Content uploaded by Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Tesfaye Sisay Tessema on May 29, 2018
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Determination of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from lymph nodes of sheep and goat at organic export abattoir, Modjo, Ethiopia
Abstract and Figures
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis, a suppurative abscessation in superficial and internal lymph nodes and internal organs of small ruminants. The present study was conducted on the superficial lymph nodes and carcass of 768 small ruminants slaughtered at a slaughterhouse during the study period; 82 had abscess or caseous lymphadenitis. The most frequent sites of abscesses in goats were prescapular and prefemoral lymph nodes at 34(5.54%) and 24(3.91%), respectively. Similar patterns were observed in sheep. The prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was found to be significantly higher in adult than young animals, in both species (P<0.05). The age wise prevalence rates of lesions on post-mortem inspection, at 95% CI, were 2.7% (2.3% - 3.1%) and 3.1% (2.8% - 3.4%) in young sheep and goats, respectively, and 24.4% (17.4% - 31.4%) and 27.5% (23.8% - 31.2%) in adult sheep and goats, respectively. Corynebacterium pseudotubrculosis isolates were recovered from 72% (59/82) of animals found to have post-mortem evidence of abscesses. The C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics norfloxacin, tetracycline, doxycyline HCl and kanamycine; however, resistance was observed against ampicillin, clindamycin, and doxycyline HCl. In conclusion, this study reported the magnitude of the problem for the first time in the country and the authors recommend a thorough investigation on wider study areas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Figures - uploaded by Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regional states) and these suspicious lesions of CLA had been observed in prescapular (7.8%) and prefemoral (1.1%) lymph nodes. The previous study conducted in Ethiopia had found 10.67% abscesses or CLA in which, like the current study identified, prescapular (5.54%) and prefemoral lymph nodes (3.91%) in goats were the most frequent sites of abscesses (Abebe and Tessema, 2015). In a study conducted at the Tanta abattoir in Egypt to determine some epidemiological and histological aspects related to CLA on slaughtered animals (sheep and goats), CLA was found to be present in 26.92% of the animals, with prevalence rates of 33.23% and 10.74% for sheep and 10.74% for goats, respectively (Al-Gaabary et al., 2010). ...
... In the same fashion in goats, bacteriological isolation results had shown growth of C. pseudotuberculosis providing a total prevalence of 3.4% (3.5% in Oromia and 3.3% SNNPRS) and the whole isolates subjected to PCR were positive providing a total prevalence of 3.4% (3.5% in Oromia and 3.3% SNNPRS) with a total prevalence of 3.4% in goats. From the processed samples only 72% (59/82) C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were recovered in bacteriological isolation with a total prevalence of 7.68% in previously carried out study in Ethiopia which was relatively a little higher than this study revealed (Abebe and Tessema, 2015). According to Al-Gaabary et al. (2010), who discovered prevalence rates higher than those found in the present study 32.65% and 5.55% in sheep and goats, respectively on the basis of bacteriological investigation, the overall prevalence was 25.05%. ...
... The previous study conducted in Ethiopia by Abebe and Tessema (2015) confirmed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were susceptible to doxycycline. Contrary to the present study, C. pseudotuberculosis isolates showed resistance to penicillin and they were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (Algammal, 2016) similar to the present study. ...
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis consists of non-motile and pleomorphic rods. The frequent rout of entry of C. pseudotuberculosis into the body of animal is in punctures and scratches of the skin. It results in the development of caseous abscesses in external and internal lymph nodes. Therefore, the following were the objectives of this research: to identify and isolate bacteriologically, to characterize molecularly C. pseudotuberculosis from the external nodes of lymph of sheep and goats, and to determine multiple drug resistance of C. pseudotuberculosis in sheep and goats in Halal Food Industries, Modjo, Ethiopia. A total of 450 animals (100 sheep and 350 goats) were examined during antemortem and postmortem inspections. Bacteriological isolation and identification of the collected lymph nodes were performed and then confirmed by PCR. Then, the antibiotic resistance profile was revealed. Seven (17.7%) of goat isolates from Oromia, 5 (12.5%) from Southern Nations, nationalities and peoples regional states and 4 (10%) sheep isolates from Oromia were evaluated as positive for C. pseudotuberculosis in molecular diagnosis. C. pseudotuberculosis was moderately susceptible to gentamicin (68.75%) and highly susceptible to penicillin G (100%), doxycycline (100%), and ciprofloxacin (100%) had been observed. In conclusion, risk associated factors and seroepidemiology of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats should be investigated in Ethiopia.
