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Environment and Ecology 39 (4A) :1150—1153, October—December 2021
ISSN 0970-0420
Assessment of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Acetamiprid LC50
against Earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.)
Parveen Gill, Dharambir Singh, Dommalapati Sudhakara Rao,
R. K. Gupta, Tejpal Dahiya, Deepika Lather, Naresh Kumar
Received 23 April 2021, Accepted 8 January 2022, Published on 9 February 2022
Parveen Gill1*, Dharambir Singh1, Dommalapati Sudhakara Rao2,
R. K. Gupta1, Tejpal Dahiya1, Deepika Lather3,Naresh Kumar4
1Department of Zoology, 2Department of Chemistry and Bio-
chemistry, 3Department of Veterinary Pathology, 4Department of
Agricultural Meteorology
1,2&4 Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
3Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
Email: parveengill135@gmail.com
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Earthworms are prominent invertebrates belonging to
family lumbricidae and are dominant in the temperate
and tropical soils and they are account for 60–80 %
of the entire soil biomass and play a critical role in
the ecosystem. Eisenia fetida is most suitable class
of earthworms which is used for vermicomposting
but now the number of earthworms decreasing day
by day because of uncontrolled use of pesticides. The
pesticides enhanced the yield of crop.Acetamiprid
is a second-generation of neonicotinoid insecticide
which is more eective against pests if it used as
foliar sprays as compared with applied directly to
the soil. The technical grades of acetamiprid (97%)
were obtained from the l pesticide market of Hisar.
Exposure of earthworms of Eisenia fetida to dierent
concentrations of acetamiprid is usually done for
determination of lethal concentration 50 value by
using standard paper contact toxicity method and
the following concentration of acetamiprid (0.100
μg/cm2, 0.150 μg/cm2, 0.170 μg/cm2, 0.190 μg/cm2,
0.210 μg/cm2, 0.220 μg/cm2, 0.230 μg/cm2 and 0.240
μg/cm2) were prepared with water for determination
of lethal concentration of actetamiprid against
Eiseniafetida and a concentration of 0.165μg/cm2
caused fty percent mortality of earthworms knwon
as LC50 of acetamiprid. The mortality per cent has
been calculated twenty four hours after treatment with
relevant pesticide.
Keywords Actetamiprid, Eisenia fetida, Earth-
worms, Neonicotinoid, LC50.
INTRODUCTION
Acetamiprid is a second-generation neonicotinoid in-
secticide which was initially commercialized in Japan
in 1995 by Nippon Soda mainly for foliar applications
while direct soil uses are restricted (Elbert et al. 2008).
It has been proved that acetamiprid is more eective
against pests if it used as foliar sprays as compared
with applied directly to the soil (Palumbo et al. 2001).
It is still relatively unclear that ecological risks posed
by acetamiprid to non-target aquatic and terrestrial
organisms. It’s highly soluble (4250 mg L-1 at 25oC)
and stable in water (Jeschke and Nauen 2010). Like
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other pesticides, non-target aquatic organisms are
usually exposed through o-target spray drift, surface
water runos (Racke 2003).
Contribution of soil decomposing micro and
macro organisms are aecting soil structural and
physical properties in various agro-ecosystems and
their eect in cropping patterns have been extensively
studied (Fragoso et al. 1997, Beare et al. 1997). There
were accumulated evidences suggests that the biodi-
versity of soil organisms impart resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses (Altieri and Miguel 1999). Many
factors were responsible for green revolution in India,
out of which one of the major factor that eected is
the usage of pesticides at appropriate doses. These
pesticides usage had grown up especially in case of
high yielding varieties. These newly introduced va-
rieties became major targets for ranges of pests and
insects. Cultivation of high yielding varieties caused
soil exhaustion of nutrients. The nutrient depletion
was replenished by high doses of fertilizers which
caused luxurious growth of crops which are made
prime targets of pests. Hence there has indiscriminate
usage of pesticides been noticed (Ecobichon 2000).
