features include 20 Gbps peak data rate, 0.1
Gbps user experienced data rate, 1ms end-to-end
latency, support for 500 km/h mobility, 1 million
devices/km2 connection density, 10 Mbps/m2 area
traffic capacity, three times spectrum efficiency, and
one hundred times energy efficiency. Numerous pivotal
technologies, including millimeter-wave (mmWave),
massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and
ultra-dense networks (UDN), have been suggested to
realize the objectives of 5G [1]. The standardization of
5G communications has concluded, and the global
deployment of the system is currently underway. Fig. 2
illustrates the worldwide coverage map of commercial
5G networks, encompassing field testing, trials, and
research efforts. South Korea emerged as a pioneer,
implementing extensive 5G deployment across
approximately 85 cities with a network of 86,000 5G
base stations by April 2019 [4]. However, six cities—
Seoul, Busan, Daegu, and others—were home to 85% of
the 5G base stations. There, a distributed architecture
using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum with deployed data rate
speeds evaluated between 193 and 430 Mbit/s [5]. By
the end of 2025, it is anticipated that over 65% of the
world's population will have access to 5G ultrafast 5G
Internet coverage [6]. These difficulties have spurred
business and academics to begin developing the sixth
generation of wireless communication networks, or 6G,
to meet the demands of the 2030s for communication
services [11] and maintain the sustainability and
competitiveness of wireless communication systems.
Due to the unconventional technologies that 6G
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communication systems will adopt, such as an
extremely large bandwidth (THz waves) and high AI
that includes the operational and environment, it is
anticipated that the 6G communication systems will
offer a large coverage that enables subscribers to
communicate with one another everywhere at a high
data rate speed.
Figure 1. Timeline of 6G wireless networks
Similar to 6G in terms of worldwide coverage, the 7G
mobile network will also specify the satellite functions
required for mobile communication. The global
positioning system (GPS) will be provided by the
navigation satellite, the earth imaging satellite will
provide additional information such as weather updates,
and the telecommunications satellite will handle voice
and multimedia communications. Numerous services and
local voice coverage will be supported via the 6G mobile
wireless network. The next generation of mobile
communication will be called 7G. Only until all standards
and procedures are specified will the 7G dream come
true. Perhaps this will be achievable in the generation that
follows 7G and 7.5G. New paradigms in 6G wireless
communication networks will be introduced. We envision
a 6G network, as shown in Fig. 1. In order to offer total
worldwide coverage, 6G wireless communication
networks will first be integrated space-air-ground-sea
networks. The coverage range of wireless communication
networks will be significantly increased by satellite,
unmanned aerial vehicles, and marine communication.
Every spectrum will be thoroughly investigated, including
the sub-6 GHz, mmWave, THz, and optical frequency
bands, to offer a better data rate. AI and ML technologies
will be effectively integrated with 6G wireless
communication networks to enable complete applications
and improve network automation and management.
Moreover, the performance of next-generation networks
can be enhanced by the dynamic orchestration of
networking, caching, and computing resources made
possible by AI technology. The last but certainly not least
trend in network development is the use of robust or
endogenous security for both the physical and network
layers. 6G wireless communication network development
will be significantly aided by industry verticals such as
cloud virtual reality (VR), Internet of Things (IoT)
industry automation, cellular vehicle to everything (C-
V2X), digital twin body area network, energy-efficient
wireless network control, and federated learning systems.
Fig. 2 provides an overview of 6G wireless networks,
including performance indicators, industry verticals,
supporting technologies, new paradigm shifts, and
application scenarios.
Fig 2 An illustration of wireless networks with 6G speed.
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6G WIRELESS SYSTEMS:
The next generation of wireless technology is called 6G,
or sixth-generation wireless. In comparison to 5G
networks, which offer significantly increased capacity
and significantly lower latency, 6G networks will be able
to use higher frequencies. Supporting communications
with a latency of only one microsecond is one of the
objectives of the 6G network. The speed difference
between this and a millisecond throughput is 1,000. It is
anticipated that the market for 6G technology will enable
significant advancements in location awareness, presence
technologies, and imaging. Combining artificial
intelligence with the 6G computational infrastructure will
enable it to determine the optimal location for computing.
Decisions about data processing, sharing, and storage will
fall under this category. The fact that 6G is not yet a
working technology is crucial. Although some suppliers
are making investments in the next-generation wireless
standard, the industry standards for network components
that support 6G remain unchanged for years.
