Content uploaded by T. Taylor Eighmy
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by T. Taylor Eighmy on May 25, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
World trends in municipal solid waste management
Abstract and Figures
The philosophy of the Waste Management Hierarchy (prevention/minimization, materials recovery, incineration and landfill) has been adopted by most industrialized nations as the menu for developing municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies. The extent to which any one option is used within a given country (or region) varies depending on a large number of factors, including topography, population density, transportation infrastructures, socioeconomics and environmental regulations. Recognizing these differences, the International Ash Working Group (IAWG) compiled available waste data from Canada, Denmark, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States of America, for presentation at the Seminar on Cycle and Stabilization Technologies of MSW Incineration Residues held in March 1996.
Figures - uploaded by T. Taylor Eighmy
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by T. Taylor Eighmy
Content may be subject to copyright.
... The project was managed by WASTE, a nonprofit organization (NGO) with a Dutch institute-like structure that focuses on global research and development efforts. [2] The PFD is a particularly useful tool for illustrating accurate estimation waste systems which are characterized by concurrent service provision by competing wireless carriers, or by a substantial amount of melding between the formal and informal sectors, and also among private as well as public service providers. A PFD, for example, allows for accurate representation of instances that are common in some of the comparison cities, like if waste is 's official intended for or arrives at a dumpsite but is instead selected there by regional impromptu waste pickers, returning the biodegradable wastes to the industrial lifetime; or when maw is illegally dumped, likely chosen over to isolate cans and bottles, eaten up out by animals, or the residue would then be removed by humans.. [3] Also, data was gathered through exercises that were given to participants during workshops, including inquiries about the participants and the state of the city's waste management system in connection to the components, features, and issues related to them. ...
... As was already noted, evaluating an airline's CSR involves making difficult decisions based on a wide range of factors, such as design restrictions and requirements. [2]These criteria are used to compare CSR performances in order to determine which is the best. The evaluation's goal is to determine the CSR performance that will maximize stakeholder satisfaction based on criteria employed. ...
... Chandrasekar Raja et. al/ Journal on Applied and Chemical Physics 2(2), June 2023,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] ...
most cases. The waste management procedure involves collecting the rubbish from different sources and disposing of it. This process includes the collection, transport, cleaning, analysis, final disposal of waste. This circumstance inspired Hand in Hand India (Hang India), a griddle non-profit organization that supports sustainable development, to work with the inhabitants of Karakul to change mindsets and behavior in their approach to trash management. The necessary infrastructure is lacking in small cities like Karakul to treat its solid waste. It resulted in a significant environmental problem and a lack of understanding among locals, according to Achieved Shekharan from HIHI. By assessing how closely each option resembles the ideal answer, grey relation analysis provides a potent instrument that may environments. A complex decision-making process, design idea evaluation involves a number of elements, including design requirements and limitations including client needs, product prices, and development time. Sanitary landfill (%), Incineration (%), and Open dumps (%), Others (%).Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America. from the result it is seen that Latin America and is got the first rank whereas is the Asia got is having the lowest rank. The value of the dataset for Sentiment analysis technique in GRA (Gray-related analysis)method shows that it results in Latin America and top ranking.
... Past studies have also shown that in industrialized countries such as Japan, strategies such as the Waste Management Hierarchy (WMH), which emphasizes methods such as prevention/minimization, recovery, and incineration, have been adopted to manage municipal waste (Sakai et al., 1996). In developed cities such as Barcelona in Spain and Berlin in Germany, strategies such as waste separation are used wherein residents leave their refuse at special collection areas where different types of waste such as glass, paper, plastic, or organic material are stored in special refuse bins (Dornack, 2017;Bautista & Pereira, 2006). ...