Neonicotinoids are now the most prominent class
of insecticides and are being used globally as selective
agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
(Jeschke et al. 2011,Szczepaniec et al. 2013). Besides
their use in agriculture in various formulations such
as granules or foliar sprays, they even found their
way to control house hold insects likes termites,
cockroaches. They are also been used in veterinary
medicine to control ectoparasites (Jeschke et al.
2011,Goulson 2013).
Vojoudi and Saber (2013), Miao et al. (2013)
have studied the lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of ne-
onicotinoids on target pests. Several researchers have
also been carried out studies on the eect of neon-
icotinoids on bees and other non-target invertibrates
both in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Werner
and Hitzfeld (2012) reported their role in pollinator
crisis (Colony collapse disorder) which is a major
environmental concern.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted during July to Sep-
tember 2020 at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar and fully clitellated
earthworms (E.fetida) were exposed to neonicotinoid
insecticides viz., acetamiprid to determine toxicity.
Selection of test earthworm
Fully developed clitellated healthy earthworms of E.
fetida with average weight of 700 mg were collected
from the vermiculture unit of Department of Zool-
ogy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar. The earthworms were brought to
the vermiculture labo ratory and their culture was
maintained in plastic tubs having cow dung mixed
with organic manure (60:40) with adequate moisture
(60-65%) maintained by sprinkling of water on the
substrate as and when required and they are covered
with gunny bags to protect them from pests and to
maintain moisture level.
Procurement of test neonicotinoid insecticides
The technical grade of acetamiprid (97%) was ob-
tained from the pesticide market of Hisar, Haryana.
Description of treatments (sprayed) given in Table 1.
Experimental set up for assessing the LC50 of
acetamiprid
The selected earthworms were washed with distilled
water and kept in moist lter paper for two h for
cleaning of gut contents. The size of at bottomed
glass vials of 8 cm in length, 3 cm in diameter with
the medium grade 0.2 mm thick were taken and
whatmann lter papers were kept to t properly to
Table 1. Description of treatments (sprayed) given to the test
earthworm species along with control.
Sl.No. Treatment Description
1 Control No dose
2. T1 Acetamiprid 0.100 μg/cm
2
3. T2 Acetamiprid 0.150 μg/cm
2
4. T3 Acetamiprid 0.170 μg/cm
2
5. T4 Acetamiprid 0.190 μg/cm
2
6. T5 Acetamiprid 0.210 μg/cm
2
7. T6 Acetamiprid 0.220 μg/cm
2
8. T7 Acetamiprid 0.230 μg/cm
2
9. T8 Acetamiprid 0.240 μg/cm
2
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Table 2. LC50 value of acetamiprid against fully developed clitellum earthworm (E. fetida).
Insecticide Expose time Number Slope (b) χ2 LC50 LC95
Acetamiprid 24h 8 5.293 0.98 0.165 μg/cm2 0.331 μg/cm2
the size of vials to avoid overlapping of sides. Eight
concentrations of acetamiprid (0.100 μg/cm2, 0.150
μg/cm2, 0.170 μg/cm2, 0.190 μg/cm2, 0.210 μg/cm2,
0.220 μg/cm2, 0.230 μg/cm2 and 0.240 μg/cm2) were
prepared with water (Table 1). Every vial with lter
paper were poured with one ml concentration of in-
secticide and then rotated horizontally to ensure the
homogenous distribution of insecticide over lter
paper along with the control (having 1 ml deionized
water only). Thereafter, inoculated one earthworm per
vial to dierent concentrations of acetamiprid along
with the control and all vials were covered with mus-
lin cloth to avoid the escaping of earthworms from the
vials. During the whole experimental process proper
aeration, temperature range between 20±50 C and ad-
equate moisture levels were maintained to minimize
the mortality. All treated vials were laid horizontally
and protected from the exposure of light to increase
the eciency of experiment. Eight replicates for each
concentration along with the control were maintained.
