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Adaptive Servoventilation in Treatment of Sleep-disordered Breathing

Authors:

Abstract

Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) monitors ventilation on a breath-by-breath basis and adjusts output to maintain set goals. Several different algorithms for monitoring, targeting, and sustaining ventilation have been developed and clinically tested. This article serves as a review of the operating characteristics, clinical use, and effectiveness of ASV. We first review the technical aspects of the available devices, and then the results of clinical trials in different patient populations. Whether volume or flow-targeted, ASV improves most measures of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with central sleep apnea (CSA) or Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern (CSBP) related to congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, treatment-emergent central sleep apnea syndrome, opioid-related CSA, and with idiopathic central sleep apnea as well.
Adapve servovenlaon in treatment of sleep-
disordered breathing
Tomasz J. Kuzniar, MD
Division of Pulmonary and Crical Care Medicine
NorthShore University HealthSystem
2650 Ridge Avenue
Evanston, IL 60201
Phone: 847-570-2714
Fax: 847-733-5109
E-mail: tk@medycyna-snu.pltkuzniar@northshore.org
Timothy I. Morgenthaler, MD.
Center for Sleep Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Crical Care Medicine
Mayo Clinic
200 First Street
Rochester, MN
Phone: 507-284-4348293-1031
Fax: 507-266-7772
E-mail: tmorgenthaler@mayo.edu
Glossary/Nomenclature:
 
 
 

  ! 
 "
 
 #$
%% !
%% !"
% !"
& 

% "'
( "
)%* +
)% +'
,- !!
, 
,-!
,-!
 
.%    
Synopsis
/0 
' 12  3
31.
"33
2145"3
214 
6"3   
"/0#$/0
"'3 !  
 33"
"1
Background
Control of venlaon
 #
 1&
  3
3 2 ,-
,-""17879. "#
3 3",-3
3 #
1-8-9
)# #3
 1)3  
  31( "
3: #
:3" ""3  
 1;8;9.<
   1  "
""    
  13
 """" 3  
   1
.   
 1.controller gain /)= 0
,-1    
  3<< 
1.plant gain5,-/ 0
/)= 013#
# 1;8;93
 " 3 
   3> 
3#>" "
    1
#$/03 /0
:="
<"/0
#36 1?3@8?3@9
! 3A8A9! 3B8B9
"C8C9&3
 23#13"
/0/701
Adapve servo mechanism
( #3  
#5
 1  #
" 1 ! 
    
