Tadashi Uragami

Kansai University · Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering

In this chapter, the fundamentals of membrane permeation and separation in several membrane technologies are introduced because their understanding is very important for the development of further noble membranes. In dialysis, chitosan derivative membranes for diffusion dialysis and hemodialysis are introduced. In reverse osmosis, a novel ultra low...

In this chapter, the preparation of separation membranes from chitin, chitosan (CS), and their derivatives; structure of their membranes; and principles and technologies in several membrane techniques are described. In dialysis, the blend membranes for hemodialysis and the surfacemodified CS membranes are introduced. In reverse osmosis, a high-flux...

This paper focuses on the addition of hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-butylimidazilium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide ([ABIM]TFSI) to poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-g-PDMS) membranes, on the pervaporation characteristics for the removal of dilute benzene from an aqueous solution. When an aqueous solution of...

This paper describes the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as chloroform, benzene and toluene from aqueous solutions of dilute VOCs using the poly(styrene)-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PSt-b-PDMS) membranes containing an ionic liquid, 1-allyl-3-butylimidazilium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide ([ABIM]TFSI) ([ABIM]TFSI/PSt-b-PDMS)...

To obtain high dehydration membranes for an ethanol/water azeotrope, dried blend membranes prepared from mixtures of sodium alginate (Alg-Na) and sodium deoxyribonucleate (DNA-Na) were cross-linked by immersing in a methanol solution of CaCl2 or MaCl2. In the dehydration of an ethanol/water azeotropic mixture by pervaporation, the effects of immers...

The permeation and separation characteristics of an ethanol/water azeotrope through chitosan membranes of different molecular weights and degrees of deacetylation during pervaporation were investigated. The normalized permeation rate decreased with increasing molecular weight up to 90 kDa, but at over 90 kDa, the rate increased. On the other hand,...

In one embodiment of the present application, a stimulus-responsive gel is disclosed with optical characteristic molecule introduced therein that is capable of easily and securely converting a volume change responding to external stimulus to optical data being easy to handle in the construction of sensor system; an external stimulus measuring appar...

Front Cover: Molecule-responsive microsized hydrogels with β-cyclodextrin as ligands in molecular imprinting are strategically prepared by photopolymerization using a fluorescence microscope. The molecule-responsive microsized hydrogels show ultra-quick shrinkage in response to target bisphenol A. The flow rate of a microchannel is autonomously reg...

Microdevices designed for practical environmental pollution monitoring need to detect specific pollutants such as dioxins. Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used as a monomer for the synthesis of polycarbonate and epoxy resins. However, the recent discovery of its high potential ability to disrupt human endocrine systems has made the development of...

In order to obtain higher membrane performance in the concentration of bioethanol and dehydration of organic solvents, hydrophobic porous poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) and hydrophilic porous chitosan membranes, respectively are applied to a temperature-difference-controlled evapomeation (TDEV) method in which a temperature difference b...

Novel organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with a bisphenol A (BPA)-responsive hydrogel layer on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles were prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm), acryloyl-modified β-cyclodextrin (CD) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide. The resulting CD-PAAm/SiO2 nanoparticles underwent...

A multiple-substance-responsive substance is disclosed, which is capable of simultaneously detecting a plurality of detection target substances by a single measurement. By a multiple-substance-responsive gel including: a plurality of kinds of complexes including (i) specifically binding substances, and (ii) binding partners each specifically and re...

We prepared lectin-imprinted hydrogel layers on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chips by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In a buffer solution with a target protein, the SPR signal and binding constant of the lectin-imprinted hydrogel layer chip were much larger than those of the nonimprinted hydrogel layer chip prepared without...

In order to concentrate ethanol from a dilute aqueous solution produced by bio-fermentation, two kinds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer membranes were prepared. Hydrophilic membranes, such as quartemized chitosan (Chito) membranes cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and hybridized g-Chito membranes with tetraethoxysilane, showed very high water/...

Target molecule-responsive hydrogels with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were prepared via molecular imprinting using bisphenol A (BPA) as a template. BPA-imprinted hydrogels showed greater shrinkage than non-imprinted hydrogels because CD ligands arranged at suitable positions formed CD-BPA-CD complexes that acted as crosslinks.

Biocatalytic membrane reactors are widely used in different industrial applications including those of the food industry, and in fine chemical, biological, biomedical and pharmaceutical productions, environmental treatments and so on. The application of bio-catalytic membrane reactors to research in these fields has an important effect on our daily...