Determination of LC50 of insecticides against adult
Eisenia fetida
After assessing the percent mortality, the corrected
mortality was computed (Abbott 1925) and the data
recorded during experiment was subjected to Probit
analysis (Finney 1971) as recommended by standard
paper contact toxicity method.
Total number of earthworms died
Percent mortality = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– × 100
Total number of earthworms released
initially
Mortality in treatment –
Mortality in control
Corrected mortality = –––––––––––––––––––––– × 100
100– Mortality in control
RESULTS
Earthworms of Eisenia fetida were exposed to dier-
ent concentrations of acetamiprid for determination of
LC50 by using standard paper contact toxicity method.
The obtained results are given in Table 2.
LC50 values have also been calculated and shown
in Table 2. It is the concentration of pesticide at which
it causes fty percent death of the organisms under
study. Acetamiprid at a concentration of 0.165μg/cm2
caused fty percent mortality of earthworms.
DISCUSSION
Earthworms have a key role in agriculture because
of its excreta providing quickly available plant nu-
trients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. It
burrows in the soil and increase its porosity but they
are directly or indirectly aected by pollutants as a
result of indiscriminate use of pesticides for better
crop yield. Earthworms are important bio-indicators
for ecological factor, key part of food web and are
non-target species aected by insecticides. The chem-
ical analysis of mortality of neonicotinoid insecticides
exposure is expressed in terms of LC50. Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD
2004) recommended that E. fetida is most appropriate
earthworm species for ecotoxicological investigation
due to their easy ability and better reproduction rates
(Gestel 2012). There are several testing methods that
were developed to estimate the toxicological eects
of pesticides on earthworms (Wang et al. 2012b).
No mortality was observed at lowest dose of ac-
etamiprid (0.100 μg/cm2) and this dose is considered
as minimal and dose of 0.240 μg/cm2 resulted 100%
mortality. The calculated LC50 by Probit analysis
of insecticide were 0.165 μg/cm2 it caused 50%
mortality of E. fetida and the mortality percent has
been calculated after 24 h exposure. Similar results
were also reported by Enrico et al. (2019) in which
LC50 of acetamiprid was (0.16 μg/cm2) with 50%
earthworm E. andrei mortality existed after 24 h of
exposure. As par results were also reported by of
Wang et al. (2012) where 24 pesticides were tested
by lter paper contact test and articial soil test and
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demonstrated that dierent insecticides varied widely
in their contact toxicities and the dierent insecti-
cides within the same chemical classes had dierent
toxicities to Eisenia fetida. In the experiment they
have tested with ve neonicotinoid insecticides by
using contact lter paper toxicity and reported LC50
values for acetamiprid (97%) was 0.0088 μg/cm2 ,
clothianidin (96.5%) was 0.28 μg/cm2 , imidacloprid
(95.3%) was 0.027 μg/cm2, nitenpyram (95%) was
0.22 μg/cm2 and thiacloprid (97.75%) was 0.45 μg/
cm2 and the LC50 values for imidacloprid, acetamiprid,
nitenpyram, clothianidin and thiacloprid to E. fetida
were 3.05 mg kg-1, 2.69 mg kg-1, 4.34 mg kg-1, 0.93
mg kg-1 and 2.68 mg kg-1.
According to the study of Saha et al. (2017),
Wang et al. (2015b) the neonicotinoids insecticides
have been observed as cholinesterase inhibitor insec-
ticide substitutes (carbamate and organophosphate)
as they show reduced special eects on environment
because of competitively inhibit acetylcholine recep-
tors in the central nervous system of insect.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that acetamiprid is considered as very
sensitive for the earthworm’s Eisenia fetida even at
lowest concentration and calculated LC50 of acetami-
prid is 0.165μg/cm2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are acknowledging the support received
from CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Haryana and technical support from Lala Lajpat
Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
(LUVAS) Hisar.
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