The volumes of waste in urban areas around the globe continue to increase due to the upsurge in disposals from exponentially growing urban populations. Ideally, the waste must be regularly collected by responsible councils, but in some countries, the collection has been erratic due to operational challenges. Unfortunately, this is the current and perpetually unresolved problem in Zimbabwe. A lack of garbage collection vehicles, as well as a lack of fuel for the available refuse collection trucks, has resulted in sporadic refuse collection in urban areas. The accumulation of uncollected waste in Zimbabwe's urban areas pollutes the environment and exposes the inhabitants to health risks, leaving waste management responsibilities to the community. This research adopts the mixed-methods approach to evaluate the efficacy of using community social capital in waste management in urban Zimbabwe. Data was collected through a survey, observations, and key informant interviews. The study revealed that due to poor refuse collection by the Harare City Council, residents had taken the initiative to use their social capital to manage waste in their communities through mechanisms like clean-up exercises, environmental cleanliness training workshops, and forming collaborations with community-based organizations. However, these social capital initiatives are backtracked by some errant residents who continue to dump waste in undesignated areas. Measures such as introducing waste recycling income generation projects, incentivizing community clean-up participants, and enforcing penalties for dumping waste in illegal places are recommended to support social capital initiatives in municipal waste management in Harare.
... [15] To promote recycling and composting, governments, businesses, and individuals can take the following actions: Source Separation: Separating recyclable and compostable materials from other waste at the point of generation, such as households and businesses, can facilitate recycling and composting and reduce contamination. [16] Collection and Processing: Establishing and maintaining an effective collection and processing infrastructure, such as curbside recycling and composting programs, can increase recycling and composting rates. Education and Outreach: Educating the public about the benefits of recycling and composting and providing information on how to recycle and compost effectively can increase participation and reduce contamination. ...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a critical issue for cities and municipalities worldwide. As urbanization and population growth continue to increase, the amount of waste generated also rises. This leads to a need for efficient and sustainable waste management systems that can handle the increasing amounts of waste. One of the primary methods of MSW management is landfilling, which involves burying waste in the ground. However, traditional landfilling methods can have significant negative environmental impacts. To address this, new landfilling technologies have been developed, such as bioreactor landfills, which promote faster waste decomposition and methane gas capture. MSW management also involves waste reduction and recycling efforts, such as source separation and composting. Waste-to-energy conversion technologies, such as incineration and gasification, can also be used to generate energy from waste. Effective MSW management requires a comprehensive approach that considers not only the technical aspects but also social, economic, and regulatory factors. Public participation and awareness are crucial for the success of MSW management programs.
... A waste detailed quantification and characterization is necessary for integrated solid waste management strategies to be successful (Sakai et al., 1996;Oyelola and Babatunde, 2008). And such information also determines the feasibility of the installation of waste recycling and energy recovery plants (Zeng et al. 2005;Gidarakos et al. 2006;Chang and Dávila, 2008). ...
Indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste is an emerging environmental and economic problem within Africa and other continents of the world. The aim of the research is to assess the "generation, composition and the seasonal variation of household plastic waste generated in Kaduna metropolis". Applying a stratified sampling method, the plastic waste was collected from 100 households within the metropolis and classified into seven (7) types of plastics introduced by the Society of Plastic Industry. The plastic waste was sorted into various groups using their Resin Identification code (RIC) and Katz (1998) method of identification of polymers for the noncoded plastics. A total of 6052.45 Kg of Household plastic waste generated by 1516 residents from 100 household was collected and analysed. A mean per capita generation of 0.067kg/cap/day was calculated for the entire study area with an estimated annual generation rate of 53,601.95 tonnes/year. A significant variation in waste generation was observed between the two seasons (p < 0.05) with the Dry-season having a mean per capita generation of 0.060 kg/cap/day and 0.067 kg/cap/day for Wet seasons. Household plastic waste stream in Kaduna metropolis comprise of PET (15.73%), HDPE (10.47%), PVC (1.26%), LDPE (27.51%), PP (8.95%), PS (8.93%) and Others plastics (27.15%). The average bulk density of household plastic waste in Kaduna metropolis was 69.24 kg/m 3 which varies significantly (p < 0.05) between the seasons with a mean bulk density of 67.83 kg/m 3 in dry season and 70.65 kg/m 3 in wet season. The mean Moisture content of generated household plastic waste in Kaduna Metropolis was 10.38% which varies significantly (p < 0.05) between the seasons with a mean moisture content of 8.83% in dry season and 11.93% in wet season.