The invention provides molecule-responsive gel particles which change in size in response to specific molecules and a method of production of the same. A polymer gel particle with a crosslinked structure has fixed thereto a plurality of clathrate compound-forming host molecules. Two or more of the plurality of host molecules clathrate different ato...

We prepared antibody-immobilized gel layers on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chips by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In a buffer solution with a target antigen, the SPR signal of the antibody-immobilized gel layer chip with an optimal thickness was much larger than that of a directly antibody-immobilized chip prepared by the...

To improve conversion of n-butanol to the corresponding ester using acetic acid, the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([ABIM]TFSI), which does not dissolve in the water by-product, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or PVA–TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) hybrid membranes were employed when using evapomeation (EV), alon...

Tumor-marker-imprinted hydrogels having lectin and antibody molecules as ligands for a tumor-specific marker glycoprotein were strategically prepared by biomolecular imprinting using minute amounts of low-molecular-weight or high-molecular-weight cross-linkers. The tumor-marker-imprinted hydrogels shrank gradually in response to a target glycoprote...

A novel nucleobase-terminated organosilane with nucleobase and ethoxysilane moieties was synthesized by a simple method in which bromouracil reacts with amino-terminated organosilane without solvents. The uracil-terminated organosilane was self-assembled on a hydroxylated surface, and then the uracil-concentrated surface was obtained. The resulting...

Bioconjugated gel particles that have complexes composed of lectin concanavalin A (ConA) and 2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate (GEMA) were synthesized by the surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization of N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), GEMA, and modified-ConA with polymerizable groups. The re...

This paper focuses on the effects of the PSt content of polystyrene (PSt)-poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) interpenetrat-ing network (IPN) polymer membranes on the pervaporation (PV) characteristics during the removal of benzene from an aqueous solution of dilute benzene. When an aqueous solution of 0.05wt% benzene was permeated through the PSt-PDMS...

To evaluate the high-performance of membrane materials in the concentration of an aqueous solution of dilute bioethanol under temperature-difference controlled evapomeation (TDEV), asymmetric porous cellulose nitrate (CN) and cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared by a phase inversion method. In the concentration of dilute ethanol under TDE...

To control the swelling of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) membranes, mixtures of CMCNa and glu- taraldehyde (GA) and mixtures of CMCNa as an organic component and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic compo- nent were prepared, and CMCNa/GA cross-linked membranes and CMCNa/TEOS hybrid membranes were formed. In the separation of an ethanol...

An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the controlled permeation of model drugs through a bioconjugated membrane with antigen-antibody complexes as reversible crosslinks. The materials used in the experiment included a rabbit immunoglobulin G and a goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, which was used as an antibody. In the purification method, the...

Cation exchange membranes prepared from poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were cross-linked by both glyoxal and gultaraledehyde and cross-linked membranes furthermore were annealed. The ion exchange capacity of the resulting PSA/PVA membranes increased, and the water content and degree of swelling of PSA/PVA membrane d...

Stimuli-responsive bioconjugated hydrogels that can respond to a target antigen (antigen-responsive hydrogels) were prepared by introducing antigen-antibody bindings as reversible crosslinks into the gel networks. The preparation conditions of the antigen-responsive hydrogels and the mechanism of the antigen-responsive behavior were investigated, f...

Permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/water and ethanol/water mixtures through an alginic acid membrane by a pervaporation method were investigated under various conditions. The permeation and separation characteristics for these aqueous alcoholic solutions were significantly different. To elucidate these different characteristics,...

This review paper introduces the preparation of porous PDMS membranes and the development of a new membrane separation technique for the concentration of bio-ethanol. Porous PDMS membranes were prepared by freeze-drying aqueous emulsions of organopolysiloxane, and were applied to a temperature-difference controlled evapomeation (TDEV) method develo...

To control the swelling of PVA membranes, mixtures of PVA and an inorganic oligosilane were prepared using sol‐gel reactions to yield new PVA/oligosilane hybrid membranes. In the separation of an ethanol/water azeotropic mixture during pervaporation, the effect of the oligosilane content on the water/ethanol selectivity of PVA/oligosilane hybrid me...

An acrylic resin emulsion containing a quaternary ammonium salt (hybrid q ‐chitosan/acrylic resin emulsion) was prepared by emulsion polymerization using an acrylic monomer with and without DAAM. DAAM was used to incorporate a functional keto group into the acrylic resin emulsion. Furthermore, a hybrid chitosan/acrylic resin emulsion was prepared f...

