Content uploaded by Umesh Chandra Dumka
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Umesh Chandra Dumka on Jun 06, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
0H87DB?C7J; NNN NNNN
EDJ;DJI B?IJI 7L7?B78B; 7J .9?;D9;?H;9J
0H87DB?C7J;
@EKHD7B>EC;F7=; MMM;BI;L?;H9ECBE97J;K9B?C
'ED=J;HC 9>7D=; ?D 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I EL;H $D:E"7D=;J?9
7I?D #EM I?=D?<?97DJ ?I J>; ?CF79J E< ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9
79J?L?J?;I
.KD?B &KC7H78 C7H;D:H7 .?D=>78 JKB & .H?L7IJ7L7 7⁎ .7HE@ & .7>K 9
-7A;I> & #EE:7: 0C;I> KCA7; 1?H;D:H7 +7J>7A 8
7Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
8Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
9P. G. Environmental Science, Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
:Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
;Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital, India
-/$' $)!*
Keywords:
;HEIEBI
;97:7B JH;D:
$D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D
C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO
DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?JO
./-/
'ED=J;HC 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I M;H; 7II;II;: EL;H J>; $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D $" KI?D= I7J;B
B?J;:;H?L;: 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I <HEC %7DK7HO JE ;9;C8;H />; IJK:O I>EMI IJ;7:?BO
>?=> 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> * Q M?J> 7 :;97:7B ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: Q EL;H J>; $"
D=IJHEC ;NFED;DJ I>EMI 7 H;B7J?L;BO B7H=; ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 'K9ADEM ?D J>; 9;DJH7B $"
Q 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? ?D J>; DEHJ>M;IJ $" Q M>?9> IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; ?D9H;7I; ?D
]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J 'K9ADEM Q />EK=> I?D=B; I97JJ;H?D= 7B8;:E .. :E;I DEJ I>EM
7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; :;97:7B JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI J>; KBJH7L?EB;J7;HEIEB ?D:;N 01$ I>EMI
7D ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: M?J> 7 FHEDEKD9;: ?D9H;7I; 7J ;B>? Q 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM
Q -;IKBJ IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< 78IEH8?D= :KIJ 7;HEIEBI EL;H ;B>? !KHJ>;H JE
KD:;HIJ7D: J>; ?CF79J E< ;C;H=?D= 79J?L?J?;I 7D7BOI;I M;H; :ED; ?D JME IK8F;H?E:I
– 7D: – $DJ;H;IJ?D=BO 7 H;B7J?L; ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: ?D * Q ?I E8
I;HL;: 7J ;B>? 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM :KH?D= – M>?9> M7I E8I;HL;: 7J 'K9ADEM
Q :KH?D= – />; ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO 9EHHE8EH7J;I M?J> J>; JH;D: 7D: L7H?78?B?JO
E< EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I <EH :?<<;H;DJ IK8F;H?E:I 7D: H;IKBJI I>EM ?DJ;DI; :;L;BEFC;DJ 79J?L?J?;I
?D J>; H;=?ED >7L; 7D ?D^K;D9; ED L;HJ?97B 7I M;BB 7I >EH?PEDJ7B 7;HEIEB BE7:
1. Introduction
JCEIF>;H?9 7;HEIEBI FB7O 9HK9?7B HEB; ?D 9>7D=?D= EKH 9B?C7J; IOIJ;C M>?9> 7H; ADEMD JE F;HJKH8 J>; H7:?7J?L; 87B7D9; E< J>;
EL;H7BB 7HJ>I 9B?C7J; IOIJ;C J>HEK=> :?H;9J 7D: ?D:?H;9J ;<<;9JI $+ ;HEIEBI FEII;II :?H;9J H7:?7J?L; ;<<;9JI J>HEK=> I97J
J;H?D= 7D: 78IEHFJ?ED E< IEB7H 7D: J;HH;IJH?7B H7:?7J?ED #EM;L;H J>HEK=> ?D:?H;9J ;<<;9J J>;O 7BJ;H 9BEK: C?9HEF>OI?97B FHEF;HJ?;I
7D: J>KI J>; 9BEK: B?<;J?C; 7D: 97D 97KI; J>; EL;H7BB FH;9?F?J7J?ED FHE9;II;I -7C7D7J>7D ;J 7B .7J>;;I> 7D: (EEHJ>O
-EI;D<;B: ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B />; L7H?EKI 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I IK9> 7I F>OI?97B 9>;C?97B 7D: EFJ?97B FHEF
⁎EHH;IFED:?D= 7KJ>EH
E-mail address: 7JKBJHEFC;JH;I?D & .H?L7IJ7L7
>JJFI:E?EH=@K9B?C
-;9;?L;: *9JE8;H -;9;?L;: ?D H;L?I;: <EHC FH?B 99;FJ;: %KD;
[
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
;HJ?;I >7L; I?=D?<?97DJ >;J;HE=;D;?JO ?D J>;?H IF7J?EJ;CFEH7B L7H?78?B?JO 7D: J>KI JE J>;?H :?H;9J 7D: ?D:?H;9J H7:?7J?L; ;<<;9JI
(EEHJ>O ;J 7B /?M7H? ;J 7B +7KBEJ ;J 7B #EM;L;H J>; KD9;HJ7?DJ?;I ?D J>;?H ;<<;9JI ED J>; 7JCEIF>;H;
7D: 9B?C7J; 7H; H;FEHJ;: JE 8; IJ?BB >?=> 7D: J>; KD:;HIJ7D:?D= B;L;B ?I 9ECF7H7J?L;BO B;II J>7D J>7J E< J>; =H;;D>EKI; =7I;I $+
/>; ;D>7D9;: 7;HEIEB 8KH:;D 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I >7I 8;;D ;IJ?C7J;: JE 8; C7IA;: 7FFHEN?
C7J;BO ED; J>?H: E< J>; 9EDJ?D;DJ7B M7HC?D= 7JJH?8KJ;: :K; JE J>; =H;;D>EKI; =7I;I $+ .JEH;BLCE ;J 7B M>?9> M7I
;IJ?C7J;: JE >7L; I?=D?<?97DJ ?CFB?97J?EDI JE J>; H;=?ED7B 7I M;BB 7I =BE87B 9B?C7J; EBB7I?D7 ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B
"?DEKN ;J 7B (O>H; ;J 7B =BE87B 9B?C7JEBE=O E< (E:;H7J; H;IEBKJ?ED $C7=?D= .F;9JHEH7:?EC;J;H (*$.:;H?L;:
7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> * :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE I>EM;: J>; >?=>;IJ 7DDK7B C;7D EL;H .EKJ> I?7 M>;D 9ECF7H;:
JE J>; H;IJ E< J>; MEHB: -;C;H ;J 7B />?I M7I B7H=;BO 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; E8I;HL;: ?D9H;7I; ?D J>; ;C?II?EDI E< 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9
7;HEIEBI EL;H .EKJ> I?7 :K; JE H7F?: KH87D?P7J?ED ?D:KIJH?7B?P7J?ED 7D: FEFKB7J?ED =HEMJ> ?D J>; F7IJ :;97:;I -7C7D7J>7D ;J 7B
"7KJ7C ;J 7B -7C79>7D:H7D ;J 7B (EEHJ>O ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 .7>K ;J 7B I?=D?<?97DJ H?I?D=
JH;D: ?D 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7;HEIEBI M7I 7BIE E8I;HL;: EL;H J>; $D:?7D IK89EDJ?D;DJ KI?D= J>; CKBJ?7D=B; ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEH7:?EC;J;H
($.-:;H?L;: * :7J7 :KH?D= – ;O 7D: ? "?HEB7CE
/>; $D:?7D IK89EDJ?D;DJ ;IF;9?7BBO J>; $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D $" ?D J>; DEHJ>;HD F7HJ E< $D:?7 >7I 8;;D ?:;DJ?];: 7I 7 H;=?ED7B
7;HEIEB >EJIFEJ >7L?D= L7H?;JO E< ;C?II?ED IEKH9;I M?J> J>;?H :?IJ?D9J I;7IED7B 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B /?M7H? ;J 7B
(EEHJ>O ;J 7B .?D=> ;J 7B 7 8 />; >?=> 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= EL;H J>; H;=?ED ?I 9ECCEDBO 7JJH?8KJ;: JE J>; L7H?
EKI 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I M>?9> 7H; B7H=;BO 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; <EHC7J?ED E< I;9ED:7HO 7;HEIEBI 7D: J>; D7JKH7B 7;HEIEB ^KN;I
<HEC BED=H7D=; JH7DIFEHJ .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B #EE:7 ;J 7B ;&?I>EH; ;J 7B ;.H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B />; H;=?ED 7BIE
IK<<;HI <HEC J>; :;DI; <E=>7P; 7D: I;L;H; ICE= 9ED:?J?EDI :KH?D= J>; M?DJ;HFEIJCEDIEED F;H?E: M>?9> 9EKB: FEII?8BO 8; :K; JE
J>; ?DJ;DI; 8KHD?D= E< 7=H?9KBJKH; H;I?:K; 7D: EJ>;H IEB?: M7IJ; C7J;H?7BI 7BED= M?J> J>; KI; E< <EII?B<K;BI ?D L7H?EKI I;9JEHI />?I
C7O 97KI; I?=D?<?97DJ H;:K9J?ED ?D 7?H GK7B?JO E< J>; H;=?ED &7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B .>7HC7 ;J 7B &?I>EH; ;J 7B ;?= ;J
7B &7D7M7:; ;J 7B *@>7 ;J 7B 7D: C7O 9EDI;GK;DJBO >7L; ?D9H;7I;: H?IA JE J>; >KC7D >;7BJ> ">K:; ;J 7B
>EM:>KHO ;J 7B />EK=> J>; JEJ7B 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= ?I >?=>;H EL;H J>; $" 9ECF7H;: JE J>; H;IJ F7HJ E< $D:?7 J>; DKC
8;H E< >7PO :7OI M7I E8I;HL;: JE ?D9H;7I; 7J H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H H7J; EL;H J>; ;DJH7B $D:?7 Q :7OIO;7H 7I 9ECF7H;: JE J>; $"
Q :7OIO;7H H;=?ED M>?9> 7H; B7H=;BO 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; H;B7J?L; ?D9H;7I; ?D 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= ;C?II?EDI EL;H J>; ;DJH7B $D:?7
H;=?ED />EC7I ;J 7B *D J>; EJ>;H >7D: :KH?D= J>; FH;CEDIEEDIKCC;H I;7IED J>; H;=?ED ?I >?=>BO ?CF79J;: :K; JE J>;
JH7DIFEHJ;: :KIJ 7;HEIEBI <HEC J>; 7:@E?D?D= ;I;HJ H;=?EDI "7KJ7C ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B KCA7 ;J 7B
&KC7H ;J 7B !KHJ>;HCEH; J>; 7JCEIF>;H?9 FHE9;II;I E99KHH?D= EL;H J>; H;=?ED >7L; 8;;D I>EMD JE 7<<;9J J>; 7JCEIF>;H?9
9ECFEI?J?ED 9>;C?IJHO 7D: 9B?C7J; EL;H J>; B7H=; H;=?ED7B 7I M;BB 7I =BE87B I97B;I ';B?;L;B: ;J 7B 7D: H;<;H;D9;I J>;H;?D
/>KI J>; H;=?ED DEJ EDBO ?CF7HJI BE97B 7D: H;=?ED7B 9B?C7J; ?CFB?97J?EDI 8KJ 97D 7BIE 9EDI?:;H;: JE 8; ED; E< J>; =BE87B >EJIFEJI E<
;D>7D9;: 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 7D: :H?L?D= ;<<;9J E< 7;HEIEB 8KH:;D 8;OED: BE97B 7D: H;=?ED7B I97B; (EEHJ>O ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7
;/>EC7I ;J 7B 3?7 ;J 7B />;H; 7H; 9EKFB; E< BED=J;HC IJK:?;I ED 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?P7J?EDI EL;H J>; $" ?D J>; H;
9;DJ F7IJ %;J>L7 ;J 7B ;O 7D: ? "?HEB7CE &7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B -7C79>7D:H7D ;J 7B 'E:>? ;J 7B
&KC7H ;J 7B 8KJ CEIJ E< J>;I; IJK:?;I 7H; <E9KI;: ED J>; L7H?78?B?JO E< 7 I?D=B; 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;H ;= * />KI 7 9ECFH;
>;DI?L; KD:;HIJ7D:?D= E< J>; I?P; E< 7;HEIEB F7HJ?9B;I D7JKH; 78IEH8?D= 7D:EH I97JJ;H?D= 7D: 7;HEIEB 9ECFEI?J?ED ?I B79A?D= 87I;:
KFED 7 BED= J?C;I;H?;I :7J7 ?D :?<<;H;DJ ;DL?HEDC;DJI
/>; FH;I;DJ IJK:O <E9KI;I ED BED=J;HC 7II;IIC;DJ E< CKBJ?FB; 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI E8J7?D;: <HEC :?<<;H;DJ I7J;BB?J; C;7IKH;C;DJI
EL;H J>; $" JE KD:;HIJ7D: J>; ?CF79J E< ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I />; IJK:O M7I 9ED:K9J;: :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE
7J J>; JME KH87D C;=79?J?;I 'K9ADEM M>?9> H;FH;I;DJI ED; E< J>; <7IJ:;L;BEF?D= 9?J?;I EL;H J>; 9;DJH7B $" 7D: ;B>? ED; E<
J>; CEIJ FEBBKJ;: 9?J?;I ?D J>; MEHB: I?JK7J;: 7J J>; DEHJ>M;IJ $" $DJ;H;IJ?D=BO J>; C;7IKH;C;DJ F;H?E: M7I 9>EI;D 87I;: ED B7H=;
I97B; :;L;BEFC;DJ 79J?L?J?;I ?D J>; H;=?ED 7D: J>7J C?=>J 7JJH?8KJ; JE >?=> 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 ;C?II?EDI BE7:
2. Sites description
/>; C;7IKH;C;DJ I?J;I 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? C7HA;: EL;H J>; $" !?= 7H; ?D KH87D I;JJ?D= M?J> 7 I;C?7H?: 9B?C7J; 7D: J>;
7D7BOI;I E< 9B?C7JEBE=O 7D: L7H?7J?ED E< 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I ?I 97HH?;: EKJ <EH J>;I; JME >?=>BO KH87D?P;: 9?J?;I />; 9B?C7J?9 9ED:?