... Performing resistance testing of isolates can provide guidance for the use of antibiotics. At present, there have been limited studies on antibiotic susceptibility of C. pseudotuberculosis in alpaca, with most research focusing on horse (Foley et al., 2004;Rhodes et al., 2015), sheep (Gallardo et al., 2019), and goat (Connor et al., 2000;Abebe and Sisay, 2015) isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial agent showed no significant differences between the isolates from horses and cows compared to those from sheep and goats, except in the case of amikacin (Costa et al., 1998). ...
... Abscess location was not associated with different MIC patterns in cultured isolates (Rhodes et al., 2015). It has been determined that 59 C. pseudotuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats were primarily susceptible to norfloxacin (77.97%), doxycycline HCl (72.88%), and kanamycin (72.88%), while mainly resistant to ampicillin (28.81%), clindamycin (25.42%), and doxycycline HCl (22.04%) (Abebe and Sisay, 2015). Strain XH02 (Boer goat, China) exhibited high sensitivity to 13 antibacterial agents, including chloromycetin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, minocycline, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and ceftriaxone, but completely resistant to nitrofurantoin and furazolidone (Zhou et al., 2016). ...
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes lymphadenitis in humans, livestock, and wildlife. In this study, C. pseudotuberculosis biovar equi strains were isolated from three alpacas. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and pathogenicity tests were also conducted. Moreover, one strain was sequenced using DNBSEQ and Oxford Nanopore technology. The three strains exhibited resistance to aztreonam, fosfomycin, and nitrofurantoin. The median lethal doses (LD50) of strains G1, S2 and BA3 in experimentally infected mice was 1.66 × 105 CFU, 3.78 × 105 CFU and 3.78 × 105 CFU, respectively. The sequencing of strain G1 resulted in the assembly of a chromosomal scaffold comprising 2,379,166 bp with a G + C content of 52.06%. Genome analysis of strain G1 revealed the presence of 48 virulence genes and 5 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrates a high degree of genetic similarity among C. pseudotuberculosis strains, in contrast to other Corynebacterium species, with a clear delineation between strains belonging to the two biovars (ovis and equi). The data of the present study contribute to a better understanding of the properties of C. pseudotuberculosis biovar equi strains and the potential risk they pose to alpacas and other livestock, as well as the necessity of ongoing surveillance and monitoring of infectious diseases in animals.
... In Brazil, the CLA injection rate in goat herd was observed at 31.4% (Seyffert et al, 2010) but in a recent study, the prevalence of CLA was calculated in Brazilian goat herds as 25.33% (da Costa Barnabé et al, 2020). In Ethiopia, the prevalence of CLA was examined as 10.68% in goat (Abebe and Sisay Tessema, 2015). However, a recent studies conducted in Ethiopia, indicate a prevalence of CLA in goat was monitored as 18.8% (Yitagesu et al, 2020). ...
Caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has been a predominant disease among small ruminants on farms, causing significant losses for farm producer in the larger part of goat rearing nations across the world, for over a century. However, the control measures have not been very effective due to the chronic and usually subclinical nature of the infection. This has caused significant financial losses due to chronic ill-thrift, carcass condemnation, decreased meat yields and low reproduction as well as animal welfare. The current status of caseous lymphadenitis, with updated reseach information to the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, identification, prevalence, prevention and vaccination are delineated in the review.
... Similarly, semi-extensive and intensive rearing systems, along with the absence of individual animal identification and participation in animal exhibitions, have been cited as risk factors for CL in Brazil [18]. Furthermore, the age of animals and their poor body condition score have also been linked to CL prevalence in numerous countries [18][19][20][21]. ...
Two surveys were conducted to assess the prevalence and risk factors of ovine caseous lymphadenitis (CL) and explore the association between its superficial and visceral forms in Sardi sheep in Settat province, Morocco. A total of 1521 sheep, including 318 lambs < 6 months, 572 young sheep aged 6–24 months, and 631 adult sheep > 24 months, were examined from 57 flocks. Superficial CL prevalence levels were as follows: 69/318 in lambs, 292/572 in young sheep, and 114/631 in adult sheep. Additionally, 2124 sheep, including 1813 young and 311 adult sheep, were inspected in slaughterhouses ante- and post-mortem. Among all infected animals, the prevalence of visceral abscesses was notably higher in adult sheep (83%, OR = 9.8, 95% CI = 5.5–17.2) compared to young sheep (35%). Data on flock size, sex, age, body condition score, rearing methods, and hygienic measures were collected. Suspected CL cases were confirmed using quadruplex-PCR. Poor barn ventilation, lack of abscess control, and younger age were identified as key risk factors for CL. Additionally, a high percentage (89%) of animals with thoracic abscesses did not display superficial lesions. While age and abscess control have been reported in previous studies, barn ventilation appears to be a new, but important, risk factor. In conclusion, the identified risk factors in Settat province are linked to breeding management practices. Implementing regular abscess control measures and improving barn ventilation are essential for CL prevention.
... Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic bacterial disease of sheep, goats and other warm blooded animals (Dorella et al. 2006). The prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis was found to be significantly higher in adult than in young animals, in both sheep and goats (Abebe and Tessema, 2015). All the affected animals in our report were adults. ...
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a sporadic bacterial disease of chronic suppurative lymphadenitis in goats. The prevalence of CL is considered high in many countries, but detailed research on prevalence rates, farm practices, and abattoir findings is limited in India. This paper reports the presence of this disease on an endemic form in a goat farm. A two-year-old mixed breed doe was presented with the history of swelling in mandibular region and inappetence for the past one week. Greenish pus was aspirated from it and Giemsa stain confirms the presence of coccobacillus bacteria. Culture and isolation identified it as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on 10% sheep blood agar. The abscess drained off, flushed with 5 % iodine solution and treated with injection lincomycin @ 10 mg/kg until recovery. The same history was repeated by the owner after a month and visit to the farm exposed three more animals were also affected. All of them confirmed CL based on bacterial culture and isolation. Based on this it was confirmed that the disease was endemic in that farm. Rearing goats as semi-intensive flocks, sharing of grazing fields together with other animals, commingling of animals after grazing particularly in the night time, rupture of abscess in the shelter itself, improper knowledge about disease and poor husbandry practices favours the endemicity of this disease in goats. This paper reports the endemicity of the caseous lymphadentitis in a goat flock.
... Eradication is difficult as C. pseudotuberculosis can survive for months in the environment [1]. CLA has a great relevance for sheep and goat farmers as it causes great economic losses worldwide, due to the decreased reproductive efficiencies of affected animals, reductions in milk and wool yields and the condemnation of both carcasses and skins in slaughterhouses [6,10]. C. pseudotuberculosis is a zoonotic agent, despite being rarely encountered in humans and being described mainly after occupational exposure or contact with animals, with symptoms ranging from local lymph node abscesses to pneumonia [6,[11][12][13]. ...
Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic debilitating disease typical of small ruminants, but it is also noted in several other domestic and wild species. In this report, we present the first documented case in Italy of pseudotuberculosis in a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, Linnaeus 1758) found dead in the mountains of Forlì-Cesena province, Emilia Romagna region. The carcass underwent necropsy according to standard protocols, revealing generalized lymphadenopathy and severe apostematous pneumonia with multifocal and encapsulated abscesses. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was isolated from the lung parenchyma, lymph nodes and abscesses. Additionally, severe parasitic bronchopneumonia of the caudal lobes and gastrointestinal strongyle infestation were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of CLA referable to C. pseudotubercolosis in a roe deer in Italy.
... There has been limited information about the impact of CLA on the Korean goat industry, as this disease has remained understudied. However, studies from other countries namely, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Ethiopia have reported great economic loss due to CLA (Abebe and Sisay, 2015). In Thailand, they have indicated that CLA is a significant cause of economic loss because abscesses can downgrade the carcass price, increase the cost of carcass inspection, and lead to the condemnation of carcasses at the slaughterhouse (Thongkwow et al, 2019). ...
... The morbidity rate can usually range up to 15%, and morbid animals will often eventually succumb to the disease (Osman et al., 2015). Correspondingly, studies that were carried out in different parts of Ethiopia have shown that CLA is a widespread disease, especially in sheep (Fikre and Abraha, 2014;Abebe and Sisay, 2015;Yitagesu et al., 2020;Osman et al., 2015). ...
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a contagious and chronic bacterial disease of animals that affects the lymphatic system with the formation of abscesses. This case report documents a sheep diagnosed with CLA that was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture (AAU-CVMA), Bishoftu on March 06/2022. The primary complaint was weakness, anorexia, and a slight, fluctuating, sickleshaped, enlarged swelling in the neck region between the ear and jaws, which developed due to a laceration by a wire on the fence. Physical and clinical examination revealed increased body temperature (40.7oC) and respiratory rate (44 breaths/min) and mildly fluctuating swelling on lymph nodes. Anorexia, coughing, general ill thrift, exercise intolerance, and enlargement of subcutaneous tissues and lymph nodes around the neck region were observed. Aspiration of the swelling revealed thick, pale greenish-cheesy pus. Using the Ethiopian Differential Diagnosis and Information Environment App-based diagnosis and bacterial culture of the pus revealed the case as CLA. It was managed by surgical removal of the pus, topical wound spray, and systemic administration of fortified procaine penicillin for five days intramuscular and once topically on the site, respectively. The sheep recovered after a month. In conclusion, CLA is a challenging suppurative disease of sheep and goats that can be successfully treated by topical wound management and systemic penicillin therapy.
