Content uploaded by Susan Richardson
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Susan Richardson on Sep 16, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
A History of the Classification of Foraminifera (1826-1933). Part II. Notes on Cifelli's "Foraminiferal Classification from d'Orbigny to Galloway"
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Susan Richardson
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Susan Richardson
Content may be subject to copyright.
... The authors that came later such as Fichtel andMoll (1798, 1803) followed the example of Linnaeus and grouped the forams found in the genus Nautilus. In the later years, new genera were introduced such as Ammonia Briinnich (1772), and Lagena Walker and Boys (1784); both of which are valid genera even today (Richardson, 1990). In 1826, Alcide d'Orbigny named the group Foraminifères and placed them in a separate order within the class Cephalopoda in his first published classification of foraminifera, Tableau ...
... He classified them further into families based on the plan of growth, or chamber arrangement. In this work, he also proposed 87 generic names introduced by de Montfort (1808), Lamarck (1801-1822) and Defrance (1816-1825) according to Richardson (1990) and Saraswati & Srinivasan (2016). ...
... Williamson (1858) (Richardson, 1990). ...
The outcrop sampled is located in Vale Farpado, near Carnide village, in the municipality of Pombal of West Portugal, and belongs to the Carnide Formation. The deposit is mainly Pliocene in age and its basal contact with the Amor Formation is a disconformity representing a stratigraphic lacuna from the middle Miocene to the lower Pliocene. Nine layers of the outcrop namely, 2bottom, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3, 4a, 4b, 5a & 5b were sampled and only seven (2bottom-4b) of them yielded fossils. Sedimentological analysis was carried out for all the samples except for 2bottom and 2a since these samples had too much organic matter and could not be processed in time. It showed that the sediments are poorly sorted and extremely asymmetrical. There is an upward increase of smectite which reaches a maximum at layer 4b.
Fifty- eight species of benthic foraminifera and 11 species of planktonic foraminifera were identified. The dominance of Cibicides, Lobatula, Elphidium and the presence of mostly smooth and striate forms of Quinqueloculina concludes the environment to be high energy, cool temperate carbonate shelf sea. The occurrence of Globigerinella obesa in all the layers and the presence of Globigerinella pseudobesa (4.37-5.20Ma) in some indicates that early Pliocene (Zanclean age) could not be excluded. However further research in this regard is required. Globigerinoides diminutus remobilized by the erosion of the Miocene deposits can be found in layers 2bottom and 4a. It indicates the age of the Miocene sediments could be within N7-N9 zone (14.24-17.54Ma), late Burdigalian-Langhian age, in accordance with previous dating of this unit based on vertebrates MN5 (17-15Ma).
... 396-397) に転載) (図 1) 。この 格調高い Cushman の弔意は印象的であり 年少 の共同研究者という枠を越えた小澤との親交の深 さを偲ばせるものではないだろうか。また情報伝 達手段が発達した今日でさえ海外で良好な研究環 図 1 Cushman に よ る 小 澤 へ の 追 悼 文 (Cushman, 1930, p. 24) ． 同 時 に 死 去 が 報 告 さ れ た Aug. Tobler は ス イ ス・ バ ー ゼ ル に お け る 小 澤 の 共 同 研 究 者 (Ozawa and Tobler, 1929) ． (Cushman, 1930, p. 24) . Coincidentally reported was the death of Aug. Tobler, Ozawa's collaborator in Basel, Switzerland (Ozawa and Tobler, 1929 (Waters, 1949;Todd, 1950Todd, , 1976Todd, , 1985Henbest, 1952;Cifelli, 1990 (Todd, 1985;Cifelli, 1990;Richardson, 1990 ...
Yoshiaki Ozawa is a significant figure in the early history of Japanese geology and paleontology, and his scientific contributions during the 1920's still attract attention today. It is known that Ozawa was granted a precious opportunity of foreign study and travel under a fellowship program of the Ministry of Education, visiting the United States and European countries over a period of more than two years. Unfortunately, his sudden premature death at the age of 31, only five months after returning to Japan, left few clues about what Ozawa actually experienced and contemplated through his opportunity abroad, and how he interacted with foreign scientists. Reposited in the Cushman Collection of Foraminifera of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), are personal correspondence and other auxiliary material of Joseph A. Cushman, with whom Ozawa collaborated on the taxonomy of smaller foraminifera. Review of these secondary collections allows a detailed tracing, from the viewpoint of Ozawa himself, of his exact course of the foreign travel, his observations on major trends in U.S. petroleum geology, and his styles of initiating and implementing the collaboration with Cushman. Some details of those invaluable archives are introduced here to add color to the early history of modern geology in Japan. It seems that the productive experience of Ozawa overseas came about from the interplay of his talent and enthusiasm with fortunate circumstances he encountered during his travels.
... After Dujardin (1835) recognized Foraminifères as protozoans, d'Orbigny elevated the group to the rank of class (Loeblich and Tappan, 1964;Richardson, 1990), and he continued to use Foraminifères in all of his subsequent publications. The name Foraminifera was used by the 19 th -Century British school of foraminiferologists, notably Carpenter, Williamson, Parker, Jones, and Brady, although Foraminifera was recognized as early as 1838, in the Penny Cyclopaedia, and the American naturalist Jacob Whitman Bailey (1841) may have first used it in a micropaleontological publication. ...
Shelled granuloreticulose microorganisms have had a complex etymological history that began in 1826 when d'Orbigny gave his new order the name Foraminifères and characterized the group. Soon afterwards, further examina-tion and proper Latinization established them as class Foraminifera. D'Orbigny should be credited with the suprafamilial group name, regardless of rank, because he provided defining characteristics, and also because higher taxa are not governed by ICZN rules; in addition, we should consider the history of its attribution and what is traditional and customary in zoological nomenclature. The name Foraminifera is the source of a variety of informal terms, including foraminifera, foraminifer, foraminiferan, and for-am. Long after being demoted to order, the Latinized name was modified to Foraminiferida in 1964 by Loeblich and Tappan, the informal foraminiferid was introduced later. Here, we briefly examine these terms as sets of singular and plural nouns, and their derived adjectives and nouns that begin with foram-. Authors can choose any of the derived terms, but they should be consistent by using only one term-set throughout their paper. Other nouns derived from forami-nifer-, such as foraminiferologist for a student of the group, are not usually part of a term-set. The informal term foram is a valid derivation and it is the most common of the names used in conversation among earth scientists and biologists. It is already accepted in major dictionaries and literature, and it has been used in specific word pairs found in scientific publications. In addition, foram eases communication by its multilingual applicability; it is also the easiest of the terms to pronounce, write, and read. For all these reasons, its use may increase in scientific literature.