Torkild Bakken

Norwegian University of Science and Technology | NTNU · NTNU University Museum

Here, we characterise the standard “Folmer region” of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) marker and a fragment of nuclear 28S marker in four species of the Jaera albifrons complex. Jaera albifrons (Leach, 1814), Jaera ischiosetosa Forsman, 1949, Jaera praehirsuta Forsman, 1949, and Jaera forsmani Bocquet, 1950 were collected fro...

The Prionospio complex comprises the most diverse and complex group within the polychaete family Spionidae. The phylogenetic relationships within the group are still poorly understood, and the generic breakdown is unstable. In this study, we assessed the diversity, relationships, and distribution of species of the Prionospio complex occurring in No...

Loki’s Castle Vent Field (LCVF, 2300 m) was discovered in 2008 and represents the first black-smoker vent field discovered on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR). However, a comprehensive faunal inventory of the LCVF has not yet been published, hindering the inclusion of the Arctic in biogeographic analyses of vent fauna. There is an urgent need to u...

Nereididae is among the most familiar of marine annelid families, common and well-studied in most marine environments but paradoxically no recent key or identification guide exists to the world’s genera. Here we provide updated generic descriptions, a list of characters, a linear key to genera and minimal diagnoses that distinguish each genus from...

Nereididae is among the most familiar of marine annelid families, common and well-studied in most marine environments but paradoxically no recent key or identification guide exists to the world’s genera. Here updated generic descriptions, a list of characters, a linear key to genera, and minimal diagnoses that distinguish each genus from all others...

In the present contribution we report, for the first time, records of the nudibranch Zelentia ninel from Norway. The species is previously known only from the Barents Sea coast in northern Russia where it was described for the first time in 2017. Records of Z. ninel from six different localities in northern Norway from 2019–2023 are presented and d...

We demonstrate the application of the multilevel organismal diversity approach using the example of the nudibranch trinchesiid genus Diaphoreolis. For the first time, fine-scale morphological, genetic, and phylogeographic data are presented for all known species of the genus Diaphoreolis. One of the significant results of the present study and anal...

One new species of the genus Dendronotus (Nudibranchia: Dendronotidae) is described from Norway and Northern Ireland, as well as from the adjacent North Sea, and one new subspecies of Dendronotus arcticus is described from Norway by applying a combination of fine-scale morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. The present case demonstrates mul...

Morphologically similar species are often overlooked but molecular techniques have been effective in signalling potential hidden diversity, boosting the documentation of unique evolutionary lineages and ecological diversity. Platynereis dumerilii and Platynereis massiliensis are part of a recognised species complex, where differences in the reprodu...

Climate change has dramatic impacts on ecological systems, affecting a range of ecological factors including phenology, species abundance, diversity, and distribution. The breadth of climate change impacts on ecological systems leads to the occurrence of fingerprints of climate change. However, climate fingerprints are usually identified across bro...

Updated Gblocks link: http://phylogeny.lirmm.fr/phylo_cgi/one_task.cgi?task_type=gblocks; Updated ABGD link: https://bioinfo.mnhn.fr/abi/public/abgd/abgdweb.html; Past molecular studies using mtDNA sequences and alloenzymes signalled the existence of at least two cryptic species within the Hediste diversicolor morphotype, in European coasts. Howe...

The nudibranch genus Doto is taxonomically problematic in particular, and some species are described on the notion of strict monophagy. Here we perform species delimitation on NE Atlantic species, as well as placing them phylogenetically, using two markers: the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear H3. We also study the morphology of the species includ...

To investigate the conspecificity of different morphotypes of Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804) (type species of genus Jorunna Bergh, 1876), we studied specimens sampled from across part of the geographical distribution of the species, using a combination of morphoanatomical characters and molecular phylogenetics. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phy...

Using molecular markers and species delimitation analyses, a high diversity of bi-tentaculate Cirratulidae was discovered from the NorthEast Atlantic. Five new species are described: Chaetozone pseudosetosa sp. nov., Chaetozone quinta sp. nov., Chaetozone barentsensis sp. nov., Chaetozone monteverdii sp. nov., and Chaetozone chambersae sp. nov. Sev...