J?EDI E< 8EJ> J>; I?J;I 7H; ;NJH;C; ?D D7JKH; M?J> L;HO >EJ IKCC;HI Q Z 7D: 9EB: M?DJ;HI M?J> J;CF;H7JKH;I 7I BEM 7I Z 'K9
ADEM ?I BE97J;: 7J Z) B7J?JK:; Z BED=?JK:; 7D: 7FFHEN C 78EL; C;7D I;7 B;L;B ?D J>; 9;DJH7B $" ?D J>; DEHJ>;HD $D:?7
M>?BIJ ;B>? ?I BE97J;: 7J Z) B7J?JK:; Z BED=?JK:; 7D: Q C 78EL; C;7D I;7 B;L;B ?D DEHJ>M;IJ;HD F7HJ E< J>; $" 0H
87D 7==BEC;H7J?ED H7DA?D= E< ;B>? 7D KH87D C;=79?JO ?I D: M>;H;7I 'K9ADEM 7==BEC;H7J?ED H7DA?D= ?I J> ?D $D:?7 M?J> KH87D
?P7J?ED H7J; E< ?D ;DIKI (EH; :;J7?BI E< J>; IJ7J?EDI 7H; :?I9KII;: 8;BEM
2.1. Lucknow
/>?I 9?JO ?I BE97J;: ?D J>; DEHJ>M;IJ;HD F7HJ E< "EC7J? -?L;H >7I I>EMD 7D ;N9;FJ?ED7B =HEMJ> ?D ?JI 7H;7 EL;H J>; O;7HI ?;
AC?D JE AC?D I F;H J>; ;DIKI J>; ;IJ?C7J;: FEFKB7J?ED E< 'K9ADEM M7I Q C?BB?ED ?D M>?9>
?I ?D9H;7I;: JE Q C?BB?ED ?D ;DIKI />; 9EDIJHK9J?ED E< C;JHE MEHA 7D: H?D= HE7:I >7I EF;D;: J>; :EEH <EH 9?JO :;
L;BEFC;DJ />; 9?JO >7I I>EMD 7FFHEN?C7J;BO 7DDK7B =HEMJ> ?D L;>?9KB7H :;DI?JO EL;H J>; B7IJ :;97:;I M?J> 78EKJ C?BB?ED
H;=?IJ;H;: CEJEH L;>?9B;I ?D 7H; ?D9H;7I;: JE C?BB?ED ?D -/* F;HIED7B 9ECCKD?97J?ED 1;>?9KB7H ;C?II?EDI 7D:
7IIE9?7J;: M?D:8BEMD HE7: :KIJ :K; JE L;>?9KB7H 79J?L?JO <EBBEM;: 8O C;JHE 9EDIJHK9J?ED MEHA 7H; <EKD: JE 8; >?=>;IJ 9EDJH?8KJEH JE
JEJ7B 7?H FEBBKJ?ED ?D 'K9ADEM &KC7H ;J 7B
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Fig. 1. ;97:7B CEDJ>BO C;7D L7H?78?B?JO ?D (*$. :;H?L;: 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> EL;H $D:?7 :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE I>EM?D= >;7LO
7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 79HEII J>; $"
2.2. Delhi
;B>? BE97J;: ?D J>; DEHJ>M;IJ;HD F7HJ E< J>; $" >7I FEFKB7J?ED E< 78EKJ C?BB?ED F;EFB; ;DIKI 7D: 9EL;H;: 7 JEJ7B
7H;7 E< Q AC ;B>? ?I 8EKD:;: ?D DEHJ> 8O #?C7B7O7I FB7?DI E< 9;DJH7B $D:?7 ?D IEKJ> 7D: ?D J>; M;IJIEKJ>M;IJ 8O J>; />7H
;I;HJ />; IJ7J?ED ?I IKHHEKD:;: 8O C7DO IC7BB 7D: C;:?KC I97B; ?D:KIJH?;I 7D: 7BIE >7I 78EKJ C?BB?ED H;=?IJ;H;: L;>?9B;I M>?9>
7H; J>; C7@EH 9EDJH?8KJEHI E< 7?H FEBBKJ?ED EL;H J>; IJ7J?ED (?I>H7 7D: "EO7B .7>K ;J 7B &?I>EH; ;J 7B
EJ> J>; 9?J?;I 7H; BE97J;: ?D $" 7I I>EMD ?D !?= M>?9> ?I ED; E< J>; :;DI;BO FEFKB7J;: 7D: >;7L?BO FEBBKJ;: H;=?EDI ?D J>;
MEHB: I?JK7J;: ?D J>; DEHJ>;HD F7HJ E< $D:?7 />; ;DJ?H; $" I;HL;I 7I J>; C7@EH <EE: 87IA;J <EH $D:?7 7D: +7A?IJ7D 7I J>; H;=?ED ?I 7J
J>; 87DA E< H?L;H $D:KI 7D: J>KI >7I >K=; FEFKB7J?ED BE7: :K; JE ?D9H;7I;: KH87D?P7J?EDI 7D: 7IIE9?7J;: ;C?II?EDI <HEC L7H?EKI 7D
J>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I &KC7H ;J 7B ;?D= J>; KD?GK; JEFE=H7F>O 9EL;H;: 8O J>; =H;7J #?C7B7O7D H7D=;I JE J>; DEHJ> J>; ;D
J?H; H;=?ED B;7:I JE J>; CEH; 9ED]D;C;DJ E< C7II?L; 7D: :?L;HI; 7;HEIEBI *@>7 ;J 7B
3. Instrumentations and data analysis
3.1. MODIS data
).I ;7HJ> E8I;HL?D= IOIJ;C *. B7KD9>;: J>; /;HH7 7D: GK7 I7J;BB?J;I JE CED?JEH J>; 7HJ> J;HH;IJH?7B 7D: E9;7D?9 9>7H79
J;H?IJ?9I />; (E:;H7J; -;IEBKJ?ED $C7=?D= .F;9JHEC;J;H (*$. ?I 7 A;O I;DIEH 97HH?;: 8O /;HH7 7D: J>; GK7 I7J;BB?J;I JE E8I;HL;
7;HEIEB 7D: 9BEK:I M?J> >?=> 799KH79O <HEC IF79; M>?9> >7I 8;;D ?D EF;H7J?ED I?D9; !;8HK7HO 3?ED= ;J 7B />; (*$.
E8I;HL;I J>; KFM;BB?D= H7:?7J?ED 7J J>; JEF E< J>; 7JCEIF>;H; ?D 9>7DD;BI <HEC μC JE μC M>?9> ?I 9>7H79J;H?P;: 8O >?=>
IF7J?EJ;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED $J >7I 7 J;CFEH7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< – :7OI IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?EDI E< C C 7D: C M?J> 7 M?:;
IM7J> E< AC $9>EAK ;J 7B B? ;J 7B B7C ;J 7B <EKD: J>7J (*$. >;BF;: JE IJK:O J>; 7JCEIF>;H?9 J;HH;I
JH?7B 7D: E9;7D?9 F>;DEC;DEBE=O 8O E8I;HL?D= DKC;HEKI L7H?7J?EDI 7D: 8O =7J>;H?D= IJ7J?IJ?9I />;I; 799KCKB7J;: IJ7J?IJ?9I 7H; KI;
<KB ?D ?DL;IJ?=7J?D= 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I 7D: 7BIE ?D KD:;HIJ7D:?D= 7;HEIEB9BEK: ?DJ;H79J?EDI
/>; (*$. 78E7H: J>; /;HH7 7D: GK7 I7J;BB?J;I FHEL?:;I <KBB =BE87B 9EL;H7=; E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I KI?D= J>; ;;F BK;
EL;H B7D: 7D: 7HA /7H=;J EL;H E9;7D 7B=EH?J>CI />; /;HH7 7D: GK7 I7J;BB?J;I 9HEII J>; ;GK7JEH 7J 78EKJ 7C 7D:
FC BE97B J?C; H;IF;9J?L;BO />; 9KHH;DJ IJK:O KI;: ';L;B (*$. /;HH7 7D: GK7 C;7D :7J7 (46L E< * 7D:
RD=IJHXC ;NFED;DJ EL;H B7D: ?; 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? I?J;I :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE >JJFI=?EL7DD?=I<9D7I7
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
=EL=?EL7DD? />; ';L;B :7J7I;J M7I GK7B?JO 7IIKH;: , 7D: H;JH?;L;: 7J Z ` Z IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED 9;DJH;: 7J J>; IJK:O BE97
J?EDI />; GK7B?JO 7IIKH7D9; IJ;FI >7L; 8;;D KD:;HJ7A;D FH?EH JE J>; :7J7 7D7BOI?I JE 8; ?DL;IJ?=7J;: ?D EH:;H JE ;DIKH; J>7J 9BEK: ?D
<;9J;: F?N;BI 7D: ?IEB7J;: H;JH?;L7BI M;H; ;N9BK:;: 8;<EH; J>; :7J7 KI; 79> (*$. * H;JH?;L7BI GK7B?JO ?I ;NFH;II;: 8O 7 GK7B?JO
^7= H7D=?D= <HEC >?=> 9ED]:;D9; JE BEM EH DE 9ED]:;D9; ';LO ;J 7B M?J> J>; H;9ECC;D:;: GK7B?JO ^7=I E< , ≥
&KC7H ;J 7B 2; KI;: * 7J DC <HEC (*$. 8EJ> ED /;HH7 7D: GK7 I7J;BB?J;I EL;H B7D: KI?D= ;;F BK; 7B=E
H?J>C $D 7::?J?ED M; 7BIE KI;: H;JH?;L;: EL;H J>; B7D: <HEC J>; 7B=EH?J>C KI?D= J>; 9EHH;IFED:?D= F7?HI E< * L7BK;I
– EH – DC :;H?L;: KI?D= J>; * <HEC F7?H – DC >7I 8;;D 9EDI?:;H;: 7I ?J ?I KI;: <EH J>; DEDL;=;J7J;:
IKH<79;I M>;H;7I :;H?L;: <HEC J>; – DC F7?H ?I KI;: <EH J>; L;=;J7J;: IKH<79;I DJKW7(7HH;HE ;J 7B />; H;
JH?;L;: * KD9;HJ7?DJO :;H?L;: <HEC (*$. ?I ;IJ?C7J;: JE 8; \ * EL;H B7D: -;C;H ;J 7B ';LO ;J
7B ECF7H?IED E< (*$.:;H?L;: 7;HEIEB FHE:K9JI EL;H B7D: M?J> J>; =HEKD:87I;: ;HEIEB -E8EJ?9 );JMEHA -*) / 7J
:?<<;H;DJ =BE87B BE97J?EDI IK==;IJ;: J>7J J>;I; FHE:K9JI 7H; 8;JJ;H 7D: ?CFHEL;: KD:;H J>; BEM 7D: >?=> 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 9ED:?J?EDI
-;C;H ;J 7B /H?F7J>? ;J 7B #IK ;J 7B /ED= ;J 7B
3.2. OMI data
/>; *PED; (ED?JEH?D= $DIJHKC;DJ *($ ?I 7 L?IK7B 7D: KBJH7L?EB;J IF;9JHEC;J;H 78E7H: J>; ). KH7 IF79;9H7<J *($ 97D :?I
J?D=K?I> 8;JM;;D 7;HEIEB JOF;I IK9> 7I :KIJ ICEA; 7D: IKB<7J;I 7D: 97D C;7IKH; 9EL;H7=; 7D: 9BEK: FH;IIKH; M>?9> 97D FHEL?:;
JHEFEIF>;H?9 EPED; :7J7 $J ?I M?:; ];B: ?C7=?D= IF;9JHEC;J;H M?J> Z 79HEII JH79A L?;M?D= 7D=B; H7D=; J>7J FHEL?:;I 7 M?:; IM7J>
E< AC ;D78B?D= C;7IKH;C;DJI M?J> 7 :7?BO =BE87B 9EL;H7=; />; *($ FHE@;9J ?I 7 9EEF;H7J?ED E< J>; );J>;HB7D:I =;D9O <EH
;HEIF79; +HE=H7CC;I )+ J>; !?DD?I> (;J;EHEBE=?97B $DIJ?JKJ; !($ 7D: J>; )7J?ED7B ;HED7KJ?9I 7D: .F79; =;D9O ).
/>; ';L;B6 *($ :7J7 *( -01:6L E< I?D=B; I97JJ;H?D= 7B8;:E .. 7J DC 7D: 0BJH7L?EB;J;HEIEB $D:;N 01$ M7I 7BIE
KI;: M?J> 7 IF7J?7B H;IEBKJ?ED E< Z ` Z >JJFI=?EL7DD?=I<9D7I7=EL=?EL7DD? :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: E< – />; CEH; :;
J7?BI E< *($ H;JH?;L7BI 7H; :;I9H?8;: ?D /EHH;I ;J 7B
/>;H; M;H; B?C?J;: F;H?E: E< E8I;HL7J?EDI :KH?D= J>; CEDIEED I;7IED %KBO JE .;FJ;C8;H 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI C7?DBO :K; JE J>;
H7?DOM;J I;7IED M>;D IAO ?I CEIJBO 9BEK:O 7D: J>; 7JCEIF>;H; ?I >KC?: I 7 H;IKBJ J>; 7;HEIEB :7J7 7H; CEIJBO 9BEK: 9EDJ7C?