... CLA may become endemic within herds or flocks due to its resistance to certain antibiotics, such as ampicillin, clindamycin, and doxycycline HCl (Abebe and Tessema, 2015); its constantly increasing ability to survive in harsh environments for extended periods; and the limitations associated with detecting subclinically infected animals (Williamson, 2001). In most cases, treatment of the external forms of CLA involves the identification of infected animals before abscess rupturing to prevent contamination of the environment and soil. ...
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, hücre içi bir patojen olup küçük ruminantlarda kazeöz lenfadenit (KLA) hastalığına sebep olan, Gram-pozitif fakültatif bir bakteridir. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, insanlarda ve hayvanlarda hastalık oluşturan bir bakteri türüdür. Bu bakteri, açlık stresine maruz kaldığında, hücresel yapısını ve metabolizmasını değiştirerek adaptasyon gösterir. Bu değişiklikler, bakterinin protein ekspresyonunda da değişikliklere neden olabilir. Bu çalışmada da, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis’in stres faktörlerine maruz bırakıldığında ve genel besiyerlerinde üretildiğinde protein profillerinde nasıl bir farklılık olacağı araştırılmıştır. SDS-PAGE analizi, açlık stresine maruz kalan Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis'teki protein ekspresyonundaki değişiklikleri incelemek için kullanılabilir. Bu analiz, bakterinin strese karşı adaptasyonunu ve bu adaptasyonun enfeksiyonun yayılmasına nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu daha iyi anlamamıza yardımcı olabilir. Bu araştırmada SDS-PAGE analizi ile izole edilen ve referans olarak kullanılan Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis suşlarının Tryptic Soy Broth ve RPMI 1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) besiyerlerinde üretilip strese maruz bırakılan suşun protein profilleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, strese maruz bırakılan Corynebacterium suşları arasında protein yapıları arasında profil farklılıkları olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is one of the most important diseases of sheep and goats, causing considerable losses for herd owners. Due to the chronic and generally subclinical nature of infection, control is difficult and prevalence in animals and herds is high. This review describes the principal characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis, including pathogenesis, epidemiology and principal manifestations of caseous lymphadenitis, as well as management practices, diagnostic tests and vaccination as disease control tools.
Caseous lymphadenitis is a chronic disease of lymph nodes in goats and sheep, sometimes in humans. A cause is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The disease is manifested with development of abscesses, mostly in superficial lymph nodes. If disease is not generalized, general condition of animal does not need to be changed. This disease can influence big economic losses. Removing of muscle tissue with changed lymph nodes can cause damage of goat leather and its economic value could be quite diminished. If the disease is generalized it can cause death of adult animals and a breakdown of fertility. Changes on lymph nodes are noticed mostly during the slaughter. The aim of an inspection of goat carcasses was to provide hygienic safe meat (healthy) for human consumption. During the inspection of goats before and after slaughter, on the slaughter line we noticed an enlargement of prescapular and sub-mandibular lymph nodes on the right half (middle walnut size). The lymph nodes were forwarded to analysis in the laboratory. During the primary bacteriological treatment of samples it is established that both lymph nodes were hard, covered with connective tissue capsule with caseous content. In direct microscopic preparation colored by Gram, in these samples were found out Gram-positive bacilli. Coloring by Loffler it was found out metachromatic granules. According to microscopic morphology, cultural and physiological properties and testing biochemical activity, this isolated culture was identified as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Clinical signs, patomorphological and bacteriological finding are in accordance to the literature descriptions.
The chapter describes the characteristic and diverse collection of microorganisms that generally live in harmony with, and provide benefit to, the host by contributing to the normal development of the physiology and host defences of the oral cavity. The chapter then explains how this harmony can break down on occasions owing to changes in the local environment, which increases the competitiveness of previously minor components of the microbiota, thereby increasing the risk of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The chapter concludes by describing how many oral microbes are also opportunistic pathogens and can cause acute and chronic infection either within the mouth or at distant sites in the body.