... A waste detailed quantification and characterization is necessary for integrated solid waste management strategies to be successful (Sakai et al., 1996;Oyelola and Babatunde, 2008). And such information also determines the feasibility of the installation of waste recycling and energy recovery plants (Zeng et al. 2005;Gidarakos et al. 2006;Chang and Dávila, 2008). ...
Indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste is an emerging environmental and economic problem within Africa and other continents of the world. The aim of the research is to assess the "generation, composition and the seasonal variation of household plastic waste generated in Kaduna metropolis". Applying a stratified sampling method, the plastic waste was collected from 100 households within the metropolis and classified into seven (7) types of plastics introduced by the Society of Plastic Industry. The plastic waste was sorted into various groups using their Resin Identification code (RIC) and Katz (1998) method of identification of polymers for the noncoded plastics. A total of 6052.45 Kg of Household plastic waste generated by 1516 residents from 100 household was collected and analysed. A mean per capita generation of 0.067kg/cap/day was calculated for the entire study area with an estimated annual generation rate of 53,601.95 tonnes/year. A significant variation in waste generation was observed between the two seasons (p < 0.05) with the Dry-season having a mean per capita generation of 0.060 kg/cap/day and 0.067 kg/cap/day for Wet seasons. Household plastic waste stream in Kaduna metropolis comprise of PET (15.73%), HDPE (10.47%), PVC (1.26%), LDPE (27.51%), PP (8.95%), PS (8.93%) and Others plastics (27.15%). The average bulk density of household plastic waste in Kaduna metropolis was 69.24 kg/m 3 which varies significantly (p < 0.05) between the seasons with a mean bulk density of 67.83 kg/m 3 in dry season and 70.65 kg/m 3 in wet season. The mean Moisture content of generated household plastic waste in Kaduna Metropolis was 10.38% which varies significantly (p < 0.05) between the seasons with a mean moisture content of 8.83% in dry season and 11.93% in wet season.
... Luo et al. and Sakai et al. studied the crushing characteristics of municipal waste consisting mainly of flexible materials, and believed that the impact force was easily absorbed by flexible materials and could not be effectively transferred, so the hammertype crushing device should be avoided [30,31] . In addition, Vincent et al. and Maisel et al. studied the crushing characteristics of thermoplastic material products, and noted that the roll crusher with supported cutting mainly could effectively crush the thermoplastic material products with good crushing quality and uniform material sizes [32,33] . ...
Recycling is the most efficient waste management method in terms of environment and economy for wastes that cannot be prevented and reused are processed. When it is considered that a significant amount of municipal waste comes from households, it can be understood how important individual waste separation efforts in households are for the efficient operation of recycling systems and for reaching the targeted recycling rates. The social marketing approach accentuates that increasing the recycling behavior of individuals requires knowing and managing
the barriers to the behavior as well as the motivating factors. In this context, many studies have been conducted on the barriers to recycling behavior since the 1980s, and many barriers have been identified. This research aims to summarize the extant knowledge on the barriers to behavior by presenting a systematic literature review of the studies on the barriers to individual recycling behavior in the literature. In this context, 72 empirical studies published between 1985-2022 in accordance with the pre-determined criteria were analyzed in-depth and reported within the framework of the PRISMA protocol. The findings showed that research was essentially divided into three groups: research that focuses on 1) discovering what the barriers were, 2) discovering which barriers were more important, and 3) analyzing the relationships of barriers to intentions and behaviors. It is observed that the barriers that are most emphasized and the effects of which on behavior are examined in the literature are mainly the barriers related to the perception of recycling as difficult and unfavorable. Some weaknesses of current studies have shed light on issues
that need to be addressed in future research. In future research, it would be beneficial to study 1) development of a valid and reliable barrier scale that will allow continuous measurement of different types of barriers, 2) the inter-relationships between barriers in order to identify the main barriers that trigger new barriers, 3) links between other barriers apart from difficulty inconvenience barrier with both recycling behavior and its known antecedents.