D7J;: M>?9> C7O DEJ FHEL?:; H;7B F?9JKH; E< J>; 7JCEIF>;H; 7D: J>KI D;;:I JE 8; :?I97H:;: <HEC J>; IJK:O />?I 9EKB: FH;I;DJ 7 B7H=;
7DDK7B ^K9JK7J?ED :K; JE CEDIEED EDI;J ?DJ;DI?JO 7D: :KH7J?ED 7DEC7B?;I ?D :?<<;H;DJ O;7HI 7D: C7O 9H;7J; B7H=; KD9;HJ7?DJO ?D J>;
C;7IKH;: 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI "7KJ7C ;J 7B
3.3. Trend analysis
BED=J;HC JH;D: 7D7BOI?I E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I M7I F;H<EHC;: ED J?C; I;H?;I <HEC JME I?J;I I?JK7J;: ?D $" />; JH;D:
7D7BOI?I M7I 7FFB?;: JE :7?BO C;7D :7J7 E< L7H?EKI 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I E8J7?D;: <HEC (*$. 7D: *($ <EH 8EJ> J>; BE97J?EDI
:KH?D= J>; F;H?E: E< – 7D: J>; C;J>E:EBE=O E< JH;D: 7D7BOI?I ?I ;NFB7?D;: ?D &7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B 7I
M>;H; x?I J>; L7H?78B; ?I J>; C;7D L7BK; NJ>; M>EB; DKC8;H E< :7OI :KH?D= J>; IJK:?;: F;H?E: 7D: a?I J>; IBEF; L7BK; <HEC J>;
B?D;7H H;=H;II?ED 7D7BOI?I !KHJ>;H J>; IJ7J?IJ?97B I?=D?<?97D9; E< J>; IBEF; M7I 9>;9A;: M?J> J>; pL7BK; M>?9> M7I 9EDI?:;H;: JE 8;
B;II J>7D <EH IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ L7H?7J?EDI 7J J>; 9ED]:;D9; B;L;B
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Spatio-temporal distribution of decadal mean AOD during 2007–2017
!?= I>EMI IF7J?7B :?IJH?8KJ?ED E< :;97:7B CEDJ>BO C;7D * EL;H $D:?7 E8J7?D;: <HEC (*$. :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC
JE />; $" H;L;7BI 7 C7II?L; 7;HEIEB 8KH:;D M?J> J>; * J>HEK=>EKJ J>; O;7H />; F;HI?IJ;D9; E< ;N9;FJ?ED7BBO
>?=> * M7I E8I;HL;: EL;H J>; M;IJ;HD F7HJI E< J>; $" :KH?D= J>; FH;CEDIEED :K; JE ;D>7D9;: :KIJ ?CF79JI 7D:
FEIJCEDIEED CEDJ>I :K; JE ;D>7D9;: 7=H?9KBJKH; 8KHD?D= ?CF79JI 7D: 7BIE ?D J>; ;7IJ;HD F7HJI E< J>; $" :KH?D= J>; M?DJ;H
CEDJ> />; ;7IJ;HD 7;HEIEB FEEB 7BIE FEI;I J>; I?C?B7H 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7I M;IJ;HD 7;HEIEB FEEB M?J> L7HO?D= 7;HEIEB ;C?II?EDI
C7?DBO <HEC <EII?B8?E<K;B 9EDIKCFJ?ED 7D: 8KHD?D= E< 7=H?9KBJKH7B H;I?:K;I 7D: M7IJ; C7J;H?7BI 7D;H@;; ;J 7B
4.2. Time series and trend analysis of aerosol products from 2007 to 2017
!?= I>EMI J>; * .. 7D: 01$ JH;D:I KI?D= J>; :7?BO C;7D L7BK;I <EH J>; F;H?E: – 7J 'K9ADEM B;<J F7D;B
7D: ;B>? H?=>J F7D;B />; IJ7J?IJ?97B F7H7C;J;HI E< :;97:7B JH;D:I E< ;79> 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI ?; JH;D::7O 9>7D=; 7D: J>;
IJ7J?IJ?97B I?=D?<?97D9; J;IJ ?D:?97J;: 8O pL7BK;I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 7H; :;F?9J;: ED J>; H;IF;9J?L; ]=KH;I />; ]=KH; FH;I;DJI J>;
J;CFEH7B :?IJH?8KJ?ED E< 7L;H7=;: :7?BO :7J7 M>?9> ?I ?D J>; <EHC E< B7H=; I97JJ;H L7BK;I E< * H7D=?D= <HEC JE M?J>
:;97:7B C;7D L7BK; E< \ 7J 'K9ADEM !?= 7 7D: <HEC JE M?J> C;7D L7BK; E< \ 7J ;B>? !?= 8
* M>?9> ?I 7 C;7IKH; E< J>; 9EBKCD ?DJ;=H7J;: ;NJ?D9J?ED E< H7:?7J?ED 7D: ?I 7FFHEN?C7J;BO FHEFEHJ?ED7B JE J>; 7;HEIEB C7II 9ED
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Fig. 2. 7OJE:7O L7H?78?B?JO 7D: :;97:7B JH;D:I ?D * 7 8 9 : .. ; < 7D: $ = > EL;H 'K9ADEM B;<J F7D;B 7D: ;B>? H?=>J F7D;B
<EH – />; IBEF; E< J>; H;=H;II?ED 7D7BOI?I 7BED= M?J> J>; :?<<;H;D9; 7D: J>; pL7BK; 7H; C;DJ?ED;:
9;DJH7J?ED ?I 7D ?CFEHJ7DJ F7H7C;J;H <EH ?D:?97J?D= 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 9A ;J 7B EJ> J>; I?J;I M?J> >?=> * L7BK;I 7I >?=>
7I >7L; 8;;D <EKD: ?D $" J>7J I>EMI ;B;L7J;: 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7D: D7JKH7B ;C?II?EDI />; FH;I;DJ * L7BK;I 7H; <EKD: JE 8;
9EDI?:;H78BO >?=>;H J>7D J>; =BE87B C;7D * 7D: J>; *I H;FEHJ;: EL;H EJ>;H 9EDJ?D;DJI 7J )EHJ> C;H?97
<H?97 I?7 KHEF; :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE (7E ;J 7B * I>EMI D;7HBO 7 I?C?B7H ?D
9H;7I?D= JH;D: Q 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI />; E8I;HL;: * L7BK;I 7H; <EKD: JE 8; 9ECF7H78B; M?J> J>; ;7HB?;H H;FEHJ;: L7BK;I
<HEC ;B>? M?J> BED=J;HC IJK:O 'E:>? ;J 7B M?J> H;B7J?L;BO I>EHJ;H :KH7J?ED IJK:O +7D:?J>KH7? ;J 7B /?M7H? ;J 7B
7D: 7BIE IJK:?;I <HEC EJ>;H I?J;I EL;H J>; $" "?B;I ;J 7B &7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B /?M7H? ;J 7B %?D= 7D: .?D=>
'E:>? ;J 7B E8I;HL;: * 7J L7BK;I H7D=?D= <HEC 7I BEM 7I 78EKJ JE 7I >?=> 7I M?J> Q E< L7BK;I
B?; 78EL; 7J ;B>? :KH?D= – KI?D= =HEKD:87I;: C;7IKH;C;DJI -;IKBJI IK==;IJ J>; FH;L7B;D9; E< >?=>BO JKH8?: 7JCEI
F>;H; 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI EL;H $" J>HEK=>EKJ J>; O;7H $D 7 H;9;DJ IJK:O &KC7H ;J 7B <EKD: J>; * :;97:7B C;7D L7BK;
E< \ 7J ;B>? :KH?D= – M>?9> ?I Q BEM;H J>7D J>; FH;I;DJ :;97:7B C;7D * />?I 9EKB: 8; :K; JE J>; I;
B;9J;: F?N;B I?P;I <EH J>; BE97J?ED 7D: J>; F;H?E: E< C;7IKH;C;DJ ?D 8EJ> J>; IJK:?;I />; IJK:O <KHJ>;H I>EMI J>7J J>; :;97:7B C;7D
* 7J &7DFKH 7FFHEN?C7J;BO AC 7M7O <HEC J>; FH;I;DJ IJ7J?ED 'K9ADEM ?I <EKD: JE 8; \ M>?9> ?I Q BEM;H
9ECF7H;: JE J>; FH;I;DJ :;97:7B C;7D * E8I;HL;: 7J 'K9ADEM (EH; ?DJ;H;IJ?D=BO J>; :;97:7B 7L;H7=; E< Q ?D $" H;=?ED
C?=>J ?D:?97J; J>7J FEBBKJ7DJI ?D >?=>BO FEBBKJ;: 7H;7I 7<<;9J :EMDM?D: H;=?EDI ED 7 H;=?ED7B I97B; .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B 7D:
;L;D ED 7 =BE87B I97B; J>HEK=> BED=H7D=; JH7DIFEHJ #K7D= ;J 7B EDL;HI;BO 7DEC7BEKIBO >?=> * ?I 7BIE 7IIE9?7J;: M?J>
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
M7HC 7D:EH >KC?: IODEFJ?9 JOF;I 9EDI?IJ;DJ M?J> ;D>7D9;: * KD:;H IJ7=D7DJ ^EM #EHJED ;J 7B 7D: 7;HEIEB =HEMJ> 8O
M7J;H KFJ7A; HE9A ;J 7B
RD=IJHXC ;NFED;DJ M>?9> FHEL?:;I GK7B?J7J?L; ?D<EHC7J?ED 78EKJ J>; :EC?D7DJ F7HJ?9B; I?P;I ?D 7;HEIEB I?P; :?IJH?8KJ?ED ?I
?DL;HI;BO FHEFEHJ?ED7B JE J>; F7HJ?9B; I?P; M?J> 7 I;9ED:7HO :;F;D:;D9; ED 7;HEIEB 9ECFEI?J?ED 9A ;J 7B />; :;97:7B C;7D
?I <EKD: JE 8; \ 7D: \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? H;IF;9J?L;BO L?:;DJBO :7?BO L7BK; J>EI; 7H; B7H=;H J>7D
7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I ?D:?97J;I J>; FH;:EC?D7D9; E< 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7;HEIEBI E< ]D;CE:; IK9> 7I I;9ED:7HO ?DEH=7D?9 7;HEIEBI D?JH7J;
7D: IKB<7J; #EE:7 ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B 7D: C?=>J 8; >?=>BO 78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI ;= 8B79A 97H8ED 8HEMD 97H8ED 7D:
C?D;H7B :KIJ M>;D .. ?I .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B 3?7 ;J 7B />; C7N?CKC 7I >?=> 7I ?I E8I;HL;: ED :7OI
M>?9> C?=>J 8; B;II ?D^K;D9;: 8O JH7DIFEHJ;: 7D: BE97B H7?I;: :KIJ />; BEM :7?BO L7BK;I E< 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I C7O 8; :K; JE
IJHED=;H ;<<;9JI ED J>; $" 8O J>; JH7DIFEHJ;: :KIJ <HEC :;I;HJ 7H;7 ?D M;IJ;HD $D:?7 7D: CEH; H7?I;: :KIJ 97KI;: 8O 7 H;B7J?L; :HO 9B?
C7J; J>7J B;7:I JE IC7BB;H L7BK; +7D:?J>KH7? ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B EDL;HI;BO J>; BEM 7J 7 IF;9?]9 I?J; 9EKB:
8; :K; JE BE97BBO H7?I;: :KIJ <HEC <H;GK;DJ 9EDIJHK9J?ED 7D: BEM L;=;J7J?ED 9EL;H7=; 7D: C?=>J E<J;D 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> 9EEB :HO IODEF
J?9 9ED:?J?EDI 9EDI?IJ;DJ M?J> 7D ?D9H;7I; ?D :KIJ BE7:?D= :KH?D= :HO 9ED:?J?EDI 'E:>? ;J 7B />; :;97:7B C;7D 7J 8EJ> J>;
IJ7J?EDI :?<<;HI IB?=>JBO ?D JH;D: 7D7BOI?I M>?9> E8I;HL;: 7 I?=D?<?97DJ ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI I>EMI H;B7J?L;BO B7H=;
?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 'K9ADEM Q 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? Q :KH?D= J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: M>?9> IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9;
?D ]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J 'K9ADEM Q ?D9H;7I; 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? 7D: ?CFBO?D= H;B7J?L; ?D9H;7I; ?D I;9ED:7HO ?DEH=7D?9
7;HEIEBI EL;H 'K9ADEM />; H;IKBJI E< J>; FH;I;DJ IJK:O 7H; M;BB 9ECF7H;: M?J> J>; FH;L?EKI ]D:?D=I EL;H J>; $" &7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B
'E:>? ;J 7B &KC7H ;J 7B
.. M>?9> ?I J>; H7J?E E< I97JJ;H?D= JE JEJ7B ;NJ?D9J?ED 7D: :;I9H?8; J>; H;B7J?L; ;<]9?;D9O E< H7:?7J?ED I97JJ;H?D= B;7:?D= JE 7D ?D
9H;7I; ?D J>; =BE87B 7B8;:E 7D: 9EEB?D= 8O 7;HEIEBI JE H7:?7J?ED 78IEHFJ?ED B;7:?D= JE 7JCEIF>;H?9 M7HC?D= $+ />;
:7?BO C;7D .. DC L7H?;: 8;JM;;D 7D: M?J> 7 C;7D L7BK; E< \ 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I :KH?D= J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;
H?E: $J ?I JE 8; DEJ;: J>7J IKB<7J; >7I 7 >?=> .. D;7H KD?JO 7 H;:K9J?ED ?D I;9ED:7HO IKB<7J; 7;HEIEB 9EKB: 9EDJH?8KJ; JE J>; E8
I;HL;: :;9B?D; ?D .. − 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: − 7J ;B>? EL;H J>; H;=?ED -;:K9;: FHE:K9J?ED E< IKB<KH?9 79?: C7O B;7: JE 7
H;:K9J?ED ?D C;7D 7;HEIEB :?7C;J;H ?CFB?;: 8O J>; ?D9H;7I; ?D :K; JE 7 H;:K9J?ED ?D 9ED:;DI7J?ED7B =HEMJ> 2>?B; L;HO H7H;
JH;D:I 7D7BOI?I E< 8B79A 97H8ED FK8B?I>;: ?D J>; H;=?ED 7H; >?=>BO KD9;HJ7?D #EE:7 ;J 7B (7DE@ ;J 7B J>KI 9>7D=;I ?D
.. 7H; B?A;BO DEJ :K; JE 9>7D=;I ?D 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 ;C?II?EDI $D JEJ7B J>; 9B7II?]97J?ED E< 7;HEIEBI 97J;=EH?;I 7:EFJ;: 8O 3?7 ;J 7B
I>EMI J>7J .. L7BK; – 97D 9EDI?:;H;: JE 8; CE:;H7J;BO 78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI 7D: C?N;: <?D; 7D: 9E7HI; CE:; M>;D
≤ />KI 7;HEIEBI 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I 7H; C7?DBO 9>7H79J;H?P;: 8O ]D; 7D: 9E7HI; C?N;: F7HJ?9B;I M?J> CE:;H7J; 78IEHF
J?ED >EM;L;H 7J <;M E997I?EDI ]D; CE:; F7HJ?9B;I 7H; :EC?D7DJ 7D: 78IEHFJ?ED ?I >?=> 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I
/>; :7?BO C;7D L7BK; E< 01$ M>?9> :;J;9JI J>; FH;I;D9; E< 0178IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI IK9> 7I :KIJ 7D: IEEJ L7H?;: <HEC − JE
M?J> 7 C;7D E< \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: <HEC − JE M?J> 7 C;7D E< \ 7J ;B>? />; FEI?J?L; 01$ L7B
K;I =;D;H7BBO H;FH;I;DJ 78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI :KIJ 7D: ICEA; M>?B; IC7BB EH D;=7J?L; 01$ H;FH;I;DJI DED78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI B
J>EK=> .. ?I DEJ I>EM?D= 7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; 9>7D=;I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 01$ I>EMI 7 I?=D?<?97DJ ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7
J?EDI />; ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: ?D 01$ M7I <EKD: JE 8; H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J ;B>? Q 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM Q -;IKBJ IK=
=;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; Q ?D9H;7I; E< 78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI :KIJ 7D: ICEA; 7J ;B>? 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM
$J ?I JE 8; DEJ;: >;H; J>7J J>; E8I;HL;: JH;D:I 7D: L7H?7J?EDI ?D ;79> 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;H 7H; I;DI?J?L; JE J>; :7J7 9EDI?:;H;: <EH
:7?BO CEDJ>BO EH O;7HBO 87I?I L;H7=?D= J>; 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H 7 CEDJ>BO 87I?I >7I J>; :?I7:L7DJ7=; E< B?C?J;: E8I;HL7J?EDI
:KH?D= IEC; IF;9?]9 CEDJ>I ;= CEDIEED F;H?E: J>7J C7O ?D^K;D9; J>; CEDJ>BO C;7D 7D: ?D JKHD ?DJHE:K9; 8?7I;I ?D JH;D:I
&7IA7EKJ?I ;J 7B />KI J>; JH;D: 7D7BOI?I ?I 7BIE 7JJ;CFJ;: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ED 7 O;7HBO C;7D 87I?I />; H;IKBJI E< J>; IJ7
J?IJ?97B JH;D: 7D7BOI?I E< ;79> 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;H 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 7H; :;F?9J;: ?D /78B; *D 7 O;7HBO 87I?I 7BB J>; 7;HEIEB F7H7C;
J;HI M;H; <EKD: JE 8; IB?=>JBO BEM;H ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: ;N9;FJ .. 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 9ECF7H;: JE J>;?H :7?BO L7BK;I BJ>EK=> J>;
* I>EMI D;7HBO 7 I?C?B7H ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: Q 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI J>; I>EMI H;B7J?L;BO B7H=; ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 'K9ADEM
Q 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? Q :KH?D= J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: -;IKBJ IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< ]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J 'K9
ADEM 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? !KHJ>;H B?A; :7?BO JH;D: .. :E;I DEJ I>EM 7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; 9>7D=; 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI #EM;L;H 01$
I>EM;: 7D ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI M?J> IB?=>JBO >?=>;H ?D9H;7I; M7I E8I;HL;: 7J ;B>? Q 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM
Q
Table 1
.J7J?IJ?97B F7H7C;J;HI <EH J>; H;=H;II?ED 7D7BOI?I ?D J>; O;7HBO JH;D: E< J>; ;N7C?D;: 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? :KH?D= –
/>; IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ JH;D:I 7J J>; 9ED]:;D9; B;L;B p 7H; FH;I;DJ;: ?D ?J7B?9
'K9ADEM ;B>?
