Teresa Marat-Mendes

ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa | ISCTE · Department of Architecture and Urbanism

Access to water has always been of strategic importance for urban areas, agricultural purposes and other economic activities. Rapid population growth and urbanization and the subsequent increase in the demand for water have made access to water an important environmental and social issue. This paper examines how water was accessed in the Lisbon reg...

The consumption and production of food products in the municipality of Lisbon in the 1890–1900 decade is assessed with the support of historical cartography and statistical resources. For the first time, food production in a municipality in the turn to the twentieth century is accounted and simultaneously subject of a visual analysis of the land us...

This article describes the planning activity in Portugal in the middle of the twentieth century, notably the work of two exceptional planners, Etienne de Groër and Antão Almeida Garrett. The article moves from a first overview on the national context, to a focus on the two largest cities of Portugal, Lisbon, and Oporto. It was there that these two...

http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8985 O presente Atlas da Água e da Agricultura. Região de Lisboa em 1900-1940 centra a sua análise no território correspondente à actual Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. O presente Atlas resulta de um trabalho de investigação realizado no âmbito do Projecto MEMO (PTDC/EMS-ENE/2197/2012), onde se expõe os resultados da apli...

Este é um livro sobre o estudo da forma urbana em Portugal. A primeira parte da obra constitui uma análise genérica do campo de conhecimento da morfologia urbana e coloca em evidência as três perspetivas disciplinares mais relevantes no contexto português: histórica, geográfica e arquitetónica. A segunda parte centra-se num conjunto de abordagens m...

In a revolution, governors can no longer govern, and the governed refuse to be so. In this sense, the experience of the Portuguese Local Support Service (Serviço de Apoio Ambulatório Local—SAAL) epitomizes the national revolution of 1974–5, allowing poor city workers to reclaim the right to housing and the city. This essay discusses the Catujal Wor...

Green urbanism, namely in the form of consolidated urban green spaces (UGSs), has gained traction along with the reformist impetus of urban design, based on the ideal of efficient, functional, sustainable cities that promote a better quality of life for their citizens and on the notion of making urban expansion compatible with natural resources. Us...

In Portugal, in the 1970s, the Local Outpatient Support Service (SAAL) constituted a progressive housing program, which instituted participatory democracy and a collaborative framework between the State, specialists and target populations, seeking to solve the urgent problem of homelessness. Focusing on three specific case studies [Távora: Prelada...

This article delves into the issue of recent access to social housing in Portugal, given the escalating challenges in securing adequate housing. The unprecedented public investment within housing raises important considerations. It leads us to question the effectiveness of current housing policies and basic laws in guaranteeing adequate housing and...

A habitação e consequentemente o seu habitat residencial constituem-se como questões complexas, multidimensionais, multifactoriais e pluriescalares. A sua garantia é basilar para assegurar os direitos fundamentais humanos – e constitucionais no caso português – sendo competência dos Estados a definição de políticas públicas adequadas à provisão de...

O Serviço de Belas Artes da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (SBA-FCG) foi criado em 1960 com o objetivo de apoiar financeiramente todos aqueles que, carecendo de recursos financeiros, quisessem desenvolver um programa de estudos inerente à prática, à investigação ou ao aperfeiçoamento artístico, no país ou no estrangeiro. A investigação em ‘Arquitectu...

O tecido urbano do Barreiro foi mapeado neste artigo tendo em foco a relação do sistema alimentar com o espaço organizado enquanto cidade, os vazios urbanos e os outros elementos descaracterizadores da cidade, e as possíveis consequências que as alterações climáticas podem provocar no território em estudo. A cidade do Barreiro, localizada na Área M...

Portugal has witnessed a growing deterioration on housing. This is a structural problem which has become much more evident with the successive financial crises and the Covid-19 pandemic. Existing inequalities in access to adequate housing (Drago, 2021) and in particularly the increasing shortage of affordable housing for lower income people, affect...

Housing research was introduced in Portugal during the 1960s, at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, LNEC), as a prominent scientific area in the international post-war conjuncture. The contributions of the LNEC’s research work guided architectural practice and political decisions following the a...

territory successivelyTerritoryoccupiedPortugal by geography, PortugalPortugalof urban formUrban form. This is part of a survey on the history of spatial planning in the territory of the Lisbon Region, highlighting morphological and metabolic implications of each plans and observing their relation to the food system and its related activities and l...

the landscapeLandscape This chapter presents, through a literature review, an operative definition of urban agriculture, to serve as a basis for a survey, conducted by the authors of this Atlas, on all the municipalities of the Lisbon Region. Moreover, we present a methodology for surveying and classifying examples of this practice.