We synthesized anionic hydrogels containing fluorophores and investigated the adsorption of a cationic quencher having an amino group into hydrogels by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET from the fluorophore to the quencher in hydrogels was examined by fluorescence intensity and fluorescence decay using a fluorescence spectrophotom...

Two kinds of urease-immobilized polymer membranes were prepared. One was prepared by bulk-copolymerizing a mixture consisting of vinylized urease (VU), acrylamide (AAm), 2-hydroxylethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and a cross-linker (urease-immobilized poly(VU-AAm-HEMA) membrane) and another was prepared by ultrafiltrating a mixture composed of urease, quat...

Responsiveness of a poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogel having a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) structure was compared with that of a PAAm normal-type hydrogel in acetone/water mixtures. The PAAm semi-IPN hydrogel shrank much more rapidly by changes in the acetone concentration than the PAAm normal-type hydrogel though there was no d...

To design an organic–inorganic composite material with colloidal silica as the inorganic component, an acrylic resin emulsion and an organic silane hybridized acrylic resin emulsion were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The organic–inorganic composite films were prepared by blending the emulsion and the colloidal silica. The contact angles for...

The pervaporation (PV) performance of crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane) dimethylmethacrylate (PDMSDMMA) membranes for an aqueous solution of various hydrocarbons was studied using sorption–diffusion theory. Three chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloromethane) and three aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, chlorobenzene...

Solutions containing chitosan of different molecular weights and several acidic monomers were prepared under various aging conditions. Hybrid chitosan/acrylic resin emulsions were prepared from these solutions by emulsion polymerization. The viscosities of the hybrid chitosan/acrylic resin emulsions were influenced significantly by the molecular we...

IntroductionStructural Design of Polymer MembranesSeparation MechanismSeparation of Organic Liquid MixturesConclusions References

In order to obtain higher membrane performance in the concentration of aqueous ethanol solutions, a porous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane was applied to the temperature-difference controlling evapomeation (TDEV) method. Characteristics of permeation and separation for aqueous ethanol solutions through a porous PDMS membrane during TDEV unde...

We report dynamic glycoprotein recognition of gels prepared by biomolecular imprinting using lectin and antibody molecules as ligands for tumor-specific marker glycoproteins. The glycoprotein-imprinted gels prepared with minute amounts of cross-linkers could dynamically recognize tumor-specific marker glycoproteins by lectin and antibody ligands an...

With the goal of developing a waterborne coating material that prevents staining, organic-inorganic composites prepared from colloidal silica and two types of acrylic resin emulsions were investigated as exterior coatings. conventional acrylic resin emulsion and organic silane hybridized acrylic resin emulsion prepared by emulsion polymerization we...

Introduction Stimuli-responsive gels undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to environmental changes such as pH and temperature. Stimuli-responsive gels have attracted considerable attention as smart materials in the biochemical and biomedical fields, since they can sense environmental changes and induce structural changes by themselves. The...

We prepared a variety of stimuli-responsive gels that undergo volume changes in response to a target biomolecule, by using biomolecular complexes as cross-linking points and by biomolecular imprinting using biomolecules as ligands. This paper focuses on the effect of network structures of biomolecule-responsive gels on their molecule-responsive beh...

This paper focuses on the addition of tert-butylcalix[4]arene (CA) to cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membranes derived from poly(dimethylsiloxane) di(methyl methacrylate) macromonomer (PDMSDMMA) and various divinyl cross-linker compounds, on the pervaporation characteristics for the removal of dilute benzene from an aqueous solution. Wh...

Swelling of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid) (P(VA-co-AA)) membranes in aqueous alcohol solutions operated under pervaporation conditions leads to low water/ethanol selectivity. To reduce swelling, organic−inorganic hybrid membranes composed of P(VA-co-AA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared. However, when an aqueous ethanol solution was...

The permeation and separation characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as chloroform, benzene, and toluene, from water by pervaporation through cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes prepared from poly(dimethylsiloxane) dimethylmethacrylate macromonomer (PDMSDMMA) and divinyl compounds, such as ethylene glycol dimethylmetha...

The pervaporation performance of optimized poly(butylmetacrylate‐ co ‐vinyltriethoxysilane)/tetraethoxysilane (P(BMA‐ co ‐VTES)/TEOS) hybrid membranes for the removal of benzene from water was investigated. P(BMA‐ co ‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membranes prepared by the sol–gel reaction were modified by annealing and trimethylsilylation to enhance the perfo...