Figure 3. The 6G network's concept includes strong security, worldwide coverage, full applications, all spectrum, and
all senses.
6G MARKET STATISTICS AND RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES: -
While 5G wireless systems are still in the early stages of
deployment, 6G wireless systems are anticipated by
extensive research to meet the demands of anticipated
revolutionary IoE smart services shortly. The 6G industry
is expected to reach 4.1 billion US dollars by 2030,
growing at a compound annual growth rate of 70%
between 2025 and 2030 [17]. Out of all the 6G
components—edge, cloud, and AI—communication
infrastructure is expected to have the biggest market
share, perhaps reaching USD 1 billion. By 2028, there
will be more than 240 million AI chipsets, another
essential 6G component.
6G: STATE-OF-THE-ART
The cutting-edge developments that make 6G possible are
outlined in this section and are summed up in Table 3.
Federated learning at the network edge was examined by
Khan et al. [30]. For federated learning at the network
edge, resource efficiency, and incentive mechanism
design were taken into consideration. Initially, important
design elements that facilitate federated learning at the
network edge were showcased. The design of learning
algorithms, hardware–software co-design, incentive
mechanisms, and resource optimization are among these
crucial design aspirations. Secondly, an incentive
mechanism based on the Stackelberg game was
suggested. They also provided some numerical results to
support their Stackelberg game-based reward system.
Lastly, several open-ended research difficulties and
potential future study avenues were discussed. It is
advised to further suggest an incentive mechanism based
on contract theory, even though the Stackelberg game-
based incentives mechanism yields reasonable results.
TAXONOMY: -
We take into account emerging machine learning
techniques, networking technology, communication
technologies, and important enablers.
Edge intelligence, hemimorphic encryption, blockchain,
network slicing, artificial intelligence, photonics-based
cognitive radio, and space-air-ground integrated networks
are the main components that enable 6G wireless systems.
While network slicing was suggested as a crucial
networking technology enabler for 5G, its actual
implementation is anticipated for 6G.
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Emerging Machine
Learning Schemes
Intelligent Edge
Figure 4: Taxonomy of 6G wireless systems.
AI and ML Technologies: An Overview
The quality of the upcoming wireless network can be
enhanced by the scalable and potent forthcoming AI
and ML technologies. The combination of mobile
computing and big data has given rise to a new field
of study called mobile big data (MBD), which
presents significant issues in terms of source,
analytics, applications, characteristics, and security.
The fact that AI and ML are data-driven is one of
their main advantages. It is said that creating precise
mathematical models for the majority of scenarios in
5G networks is difficult. Instead of using pre-
established set rules, AI and ML techniques learn
features from huge amounts of data, which improves
network efficiency and latency. Furthermore, when
next-generation wireless networks develop, they can
become complicated systems with diverse service
requirements for various networks and applications.
AI and ML algorithms that are predictive and
adaptable can create intelligent, self-aware networks.
Both feed-forward and recurrent ANNs can process
the huge amounts of data that are transmitted between
the device and server, according to the taxonomy of
ANNs.
Because AI and ML are so powerful, they may be
used to different layers of networks. Apart from large
data, the three most important uses of AI and ML
approaches are resource allocation, proactive caching,
and adaptive BS. The future wireless ultra-dense.
4D Wireless
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Fig. 5
DL-assisted Bayesian optimum estimators for communications at the physical layer
Both data traffic and energy consumption are increased by
the network. Energy efficiency can be increased by using
AI and ML techniques to provide more effective
scheduling and allocation. Wireless network physical layer
optimization is another use for machine learning
techniques. The greater needs of next-generation wireless
systems cannot be addressed by the traditional model-based
approaches, which are unable to manage some complex
and unknown channels. The decoding and detecting
modules of the existing BB system can be redesigned by
leveraging the potential of machine learning.
Physical Layer Applications
Spectral and energy efficiency needs will rise beyond 5G
because of the rapid expansion of wireless
communications. Unlike 5G, the new era's physical layer
will only get more complex, presenting a host of brand-
new difficulties. First of all, a communication system is
too complex and has too many real-world flaws to be
accurately modeled by a mathematical model. Second,
cooperation between various physical layer blocks is
required to remove barriers and attain global optimality.
Third, new techniques for implementing the algorithms are
needed to make them more realistic due to the sharply
rising hardware complexity needed to handle novel
performance difficulties.