This chapter is inspired by the survey works conducted by Portuguese architects in the late 1950s and the early 2000s, scouting the territory in search of specific aspects of its reality. In this case, we provide our own survey of the Lisbon Region, focusing on the built structures, spaces and activities of its food system, in its key dimensions –...

The survey on the food system included, in the productive phase, several examples of urban agriculture. However, considering that this practice goes against the traditional acceptance of urban activities, demanding a reorientation of our understanding of cities, the SPLACH Project conducted a specific survey on urban agriculture. This activity is t...

i This chapter presents a brief summary of the main conclusions of the Atlas of the Food System, while framing it in the research and teaching experience of the authors. Furthermore, a review of the role of food on the promotion of more sustainable habitats for the future is reviewed, particularly directing the discussion towards the potential cont...

the New StateNew State This is part of a survey on the history of spatial planning in the territory of the Lisbon Region, highlighting morphological and metabolic implications of each plas and observing their relation to the food system and its related activities and land-uses. This chapter focuses on the late 20th century, presenting the main achi...

TheFoodriversideFood system area from the eastern end of the LisbonLisbon city towards the north is today a repository of urban forms and territorial situations which largely exemplify important processes of modernization of the region in terms of its built structure, but also its social, economic and ecological fabrics. Farms, groves and vegetable...

This chapter focuses on the role of rural architecture and countryside habitats in the formation of modern Portuguese architectural culture. It particularly highlights the importance of two surveys conducted by Portuguese architects in the 20th century – one focusing specifically on rural space, the other extending beyond it but still including it....

In this chapter, we confront the main land-uses of the Lisbon Region during the 20th century and in the early 21st century with key dietary habits. This comparison is supported by the recipes from one of the most successful cookbooks in Portuguese history, surveying the key ingredients and how they relate to social habits, class differences and loc...

Portugal kept politically neutral during WW2, and thus it did not suffer the destruction of its built heritage. However, it still faced pressures to modernize cities, as population increasingly abandoned the countryside seeking better living and working conditions around the Lisbon and Porto industrial belts.

This book is a visual guide to the territorial dynamics operating within a territory. The reading of such dynamics is fundamental in understanding the role of food in cities. This atlas provides a refreshing approach to the study of the city and of its territory, expanded from the perspective of the food system. This book illustrates the impacts of...

Throughout the twentieth century, many European countries developed public housing policies where planners and architects pursued creative, even radical design. This optimism collapsed within a few decades, re-emerging today as a hope in face of impending urban crisis, housing-access shortages and environmental decline. Here, we observe the urban p...

This chapter examines the contribution of Étienne de Groër in the planning of a garden city region for Lisbon. It reveals an outstanding example of Ebenezer Howard’s concept of a Garden City applied in Lisbon and its surroundings, set out between 1936 and 1950, while envisioning a productive and socio-economic inclusive territory. At a time when ur...

Suburban mass-housing became commonplace in Portuguese cities during the twentieth century, particularly in the metropolitan areas. Research into the current conditions of such suburbs is increasingly important, as challenges facing metropolitan cities continue to evolve and demand for sustainable change. Here, we observe the urban process of a par...

*** Poster submission for Ecocity World Summit - https://ecocity-summit.com/ ** ABSTRACT: Shifting from sustainable to regenerative practice combats climate breakdown, while increasing social wellbeing for all humanity. This work explores the role of urban transitions in catalysing a regenerative world, where community-led ecocities are the goal of...

In recent years, Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) witnessed the occurrence of various initiatives, highlighting an increasing interest and entrepreneurship in transforming the food system, at both municipal and civil society levels. As sustainability demands become increasingly global, it becomes pivotal for planning policy to understand the mechanis...

This article suggests that to adequately tackle climate breakdown, urban planning needs to move beyond sustainability to incorporate regenerative development frameworks. Key to this is activating and increasing citizen participation in a fractal-like, multi scaled, community-led, bottom up planning process, where active citizens design, construct a...

O Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) constitui um dos raros organismos públicos que desenvolve investigação científica em arquitetura e urbanismo desde a implementação da sua primeira lei orgânica, em 1961, até aos nossos dias. Iniciada pelo arquiteto Nuno Portas na Divisão de Construção e Habitação (1961-1969) do Serviço de Edifícios...

Food has always been an urban issue. The role of cities in building more sustainable food systems is already recognized and related to other urban domains, such as transport, health, land use planning for agriculture and multifunctional areas, community development, employment generation and waste management. The implications of these on urban plan...

A sustainable transition of planning practices is paramount for muni- cipalities to improve urban environments. Shelter, mobility, and food constitute three basic human needs, which any inhabitant depends on, but attention placed by planning authorities to each differs. The spatial implications of these needs are fundamental for urban design and pl...