Chitosan was used to introduce formaldehyde adsorption abilities into an emulsion binder for interior finishing coatings. Chitosan-hybridized acrylic emulisions were prepared by two methods. To produce stable chitosan-hybridized acrylic emulsions, the pre-emulsion dropping method is superior to the monomer dropping method. The adsorption performanc...

This paper focuses on the effects of fluorine cross-linker of the cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes from polydimethylsiloxane dimethylmethacrylate macromonomer (PDMSDMMA) and divinyl perfluoro-n-hexane (DVF) on the pervaporation characteristics of the removal of benzene from an aqueous solution of dilute benzene. When an aqueous solutio...

Cellulose alkyl esters such as ethyl, butyryl, pentyl, and heptyl cellulose with different numbers of carbon in the alkyl ester group were synthesized for the separation of a mixture of benzene/cyclohexane (Bz/Chx = 5/95 w/w) with a low concentration of benzene. All of cellulose alkyl ester membranes showed high benzene/cyclohexane selectivity for...

Preparation of organic‐inorganic hybrid membranes and their pervaporation permeation and separation characteristics for an aqueous solution of 0.05 wt.‐% benzene are described. In this study, we prepared organic‐inorganic hybrid membranes by the sol‐gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic component with poly(methyl methacrylate‐ co...

Butyrylcellulose (BuCell) with different degrees of butyrylation was synthesized as a membrane material for the separation of benzene/cyclohexane (Bz/Chx) mixtures. A BuCell membrane with a degree of butyrylation of 2.3 showed high benzene/cyclohexane selectivity for Bz/Chx mixtures by pervaporation. Both the permeation rate and the benzene/cyclohe...

To control swelling of quaternized chitosan (q-Chito) membranes, mixtures of q-Chito as an organic component and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic component were prepared using the sol-gel reaction, and novel q-Chito/TEOS hybrid membranes were formed. In the separation of an ethanol/water azeotrope by pervaporation, the effect of TEOS conten...

This paper focuses on the effects of cross-linkers of the cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes derived from poly(dimethylsiloxane) dimethyl methacrylate macromonomer (PDMSDMMA), and divinyl compound, on the pervaporation characteristics of the removal of benzene from an aqueous solution of dilute benzene. When an aqueous solution of 0.05 w...

Permeation and separation characteristics for aqueous alcoholic solutions through a modified silicone rubber membrane containing poly(propylene glycol) in the polymer chain were studied by both pervaporation and evapomeation. Both the permeation rates in pervaporation and evapomeation increase, and the selectivity for ethanol in pervaporation does...

The formation mechanism of anisotropic polymer membranes formed by a system of cellulose nitrate (CN)/n-propyl alcohol (n-PrOH)/N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) was investigated. The ultrafiltration characteristics and the membrane structure were influenced significantly by the casting solvents (ratio of n-PrOH to DMF) and the evaporation period during...

The permeation and separation characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly[(vinyl chloride)-co-(vinyl acetate)] (poly(VC-co-VAc)) membranes were investigated for aqueous organic acid solutions by pervaporation and evapomeation. The PVC membrane preferentially incorporates organic acids and predominantly permeates water from aqueous organi...

The preparation of cellulose membranes from mixtures of cellulose, nonprotonic polar organic solvents, paraformaldehyde, and basic catalyst was studied. When dimethyl sulfoxide was used as casting solvent, the resulting membrane was the densest. An increase of an additional amount of triethyl amine used as basic catalyst gave denser membranes.Es wu...

A side-chain liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP) was synthesized by the addition of the mesogenic monomer to poly(methyl siloxane) in presence of a Pt-catalyst. When an aqueous solution of 10wt% ethanol was permeated through a LCP membrane by pervaporation at various temperatures, the permeation rate increased with increasing temperature and drastical...

For the purpose of the application of cellulose nitrate membranes for artificial kidneys, the permeation characteristics and the bursting strength of three types of membranes, which were prepared from a system of cellulose nitrate/methyl alcohol/1,4-dioxane/barium perchlorate (CN-1), from a system of cellulose nitrate/methyl alcohol/formamide (CN-2...

The preparation conditions of water insoluble poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes were investigated using three kinds of monovalent alkali metal compounds, namely, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide. The mechanism for the formation of water insoluble membranes is discussed. The permeabilities of pure alcohols were improved by ad...