(;7DNa /H;D:OH p(;7DNa /H;D:OH p
4;7H –
* DC 0.65 \0.05 0.0104 17.51 0.032 0.69 \0.06 0.0102 16.17 0.04
DC \ ±
.. DC 0.92 ± 0.01 −0.0003 −0.36 0.004 0.92 \0.005 −0.0003 −0.37 0.003
01$ 0.46 \0.06 0.0064 15.18 0.04 0.66 \0.07 0.011 18.38 0.049
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
4.3. Monthly mean characteristics of aerosols
/>; CEDJ>BO C;7D E< :?<<;H;DJ EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I ?I 97B9KB7J;: 8O 7L;H7=?D= J>; H;IF;9J?L; :7?BO C;7DI E< * .. 7D: 01
$ <EH 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? 7D: ?I I>EMD ?D !?= <EH J>; IJK:O F;H?E: * M7I <EKD: JE ?D9H;7I; <HEC (7H9> 7D: F;7A;: ?D %KD;–%KBO
CEDJ>I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI J>;H;7<J;H ?J :;9H;7I;I J?BB .;FJ;C8;H I;9ED: F;7A M7I E8I;HL;: ?D *9JE8;H–)EL;C8;H 7J 8EJ> J>;
I?J;I KH?D= ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: *I 7J ;B>? L7H?;: <HEC \ .;FJ;C8;H JE \ )EL;C8;H M>;H;7I 7J 'K9
ADEM * L7H?;: <HEC \ (7H9> JE \ %7DK7HO $J ?I ;L?:;DJ <HEC !?= 7 J>7J J>; * ?I H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J
;B>? 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM 7BCEIJ :KH?D= 7BB J>; CEDJ>I M?J> I?=D?<?97DJBO >?=>;H L7BK;I :KH?D= IKCC;H 7D: FEIJCEDIEED
CEDJ>I #EM;L;H L?9;L;HI7 M7I E8I;HL;: <EH 7I I>EMD ?D !?= 8 M7I <EKD: JE L7HO 8;JM;;D \ %KD; 7D:
\ %7DK7HO 7J ;B>? M>;H;7I ?J L7H?;: <HEC \ (7O JE \ %7DK7HO 7J 'K9ADEM M>?9> ?D:?97J;I
B7H=; L7H?78?B?JO ?D 7;HEIEBI <HEC ]D; JE 9E7HI; CE:;I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI M7I <EKD: JE 8; I?=D?<?97DJBO >?=>;H 7J 'K9ADEM <HEC
(7O CEDJ> EDM7H:I J?BB ;9;C8;H M>?9> IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; ?D ]D;CE:; F7HJ?9B;I 7J 'K9ADEM 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? *
7D: I>EM >?=>;IJ L7H?7J?EDI ?D ?JI CEDJ>BO C;7D L7BK;I M?J> J>; >?=>;IJ L7BK; E8I;HL;: :KH?D= J>; FEIJCEDIEEDM?DJ;H CEDJ>I
7D: J>; BEM;IJ L7BK; :KH?D= J>; IKCC;H CEDJ>I #?=>;H L7BK;I E< :KH?D= J>; FEIJCEDIEEDM?DJ;H CEDJ>I 7H; H;B7J;: JE J>; ;D
>7D9;C;DJ E< 8?EC7II8?E<K;B 8KHD?D= EL;H 7D: 7HEKD: J>; IJ7J?ED M>?9> =;D;H7J;I H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< ]D;CE:; F7HJ?9B;I *D
J>; EJ>;H >7D:I J>; BEM;H L7BK;I ?D J>; IKCC;H CEDJ>I 7H; C7?DBO :K; JE H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< 9E7HI;H :KIJ F7HJ?9B;I 7IIE9?7J;:
M?J> J>; ;I;HJ :KIJ 79J?L?J?;I <HEC J>; 7:@79;DJ ;I;HJ H;=?EDI (EDJ>BO C;7D L7H?78?B?JO ?D .. ?I I>EMD ?D !?= 9 M>?9> L7H?;: 8;
JM;;D \ 7D: \ 7J ;B>? M>;H;7I 7J 'K9ADEM ?J L7H?;: 8;JM;;D \ 7D: \ .. 7BIE I>EMI
7 H;B7J?L; ;D>7D9;C;DJ 7J 'K9ADEM 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? 8;JM;;D K=KIJ 7D: ;9;C8;H CEDJ>I M>?9> IK==;IJI J>; FH;I;D9; E< H;B7
J?L;BO I97JJ;H?D= D7JKH; F7HJ?9B;I 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: 78IEH8?D= F7HJ?9B;I 7J ;B>? $J ?I <KHJ>;H 9ED]HC;: M?J> J>; CEDJ>BO C;7D L7H?78?B
?JO ?D 01$ 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI !?= : L7H?;: 8;JM;;D \ 7D: \ 7J ;B>? 7D: \ 7D: \
7J 'K9ADEM $J ?I <EKD: JE 8; H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J ;B>? ?D 7BB J>; CEDJ>I 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM M>?9> 9ED]HCI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9;
E< 78IEH8?D= F7HJ?9B;I 7J ;B>?
*D EJ>;H >7D: M>;D M; 7D7BOP;: J>; JH;D:I ?D * .. 7D: 01$ L7BK;I <EH ;79> CEDJ> :KH?D= J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E:
!?= J>; * 7BIE ;N>?8?JI 7 IJHED= CEDJ>BO F7JJ;HD EL;H J>; IJ7J?EDI />; F;H?E: <HEC (7O JE K=KIJ ;N>?8?JI CEIJBO D;KJH7B JE
D;=7J?L; JH;D: ?D * J>;H; ?I 7 IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ :;9H;7I; 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? ?D * :KH?D= (7O 7IIE9?
7J;: M?J> FHEDEKD9;: FEI?J?L; JH;D:I ?D 7J 8EJ> IJ7J?EDI !KHJ>;HCEH; I?=D?<?97DJ ?D9H;7I; ?D L7BK;I 7H; E8I;HL;: ?D J>; CEDJ>
E< K=KIJ M>?9> ?I 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> 7 9EDI?:;H78B; :;9H;7I; ?D * − 7J 'K9ADEM />; H;IKBJI 7H; DEJ IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ
:K; JE B7H=; J;CFEH7B L7H?78?B?JO 7D: H;B7J?L;BO B;II DKC8;H E< :7J7 :K; JE 9BEK:?D;II *D J>; EJ>;H >7D: 7 IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ :;
9H;7I; ?D .. ?I E8I;HL;: 7J ;B>? IJ7J?ED ?D J>; CEDJ>I E< !;8HK7HO 7D: (7H9> M>?9> ?I <EKD: JE 8; 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> 7D ?D
9H;7I; ?D 01$ :KH?D= !;8HK7HO 7D: 7 :;9H;7I; :KH?D= (7H9>
Fig. 3. (EDJ>BO C;7D E< 7 * 8 9 .. 7D: : $ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? IJ7J?EDI EL;H J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: <HEC JE
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
4.4. Seasonal mean characteristics of aerosols
/>; I;7IED7B C;7D E< * .. 7D: 01$ 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I :KH?D= J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: ?I I>EMD ?D !?= 7: *I M;H;
<EKD: JE 8; H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J ;B>? :KH?D= 7BB J>; I;7IEDI 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM M?J> CEH; FHEDEKD9; :?<<;H;D9; ?D CEDIEED
Q 7D: FEIJCEDIEED Q I;7IEDI *D J>; EJ>;H >7D: L7BK;I E< M;H; H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J 'K9ADEM 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>?
:KH?D= 7BB J>; I;7IEDI M>?9> IK==;IJ H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< ]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI EL;H 'K9ADEM .F7J?7B :?IJH?8KJ?ED E< 9EBKCD7H
7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 8EJ> ?D J;HCI E< * 7D: 7H; 7BCEIJ I?C?B7H <EH M?DJ;H 7D: FEIJCEDIEED I;7IEDI 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI M>?9> ;N
>?8?J D;7HBO I?C?B7H ;C?II?ED IEKH9;I C7?DBO :EC?D7J;: 8O 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= .?D=> ;J 7B 7 $J ?I JE 8; DEJ;: >;H; J>7J J>; 7=H?
9KBJKH; 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= 7BCEIJ HKB;: J>; 7;HEIEB 9B?C7JEBE=O 79HEII J>; $" :KH?D= J>; FEIJCEDIEED F;H?E: )?D=EC87C ;J 7B
M>?B; M?DJ;H F;H?E: 9EKB: 8; 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; I>7BBEM 8EKD:7HO B7O;H 7BED= M?J> J>; ;C?II?EDI <HEC EJ>;H 8?EC7II 8KHD?D=
IEKH9;I B?A; MEE: :HO B;7L;I 7D:EH EJ>;H IEB?: M7IJ;I 8KHD?D= M>?9> 7H; CEIJBO KI;: 8O J>; F;EFB; B;7L?D= ?D J>; 9?JO IBKCI JE A;;F
J>;CI;BL;I M7HC :KH?D= J>; 9EB: M?DJ;H D?=>JI
/>EK=> J>; .. ?I <EKD: JE 8; IB?=>JBO >?=>;H 7J 'K9ADEM 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? :KH?D= 7BB J>; I;7IEDI !?= 9 ?J ?I >?=>;IJ ?D J>;
CEDIEED 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI />; C?D?CKC L7BK;I E< .. E99KH ?D FEIJCEDIEED 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I H;^;9J?D= J>; 7FF;7H7D9; E< CEH;
78IEHFJ?L; 7;HEIEB ?D J>?I I;7IED />; BEM L7BK;I E< .. ?D J>?I I;7IED C7O 8; :K; JE 7 9EC8?D7J?ED E< ?D9H;7I;: ;C?II?EDI E< 78IEHF
J?L; 7;HEIEB IK9> 7I 8B79A 97H8ED 7D: 8HEMD 97H8ED <HEC 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= 7D: BEM8EKD:7HO B7O;H >;?=>J M>?9> ?I DEJ 9ED:K9J?L; JE
7;HEIEB :?<<KI?ED #EE:7 ;J 7B ?AA?D7 ;J 7B .H?L7IJ7L7 ;J 7B !?= : H;IKBJI J>; I;7IED7B C;7D 01$ M>?9>
IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< 78IEH8?D= D7JKH; E< F7HJ?9B;I EL;H ;B>? 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM />EK=> J>; 01$ ?I <EKD: JE 8; >?=>
;IJ :KH?D= J>; FEIJCEDIEED 7D: BEM;IJ :KH?D= J>; CEDIEED F;H?E:I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?J ?I Q 7D: >?=>;H 7J
;B>? :KH?D= J>; M?DJ;H IKCC;H CEDIEED 7D: FEIJCEDIEED I;7IEDI H;IF;9J?L;BO 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM $D 7 H;9;DJ IJK:O
&7D7M7:; ;J 7B >7L; ?DL;IJ?=7J;: J>; ?CF79J E< 7 I;L;H; 7?H FEBBKJ?ED ;F?IE:; .+ :KH?D= J>; FEIJCEDIEED ED 7;HEIEB
9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I EL;H ;B>? ?D O;7H />;O <EKD: JE >7L; 7 I?=D?<?97DJ ;D>7D9;C;DJ ?D I7J;BB?J;:;H?L;: * 01$ 7D: IKH<79;
97H8ED CEDEN?:; * 9ED9;DJH7J?EDI 8O Q– :KH?D= J>; .+ -;IKBJI 7H; 7JJH?8KJ;: JE J>; E8I;HL;: BEM 7?H J;CF;H7JKH; 7D:
M?D: IF;;: 7BED= M?J> J>; >?=> H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO EL;H J>; IJ7J?ED :KH?D= J>; .+ M>?9> B;: JE J>; 7?H IJ7=D7J?ED 7D: J>KI 799KCK
B7J?ED E< BE97B 7I M;BB 7I JH7DIFEHJ;: FEBBKJ7DJI 9BEI; JE J>; IKH<79;
/E KD:;HIJ7D: J>; I;7IED7B JH;D: ?D J>; 78EL; 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B F7H7C;J;HI I;7IED7B JH;D: 7D7BOI?I E< * .. 7D: 01$ M7I
7BIE F;H<EHC;: :KH?D= J>; IJK:O F;H?E: />; I;7IED7B IJ7J?IJ?97B JH;D: 7D7BOI;I E< ;79> 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;H 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 7H; :;
F?9J;: ?D /78B; .?=D?<?97DJ ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: ?D * M7I E8I;HL;: ?D 7BB J>; I;7IEDI 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ;N9;FJ 7J 'K9ADEM ?D IKC
C;H 7D: 7J ;B>? ?D CEDIEED I;7IED M?J> H;B7J?L;BO B7H=; ?D9H;7I; ?D J>; M?DJ;H I;7IED M>?9> ?I <EKD: JE 8; CEH; FHEDEKD9;: 7J 'K9
ADEM Q 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? Q 7BIE I>EMI 7 I?=D?<?97DJ FEI?J?L; JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?D 7BB J>; I;7IEDI ;N9;FJ
?D J>; M?DJ;H -;B7J?L;BO B7H=; ?D9H;7I; ?D M7I E8I;HL;: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI :KH?D= J>; IKCC;H M>?9> ?I CEH; FHEDEKD9;: 7J 'K9
ADEM Q 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? Q EDJH7IJ?D=BO 7 :;9H;7I?D= JH;D: D;=7J?L; ?D E< Q M7I E8I;HL;: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7
Fig. 4. .;7IED7B C;7D E< 7 * 8 9 .. 7D: : $ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? IJ7J?EDI EL;H J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E:
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Table 2
.J7J?IJ?97B F7H7C;J;HI <EH J>; H;=H;II?ED 7D7BOI?I E< I;7IED7B C;7D L7BK;I E< 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? :KH?D= –
/>; IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ JH;D:I 7J J>; 9ED]:;D9; B;L;B p 7H; FH;I;DJ;: ?D ?J7B?9 ) DKC8;H E< 7L7?B78B; :7OI EL;H J>; IJK:O
F;H?E:
'K9ADEM ;B>?