D""3  
$3"E"
3  $3
""1(   
""! D"3
    
""3 F
1
.GH 
'1I#3"
3  5   
GH3   3
1  2
GH1
4"5 
  J8J93"
:#$1( 
/!36"=
03! :: 3"
 1.
/03
  :1. 1
1.
3"!"1("!
/ !  07K37787K37793
!"3"
"   "
1
Available models of adapve servovenlaon
"5
7JJK3&$3 1?8?9
3 3 
3 !  
/"01 
>&L3&4 L.
1.5 #"
7-87-9/&L3*303 #%
 -132?
& /B3C3J3>7K01."
 &/L30
"&  ,M /(3" 
D((87;93(0117;87?9
,L,& 4 L./ 3
N 03"I3
,L,&1.
3> &7?I187@9
 /0*"1."
"" 
#3"1
AirCurve 10 ASV VPAP-AdaptSV
&LO"5%
#7JJJ -1("I
-KK;87A9* -KK@
1187B9.7K
/ #7K4%0E
3! ! "
/ 32 5 ! !/7K7@@ -,
 -K-@ -,303%"1
17K -,0/-@ -,1-K -,01
.".71. @?1AH!J7K1CKH
!77@1@JH/7?-77A !-?C-@@ !-J;7@K 0"C-17;B@/;71-@1B
#0"J1-?/?1-#0" 51(
/0"/0 
 ""6",-7@)= 17-87-9
7K?>-@ -,1
 # 
 187-9
Terminology
%!"/%%%0"7K
 "!/%%0 
<!"/%01
7K"
3" / > !0 
13 
/GH03"
1
Algorithm
. 5O1.
#O  ; 
 1.3   
JKP13
3O 
1.7K#O"
!  E5; 
"  37@
= 1*3"O
" 37@= 
1%%%3"
G"H6"11(
3 G""H1
7K#O"3 3
!6"E
1/-0
Titraon
." D1( 3
%!%31( 
3> ; -, !
7@ -,1(""3  
#%%%   ? -,1. ! 
7K-@ -,1. 
"1
4 3*
3$ 
%%%3"#E
 3%%%FK- -,"
143
1.  "?K
:%%%F1+
 3 
3"%%%1
I 3 53 
 $ 1.'!
""33
3!1
Compliance tracking
7KQ
*"    
 +"3"""
6" L&)#1
BIPAP autoSVBIPAP autoSV Advanced
&O3(3"
-KK?87C9I*
 -KKB1187J9("& M 
 ,1.  "
 E ("#
GHF3"" 17@8-K94
(3(  1
..717;8-79.
 J1B@!A1A-@!?1?/-?C !7AC !77- 0"?1-
/71C#0" 51(?;K -,
/"!'?-@ -,01&#
3   1.
 # 3 "#
"/3"0 #1
Terminology
("
  3 !"
/%0#  /( 0 ! 
"/( !01
Algorithm
. 5O1.
   6"1 
! 3#6" 
 # 6"1)#
    3
 36"#1I /&
!3&!3!0$ #
6"3 6" 3
"17A8--9
Titraon
.  F%"
#"1L 
%331
L! 7K -,( 1
.  -K 
'  1+ 3"3%
7 -,E (%/GH03
( ( !  1(
( !3 
- -,1(3 
 F#7K= -= "O
1
Compliance tracking
(<"  #" 
&1
BIPAP autoSV Advanced
(-KKJ3& 
3(1.( 
%"#" (
/017;8-;9(""
"/,0! 1.
('!"
/%01
.".7 (
1. BH!@1@H!?H/7CK !7?K !7KK 0";
/71;A#01("#" 5:1(
/0"
/0 ?>;K -,18-?9."
2( ((2
!"!
#" & 36!1%!
 G7HG;H3"
!1
Terminology
( (!!
%(31 (
 (3(
  14!
"%3""
! %D   ! 
/  !05' 1
Algorithm
. 5O1.
   6"1 
! 3#6" 
 # 6"1)#
    3
 36"#1I /&
!3&!3!0$ #
6"3 6" 3
"17@. 5
O1(3
  6"1.
"/G"H017;8-@9(%
"3" 
  1/-0
Titraon
.F(
"1(R7K -,"<
3  
% ? -,/F"
!01( S7K
 -,3% AC -,18-A9L! 
%7@ -,3 K -,3 !7@ -,13
! ;K -,3#
36!-;3 17A
*(3
<"' "1
 O3
 3% 
 1." 
 1( !  
33 ! 
- -,1 #
? -,13 #3
  F    C7K= 
-"O"EF 71-
 17B8-A9
Compliance tracking
 (3(<"
 *=="    #
%"+"1
SOMNOvent CR
,L,&/4 L.3 3N 0
I1"
-KKB18-B9.".717C8-B9(3
,L,& (3 
'!"/%%0"
/GH0 
1)#3<"#1.
  #",L,&3
 # 1
..71,L,&
7-1A!B17!;1@/;-K !7CK !JK 0"B1@/;1?#0
"B1J;/;1A#0" 51(3
 3 1.!
!7B -, ! -K -,1
Terminology
. 5D%3(3!
"/%%03 "
 !1I 3%
!!3"%%
"!1
Algorithm
 O 3 
 #6"' 1
,%%E3
"  3%%
<G H 17C8-B9(
 3 3""" 1
. !"
 (%1. 
1 3 %%% 
1. 
2"(%/01(3
"#3"  1(3
K -,3
 1( 3  3
"- -,14  3
# "CKP
:1
Titration
."G:H3" 
O 1*$ 
1.#'3
 53' 7KP
8N"34 L.3 91
(3%% ! 
7B -,1.  /0 
3/07KK 3
G+H1 3
S7K +@-K 3 
31
Compliance tracking
,L,& 3 
"+"34L1
prismaCR
 &"
4 L./ 3N 0
I1(",L,&
1.".717?( 
 1( 3 
 3 
 " 7KK:1( 
 3#3!3
 "1. 
2" 1
(3,L, & (
3 '!
!"/%%0"
/GH0 1)#
3<"#1.  
 #",L, &3
 # 1
..71,L,  
7-1AA1B!B17@;1@B17-7BK !K7;@ !JK 0"B;1770"
 51( E2
.&()%%/!"0
#" ,L,1..!
7B -, ! ?;K
Terminology
. " /D%3(03
!"/%%03 "
 !3.&() 1I 3%
!!3"%%
"!1
Algorithm
 O 3 
 #6"' 1
,%%E3
"  3%%
<G H 17C8-B9(
 3 3""" 1
. !"
 (%1. 
1 3 %%% 
1. 
2"(%/01(3
"#3"  1(3
K -,3
 1( 3  3
"- -,14  3
# "CKP
:1
Titraon
."G:H3" 
O 1*$ 
1.#'3
 53' 
7KP8N"34 L.3
 91-,1.  /0
3/07KK 3
G+H1 3
S7K +@-K 3 
31
Compliance tracking
 & - "
"   3 ,)(%1

