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Bio-Intensive Integrated Pest Management in Fruit Crop Ecosystem
Abstract and Figures
This chapter deals with integrated pest management practices used in fruit crops. The chapter begins with a
historical overview of integrated pest management in fruit crops. Pest management practices began to change in the 1800s. From the late 1800s to 1940s, the main insecticidal compounds used were oils, soaps and resins, plant derived poisons and inorganic compounds. After 1940s synthetic broad spectrum insecticides were developed. Repeated application of these pesticides led to the development of resistance in insect pests. This resistance paved way for increased application of pesticides and to the collapse of the agricultural systems characterized by highly resistant pests, with no natural enemies left to control them. This chapter throws light on the knowledge of biointensive pest management used in managing fruit pests. The prerequisites of BIPM like survey and surveillance, proper and accurate identification, sampling and pest forecasting, field monitoring and scouting, threshold level determination have been discussed. Further, the tactics such as cultural, mechanical, physical, and biological and role of host plant resistance in BIPM have also been included in the chapter. The next section presents the key pests of mango, citrus, litchi, guava, olive, apple, pear, peach and the IPM strategies used to manage these. The chapter ends by listing the measures for adoption of biointensive pest management programs and identifying future thrust areas.
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System innovation is a signature feature of agri-food system
transformation. Such system innovation often occurs in niches.
However, how the "green shoots" of transformation can be
detected and appraised through time remains ambiguous. This
paper proposes, applies and tests a framework that could be
used as a ‘transformation assessment tool’ to evaluate the level of
system innovation in a domain of change. The framework is
tested against a case study of a Non-Pesticide Management
initiative in South India. The framework helps to reveal how, over
20 years, the initiative triggered a number of system innovations
that opened a new development pathway, more aligned to
environmental sustainability, equity and social inclusion. A critical
enabling factor identified for the expansionand "blossoming" of
this green shoot was its capacity to flexibly respond and adapt
to emergent and largely unknowable agri-food systems dynamics.
In its conclusions, the paper sheds light on the ongoing tensions
around the defining benchmarks or thresholds for assessing the
‘transformativeness’ of initiatives and change processes. Finding a
way of combining qualitative assessments of system changes
with quantitative measures of social, economic, and
environmental impact could be a valuable vein of research to
enhance our understanding of transformative processes and how
to enable them.
The most important aim of the integrated management of forest insect pests remains the prevention of insect outbreaks, which are a consequence of the interaction of many factors in forest ecosystems, including species composition, age and health of the forest, soil type, the presence of natural enemies, and climatic factors. Integrated pest management until now has been achieved using measures aimed at shaping the functioning of stands in a changing environment. The aim of this review is to summarize research on the use of entomopathogens (microorganisms and nematodes) in the management of forest insect pests and to identify the principal knowledge gaps. We briefly describe the main research directions on the use of pathogens and nematodes to control insect pests and discuss limitations affecting their implementation. Research on entomopathogens for the biocontrol of forest insects has provided a wealth of knowledge that can be used effectively to reduce insect populations. Despite this, few entomopathogens are currently used in integrated pest management in forestry. They are applied in inoculation or inundation biocontrol strategies. While the use of entomopathogens in forest pest management shows great promise, practical implementation remains a distant goal. Consequently, sustainable reduction of forest pests, mainly native species, will be largely based on conservation biological control, which aims to modify the environment to favor the activity of natural enemies that regulate pest populations. This type of biocontrol can be supported by a range of silvicultural measures to increase the resilience of stands to insect infestations. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
The use of biological control agents in Integrated Pest Management programs has increased in the last decades, but may be affected by antagonistic effects generated by the accumulation of some pesticides and other chemicals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Trichogramma cordubensis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a candidate agent to control grapevine moths, when these beneficial insects are exposed to copper treatments through trophic accumulation. A generation of the host Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was reared on a diet with different concentrations of copper from Bordeaux mixture incorporated into the diet. The host eggs laid by these females were then exposed to female parasitoids. Our results showed that copper consumed by the host parental generation had no effects on the parasitism rate but had positive effects on the emergence rate and size of emerging parasitoids at the highest copper concentration. These effects of copper on parasitoids may be due to stress effects of copper on the host parental generation, linked with a trade-off between development and defenses leading to a reduced immunity in their host eggs. Another hypothesis may be that copper has been transferred into the host eggs at potentially beneficial concentrations for parasitoids due to detoxification mechanisms of the hosts’ mothers facing a chemical stress. These positive effects of copper pesticides on parasitoids have been observed at the highest copper concentration, consistent with real exposure conditions in the field. This study thus highlights potential synergetic effects between pesticides and natural enemies.