(;7DNa /H;D::7O p) (;7DNa /H;D::7O p)
* DC 0.76 \0.53 0.00031 40.52 0.035 864 0.78 \0.59 0.000214 27.34 0.039 890
DC 1.49 \0.36 0.00016 10.81 0.024 864 1.43 \0.40 −0.000001 −0.07 0.026 890
.. DC 0.93 \0.02 −0.00002 −1.81 0.003 197 0.92 \0.02 −0.000012 −1.24 0.003 172
01$ 0.63 \0.42 0.00028 44.71 0.03 742 0.73 \0.46 0.000318 43.43 0.033 730
.KCC;H
* DC 0.55 \0.32 −0.000015 −3.68 0.018 1209 0.57 \0.32 0.000065 15.5 0.018 1229
DC 0.82 \0.59 0.000434 70.79 0.033 1209 0.77 \0.54 0.000303 53.02 0.03 1229
.. DC 0.92 \0.03 0.000005 0.67 0.002 774 0.92 \0.02 0.000001 0.21 0.002 803
01$ 0.42 \0.58 −0.000137 −44.07 0.035 1046 0.63 \0.60 −0.000028 −6.05 0.036 1048
(EDIEED
* DC 0.51 \0.36 0.000077 15.24 0.042 287 0.58 \0.40 −0.000059 −10.29 0.039 410
DC \ \
.. DC 0.94 \0.02 −0.000031 −3.31 0.006 61 0.93 \0.02 −0.000024 −2.58 0.004 111
01$ 0.11 \0.38 0.000051 48.62 0.026 803 0.26 \0.46 0.000174 68.27 0.032 803
+EIJ(EDIEED
* DC 0.76 \0.36 0.000305 26.83 0.029 624 0.88 \0.52 0.000283 21.5 0.04 650
DC 1.46 \0.34 −0.000163 −7.47 0.026 624 1.35 \0.40 −0.000141 −7.01 0.03 650
.. DC 0.92 \0.02 −0.000024 −1.72 0.003 155 0.91 \0.02 −0.000019 −1.37 0.003 137
01$ 0.88 \0.63 0.000696 53.29 0.056 492 1.24 \0.75 0.000576 31.11 0.067 486
J?EDI ?D FEIJCEDIEED I;7IED !KHJ>;H .. :E;I DEJ I>EM 7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; I;7IED7B 9>7D=; 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI M>;H;7I 01$
I>EM;: 7D ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?D 7BB J>; I;7IEDI ;N9;FJ ?D IKCC;H M>;D 7 :;9H;7I?D= JH;D: M?J> CEH; FHEDEKD9;:
7J 'K9ADEM 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>?
4.5. Inter-annual variability of aerosols
!?= I>EMI ?DJ;H7DDK7B L7H?78?B?JO E< C;7IKH;: 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI M?J> 9EBKCD 7CEKDJ DEHC7B?P;: JE J>;
H;IF;9J?L; L7BK;I ?D J>; O;7H N9;FJ .. 7D ?D9H;7I?D= F7JJ;HD M7I E8I;HL;: ?D * 7D: 01$ 7J J>; 8EJ> IJ7J?EDI -;B
7J?L;BO B7H=; 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= M7I E8I;HL;: 7J ;B>? 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM 7BCEIJ ?D ;L;HO O;7H !?= 7 =H7:K7B ?D9H;7I; ?D
* M7I E8I;HL;: EL;H ;B>? <HEC M?J> 7 F;7A L7BK; ?D * \ >EM;L;H 7 =H7:K7B ?D9H;7I; ?D *
M7I E8I;HL;: EL;H 'K9ADEM <HEC M?J> 7 I?C?B7H F;7A L7BK; ?D * \ />; BEM;IJ * M7I E8I;HL;:
:KH?D= \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: :KH?D= \ 7J ;B>? *D EJ>;H >7D: M7I <EKD: JE 8; H;B7J?L;BO
BEM;H 7J ;B>? 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM ?D ;79> O;7H !?= 8 M>?9> IK==;IJ;: H;B7J?L; 78KD:7D9; ?D 9E7HI;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J ;B>?
7D: ]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J 'K9ADEM M7I >?=>;IJ ?D 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?; \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: \ 7J
;B>? #EM;L;H J>; BEM;IJ M7I E8I;HL;: ?D \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ?D \ 7J ;B>? !KHJ>;H J>;
7DDK7B C;7D .. L7H?;: <HEC \ JE \ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: \ JE \
7J ;B>? IJ7J?ED #EM;L;H 01$ L7H?;: 8;JM;;D \ JE \ 7D: 7J 'K9ADEM 7D:
\ JE \ 7D: 7J ;B>?
D ?DJ;H;IJ?D=BO :?<<;H;DJ 8;>7L?EH ?I I;;D ?D J>; L7H?78?B?JO ?D 7BB J>; F7H7C;J;HI @KIJ 8;<EH; 7D: 7<J;H 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I />;
?DJ;H7DDK7B L7H?78?B?JO ?D * 7J 'K9ADEM ?I 7BCEIJ 9EDIJ7DJ J?BB 7D: 7D ?D9H;7I?D= F7JJ;HD ?I E8I;HL;: @KIJ 7<J;H #EM
;L;H L?9;L;HI7 M7I E8I;HL;: 7J ;B>? />?I ?I 7IIE9?7J;: M?J> J>; L7H?EKI ;C?II?EDI <HEC J>; ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I :K;
JE J>; C7@EH :;L;BEFC;DJ7B MEHA EL;H J>; IJ7J?EDI B?A; JH7DIFEHJ ?D:KIJH?;I 9EDIJHK9J?EDI ;J9 &?I>EH; ;J 7B $J ?I JE 8; DEJ;:
>;H; J>7J J>; C7@EH :;L;BEFC;DJ7B 79J?L?J?;I H;B7J;: JE HE7:I C;JHE 8K?B:?D=I ;J9 7J ;B>? M;H; 9ECC;D9;: ?D J>; FH;9;:?D= O;7HI
E< ECCED 2;7BJ> "7C; 2" EH=7D?P;: 7J ;B>? ?D .?C?B7HBO 7J 'K9ADEM J>; C;JHE 9EDIJHK9J?ED 79J?L?JO IJ7HJ;: <HEC
/E <KHJ>;H KD:;HIJ7D: J>; ?CF79JI E< IK9> :;L;BEFC;DJ7B 79J?L?J?;I ?D H;<;H;D9; JE J>; ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I 7J
8EJ> J>; I?J;I J>; C;7IKH;: :7J7 >7I 8;;D 7D7BOP;: ?D JME IK8F;H?E:I 8;JM;;D 7D: 7D: – ;J7?BI E< 7D7BOI?I 7H;
=?L;D ?D J>; D;NJ I;9J?ED
4.6. Comparison of aerosol characteristics during 2007–12 and 2013–17
/>; IJ7J?IJ?97B JH;D: 7D7BOI;I E< 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI 7BED= M?J> J>;?H C;7D L7BK;I :KH?D= J>; JME IK8F;H?E:I ?; – 7D:
– 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? 7H; =?L;D ?D /78B; * I>EMI 7 B7H=; ?D9H;7I; E< Q 7J ;B>? :KH?D= – 7D: Q 7J
'K9ADEM :KH?D= – M>?9> IK==;IJI ;D>7D9; BE7:?D= :K; JE J>; :EC?D7DJ ?CF79J E< L7H?EKI ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Fig. 5. $DJ;H7DDK7B L7H?78?B?JO E< 7 * 8 9 .. 7D: : $ 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? IJ7J?EDI EL;H J>; ;DJ?H; IJK:O F;H?E: />; 7DDK7B C;7D E<
* .. 7D: $ DEHC7B?P;: JE J>7J ?D <EH 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? H;=?ED
Table 3
.J7J?IJ?97B F7H7C;J;HI <EH J>; H;=H;II?ED 7D7BOI?I KI?D= :7?BO C;7D L7BK;I E< 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? :KH?D= –
7D: – />; IJ7J?IJ?97BBO I?=D?<?97DJ JH;D:I 7J J>; 9ED]:;D9; B;L;B p 7H; FH;I;DJ;: ?D ?J7B?9 ) DKC8;H E< 7L7?B78B; :7OI
EL;H J>; IJK:O F;H?E:
'K9ADEM ;B>?
(;7DNa /H;D::7O p) (;7DNa /H;D::7O p)
4;7H –
* DC 0.62 \0.37 0.00002 7.15 0.018 1635 0.67 \0.46 0.00009 30.76 0.022 1715
DC 1.12 \0.61 0.00010 20.20 0.030 1635 1.07 \0.59 0.00007 14.63 0.028 1715
.. DC 0.92 \0.02 0.00000 −0.90 0.002 739 0.92 \0.02 0.00000 −0.72 0.002 740
01$ 0.46 \0.55 0.00006 26.50 0.026 1758 0.64 \0.65 0.00012 40.07 0.030 1735
4;7H –
* DC 0.69 \0.46 0.00008 22.05 0.025 1349 0.72 \0.50 0.00003 7.00 0.026 1464
DC 1.30 \0.50 −0.00006 −9.10 0.027 1349 1.19 \0.52 −0.00006 −8.75 0.027 1464
.. DC 0.92 \0.03 −0.00001 −2.05 0.002 457 0.92 \0.02 −0.00001 −2.20 0.002 483
01$ 0.46 \0.60 0.00017 67.58 0.032 1325 0.66 \0.64 0.00017 45.94 0.035 1332
JEM7H:I J>; :;L;BEFC;DJ MEHA 7J 8EJ> J>; BE97J?EDI :KH?D= J>;I; F;H?E:I $J ?I JE 8; DEJ;: >;H; J>7J J>; C7@EH :;L;BEFC;DJ7B MEHA
M7I :ED; 7J ;B>? 8;<EH; J>; 9ECC;D9;C;DJ E< J>; 2" ?D M>;H;7I J>; C7@EH C;JHE :;L;BEFC;DJ 79J?L?J?;I M;H; 9ECC;D9;:
7J 'K9ADEM 7<J;H "KJJ?AKD:7 ;J 7B ?:;DJ?];: C7@EH IEKH9;I E< 7;HEIEB 7J ;B>? ?I J>; 9EDIJHK9J?ED 79J?L?J?;I HE7: :KIJ
FEM;H FB7DJ ;J9 :KH?D= – $D 7DEJ>;H IJK:O #EE:7 ;J 7B E8I;HL;: 7D 78KD:7D9; E< 7B9?KC 7 F7HJ?9B;I Q ?D
9E7HI; CE:; 7J 7 D;7H8O I?J; "K7B +7>7H? 7 I;C?KH87D 879A=HEKD: IJ7J?ED ?D J>; :EMDM?D: E< ;B>? 7D: 7J 78EKJ AC JE J>;
.EKJ> !KHJ>;H KI?D= +EI?J?L; (7JH?N !79JEH?P7J?ED +(! 7D7BOI?I J>;O ?:;DJ?];: J>; 78KD:7D9; E< 7 7BIE EH?=?D7J;: <HEC J>; BE97B
9EDIJHK9J?ED 79J?L?J?;I EL;H ;B>? !;M IJK:?;I >7L; 7BIE H;FEHJ;: J>; ?CFEHJ7D9; E< 9EDIJHK9J?ED 79J?L?J?;I 7I ED; E< J>; FEJ;DJ?7B
IEKH9;I <EH ]D; F7HJ?9KB7J;I >EM:>KH? 7D: "KFJ> -EIC7D ;J 7B !KHJ>;H J>; H;IKBJI ?D /78B; I>EMI 7D ?D9H;7I?D=
JH;D: ?D 7D: 01$ 8O Q Q 7D: Q Q 7J 'K9ADEM ;B>? :KH?D= J>; ]HIJ IK8F;H?E: ?; – #EM
;L;H :KH?D= J>; I;9ED: IK8F;H?E: ?; – 01$ ?I ?D9H;7I;: 8O Q 7D: Q 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? H;IF;9J?L;BO *D
J>; EJ>;H >7D: ?I <EKD: JE 8; 7 :;9H;7I?D= JH;D: 8O Q 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI :KH?D= J>; I;9ED: IK8F;H?E: M>?9> IK==;IJ 7 FEII?
8B; 9>7D=; <HEC ]D; JE 9E7HI; CE:; 7;HEIEBI $D 9EDJH7IJ JE J>; 78EL; F7H7C;J;HI .. :E;I DEJ I>EM 7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; 9>7D=;I 7J
8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?D 7DO E< J>; IK8F;H?E: />; I?C?B7H 7FFHE79> E< =HEKF?D= 7;HEIEB E8I;HL7J?EDI 7I F;H J>; 78EL; JME IK8F;H?E:I ?I
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
7FFB?;: <EH J>; <EKH :EC?D7DJ I;7IEDI 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI 7D: I>EMD ?D !?= 8BK; 8EN;I <EH – 7D: H;: 8EN;I <EH –
)E I?=D?<?97DJ I;7IED7B L7H?78?B?JO ?D 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI ;N9;FJ ?D IKCC;H M7I E8I;HL;: 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I :KH?D= J>; JME IK8
F;H?E:I ?I <EKD: JE 8; Q 7D: Q >?=>;H ?D IKCC;H 7J 'K9ADEM 7D: ;B>? H;IF;9J?L;BO :KH?D= – 7I 9ECF7H;: JE
–
$D EH:;H JE 7I9;HJ7?D J>; 78EL; ]D:?D=I J>; ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO E< 8EJ> 9?J?;I ;B>? 7D: 'K9ADEM 7H; :;L;BEF;: <EH J>; O;7H
7D: JE GK7DJ?<O J>; 9>7D=;I EH =HEMJ> E< ;C?II?EDI ?D B7IJ ]L; O;7HI />; =H?::;: ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO AC ` AC <EH
;B>? 7D: 'K9ADEM 9?JO ?I :;L;BEF;: KI?D= 8EJJECKF 7FFHE79> 7:EFJ;: 8O .7>K ;J 7B 7D: ;?= ;J 7B M>;H; J>; 79J?L?