Urban agendas are struggling to challenge conventional planning paradigms, to improve environmental, economic, and social conditions in cities and meet sustainability goals. Such problems call for a critique of existing planning structures, which determine how planners and urban designers work, and thus condition cities themselves. While it is wide...

This paper discusses the existing urban-rural dichotomy in Portuguese urban planning, assuming its importance on food-provision, a basic human need. Our analysis stems from an historical overview at two scales, regional and municipal, within the Lisbon Region. Specifically, we identify key changes between two time-periods: the mid- twentieth centur...

With the growth of urban population, humanity faces new challenges concerning urban food provision. Urban planning is paramount to guarantee a sustainable functioning of the several systems which operate within the urban realm, including the food system. However, while it is widely acknowledged that urban planning would benefit from the integration...

In the early 1960s, Portugal saw a rise in scientific research on architecture and urbanism at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil; LNEC), fundamental to support the Government in establishing a national program for housing, which continued until the fall of the Dictatorship in 1974. Lacking tradit...

reconhecimento público de um efectivo desordenamento do território em Portugal impõe um trabalho proactivo no sentido de contrariar as consequências nefastas desse mesmo desordenamento.O Programa Nacional da Política de Ordenamento do Território (PNPOT) - instrumento de topo do sistema de gestão territorial português - foi idealizado em 1999 com o...

O estudo do ‘Território’ e da ‘Morfologia Urbana’ foi introduzido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) no início da década de 60 do século XX, aquando da entrada do arquitecto Nuno Portas nesta instituição pública de investigação. Neste Laboratório, na Divisão de Construção e Habitação do Departamento de Edifícios e Pontes, as diferen...

Among new council housing areas from 1960s Lisbon is the Chelas Valley, by then overwhelmingly agrarian. Although an integral urbanization plan - the Plano de Urbanização de Chelas (PUC) – was prepared until 1964, the area was divided into six zones, urbanized in different periods, with great deviances from the original plan. Upon construction, Che...

Designing for urban agriculture has been recently acknowledged as a young discipline requiring the attention of architects, urban designers and planners to promote more sustainable urban cities and continuous productive landscapes. However, how to assess such landscape proposals? How can these be evaluated in terms of their social, ecological and s...

The present article promotes an analysis of scientific and technical research developed at the Portuguese National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), published in the Portuguese journals Arquitectura (1946-1984), Binário (1958-1977) and Técnica (1946-1983), which did not belong to LNEC. In the Portuguese editorial panorama, between the 1940s a...

O território hoje denominado de Restelo é testemunho de distintos ensaios urbanísticos ocorridos ao longo do século XX num só lugar de Lisboa. O “Bairro”, resultante do somatório de várias “partes de bairros”, testemunha mais de cinquenta anos de experiências realizadas por arquitectos-urbanistas Portugueses que colocaram em prática modelos de cida...

In the aftermath of the Doorn Manifesto (1954), Team 10 members synthesize their earlier projects into a new urban model: the Cluster City. In 1961, the Lisbon Technical Office for Housing (Gabinete Técnico de Habitação) – GTH was established to support the Portuguese government in solving an ongoing housing shortage. Soon, this new office planned...

The present study seeks to demonstrate how the Restelo neighbourhood in Lisbon, overlooked, in a tribune oriented to Tagus River, to the contributions of the most recent History of Architecture, Urbanism and Scientific Research in Architecture and Urbanism in Portugal. As in a laboratory, during the XX century, Restelo constituted a “test tube” to...

O território que hoje denominamos de Restelo, é testemunho de distintos ensaios urbanísticos ocorridos ao longo do século XX, num só lugar de Lisboa. O "Bairro", resultante do somatório várias "partes de bairros", representa mais de cinquenta anos de oportunidades oferecidas a Urbanistas e Arquitectos Portugueses para colocarem em prática modelos d...

O território que hoje denominamos de Restelo, é testemunho de distintos ensaios urbanísticos ocorridos ao longo do século XX, num só lugar de Lisboa. O "Bairro", resultante do somatório várias "partes de bairros", representa mais de cinquenta anos de oportunidades oferecidas a Urbanistas e Arquitectos Portugueses para colocarem em prática modelos d...

Streets-in-the-sky were conceptualized by architects Alison and Peter Smithson as collective space, an articulation between individual and civitas. This essay argues that streets-in-the-sky are a particularly democratic type of urban element, which also has many positive sustainability potentials. The first use of this concept was in the Smithson’s...

Urban Sustainability and the Future of Urban Planning. The city of Future. An interview by Teresa Marat-Mendes to Portuguese Newspaper Público.