The completeness of reference libraries is often a limiting factor in the effectiveness of biomonitoring using molecular tools. The fact that these libraries are often built upon Sanger sequencing can create a substantial bias due to poor primer fits and unoptimized lab protocols. Some taxa of marine macroinvertebrates are known to be notoriously d...

Cuthonella Bergh, 1884 is of one of the most neglected nudibranch groups, with a long history of taxonomic confusion with other aeolidacean genera. Owing to its predominantly Arctic distribution with cold water, its species are difficult to find and to collect, and thus to describe. In this study we revise the genus by presenting molecular and morp...

Natural history collections constitute an enormous wealth of information of Life on Earth. It is estimated that over 2 billion specimens are preserved at institutions worldwide, of which less than 10% are accessible via biodiversity data aggregators such as GBIF. Moreover, they are a very important resource for eco‐evolutionary research, which grea...

This study is about seven individuals of Botrucnidifer norvegicus Carlgren, 1912 (Anthozoa, Ceriantharia) that were attached to a stony deep-sea coral, Desmophyllum pertusum Linnaeus, 1758 (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). They were collected during surveys at Agdenes, Trondheimsfjord. We included photographs of live specimens, discussed the implications o...

A synoptic review of the family Dendronotidae is presented based on morphological and molecular data. Three genera are recognized: Dendronotus , Pseudobornella , and Cabangus gen. nov. Two new Dendronotus species are described, D. yrjargul sp. nov. and D. nordenskioeldi sp. nov., which reveal fine-scale differences. Dendronotus yrjargul sp. nov. fr...

The Mohn’s Treasure, described as an inactive sulfide mound, was discovered at 2,600-m depth on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) in 2002. In 2015, we conducted the first biological survey of Mohn’s Treasure using remotely operated vehicle (ROV) photo transects and sampling. This site is covered by a thick layer of fine sediments, where hard substr...

The polychaetes of the family Cirratulidae (Annelida) are common inhabitants in continental shelf benthic environments and considered an important group of organisms in environmental monitoring surveys. The family represents a taxonomic and systematic challenge, as monophyly of genera and evolutionary relationships within the family remain to be ex...

This study reports on the fauna found in/on tubes of 10 species of Ceriantharia and discusses the characteristics of these occurrences, as well as the use of mollusc shells in ceriantharian tube construction. A total of 22 tubes of Ceriantharia from Argentina, Brazil, Japan, Norway, Portugal and the United States were analysed, revealing 58 species...

Detailed morphological study of more than 2600 North East Atlantic (NEA) sphaerodorids (Sphaerodoridae, Annelida) and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of representatives of several identified morphospecies enforced changing the current systematic classification within the family, allowed the discovery of new species, provided new information...

Background Long-bodied sphaerodorids (Annelida, Sphaerodoridae) is the common name for members of the three closely and morphologically homogenous currently accepted genera of benthic marine bristle worms: Ephesiella , Ephesiopsis and Sphaerodorum . Members of this group share the presence of two dorsal and longitudinal rows of macrotubercles with...

Alitta virens species complex encompasses elongate nereidids appreciated commercially both in the fishing and aquaculture industries. This complex has been well studied in biological and ecological terms. Nevertheless, detailed taxonomic analyses have scarcely been addressed, to the extent that only a few species in the complex have been recognized...

Macrobioerosion is a common process in marine ecosystems. Many types of rock-boring organisms break down hard substrates, particularly carbonate rocks and calcareous structures such as dead corals and shells. In paleontology, the presence of rocks with boreholes and fossil macroboring assemblage members is one of the primary diagnostic features of...

Supplementary Information File: Supplementary Table 1. Hydrochemical characteristics of a water sample (no. 114W*) from the freshwater bioerosion site at the Kaladan River, western Myanmar. Supplementary Table 2. Mineral composition (%) of the rock substrate of the rock-boring bivalves from the Kaladan River. Supplementary Table 3. Chemical comp...