Malathion, a pesticide used to control pests in crops, vegetables, fruits, and livestock. Its widespread and indiscriminate usage has ensued in different ecological issues, thus, it’s vital to remediate this insecticide. Malathion degrading bacterium Bacillus sp. AGM5, isolated from pesticide contaminated agricultural field was cultured in presence of different malathion concentrations under aerobic and energy restrictive conditions and was found effective at malathion degradation. Recovered malathion was extracted based on QuEChERS approach and then analyzed by UHPLC. About 39.5% of malathion biodegradation was observed at 300 µlL⁻¹ after 96 h of incubation with the tested bacteria which increased to 58.5% and 72.5% after 240, and 360 h of incubation, respectively. To further enhance malathion biodegradation, the effects of co-substrates, pH, temperature, initial malathion concentration, agitation (rpm), and inoculum size were evaluated using Taguchi methodology. Taguchi DOE’s ability to predict the optimal response was established experimentally via optimised levels of these factors (glucose-0.1%, yeast extract-0.1%, inoculum size-2% wv⁻¹, malathion concentration 300 µlL⁻¹, rpm-150, pH-7, temperature 40 °C), whereby biodegradation rate was enhanced to 95.49% after 38 h. Confirmation of malathion biodegradation was performed by UHPLC, Q-TOF–MS, GC–MS analysis and a possible degradation pathway was proposed for malathion biodegradation. First order kinetic model was appropriate to describe malathion biodegradation. The Taguchi DOE proved to be viable tool for optimizing culture conditions and analysing the interactions between process parameters in order to attain the best feasible combination for maximum malathion degradation. These results could influence the development of a bioremediation strategy.
Graphical abstract
The greenhouse cucumber pests, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), are major threats to the production of greenhouse cucumbers (Cucurbitaceae) in Lebanon. The development of insecticide resistance by these pests has prompted the use of alternative and sustainable pest management strategies. In this study, we used integrated pest management strategies, including the release of the biological control agents, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), to control whitefly, thrips, and two-spotted spider mite populations on greenhouse cucumber plants in two commercial production sites (sites A and B). We also compared the efficacy of pest population suppression using the integrated pest management strategy with that of chemical pest control. Our results show that biological control effectively maintains the cucumber pest populations below the economic threshold when coupled with additional integrated pest management measures. In addition, we show that biological control agents were equally or more effective in pest population suppression compared to eight and 12 insecticidal and acaricidal sprays performed in the control greenhouses at sites A and B, respectively. Altogether, our results show the efficacy of adopting integrated pest management and biological control for pest population suppression in greenhouse cucumber production under Mediterranean environmental conditions.
Wheat (T. aestivum) is one of the key food grain crops and is a prominent source of calories and proteins globally. In addition to mushrooming population and rising abiotic stresses in this ongoing climate change era, biotic stresses pose a great threat to wheat production over the globe. Fungal diseases such as rusts, mildew, along with pests like aphid, hinder the potential yield performance of the elite wheat cultivars to a huge extent. The complex nature of plant-parasite interactions is shown to be the decisive factor for the ultimate resistance expression in wheat. However, the advancement of molecular genetics and biotechnology enabled the replacement of the tedious, time and resource consuming cytogenetic analyses of locating APR and ASR genes using molecular mapping techniques. Continuous efforts have been made to mine resistance genes from diverse genetic resources such as wild relatives for combating these diseases and pests, which are repositories of R genes. Additionally, they offer a promising source of genetic variation to be introgressed and exploited for imparting biotic stress tolerance in cultivated wheat. Though just a handful of R-genes are cloned and molecularly characterized in wheat so far, more than 350 resistance genes for various diseases have been identified and successfully introgressed into elite varieties around the globe. Modern genomics and phenomic approaches coupled with next-generation sequencing techniques have facilitated the fine-mapping as well as marker aided selection of resistance genes for biotic stress resistance wheat breeding.