Humanity is now believed to live in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, as changes have been reported on the atmosphere, air, water, and soil, but also on societal perceptions of these issues. This presentation departs from the theoretical assumption that the impact of the abovementioned changes on culture and the environment have not yet fou...

The integration of Nuno Portas (born 1934) as a researcher of the Portuguese National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), during the early 1960s, marked a turning point within the study of urban form in Portugal. Foreseeing the advantages on making use of works on the perceptions and uses of space, Portas promoted, for more than a decade, stud...

O estudo do 'Território' e da 'Morfologia Urbana' foi introduzido no Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) através do arquitecto Nuno Portas, aquando da formação da Divisão de Construção e Habitação (DCH), no início da década de 60 do século XX, momento em que se apercebeu da possibilidade de constituir uma equipa de pesquisa que viesse a...

The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to explore the Habitat debate within ISUF. We quest that within this concept, as placed by Moudon (1997) in her inaugural paper to Urban Morphology, there is an intrinsic call towards an equilibrium between the various dimensions of urban form and a trans-disciplinary approach to the study of u...

This paper aims to analyse the development of the Portuguese railway in time and space, between 1845 and 2015. The development of the railway in mainland Portugal was a subject of interest to several stakeholders, including politicians, private investors, constructors, and the state itself. This article aims to explore what actors were involved in...

Over the past two decades, a number of researches has conducted several studies about the effects of the changing environments and ecosystems, while revealing that many of the environmental problems that affect society are directly or indirectly related to issues of urban lifestyles and consumption patterns (WCED, 1987, Echenique et al. ,2012). Fur...

São aqui analisadas duas abordagens metodológicas específicas, identificadas como percursoras na temática da sustentabilidade, por se alicerçarem em dimensões sociais, transdisciplinares e participativas. Pretende-se assim promover uma reflecção sobre como integrar estes mesmos processos nos programas de ensino de Arquitectura, de modo a enfatizar...

Fonte: REVISTA APDA. Available in http://www.apda.pt/pt/pagina/87 Resumo: O Metabolismo explica o processo de funcionar de um determinado organismo, incluindo as transformações que nele ocorrem. Nas cidades, o metabolismo urbano e social explica de que forma, bem ou mal, mais ou menos sustentável, mais ou menos eficiente, é que se processa o funci...

Urban Planning has been engaged for a long time with a main issue: how to plan the expansion of cities. Indeed, since Ildefonso Cerdà with its ensanche for Barcelona, to Sola-Morales ‘Forms of Urban Growth’ the discipline of urban planning has not abandoned Cerdà main idea based on how to persistently expand the city. Based on a review of the diff...

https://books.google.pt/books?id=vPGPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48&dq=cities+in+crisis+teresa+marat-mendes&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIjLXD0defyAIVh0gUCh1B0Qgs#v=onepage&q=cities%20in%20crisis%20teresa%20marat-mendes&f=false

Best Book Award. Regional Studies Association Awards 2016

O presente artigo promove uma análise das sedes de concelho no território correspondente à atual Área Metropolitana da Lisboa (AML) em 1940. As condições de abastecimento de água, saneamento e salubridade, cultivos e alimentação são analisadas para dezasseis sedes de concelho. É objetivo deste estudo promover uma caracterização visual detalhada dos...

O Levantamento da Planta de Lisboa, elaborado por Júlio António Vieira da Silva Pinto (1860-data desconhecida) e Alberto Sá Correia (1874-1937) entre 1904 e 1911, resulta de um concurso promovido pela Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. Deste levantamento chegaram até nós 249 cartas (escala 1/1.000) que se encontram disponíveis no Arquivo Municipal de Lisb...

This article reveals the opportunity to include methods of visual characterization in analysis of urban metabolism, particularly for metropolitan areas. The article exhibits the application of a model of visual characterization as implemented in the territory that corresponds to the present Lisbon Metropolitan Area (AML). The analysis has focused i...

The main aim of this paper is to describe the way urban morphology can be taught in an academic environment so as to address the consequences of the modern way of life imposed by processes of urban development, while presenting an analysis of Portuguese reality. To do that, this paper is structured in four parts. The first part introduces the prese...

The main aim of this chapter is to demonstrate ways in which the urban territory, including urban-rural areas and suburbs, can be transformed into a social, economic and environmental opportunity to transform their current unsustainable urban metabolism into a sustainable one. Moreover, it aims to reflect on the solutions of new urban configuration...

Cities, like organisms, do have distinct metabolisms. Their size, but also their urban space shape and organization do influence on the type of metabolic flow that do operate within them. This presentation aims to focus its attention in the relationship between urban space and urban material fluxes that do occur in the urban environment. In order t...