KEY 6G TECHNOLOGIES
We have an attractive roadmap for future
communications systems in the form of the
ambitious 6G ambition. The meaning of the
communication system will be further developed to
actualize intelligent services that combine
computing, sensing, and communication with
security assurance, based on utilizing all available
spectra and offering users worldwide coverage. In
this sense, the previously indicated 6G concept
cannot be supported by the essential 5G technology.
Although numerous studies have been conducted on
prospective 6G essential technologies, current
systems are not up to par with the fast-rising demand
for 6G data services. The final undiscovered
spectrum gap between the optical and mmWave
frequency ranges is THz (0.1–3 THz). substantial
frequency, wide bandwidth, substantial path loss,
strong molecule absorption, a lot of diffuse
dispersion, and an incredibly narrow beam are the
characteristics of THz. Because of its strong support
for ultra-high data rate services, THz is considered
one of the most promising technologies for 6G, even
though actual applications are still some way off.
A. New Spectrum
1)
THz:
By 2024, it's expected that mobile data
traffic will have increased five times. According to
the earlier mentioned 6G vision, there is a growing
need for high data rate transmission and low latency
services due to the quick expansion of video services
and the introduction of new applications like
VR/AR, autonomous driving, and IoTs. The
majority of current 5G solutions are limited to
average rates of up to 1 Gbps and are trapped in the
mmWave spectrum. overcoming issues with non-
negligible spectrum congestion, 5G communication,
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Fig. 6. Potential 6G key technologies.
2) Novel Channel Research: The four steps of
traditional channel research are typically channel
measurement, channel modeling, channel characteristic
analysis, and channel parameter estimation. There are
various drawbacks to this passive method of channel
recognition. The measurement of the channel requires a
lot of labor, money, and time. Furthermore, not all
frequency ranges or scenarios can ever be covered by
channel measurements in practice. The estimation of the
channel parameter is further complicated by the
substantial volume of data and the high computational
complexity. Analyzing the channel characteristics is
limited to known circumstances and frequencies.
3) Space channel capacity: The wireless propagation
channel modeling theory and antenna theory link these
two ideas. In particular, the wireless propagation
channel connects the information theory with the EM
theory since it originates from antennas and uses EM
waves to carry information. Figure 12 illustrates how
these traditional views relate to one another. Since
electromagnetic waves (EM waves) are the source of
the channel capacity constraint, EM theory is a crucial
part of wireless communication systems. However,
academics studying wireless communication have not
given significant attention to information theory
research. It should be noted that while 6G's core
technologies present opportunities and challenges for
the fusion of various theories, they also confront the
limitations of individual theories. 6G must achieve
continuous full-space CSI in order to meet new
technical criteria. The near-field range is expanding
with the introduction of 6G new antenna technology
due to the growth in antenna size and number of units.
For instance, short-wave communication antennas can
reach tens of meters in size, and they are inextricably
linked to their communication environment.
Furthermore, when signal sources tend to shift from
discrete to continuous, the antenna's unit spacing
decreases, putting additional demands on how channels
are represented. The number of users of the 6G wireless
communication network is expected to increase as it
grows from local terrestrial coverage to global space-
air-ground-sea integrated network coverage. In order to
inform generalized antenna design and the creation of
continuous full-space wireless channel maps, 6G
wireless communication networks exhibit a trend of
evolution from discrete space to continuous full space.
To that end, CSI at any point in continuous full space
must be obtained, and channel capacity must be
calculated.
Fig 7 Challenges and Future Research Directions for 6G.
CONCLUSIONS: -
To meet the upcoming challenges posed by the sharp rise
in wireless data traffic, industry, and academic
collaboration has begun to design the next generation of
wireless communication systems, or 6G, during the global
deployment of 5G networks. Along with a host of new
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services, 6G technology enables bitrates of up to Tbps
with a latency of less than 1ms. To promote future 6G in
the following areas: energy efficiency, intelligence,
spectral efficiency, security, secrecy, privacy,
affordability, and customization, this study began by
outlining a vision and the essential elements.
Subsequently, we talked about the various possible
obstacles linked to 6G technology and the possible ways
to support future 6G. International research initiatives that
seek to develop a vision for future 6G round out this
work. Examine the 5G and 6G wireless technologies and
create a chart outlining the key distinctions between them.
Lastly, introduces the 7G wireless technology, which can
operate at higher frequencies and offer significantly more
capacity and reduced connection latency. The seventh
generation of wireless technology, or 7G, will focus
primarily on research on mobile communication
networks. Future research on the 7G technology must
focus on identifying its advantages over existing wireless
systems.
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