J?;I :7J7 M;H; 9EBB;9J;: J>HEK=> 8EJ> FH?C7HO 7D: I;9ED:7HO IEKH9;I />; ;IJ?C7J;: +( ;C?II?EDI <HEC 7BB 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 IEKH9;I
EL;H ;B>? 7D: 'K9ADEM 7H; I>EMD ?D !?= />; JEJ7B +( ;C?II?EDI 7H; ;IJ?C7J;: JE 8; "=OH 7D: "=OH ?D 7D:
H;IF;9J?L;BO EL;H ;B>? #EM;L;H ?J M7I ;IJ?C7J;: JE 8; "=OH 7D: "=OH ?D 7D: H;IF;9J?L;BO EL;H 'K9
ADEM />; =HEMJ> E< ;C?II?ED ?D B7IJ ]L; O;7H EL;H ;B>? ?I <EKD: JE 8; 7I 9ECF7H; JE @KIJ EL;H 'K9ADEM 9?JO />; I;9
JEH IF;9?]9 ;C?II?EDI E< 8EJ> 9?J?;I 7H; J78KB7J;: ?D /78B; M>;H; ?J ?I <EKD: J>7J J>; H;IKIF;D:;: :KIJ :K; JE JH7DIFEHJ 79J?L?JO <EB
BEM;: 8O JH7DIFEHJ ;C?II?ED ?I ;C;H=;: 7I ]HIJ 7D: I;9ED: B7H=;IJ IEKH9;I E< FEBBKJ7DJI ?D ;B>? <EH 8EJ> J>; 87I; O;7H />; JH7DIFEHJ
79J?L?JO ?D9H;7I;I M?J> 7BB A?D: E< :;L;BEFC;DJ 79J?L?J?;I ?D 9?J?;I M>;H; >;7LO L;>?9B;I FBO ED HE7: FB7O ?CFEHJ7DJ HEB; ?D :KIJ ;C?I
I?EDI $D:KIJH?7B 79J?L?JO ?I ;C;H=;: 7I J>?H: B7H=;IJ IEKH9; <EBBEM;: 8O EJ>;H I;9JEHI M>?9> ;D9ECF7II;: C7DO IEKH9;I B?A; 8H?9A
A?BD IJH;;J L;D:EHI H;I?:K; 8KHD?D= M7IJ; 8KHD?D= 9H;C7JEH?KC " I;JI >EJ;BI ;J9 !HEC J>; !?= ?J ?I 7BIE ?:;DJ?];: J>7J J>;
;C?II?ED E< J>; EH:;H E< – "=OH ?I <EKD: EL;H IEC; H;=?EDI E< )EHJ> 7IJ;HD 7D: .EKJ> 7IJ;HD ;B>? ?D 7I 9ECF7H;: JE
– "=OH EL;H I7C; H;=?ED ?D 0DB?A; ;B>? 'K9ADEM >7I L;HO :?<<;H;DJ ;C?II?ED IEKH9;I M>;H; J>; H;I?:;DJ?7B 79J?L?JO ?I
C7?DBO :EC?D7J;: <EBBEM;: 8O EJ>;H I;9JEHI M>?9> ?I IKC KF E< J>; C7DO IC7BB I;9JEHI />?I H;IKBJI ?D H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; ?D ]D;
CE:; 7;HEIEBI M>?9> ?I 9ED]HC;: M?J> J>; E8I;HL;: ;D>7D9;C;DJ ?D 7J 'K9ADEM 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? $D 'K9ADEM J>; JH7DI
FEHJ 7D: H;IKIF;D:;: HE7: :KIJ ?I 9ECF7H7J?L;BO DEJ I?=D?<?97DJ 7I JEJ7B L;>?9KB7H :;DI?JO ?D BEM 7I 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? I 7BIE 97D 8;
I;;D ?D !?= J>7J J>; 9?JO 9;DJ;H ?; 9;DJH7B 'K9ADEM ?I >?=>BO FEBBKJ;: M>;H; J>; C7=D?JK:; E< +( BE7: ?I 7I >?=> 7I – "=
OH ?D 7D: – "=OH ?D *D; J>?D= ?I L;HO 9B;7H J>7J J>; +( BE7: EL;H ;B>? ?I D;7HBO J?C;I >?=>;H J>7D 'K9ADEM
:K; JE ;C;H=?D= 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 79J?L?J?;I EL;H J>; IJ7J?ED 7BED= M?J> J>; L?9?D?JO E< :;I;HJ 7H;7I M>?9> ?I I;;D <HEC J>; E8I;HL;:
>?=>;H 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> EL;H ;B>? 7I 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM
Fig. 6. .;7IED7B C;7D E< * $ 7D: .. 7J 'K9ADEM B;<J F7D;B 7D: ;B>? H?=>J F7D;B :KH?D= J>; JME IK8F;H?E: – 8BK; 8EN;I 7D:
– H;: 8EN;I !EH ?DJ;HFH;J7J?ED E< J>; H;<;H;D9;I JE 9EBEKH ?D J>?I ]=KH; B;=;D: J>; H;7:;H ?I H;<;HH;: JE J>; M;8 L;HI?ED E< J>?I 7HJ?9B;
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Fig. 7. .F7J?7B :?IJH?8KJ?ED E< =H?::;: AC ` AC +( ;C?II?EDI ;IJ?C7J;: ?D 7D: <EH 7 ;B>? 7D: 8 'K9ADEM
4.7. Potential implications of the study
/>; H;IKBJI E< IJK:O M>;H; CKBJ?F7H7C;J;H E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I M;H; IJK:?;: <EH JME IK8F;H?E:I IK==;IJ J>7J ?DJ;DI; :;
L;BEFC;DJ 79J?L?J?;I :E DEJ ?D:K9; .. ?D9H;7I; 9EEB?D= ;<<;9J EH :;9H;7I; M7HC?D= ;<<;9J I?=D?<?97DJBO ?D J>; H;=?ED ED 7 I97B; E<
O;7H F;H?E: #EM;L;H 8EJ> J>; 7D: .*;C?II?EDI C?=>J :;9H;7I;: :KH?D= J>; IJK:O F;H?E: + (7DE@ ;J 7B
7D: J>7J 9KHH;DJBO ;C?II?ED H;:K9J?EDI E< .*?D BEM;H JHEFEIF>;H; 7H; B7H=;H C7O 8; :K; JE KI; E< 9B;7D 9E7B ?D J>;HC7B FEM;H FB7DJI
J>7J B;7: JE B;II .* 7D: .*B;L;BI 7H; ?D 9ECFB?7D9; M?J> J>; IJ7D:7H:I J>7D J>; H;:K9J?EDI <EH !HEC J>?I 7II;IIC;DJ M; C7O
9ED9BK:; J>7J J>; H;:K9J?ED E< FH?C7HO F7HJ?9B;I IK9> 7I C7O B;7: .. ?D9H;7I; M>;H;7I J>; H;:K9J?ED E< .* 7 FH;9KHIEH E< I;9
ED:7HO F7HJ?9B; <EHC7J?ED J;D:I JE H;IKBJ ?D .. :;9H;7I; />; I?C?B7H?J?;I E< .. 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I ?D $" H;=?ED H;^;9JI 87B7D9?D= ?D
78IEH8?D= 7D:EH I97JJ;H?D= D7JKH; E< 7;HEIEBI ;C?JJ;: <HEC D7JKH7B 7D: 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 IEKH9;I 7D: ;L;DJK7BBO H;=?ED7B 9B?C7J; 7J
J>;I; I?J;I
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
Table 4
>7D=?D= JH;D: E< I;9JEH7B ;C?II?EDI E< +( EL;H ;B>? 7D: 'K9ADEM 8;JM;;D 7D:
.;9JEH+( ;B>? "=OH 'K9ADEM "=OH
/H7DIFEHJ
$D:KIJHO
+EM;H
-;I?:;DJ?7B
-;IKIF;D:;: :KIJ
*J>;HI
/EJ7B 74.14 115.17 30.06 39.50
(EH;EL;H I;9ED:7HO 7;HEIEB F7HJ?9B;I J;D: JE 8; IC7BB IE 7 :;9H;7I?D= JH;D: ?D I;9ED:7HO 7;HEIEB MEKB: 9>7D=; J>; H;B7J?L; 9ED
JH?8KJ?ED E< IC7BB JE B7H=; F7HJ?9B;I ?D J>; 7;HEIEB I?P; :?IJH?8KJ?ED 7D: C?=>J 8; J>; H;7IED E< 7 :;9H;7I?D= F7JJ;HD E< :KH?D= J>;
IK8 F;H?E: – 7J 8EJ> J>; I?J;I />; 97KI;I E< F7HJ?9B; I?P; 9>7D=; ;D9ECF7II DEJ EDBO J>; FH?C7HO 7;HEIEB ;C?II?ED 8KJ 7BIE
J>; ;C?II?ED E< I;9ED:7HO 7;HEIEB FH;9KHIEHI J>; F7HJ?9B; 9>;C?IJHO 7D: 9ED:;DI7J?ED H7J; J>; >O=HEI9EF?9 =HEMJ> J>KI M7I GK?J;
:?<]9KBJ JE 7I9;HJ7?D J>; 97KI7B?JO E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJO 9>7D=;I JE 9B?C7J; M?J> B?C?J;: 9>7H79J;H?P7J?ED E< 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I
(EIJ ?CFEHJ7DJBO ?J ?I 8; DEJ;: J>7J ;C?II?ED 9>7D=;I 97D B;7: JE CE:?]97J?ED E< J>; 7JCEIF>;H; 9>;C?IJHO 7D: J>;H; ?I 7 9EC
FB;N?JO ?D ;DL?HEDC;DJ7B FEBBKJ?ED H;=KB7J?EDI M>?9> >7L; FEI?J?L; ;<<;9JI <EH >;7BJ> 7D: J>; ;DL?HEDC;DJ 7?H FEBBKJ?ED ?I 7 FH?C7HO
97KI; E< FH;C7JKH; :;7J>I ?D CK9> E< J>; MEHB: '7D:H?=7D ;J 7B 8KJ C7O >7L; 7D 7:L;HI; ;<<;9J ED ;<<EHJI JE H;:K9; 9B?C7J;
9>7D=; $:;7BBO 787J;C;DJ FEB?9O 7?C;: 7J :;9H;7I?D= 7JCEIF>;H?9 FEBBKJ7DJ B;L;BI I>EKB: J7A; ?DJE 799EKDJ 8EJ> 9B?C7J; 7D: >;7BJ>
?CF79JI ?D $D:?7 />; ?DJ;=H7J;: KI; E< I7J;BB?J; 7D: =HEKD:87I;: E8I;HL7J?EDI 97D FHEL?:; 7 9ECFH;>;DI?L; KD:;HIJ7D:?D= E< J>; EF
J?97B 7D: C?9HEF>OI?97B FHEF;HJ?;I E< 7;HEIEB
5. Conclusions
/>; :;97:7B 7D7BOI;I E< BED=J;HC C;7IKH;C;DJI E< I7J;BB?J;:;H?L;: 9EBKCD7H * .. 7D: 01$ >7L; 8;;D 97HH?;: EKJ 7J
'K9ADEM ?D J>; 9;DJH7B 7D: 7J ;B>? ?D J>; DEHJ>M;IJ $" :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: <HEC JE />; >?=> :;97:7B C;7D *I
Q M?J> D;7HBO I?C?B7H ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: E< Q M7I E8I;HL;: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI ?D:?97J?D= >?=> 7;HEIEB BE7:?D= 79HEII J>;
$" M>?9> I>EMI I?=D?<?97DJ CEDJ>BO I;7IED7B 7D: 7DDK7B L7H?78?B?JO />; >?=> :;97:7B C;7D M?J> 7D ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D:
M7I 7BIE E8I;HL;: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI />; ?D9H;7I?D= :;97:7B JH;D: ?D ?I <EKD: JE 8; CEH; FHEDEKD9;: 7J 'K9ADEM Q 9EC
F7H;: JE ;B>? Q M>?9> IK==;IJI H;B7J?L; ?D9H;7I; ?D ]D;CE:; 7;HEIEBI 7J 'K9ADEM Q >?=>;H 9ECF7H;: JE ;B>? !KH
J>;H .. 7BIE I>EMI D;7HBO I?C?B7H :;97:7B C;7D L7BK; E< \ M>?9> :E;I DEJ I>EM 7DO 9EDI?:;H78B; 9>7D=;I 7J 8EJ> J>;
IJ7J?EDI #EM;L;H J>; :;97:7B C;7D 01$ ?I Q >?=>;H 7J ;B>? 9ECF7H;: JE 'K9ADEM M?J> ?D9H;7I?D= JH;D: 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7
J?EDI IK==;IJ?D= H;B7J?L; :EC?D7D9; E< 78IEH8?D= 7;HEIEBI EL;H ;B>? />; JH;D: ?I H;B7J?L;BO >?=>;H 7J ;B>? Q 9ECF7H;: JE
'K9ADEM Q />; :?IJ?D9J H;IKBJI M;H; E8I;HL;: <HEC J>; 7D7BOI;I :ED; ?D JME IK8F;H?E:I 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI D ?D9H;7I?D=
JH;D: E< * 7D: 01$ M>?9> 7H; Q Q Q Q Q Q 7J 'K9ADEM ;B>? IJ7J?ED :KH?D= J>; ]HIJ IK8
F;H?E: – >EM;L;H :KH?D= J>; I;9ED: IK8F;H?E: – M>?B; * 7D: ?I ?D9H;7I;: 8O Q 7D: Q
Q 7J 'K9ADEM ;B>? IJ7J?ED J>; 01$ I>EM;: 7 :;9H;7I?D= JH;D: Q 7J 8EJ> J>; IJ7J?EDI />; ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO I>EM;:
J>7J J>; =HEMJ> E< JEJ7B +( ;C?II?EDI ?D J>; B7IJ ]L; O;7HI EL;H ;B>? ?I Q :EC?D7J;: 8O J>; H;IKIF;D:;: :KIJ :K; JE JH7DIFEHJ
79J?L?JO 7I 9ECF7H;: JE @KIJ Q EL;H 'K9ADEM :EC?D7J;: 8O J>; H;I?:;DJ?7B 79J?L?JO
Author statement
&. 9ED9;FJK7B?P;: J>; ?:;7 7D: IKF;HL?I;: .& 7D: & M?J> 1+ .& 7D: &. FH;F7H;: J>; C7DKI9H?FJ & >;BF;: ?D 7D7BOP?D= J>;
I7J;BB?J; :7J7 .&. >;BF;: ?D 7D7BOP?D= J>; ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO -&# 7D: 0 FHEL?:;: 9H?J?97B <;;:879A 7D: >;BF;: I>7F; J>; C7DK
I9H?FJ
Declaration of Competing Interest
/>; 7KJ>EHI :;9B7H; J>7J J>;O >7L; DE ADEMD 9ECF;J?D= ]D7D9?7B ?DJ;H;IJI EH F;HIED7B H;B7J?EDI>?FI J>7J 9EKB: >7L; 7FF;7H;: JE
?D^K;D9; J>; MEHA H;FEHJ;: ?D J>?I F7F;H
Acknowledgements
KJ>EHI ;NFH;II J>;?H I?D9;H; =H7J?JK:; JE J>; ?H;9JEH $$/( +KD; <EH >?I ;D9EKH7=;C;DJI 7D: IKFFEHJI J>HEK=>EKJ J>; IJK:O .&
I?D9;H;BO J>7DAI JE J>; ?H;9JEH $$/( <EH FHEL?:?D= J>; D;9;II7HO ?D<H7IJHK9JKH; <79?B?J?;I 7J $$/( ;B>? H7D9> KJ>EHI 7BIE 79
ADEMB;:=; J>; KI; E< 7;HEIEB FHE:K9JI E8J7?D;: <HEC (*$. 7D: *($ ?D J>?I IJK:O KJ>EHI 7H; =H7J;<KB JE J>; JME 7DEDOCEKI H;
L?;M;HI <EH J>;?H 9EDIJHK9J?L; 9ECC;DJI 7D: IK==;IJ?EDI JE ?CFHEL; J>; C7DKI9H?FJ
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
References
B7C & &>7D - B7I9>A; / (KA>J?7H 17H?78?B?JO E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> 7D: J>;?H ?CF79J ED 9BEK: FHEF;HJ?;I ?D +7A?IJ7D % JCEI .EB/;HH +>O
–
B? ( II?H? ( 7C8KB - .;7IED7B 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> * L7H?78?B?JO KI?D= I7J;BB?J; :7J7 7D: ?JI 9ECF7H?IED EL;H .7K:? H78?7 <EH J>; F;H?E:
;HEIEB ?H ,K7B -;I –
DJKW7(7HH;HE % 79>EHHE -1 "7H9V7 +! :; !HKJEI ;J 7B ECF7H?IED E< 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> <HEC I7J;BB?J; (*$. IKD F>EJEC;J;H 7D:
8HE7:87D: FOH>;B?EC;J;H =HEKD:87I;: E8I;HL7J?EDI ?D K87 JCEI (;7I /;9> –
7D;H@;; / &KC7H ( (7BB -& ;J 7B ?H?D= ‘9B;7D 7?H ?D 9B;7D $D:?7 C?II?ED DL?HED .9? +EBBKJ -;I –
;?= " .7>K .& >EJ; ( /?AB; . (7D=7H7@ + (7D:7B ;J 7B .!->?=> H;IEBKJ?ED ;C?II?ED ?DL;DJEHO E< C;=7 9?JO ;B>? .9? -;F .!-
;B>?. $..)