We investigate mitochondrial (COI, 16S rDNA) and nuclear (ITS2, 28S rDNA) genetic structure of North East Atlantic lineages of Terebellides, a genus of sedentary annelids mainly inhabiting continental shelf and slope sediments. We demonstrate the presence of more than 25 species of which only seven are formally described. Species boundaries are det...

ITS2x-all.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with all 402 ITS2-sequences, aligned with X-INS-i in MAFFT. (NEX)

CONCATs.nex. Concatenated alignment, in nexus-format of COI, 16S rDNA, ITS2x, 28S rDNA, including specimens with data from three of the four genetic markers. (NEX)

CONCATnucls_ML.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Maximum Likelihood on nuclear data only, with salsa-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

COI_TCS_log.rtf. Log-file from the TCS-analysis on COI-all. (RTF)

COI_GMYC_code_nodes.pdf. Topology from the GMYC-analysis on COI-unique with node numbers. (PDF)

ITS2x_GMYC_log.rtf. Log-file from the GMYC-analysis on ITS2s. (RTF)

ITS2s_GMYC_code_nodes.pdf. Topology from the GMYC-analysis on ITS2s with node numbers. (PDF)

ITS2s_GMYC_support.xls. Support-values for nodes from the GMYC-analysis on COI. (XLS)

STACEY_log.txt. Log-file from STACEY analysis on the COI_and_ITS2s data set. (TXT)

Distances_ITS2s.xlsx. Uncorrected distances from ITS2s data set. (XLSX)

COI-unique.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with the unique 271 COI-sequences. (NEX)

CONCATx.nex. Concatenated alignment, in nexus-format, of COI, 16S rDNA, ITS2s, and 28S rDNA, including specimens with data from three of the four genetic markers. (NEX)

CONCATmito_ML.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Maximum Likelihood on mitochondrial data only. (TRE)

CONCATnucls_BI.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Bayesian inference on nuclear data only, with salsa-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

CONCATnuclx_ML.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Maximum Likelihood on nuclear data only, with xinsi-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

ITS2x_TCS_log.rtf. Log-file from the TCS-analysis on ITS2x-all. (RTF)

COI_GMYC_support.xls. Support-values for nodes from the GMYC-analysis on COI-unique. (XLS)

ITS2s_GMYC_log.rtf. Log-file from the GMYC-analysis on ITS2s. (RTF)

Uniqhaplo.pl. Pearl script originally downloaded from the web page of Dr. Naoki Takebayashi at University of Alaska Fairbanks (Department of Biology and Wildlife). (PL)

COI-all.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with all 462 COI-sequences. (NEX)

ITS2x-unique.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with the unique 136 ITS2-sequences, aligned with X-INS-i in MAFFT. (NEX)

ITS2s-unique.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with the unique 136 ITS2-sequences, aligned with RNAsalsa. (NEX)

ITS2s-all.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, with all 402 ITS2-sequences, aligned with RNAsalsa. (NEX)

COI_and_ITS2s.nex. Alignment, in nexus-format, including specimens with both COI and ITS2-data, used in the STACEY analysis. (NEX)

CONCATnuclx_BI.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Bayesian inference on nuclear data only, with xinsi-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

CONCATs_ML.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Maximum Likelihood on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set, with salsa-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

CONCATs_BI.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Bayesian inference on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set, with salsa-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

COI_GMYC_log.rtf. Log-file from the GMYC-analysis on COI-unique. (RTF)

ITS2x_GMYC_support.xls. Support-values for nodes from the GMYC-analysis on COI. (XLS)

Specimen list. List of sequenced specimens with voucher specification, site ID (see Table 1), sequence ID, and GenBank accession numbers. (DOCX)

CONCATmito_BI.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Bayesian inference on mitochondrial data only. (TRE)

CONCATx_ML.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Maximum Likelihood on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set, with xinsi-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

CONCATx_BI.tre. Resulting tree with support values, using Bayesian inference on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set, with xinsi-aligned ITS2-sequences. (TRE)

ITS2s_TCS_log.rtf. Log-file from the TCS-analysis on ITS2s-all. (RTF)