Background
The New World Screwworm fly (NWS), Cochliomyia hominivorax , is an ectoparasite of warm-blooded animals and a major pest of livestock in parts of South America and the Caribbean where it remains endemic. In North and Central America it was eradicated using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). A control program is managed cooperatively between the governments of the United States and Panama to prevent the northward spread of NWS from infested countries in South America. This is accomplished by maintaining a permanent barrier through the release of millions of sterile male and female flies in the border between Panama and Colombia. Our research team demonstrated the utility of biotechnology-enhanced approaches for SIT by developing a male-only strain of the NWS. The strain carried a single component tetracycline repressible female lethal system where females died at late larval/pupal stages. The control program can be further improved by removing females during embryonic development as larval diet costs are significant.
Results
The strains developed carry a two-component system consisting of the Lucilia sericata bottleneck gene promoter driving expression of the tTA gene and a tTA-regulated Lshid proapoptotic effector gene. Insertion of the sex-specifically spliced intron from the C. hominivorax transformer gene within the Lshid gene ensures that only females die when insects are reared in the absence of tetracycline. In several double homozygous two-component strains and in one “All-in-one” strain that had both components in a single construct, female lethality occurred at the embryonic and/or first instar larval stages when raised on diet without tetracycline. Laboratory evaluation for phenotypes that are relevant for mass rearing in a production facility revealed that most strains had fitness characteristics similar to the wild type J06 strain that is currently reared for release in the permanent barrier. Testing of an “All in one” strain under mass rearing conditions showed that the strain maintained the fitness characteristics observed in small-scale rearing.
Conclusions
The early female lethal strains described here could be selected by the NWS Control Program for testing at large scale in the production facility to enhance the efficiency of the NWS eradication program.
Ensuring adequate food availability to an increasing world population constitutes one of the biggest challenges faced by humankind. Scientific and technological advances in food production during the last century enabled agriculture to cope with the con-comitant increase in food demand. For example, cereal yields have more than doubled from a global average of 1.5 metric tons per hectare in the 1960s up to 3.2 metric tons per hectare in 2018. This was made possible by the work in different research fields such as agronomy, engineering, and plant sciences, showing that an inter and multidisciplinary approach is indispensable for significant progress. This manuscript is aimed at generating reflexion and analysis about the challenges that agriculture faces at present to satisfy projected food demands, which implies a further doubling of food production by 2050, according to the latest estimates. Relevant issues related to food production (climate change, pollution of water and soils by pesticides and fertilizers, loss of germplasm and biodiversity) are discussed and potential solutions to achieve food security in quantity and quality are reviewed, mainly from the plant breeding and crop-production perspectives, always associated with environmental health preservation and improvement. A broad transdisciplinary effort is needed to increase the impact of science and technology to provide more people with healthier and safer food, produced in a sustainable way. Nonetheless, science and technology alone will not succeed to meet those challenges. Education and knowledge transfer strategies are needed to guarantee responsible production and consumption everywhere , therefore allowing the benefits of scientific and technological progress reach the world population. Simultaneously, adequate action by regulatory authorities and governments concerted at international level, with thorough application of the Precautionary Principle, and aiming at environmental and social justice are imperatively required to meet the challenge and achieve the goal. KEYWORDS
climate change, food security, genetic erosion, integrated pest management, mycotoxins, watersaving agriculture
Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Exomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Rutelidae) (Oriental beetle) for the EU. Larvae feed on the roots of a variety of hosts including most grasses and many vegetable crops. Maize, pineapples, sugarcane are among the main host plants. Larvae are particularly damaging to turfgrass and golf courses. The adults feed on flowers and other soft plant tissues (e.g. Alcea rosea, Dahlia, Iris, Phlox and Rosa). Eggs are laid in the soil. Larvae feed on host roots and overwinter in the soil. Adults emerge from pupae in the soil in May‐June and are present for about 2 months. E. orientalis usually completes its life cycle in 1 year although individuals can spend two winters as larvae. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex IIA) regulates E. orientalis. The legislation also regulates the import of soil attached to plants for planting from third countries; therefore, entry of E. orientalis eggs, larvae and pupae is prevented. E. orientalis is native to Japan or the Philippine islands. It is also found in East Asia and India, Hawaii and north‐eastern USA. It is assumed to have reached USA via infested nursery stock. Plants for planting (excluding seeds) and cut flowers provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. E. orientalis has been intercepted only once in the EU, on Ilex crenata bonsai. Climatic conditions and the availability of host plants provide conditions to support establishment in the EU. Impacts on maize, grassland and turfgrass would be possible. There is uncertainty on the extent of the impact on host plants which are widely commercially grown (e.g. maize) Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. E. orientalis satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. Of the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated non‐quarantine pest, E. orientalis does not meet the criterion of occurring in the EU.
A series of hydrazide-hydrazones 1–3, the imine derivatives of hydrazides and aldehydes
bearing benzene rings, were screened as inhibitors of laccase from Trametes versicolor. Laccase is a copper-containing enzyme which inhibition might prevent or reduce the activity of the plant pathogens that produce it in various biochemical processes. The kinetic and molecular modeling studies were performed and for selected compounds, the docking results were discussed. Seven 4-hydroxybenzhydrazide (4-HBAH) derivatives exhibited micromolar activity Ki = 24–674 μM with the predicted and desirable competitive type of inhibition. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that a slim salicylic aldehyde framework had a pivotal role in stabilization of the molecules near the substrate docking site. Furthermore, the presence of phenyl and bulky tert-butyl substituents in position 3 in salicylic aldehyde fragment favored strong interaction with the substrate-binding pocket in laccase. Both 3- and 4-HBAH derivatives containing larger 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl- or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-benzylidene unit, did not bind to the active site of laccase and, interestingly, acted as non-competitive (Ki = 32.0 μM) or uncompetitive (Ki = 17.9 μM) inhibitors, respectively. From the easily available laccase inhibitors only sodium azide, harmful to environment and non-specific, was over 6 times more active than the above compounds.
The time of flushing and flowering phases of cashew fall in winter (November to February) during which the night temperature plays a major role in incidence of pest population. It is observed that the minimum temperature had a significant negative correlation with pest population and it varies between 10 and 24°C across the cashew tract of the West Coast including "Maidan areas" of Karnataka (highranges). It is also revealed that the pest population was low under the cold weather conditions (< 10°C of minimum temperature) coupled with minimum temperature above 24°C. The pest population was low to moderate (4-8/q/tree) when Tmin between night temperature 12 and 15°C and 22 and 24°C. The pest population was high when the night temperature was between 15 and 22°C. No variety is tolerant to pest infestation. The pest population was high at Pilicode as the night temperature range varied between 17 and 20°C for most of the days from December to February when compared to that of Madakkathara. The prediction equations were derived through multiple regression analysis based on pooled data for all the three years with respect to the pest population and the variance is very high at Pilicode and thus the equations can be used for field operations under the integrated pest management.
The genus's range extends from the southern US to northern Argentina and includes most of the Caribbean Islands. There are 184 described Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Most are poorly known biologically, and knowledge is basically restricted to seven economically important species: fraterculus, grandis, ludens, obliqua, serpentina, striata, and suspensa. This review emphasis recent advances in phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution, host-plant relationships, demography, population genetics, behavioral ecology, and some new control methods and management approaches. -from Author