Permeation and separation characteristics for the feed vapours from aqueous alcoholic solutions through chitosan derivative membranes such as chitosan acetate (GA-ChitoA), chitosan (GA-Chito), and carboxymethyl chitosan acetate (GA-CM-ChitoA) membrane crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were investigated by evapomeation. The GA-Chito and GA-CM-ChitoA m...

For the purpose of application in artificial kidneys the permeation characteristics of semipermeable membranes obtained from a system of cellulose nitrate/methyl alcohol/1,4-dioxane/barium perchlorate were investigated under various conditions. The optimum composition of the casting solution was found to be the proportion cellulose nitrate: methyl...

This paper focuses on the structural characteristics of membranes used in the removal of benzene from a dilute aqueous solution of benzene by pervaporation. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-g-PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-b-PDMS) membranes containing tert-butylcalix[4]arene (CA),...

This study describes the dehydration of an ethanol/water azeotrope during evapomeation using polyion complex cross-linked chitosan composite (q-Chito-PEO acid polyion complex/PES composite) membranes, constructed from quaternized chitosan (q-Chito) and poly(ethylene oxydiglycolic acid) (PEO acid) on a porous poly(ether sulfone) (PES) support. Both...

To inhibit the swelling of PVA membranes in aqueous alcohol solutions, which leads to lowered water permselectivity during separation, organic−inorganic hybrid membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared. When an aqueous solution of 85 wt % ethanol was permeated through the PVA/TEOS hybrid membranes du...

Two kinds of cross-linked quaternized chitosan (q-chito) membranes were used in this study. One was prepared by coating a casting solution of q-chito containing glutaraldehyde (GA) with a HCl catalyst onto a porous polyethersulfone (PES) support (membrane A). The other was membrane A further cross-linked in an aqueous GA solution with a H2SO4 catal...

The permeation and separation characteristics during evapomeation of an ethanol/water azeotrope (96.5 wt.-% ethanol) through quaternized chitosan (q-Chito) membranes and cross-linked q-Chito membranes, which were cross-linked with diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DEDGE), were studied. Both the q-Chito and the cross-linked q-Chito membranes showe...

Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as intelligent materials in the biochemical and biomedical fields, since they can sense environmental changes and induce structural changes by themselves. In particular, biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels that undergo swelling changes in response to specific biomolecules have become inc...

Hydrophobically surface-modified membranes were prepared by adding a fluorine-containing graft copolymer into a microphase-separated membrane consisting of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This study focuses on the effects of surface characteristics and microphase separation of the surface-modified membranes on th...

This paper describes the removal of benzene from an aqueous solution of dilute benzene using the poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-g-PDMS) membranes containing tert-butylcalix[4]arene (CA) (CA/PMMA-g-PDMS) by pervaporation. When an aqueous solution of 0.05 wt % benzene was permeated through the CA/PMMA-g-PDMS membranes, t...

Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene and chloroform in aqueous benzene and chloroform solutions through the poly(methylmethacrylate)-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-g-PDMS), poly(ethylmethacrylate)-PDMS (PEMA-g-PDMS), and poly(n-butylmethacrylate)-PDMS (PBMA-g-PDMS) graft copolymer membranes was investigated by pervaporation. W...

The relationship between microphase separation in block copolymer membranes and their fractal geometry was addressed. The permselectivities of the original and annealed PMMA-b-PDMS membranes were strongly influenced by the morphology of their microphase separation, which was dependent upon the copolymer composition. The fractal dimensions for the m...

Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) membranes were surface-modified using polymer additives and their pervaporation properties for an aqueous ethanol solution were investigated. The polymer additives, PFA-g-PDMS and PMMA-g-PDMS, were synthesized by graft-co-polymerization of fluoroacrylate (PFA) and oligo dimethylsiloxane (DMS), and methylme...

This paper describes simple surface modifications of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes by adding hydrophilic and hydrophobic block copolymers containing a PDMS component before the formation of PDMS networks on stainless-steel plates. The relationship between the surface characteristics of the surface-modified PDMS membranes and their permselec...

The annealing effects of block and graft copolymer membranes consisting of ethanol-permselective poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) plus water-permselective poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on their permselectivity for an aqueous ethanol solution in pervaporation were investigated in terms of their microphase separation. The ethanol-permselectivity of t...

In order to improve surface property of poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) membranes, surface-modified PTMSP membranes were prepared by adding a small amount of a polymer additive, which is a graft copolymer PFA-g-PDMS, consisting of poly(fluoroacrylate) (PFA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), in a casting solution of PTMSP. Contact angles...