;?= " .7>K .& .?D=> 1 /?AB; . .E8>7D7 . "7H=;L7 + -7C7AH?I>D7 & -7J>E: (KHJ>O . *8@;9J?L; ;L7BK7J?ED E< IJK88B; ;C?II?ED E< )EHJ>
$D:?7 7D: GK7DJ?<O?D= ?JI ?CF79J ED 7?H GK7B?JO E< ;B>? .9? /EJ7B DL?HED
?AA?D7 . D:;HIIED &?H?BBEL7 #EBCIJH7D: # /?M7H? . .H?L7IJ7L7 & ?I>J . "KIJ7<IIED S ?H GK7B?JO ?D C;=79?JO ;B>? 7<<;9J;: 8O
9EKDJHOI?:; 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= )7J .KIJ7?D – >JJFI:E?EH=I
EBB7I?D7 ( (?D= 4 -7C7IM7CO 1 DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7;HEIEBI 7D: J>; M;7A;D?D= E< J>; IEKJ> I?7D IKCC;H CEDIEED .9?;D9; –
HE9A 27=D;H )' D:;HIED ;O;HI:EH< ;J 7B ;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I ?D J>; IEKJ>;7IJ;HD 0D?J;: .J7J;I ?D IKCC;H–F7HJ I;DI?J?L?JO E<
7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> JE H;B7J?L; >KC?:?JO 7D: 7;HEIEB F7H7C;J;HI JCEI >;C +>OI –
;DIKI $DIJHK9J?ED (7DK7B <EH #EKI; '?IJ?D= 7D: #EKI?D= ;DIKI (E# "EL;HDC;DJ E< $D:?7 );M ;B>? >JJF9;DIKI?D:?7=EL?DE9KC;DJI#EKI;
B?IJ?D= D=B?I>F:<
>EM:>KH? "KFJ> & II;IIC;DJ E< F7HJ?9KB7J; C7JJ;H +( 9ED9;DJH7J?EDI 7J 7 JOF?97B 9EDIJHK9J?ED I?J; ?D 7D=7BEH; $D:?7 $DJ -;I % DL?HEDC;DJ .9?
–
>EM:>KHO . +EPP;H ;O . &B?D=CK;BB;H & ';B;?L;B: % >7D=?D= H?IA <79JEHI J>7J 9EDJH?8KJ; JE FH;C7JKH; CEHJ7B?JO <HEC 7C8?;DJ 7?H FEBBKJ?ED
8;JM;;D 7D: DL?HED -;I ';JJ >JJFI:E?EH=78
+ ?H ,K7B?JO (ED?JEH?D= C?II?ED $DL;DJEHO 7D: .EKH9; FFEHJ?EDC;DJ .JK:O <EH $D:?7D ?J?;I + J>; "EL;HDC;DJ E< $D:?7 );M ;B>? $D:?7
;O . ? "?HEB7CE ' :;97:; E< 9>7D=; ?D 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; $D:?7D IK89EDJ?D;DJ ";EF>OI -;I ';JJ ' >JJFI:E?EH=
"'
KCA7 0 &7IA7EKJ?I " !H7D9?I >78EKH;7K %+ ;J 7B />; HEB; E< J>; ?DJ;HJHEF?97B :?I9EDJ?DK?JO H;=?ED 7D: J>; >;7J BEM ?D :KIJ ;C?II?ED 7D:
JH7DIFEHJ EL;H J>; />7H ;I;HJ $D:?7 7 FH;CEDIEED 97I; IJK:O % ";EF>OI -;I –
9A /! #EB8;D ) -;?: %. K8EL?A * .C?HDEL *’D;?BB )/ .BKJIA;H $ &?DD; . 27L;B;D=J> :;F;D:;D9; E< J>; EFJ?97B :;FJ> E< 8?EC7II 8KHD?D=
KH87D 7D: :;I;HJ :KIJ 7;HEIEBI % ";EF>OI -;I –
"7KJ7C - '?K 5 .?D=> -+ #IK ) /ME 9EDJH7IJ?D= :KIJ:EC?D7DJ F;H?E:I EL;H $D:?7 E8I;HL;: <HEC (*$. 7D: '$+.* :7J7 ";EF>OI -;I ';JJ
>JJFI:E?EH="'
"7KJ7C - #IK ) '7K &( +H;CEDIEED 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?P7J?ED 7D: H7:?7J?L; ;<<;9JI EL;H J>; ?D:E"7D=;J?9 +B7?DI ?CFB?97J?EDI <EH H;=?ED7B 9B?C7J;
M7HC?D= % ";EF>OI -;I >JJFI:E?EH=%
">K:; . >7J; ( %;D7 ;?= " &KC7H - 7HJ> ( +<?IJ;H "" !7:D7L?I . +?J>7D? + +H;C7JKH; CEHJ7B?JO ?D $D:?7 :K; JE +( 7D: EPED;
;NFEIKH; ";EF>OI -;I ';JJ – >JJFI:E?EH="#
"?B;I ( #EB8;D ) /H?F7J>? .) 9A /! );M9EC8 22 .BKJIA;H $ .?D=> -+ ;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; ?D:E"7D=;J?9 FB7?D 7 C;IEI97B;
F;HIF;9J?L; <HEC J>; /$" -5 ;NF;H?C;DJ % ";EF>OI -;I
"?DEKN + +HEIF;HE %( "?BB / #IK ) 5>7E ( "BE87BI97B; 7JJH?8KJ?ED E< 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7D: D7JKH7B :KIJ IEKH9;I 7D: J>;?H ;C?II?ED H7J;I 87I;: ED
(*$. :;;F 8BK; 7;HEIEB FHE:K9JI -;L ";EF>OI -" >JJFI:E?EH=-"
"KJJ?AKD:7 .& "E;B - +7DJ + )7JKH; E< 7?H FEBBKJ?ED ;C?II?ED IEKH9;I 7D: C7D7=;C;DJ ?D J>; $D:?7D 9?J?;I JCEI DL?HED –
#EE:7 -& #OLTH?D;D + 1;IJ;D?KI ( "?B7H:ED? . .>7HC7 1+ 1?=D7J? ;J 7B JCEIF>;H?9 7;HEIEBI BE97BH;=?ED7B :?I9H?C?D7J?ED <EH 7 I;C?KH87D
7H;7 ?D $D:?7 JCEI -;I – >JJFI:E?EH=@7JCEIH;I
#EE:7 -& &?L;A7I ) *’EDDEH % E;D ( ;J 7B H?L?D= <79JEHI E< 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H J>; <EEJ>?BBI E< ;DJH7B #?C7B7O7I 87I;: ED O;7HI
9EDJ?DKEKI C;7IKH;C;DJI % ";EF>OI -;I – >JJFI:E?EH=%
#EHJED .A?DD;H .?D=> ?_;D87K=> ). *99KHH;D9; 7D: F;HI?IJ;D9; E< <KJKH; 7JCEIF>;H?9 IJ7=D7J?ED ;L;DJI B?C >7D= –
#IK ) %;ED= (% ;JJ;D>7KI;D .7O;H ( #7DI;BB - .;<JEH . #K7D= % /I7O . D>7D9;: :;;F 8BK; 7;HEIEB H;JH?;L7B 7B=EH?J>C J>; I;9ED:
=;D;H7J?ED % ";EF>OI -;I –
#K7D= % (?DD?I + >;D #K7D= 5 '?K 5 5>7E , 4? 4 O;HI %& 'ED=H7D=; JH7DIFEHJ 7D: L;HJ?97B IJHK9JKH; E< I?7D :KIJ <HEC '$+.* 7D : IKH<79;
C;7IKH;C;DJI :KH?D= + 3 % ";EF>OI -;I >JJFI:E?EH=%
$9>EAK &7K<C7D 4% -;C;H ' ';LO - "BE87B 7;HEIEB H;CEJ; I;DI?D= <HEC (*$. :L .F79; -;I – >JJFI:E?EH=@7IH
$+ B?C7J; >7D=; />; +>OI?97B .9?;D9; 7I?I EDJH?8KJ?ED E< 2EHA?D= "HEKF $ JE J>; !?<J> II;IIC;DJ -;FEHJ E< J>; $DJ;H=EL;HDC;DJ7B +7D;B ED
B?C7J; >7D=; 7C8H?:=; 0D?L;HI?JO +H;II );M 4EHA
%;J>L7 # .7J>;;I> .& .H?D?L7I7D % .;7IED7B L7H?78?B?JO E< 7;HEIEBI EL;H J>; ?D:E"7D=;J?9 87I?D % ";EF>OI -;I >JJFI:E?EH=
%
%?D= ! .?D=> -+ *FJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I E< :KIJ 7D: 9HEF 8KHD?D= ;C?II?EDI EL;H $D:?7 KI?D= =HEKD: 7D: I7J;BB?J; :7J7 .9? /EJ7B DL?HED
&7D7M7:; 1+ .H?L7IJ7L7 & -7C & IC? 17AA7H? 1 .ED? 1& 17H7FH7I7: 1 .7H7D=? 2>7J 97KI;: I;L;H; 7?H FEBBKJ?ED ;F?IE:; E< )EL;C8;H
?D );M ;B>? JCEI DL?HED
&7IA7EKJ?I " .?D=> -+ "7KJ7C - .>7HC7 ( &EICEFEKBEI +" /H?F7J>? .) 17H?78?B?JO 7D: JH;D:I E< 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H &7DFKH DEHJ>;HD $D:?7
KI?D= -*) / :7J7 − DL?HED -;I ';JJ >JJFI:E?EH=
&7IA7EKJ?I " &KC7H . .>7HC7 .?D=> -+ &>7HEB .& .>7HC7 ( .?D=> & .?D=> . .?D=> .?D=> <<;9JI E< 9HEF H;I?:K; 8KHD?D= ED
7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I FBKC; 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7D: BED=H7D=; JH7DIFEHJ EL;H DEHJ>;HD $D:?7 % ";EF>OI -;I – >JJFI:E?EH=%
&?I>EH; ) .H?L7IJ7L7 & )7D:7D # +7D:;O + =H7M7B . .?D=> ) .ED? 1& ?I>J . /?M7H? . .H?L7IJ7L7 (& 'ED=J;HC –
C;7IKH;C;DJI E< D;7HIKH<79; 7?H FEBBKJ7DJI 7J 7D KH87D BE97J?ED ?D J>; $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D % 7HJ> .OIJ .9?