Clinical Applicaons of Adapve Servovenlaon
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing Paern and Central Sleep Apnea Associated
with Congesve Heart Failure.
.  "
#$ "
/03"'
/%01*"!"3"
$"""
     1.
" :<
!3!3.31?8?9.
!(" "
 1 5!"
3 ,-" ;K1C;@1- 
1."".1
 3:6
3 $1
"
=3" ?37J>-C?37J>-@-A8?3-C;@96"
-J>;B-J>;?-B>;K8;A;J93"(" "
/7-0" / C03
 7- 1.( 7J1CA-1B
 71J7@= 1
  !/!
!3,- 3 ",-"JKP03" 3
,-1?3;78?3;B9
 "  "
111!Q 3
 5 3 "
7"+";"1-C'
1. "1 
$"1" 
''1L"  3
   < 3
3 1
) " "
 "  3!3 1 
"  A "# !!
,-!1,"  
/303 3 +
'/)%0+ 
/)%*01-B3;C;- 
"3
2
1
": #
3  ""3
1(
/&0"3
"52& 
"1-K(3-?"#"
5  )% 1;J%3
  O
1?K8-J9
   
": #
3    
"12
"""
-KK@1. :"&=
11C8C9. ( "
@KP  (7J3"5
1(3""
("7K51?78?K9
 2
=3"  
"1
."3 :1 
3"2
"%1?-(-K7@3.3 
7;-@"/%&%0?; 3
" 3 
""+'/)%R?@P0""!
  3" 
1( 3"#3
3 / " 
5 #0"
!31??3  
"%" 1?@
(""  ! 3
""5 33%&%1(
" "%3.
  3&3
2""
)% 1?A
,3
"%3(/0
  ! 
"1?B