A brief national overview of waste management in the United States is provided. More emphasis is given to trends and management of municipal solid waste (MSW) although some is also provided on hazardous wastes (HW). Specific information is provided on MSW characteristics and management, MSW waste minimization, thermal treatment of MSW, incineration residue management, and contaminated site remediation.
The paper describes the current status of management strategies of municipal solid waste, packaging material and waste requiring special surveillance in Germany. The latest official data on production, composition as well as of recycling/utilisation, treatment and disposal options are compiled. The main focus of the paper is the thermal treatment of waste.
An overview of the waste management in Sweden is presented and is primarily based on the annual report presented by The Swedish Association of Waste Management. As of January 1, 1991, Swedish municipalities are responsible for comprehensive waste management planning. This shall include all the types of waste generated in the concerned municipality, i.e. including waste whose treatment for the municipality itself is not responsible for.
Basic measures taken in recent years to control waste management in Japan include: (1) Pollution prevention, (2) reuse and recycling, and (3) waste incineration with air pollution control. It is generally agreed that it is appropriate to follow the assigned priority of these options. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of the citizen, the local government and the business sector. The principal strategy to manage MSW is to prevent the discharge of waste and, where waste must be discharged, to recycle as much as possible to reduce the quantity. However, even if effort is made to minimize the amount of waste, a large proportion still requires treatment in view of the activities of modern society. Once waste is generated, it must be incinerated and/or buried in landfills if it cannot be recycled. Incineration plays an important role in Japan where landfill sites are difficult to secure. With these circumstances in mind, the author outlines the origin of MSW in Japan and the recycling process and the present status of thermal recycling with pollution control. Ash regulation and its treatment methods are also discussed.
In The Netherlands, an extensive National Environmental Policy plan was launched in 1988. The aspects dealing with waste are covered in the Ordinance of Waste Prevention and Recycling, in which targets have been set for a variety of waste streams. Strict targets have been set for the year 2000. As a result of these strict targets many programs in the different branches are aimed at meeting these targets, which in several instances is not easy due to technical, economical and social reasons. This paper discusses the current situation in The Netherlands with respect to utilization and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) residues. It addresses the current regulatory framework applicable to MSW incineration and MSWI residues. In addition, the status of regulatory and research developments in other waste areas is presented.
The management of municipal solid waste in most countries has become a complicated task, due mainly to the combined pressures of dwindling landfill space and the public`s desire to conserve resources. Despite the apparent availability of landfill space in Canada, the waste management situation for major municipalities in Canada does not differ from that in other industrialized nations. Canada is the world`s second largest country in terms of land mass (13 million square kilometers), yet it only has a population of about 29 million people (1995). Most of the population is concentrated in a narrow band along the southern border of the country. Major urban areas are found along the St. Lawrence River, the north shores of the lower Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario) and in the lower mainland area of British Columbia. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the waste management situation in Canada. It will describe the differences in waste regulations between regions and provide an overview of waste related statistics, including the chemical and physical composition of the waste.
This paper presents an overview of the waste management situation in Denmark. A brief presentation of Danish waste legislation and waste policy is followed by some information on two specific waste management options: incineration and landfilling.
A national overview on waste management
- T Eighmy
- S U S Kosson
Eighmy, T. and Kosson, S. U.S.A national overview on waste
management, Proceedings of Seminar on Cycle and Stabilization Technologies of MSW Incineration Residue, pp. 235-249,
International Ash Working Group (IAWG)/Japan Waste
Research Foundation (JWRF), Kyoto (1996).