&KC7H ( +7HC7H &. &KC7H (>7M?I> HE:7O ( (7BB -& 7D;H@;; / 'ED=J;HC 7;HEIEB 9B?C7JEBE=O EL;H ?D:E"7D=;J?9 FB7?D JH;D:
FH;:?9J?ED 7D: FEJ;DJ?7B IEKH9; ];B:I JCEI DL?HED –
&KC7H . .H?L7IJ7L7 & +7J>7A 1 ?I>J . /?M7H? . .KH<79; IEB7H H7:?7J?ED 7D: ?JI 7IIE9?7J?ED M?J> 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7J 7D KH87D IJ7J?ED ?D J>;
?D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D ?CFB?97J?ED JE H7:?7J?L; ;<<;9J % JCEI .EB/;HH +>O >JJFI:E?EH=@@7IJF
&KC7H . .H?L7IJ7L7 & +7J>7A 1 >7H79J;H?IJ?9I E< D;7HIKH<79; 7?H FEBBKJ7DJI 7J 7D KH87D IJ7J?ED EL;H J>; 9;DJH7B $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D (7KI7C
–
'7D:H?=7D +% !KBB;H - 9EIJ7 )%- :;O? * HDEB: - 7IK ) ;J 7B />; B7D9;J 9ECC?II?ED ED FEBBKJ?ED 7D: >;7BJ> '7D9;J –
';B?;L;B: % EKHJIEKA?:?I HY>B !?I9>;H # !K9>I # #7H:;H # #E<PKC7>7KI #EBB7D: ! (7HDE );KC7?;H ( +EPP;H />; IEKJ> I?7D
CEDIEEDFEBBKJ?ED FKCF 7D: FKH?];H .9?;D9; –
';LO - (7JJEE . (KD9>7A ' -;C;H ' .7O;H ( +7J7:?7 ! #IK ) />; 9EBB;9J?ED (*$. 7;HEIEB FHE:K9JI EL;H B7D: 7D: E9;7D JCEI
(;7I /;9> –
'E:>? )& ;;=KC .) .?D=> . &KC7H & ;HEIEB 9B?C7JEBE=O 7J ;B>? ?D J>; M;IJ;HD ?D:E"7D=;J?9 FB7?D C?9HEF>OI?9I BED=J;HC JH;D:I 7D: IEKH9;
IJH;D=J>I % ";EF>OI -;I –
S. Kumar et al. Urban Climate xxx (xxxx) 100880
(7DE@ (- .7J>;;I> .& (EEHJ>O && "E=E? (( 78K .. ;9H;7I?D= JH;D: ?D 8B79A 97H8ED 7;HEIEBI EL;H J>; $D:?7D H;=?ED ";EF>OI -;I ';JJ
– >JJFI:E?EH="'
(7E & (7 4 3?7 ' >;D 24 .>;D 34 #; /% 3K /- "BE87B 7;HEIEB 9>7D=; ?D J>; B7IJ :;97:; 7D 7D7BOI?I 87I;: ED (*$. :7J7 JCEI DL?HED
–
(?I>H7 "EO7B + );KHE<KPPO 7FFHE79> JE <EH;97IJ )*FEBBKJ7DJI 7::H;II;: JE 7?H GK7B?JO :?IF;HI?ED CE:;B EL;H ;B>? $D:?7 ;HEIEB ?H ,K7B -;I
–
(EEHJ>O && )7?H 1. 78K .. .7J>;;I> .& .F7J?7B 7D: L;HJ?97B >;J;HE=;D;?J?;I ?D 7;HEIEB FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H E9;7D?9 H;=?EDI 7HEKD: $D:?7 ?CFB?97J?EDI <EH
H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= , % - (;J;EHEB .E9 –
(EEHJ>O && .KH;I> 78K . (7DE@ (- .7J>;;I> .& K?B:KF E< 7;HEIEBI EL;H J>; $D:?7D H;=?ED ";EF>OI -;I ';JJ –
(EEHJ>O && .7J>;;I> .& .7H?D (( +7D:7O & .EKJ> I?7D 7;HEIEBI ?D F;HIF;9J?L; FH;<79; JE J>; IF;9?7B ?IIK; JCEI DL?HED – >JJFI
:E?EH=@7JCEI;DL
(O>H; " 7I 2 >;H?7D - EBB?DI 2 !7BKL;=? " ;J 7B (KBJ?CE:;B I?CKB7J?EDI E< 7;HEIEB 7D: EPED; H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= :K; JE 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 ;C?II?ED
9>7D=;I :KH?D= J>; F;H?E: JCEI >;C +>OI –
)?D=EC87C .. KCA7 0 .H?L7IJ7L7 & .ED= #% *FJ?97B 7D: F>OI?97B FHEF;HJ?;I E< 7;HEIEBI :KH?D= 79J?L; ]H; ;L;DJI E99KHH?D= ?D J>; ?D:E"7D=;J?9
+B7?DI ?CFB?97J?EDI <EH 7;HEIEB H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= JCEI DL?HED
*@>7 ) .>7HC7 &KC7H ( "?H79> $ DI7H? /0 .>7HC7 .& .?D=> ) +EPP;H "KDJ>; .. *D J>; M?:;IFH;7: ;D>7D9;C;DJ ?D ]D; F7HJ?9KB7J;
C7JJ;H 79HEII J>; $D:E"7D=;J?9 FB7?D JEM7H:I M?DJ;H .9? -;F
+7D:?J>KH7? " ?FK . 7D? && /?M7H? . ?I>J . ;L7H7 +. +?DA;H -/ ;HEIEB H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= :KH?D= :KIJ ;L;DJI EL;H );M ;B>? $D:?7 %
";EF>OI -;I >JJFI:E?EH=%
+7KBEJ ! +7ODJ;H "?DEKN + )7?A 1 #EHEM?JP '2 >7D=;I ?D J>; 7;HEIEB :?H;9J H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= <HEC JE E8I;HL7J?ED7B 9EDIJH7?DJI 7D:
H;=?ED7B C;9>7D?ICI JCEI >;C +>OI –
-7C79>7D:H7D . &;:?7 . .H?L7IJ7L7 - ;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> JH;D:I EL;H :?_;H;DJ H;=?EDI E< $D:?7 JCEI DL?HED –
-7C7D7J>7D 1 >KD= &?C ;JJ=; / K@7 ' &?;>B %/ 27I>?D=JED 2( !K , .?AA7 - 2?B: ( JCEIF>;H?9 8HEMD 9BEK:I ?C F79JI ED IEKJ>
I?7D 9B?C7J; 7D: >O:HEBE=?97B 9O9B; +HE9 )7JB 97: .9? 0 . – >JJFI:E?EH=FD7I
-7C7D7J>7D 1+% HKJP;D +% &?;>B %/ -EI;D<;B: ;HEIEBI 9B?C7J; 7D: J>; >O:HEBE=?97B 9O9B; .9?;D9; –
-;C;H ' &7K<C7D 4% /7DHU (7JJEE . >K (7HJ?DI %1 ;J 7B />; (*$. 7;HEIEB 7B=EH?J>C FHE:K9JI 7D: L7B?:7J?ED % JCEI .9?
–
-;C;H ' &B;?:C7D -" ';LO - &7K<C7D 4% /7DH; (7JJEE . (7HJ?DI %1 $9>EAK &EH;D $ 4K # #EB8;D ) "BE87B 7;HEIEB 9B?C7JEBE=O
<HEC J>; (*$. I7J;BB?J; I;DIEHI % ";EF>OI -;I >JJFI:E?EH=%
-EI;D<;B: 'E>C7DD 0 -7=7 " *’EM: &KBC7B7 ( !KPP? . -;?II;BB D:H;7; (* !BEE: EH :HEK=>J >EM :E 7;HEIEBI 7<<;9J FH;9?F?J7J ?ED
.9?;D9; –
-EI;D<;B: D:H;7; (* IC? >?D ( :; ';;KM " EDEL7D + &7>D - &?DD; . &?L;ATI ) &KBC7B7 ( '7K 2 "BE87B E8I;HL7J?EDI E<
7;HEIEB9BEK:FH;9?F?J7J?ED9B?C7J; ?DJ;H79J?EDI -;L ";EF>OI –
-EIC7D +. .7C7> ( 4KDKI & #KII7?D (-( +7HJ?9KB7J; C7JJ;H +( 7J 9EDIJHK9J?ED I?J; 7 H;L?;M $DJ % -;9;DJ /;9>DEB D= $..)
.7>K .& ;?= " +7HA>? ) DJ>HEFE=;D?9 ;C?II?ED E< +( 7D: +( <EH 7?H GK7B?JO <EH;97IJ?D= :KH?D= 9ECCEDM;7BJ> =7C;I ;B>? JCEI DL?HED
–
.7>K .& *>7H7 / ;?= " />; HEB; E< 9E7B J;9>DEBE=O ?D H;:;]D?D= $D:?7’I 9B?C7J; 9>7D=; 7=;DJI 7D: EJ>;H FEBBKJ7DJI DL?HED -;I ';JJ
.7>K .& (7D=7H7@ + ;?= " .7C7B +H7:>7D 7I> . /O7=? ,K7DJ?<O?D= J>; >?=> H;IEBKJ?ED I;7IED7B ;C?II?ED E< 7?H FEBBKJ7DJI <HEC 9HEF H;I?:K;
8KHD?D= ?D $D:?7 DL?HED +EBBKJ $D +H;II
.7J>;;I> .& (EEHJ>O && -7:?7J?L; ;<<;9JI E< D7JKH7B 7;HEIEBI 7 H;L?;M JCEI DL?HED –
.>7HC7 .H?L7IJ7L7 & -7C & .?D=> .?D=> /;CFEH7B L7H?78?B?JO ?D 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7D: ?JI H7:?7J?L; FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H +7J?7B7 DEHJ>M;IJ;HD
F7HJ E< $D:?7 ?CF79J E< 7=H?9KBJKH7B 8?EC7II 8KHD?D= ;C?II?EDI DL?HED +EBBKJ –
.?D=> ) (KH7H? 1 &KC7H ( 7HC7D . 7D;H@;; / 7 !?D; F7HJ?9KB7J;I EL;H .EKJ> I?7 H;L?;M 7D: C;J77D7BOI?I E< +( IEKH9; 7FFEHJ?EDC;DJ J>HEK= >
H;9;FJEH CE:;B DL?HED +EBBKJ –
.?D=> ) (>7M?I> ;8EK:J & .?D=> -. 7D;H@;; / 8 *H=7D?9 7;HEIEBI EL;H ?D:E"7D=;J?9 FB7?D IEKH9;I :?IJH?8KJ?EDI 7D: 9B?C7J?9 ?CFB?97J?EDI
JCEI DL?HED –
.H?L7IJ7L7 & /?M7H? . ;L7H7 +. ?I>J . .H?L7IJ7L7 (& /H?F7J>? .) "EBEK8 + #EB8;D ) +H;CEDIEED 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I EL;H J>;
?D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D ?CFB?97J?EDI JE 9B?C7J?9 ?CF79J DD ";EF>OI –
.H?L7IJ7L7 & .?D=> . /?M7H? . ?I>J . EDJH?8KJ?ED E< 7DJ>HEFE=;D?9 7;HEIEBI ?D :?H;9J H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= 7D: 7JCEIF>;H?9 >;7J?D= H7J; EL;H ;B>? ?D J>;
$D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D DL?HED .9? +EBBKJ -;I –
.H?L7IJ7L7 & .ED? 1& .?D=> . &7D7M7:; 1+ .?D=> ) /?M7H? . JJH? . D ;7HBO IEKJ> I?7D :KIJ IJEHC :KH?D= C7H9> 7D: ?JI ?CF79JI ED
$D:?7D #?C7B7O7D <EEJ>?BBI 7 97I; IJK:O .9? /EJ7B DL?HED –
.H?L7IJ7L7 & (;>HEJH7 % .?D=> .?D=> 1 ?I>J . /?M7H? . .H?L7IJ7L7 (& $CFB?97J?EDI E< :?_;H;DJ 7;HEIEB IF;9?;I JE :?H;9J H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D=
7D: 7JCEIF>;H?9 >;7J?D= H7J; JCEI DL?HED
.H?L7IJ7L7 & />EC7I #EE:7 -& &7D7M7:; 1+ #OLTH?D;D + ?I>J . /?M7H? . #EM I;9ED:7HO ?DEH=7D?9 7;HEIEBI <HEC ;B>? ?D^K;D9;
7;HEIEB EFJ?97B 7D: H7:?7J?L; FHEF;HJ?;I 7J 7 :EMDM?D: IK8KH87D I?J; EL;H ?D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D JCEI DL?HED
.H?L7IJ7L7 + ;O . .H?L7IJ7L7 & .?D=> . /?M7H? . .KFFH;II?ED E< 7;HEIEB?D:K9;: 7JCEIF>;H?9 M7HC?D= 8O 9BEK:I ?D J>; ?D:E"7D=;J?9 7I? D DEHJ>;HD
$D:?7 />;EH FFB B?C7JEB –
.H?L7IJ7L7 - /H;D:I ?D 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I EL;H .EKJ> I?7 $DJ % B?C7JEB –
.JEH;BLCE / ';?HL?A / 'E>C7DD 0 +>?BB?FI + 2?B: ( ?I;DJ7D=B?D= =H;;D>EKI; M7HC?D= 7D: 7;HEIEB 9EEB?D= JE H;L;7B 7HJ>’I 9B?C7J; I;DI?J?L?JO
)7J ";EI9? –
/>EC7I .7H7D=? &7D7M7:; 1+ -;9;DJ ?D9H;7I; ?D M?DJ;H >7PO :7OI EL;H ;DJH7B $D:?7 7D: J>; H78?7D .;7 .9? -;F –
/?M7H? . .H?L7IJ7L7 & .?D=> & #;J;HE=;D;?JO ?D FH;CEDIEED 7;HEIEB 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I EL;H J>; $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D JCEI DL?HED –
/?M7H? . .H?L7IJ7L7 & .?D=> & .?D=> . $:;DJ?]97J?ED E< 7;HEIEB JOF;I EL;H $D:E"7D=;J?9 7I?D ?CFB?97J?EDI JE EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I 7D: 7IIE9?7J;:
H7:?7J?L; <EH9?D= DL?HED .9? +EBBKJ -;I –
/?M7H? . /?M7H? . #EFA; +& JJH? . .ED? 1& .?D=> & 17H?78?B?JO ?D EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I E< 7JCEIF>;H?9 7;HEIEBI 7D: J>;?H <H;GK;D9O :?IJH?8KJ?ED
EL;H 7 C;=7 9?JO ‘);M ;B>?’ $D:?7 DL?HED .9? +EBBKJ -;I –
/?M7H? . &7IA7EKJ?I .ED? 1& JJH? . .?D=> & ;HEIEB 9EBKCD7H 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7D: J>;?H >;J;HE=;D;EKI D7JKH; EL;H 17H7D7I? ?D J>; 9;DJH7B
"7D=;I L7BB;O DL?HED .9? +EBBKJ -;I –
/ED= 4 !;D= ' .KD & /7D= % II;IIC;DJ E< J>; H;FH;I;DJ7J?L;D;II E< (*$. 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> FHE:K9JI 7J :?_;H;DJ J;CFEH7B I97B;I KI?D= =BE87B
-*) / C;7IKH;C;DJI -;CEJ; .;DI
/EHH;I * >7HJ?7 +& %;J>L7 # >D $CF79J E< J>; EPED; CED?JEH?D= ?DIJHKC;DJ HEM 7DEC7BO ED J>; BED=J;HC H;9EH: E< 7;HEIEB FHE:K9JI JCEI (;7I
/;9> –
/H?F7J>? .) ;O . >7D:;B .H?L7IJ7L7 . .?D=> -+ #EB8;D ) ECF7H?IED E< (*$. 7D: -*) / :;H?L;: 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B :;FJ> EL;H J>; "7D=7
7I?D $D:?7 DD ";EF>OI –
3?7 3 ;J 7B :L7D9;I ?D IKDF>EJEC;J;HC;7IKH;: 7;HEIEB EFJ?97B FHEF;HJ?;I 7D: H;B7J;: JEF?9I ?D >?D7 ?CF;JKI 7D: F;HIF;9J?L;I JCEI -;I
>JJFI:E?EH=@7JCEIH;I
3?ED= 3 >?7D= & .KD % 7HD;I 2' "K;DJ>;H .7BECEDIED 11 ). *. /;HH7 7D: GK7 (*$. EDEH8?J F;H<EHC7D9; :L .F79; -;I