( 3 
"/33
#$&0?C3?J1
    
 "%3 :
" "1?;3L
  
"% 1@KL3
 53!# 
 1""
'3
LGH1@K>@-?C3?J
,"#""
3<33<3  #
""   
14""1
Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome due to Medical Disorder without Cheyne-
Stokes breathing paern
L'
1.31"  3
 1TTT1(3
"$(3($<
1@;
Complex Treatment-emergent Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome
 .  /.%0 
 ?7@P1@?8-K93
" 3(
5$.% 
 1@@>A;?B>@K87@3?7?;9(  
3  1@78??9. 
"" .% !3
 "Q3
 /
011A?3A@8?@3?A9"3".
"
1AA3.%
 1AB8?B9(3"
 " 21 .%
!  3AC8?C9"
3""@KP3A?3A@8?@3?A9
2 
25 1
( :3
<.%; 1A- AA
3(R7K"JKP
"A@P"3"2"
 <1
( 3/0 .%
  (
"&=3+8 
291  " "
< O 3 
"3"33
13".%
")%1 3 
  Q"2 1
Central and Complex Sleep Apnea associated with Chronic Opioid Use

3   .%1AJ>
B;8?J@;9L .%
33 
"
 1B? 2
"3
 1B@8@?9"23
!" 1I
 3<$
"1BA8@@9
Idiopathic Central Sleep Apnea
( :<!! 
Q,-33",-3  
"3"52
 '<1BB8@A9
Conclusions and future direcons
,"3
2  
:13" 
6"3   "
3 .%3,3 2
"1( 3
"&=3 #  (
! 31.    
33<3
" "3
 "%1I" 
   23%
"1
 ' 
1,3" 
3  
1
5 '5
 !   2
3  "1@J8??9
3!3
"  "
31

7
>>#1.7K   
 "!"
//0 
/03/03  03
! /,-01."
B@3%N 53
"1 L
L%&1
-
51%  
U #1/0&L7K
 1( 3   / 0;
 -, !  / !077 -,3"!
"/%0? -,1*3
 1 3
   F/ 01(3V O
 1.
V"O<>21/0&W1
%@( K -,1.3 
321(
3( 
 6"/
( !01.<36V
OF1/04  &W1.!"
/%%0J -, 1
* 
"/%0  1*
3"/(0
 1/0&W1%"
""   /% 0 !  /% !0
"3  
/"01
"   /3 K -,0
 !  / !0 6"3""
1*3
 F1."
3%
 1
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Article
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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) (obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea/Cheyne-Stokes respiration or the combination of both) is highly prevalent in patients with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke (reviewed previously in the September issue of this journal). Its close association with outcomes in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF) suggests that it may be a potential treatment target. Herein, we provide an update on SDB and its treatment in HF-REF.
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Central sleep apnoea with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA-CSR) is a common, serious consequence of congestive heart failure. Optimal treatment is yet to be established. We compared two common treatments for CSA-CSR. Subjects with CSA-CSR and stable congestive heart failure were randomised to 8 weeks treatment: oxygen 2 L/min through nasal prongs and concentrator or 8 weeks adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) using a crossover design separated by a 3-week washout. Polysomnography, indices of sleep and breathing, shuttle walk distance, symptoms, urinary catecholamines, plasma brain natriuretic peptide (NT-BNP) and echocardiography were collected at baseline and completion of each arm. Ten subjects (age 64 ± 10 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 28 ± 10.5%, apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) 63 ± 30/h) were recruited. Seven completed the protocol (one died, one refused ASV, one was withdrawn after hospital admission). On therapy, an AHI of < 10/h was achieved in two out of seven using oxygen (29%), six of seven using ASV (86%) and six of seven with either (86%). Compliance with ASV: 5.2 ± 2 h/night (range 1.45–7.1 h/night). Median AHI on oxygen therapy: 13.4 /h (range 2.6–42.9/h), ASV, 1.4 /h (range 0.6–17.8/h, P = 0.03). LVEF was not changed by either therapy (oxygen 30.9% vs 30.9% P = 0.97, ASV 32.5% vs 35.0% P = 0.24). NT-BNP, urinary catecholamines, shuttle walk distance and symptoms were not significantly changed by either therapy. CSA-CSR is reduced to a greater extent by ASV than oxygen therapy over 8 weeks but was not accepted long term. Neither treatment improved prognostic indices of heart failure or symptoms in the short term.