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国际医学史学会第九届学术会议
The 9th Meeting of
International Society for the History of Medicine
摘 要 集
I
目录
比较史Comprarative history ..................................................................................... 1
A01 The pulse diagnosis: a brief comparative study among Traditional Mexican Medicine
and Traditional Chinese Medicine……………..……………………María del Carmen Macuil García 1
A02 “Zhi Wei Bing” -治未病- preventive medicine of Traditional Chinese medicine
similarities to the Jewish ancient medical doctrines of Maimonides - the known Jewish
physician .............................................................................................................. Elioz Hefer 1
A03 Evidence of a Health Care Partnership Between the People’s Republic of China and
the USSR in the mid-20th Century ..................................................................... Juris Salaks 3
编史学 Historiography ............................................................................................ 6
B01 The Analysis on the Influence of Medical Data Mining on Medical Historiography
（医学大数据挖掘对医史学研究的影响分析） ............................. Li wei（李维）et al. 6
公共卫生史 History of Public Health ........................................................................... 8
C01 A Hilly Region’s Fifty-year Search for Hygienic Modernity: Narcotics in Newly
Discovered Judicial Records of Longquan, 1900-1949 ................................... Jianan Huang 8
C02 1949 年后血吸虫病防治中的血防领导小组：以上海为例 ..................... 武士龙 9
古典医学史 History of Ancient Medicine ................................................................ 11
D01 Plato, Aristotle and Galen: theory of soul and its significance for the history of
medicine ..................................................................................... Dmitry BALALYKIN et al. 11
D02 Vivisection in Greek and Roman Medicine ............................... Gary B. Ferngren 13
D03 Dentistry from the Prehistoric to the Roman Times. .................. Kousounis E.et al 14
D04 Fournier Gangrene as Divine Punishment: Two Cases of Roman Emperors .............
.................................................................................... Poulakou-Rebelakou E. et al. 16
D05 Introduction to Paracelsus´ Archidoxae (1569) by J. Gregor Macer Szepsius ...........
.................................................................................................... František Šimon 17
D06 The Role of Hypothesis in the Discovery of Blood Circulation（假说在血液循环
理论形成中的作用） ................................................................. ZHAO Jing（赵晶）et al.18
D07 Innovative gynecological methods in Antiquity: fertility, baby’s sex tests and
contraception ....................................................................................... Ana María Rosso 21
护理史History of Nursing ........................................................................................ 24
E01 Mowfung Chung—A Banner for Chinese history of Nursing（钟茂芳——中国护
理史的一面旗帜） .................................................................... Jiang Yueping（姜月平）24
E02 “With You on the Mission”: The History and the Development of the Israeli Army
II
Nurses .......................................................................................... Ronen Segev R.N. et al. 26
机构史 History of Institute ........................................................................................ 28
F01 The inheritance of craftsmanship spirit in China Medical University（工匠精神在
中国医科大学的传承） ...................................................... Cao Yingkun（曹颖坤）et al.28
F02 China Medical University on the Long March（长征路上的中国医科大学） .......
..................................................................................... Xiuzhi Guo（郭秀芝）et al.29
F03 Mao Zedong visited China Medical University seven times（毛泽东七次到访中
国医科大学） ............................................................................ Ji Huibin（季惠斌）et al.29
F04 Institutions, Researchers, and Medical Community in Shanghai, 1937-1941（机构、
研究人员与上海的医学共同体网络，1937-1941） ..................LI Yanchang（李彦昌）30
F05 Peking Union Medical College and the Formulation of the Scientific Medicine
System in the Era of Republic of China ............................................................ Wang Yong 31
F06 Brain Drain in Another Way: Early Western Women Physicians at China’s Late-
nineteenth-century Mission Hospitals ................................................................. YAN Yiwei 32
F07 The Gas Research Work of Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research（雷氏德医
学研究院的毒气研究工作） ....................................................... Yang Wei（杨威）et al.33
F08 Study on Traditional Chinese medicine hospital of the auxiliary capital --- the only
National Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine in the Republic of China（民国时期惟一
国立中医医院——陪都中医医院研究） .................................. Yuan Bing（袁冰）et al.35
F09 Influence of Peking Union Medical College on Medical Development in Tianjin（协
和医学院对天津医学发展的影响） ......................................... Ai Kelin（艾克林）et al.38
F10 Special Historical Heritage of China Medical University（中国医科大学特殊的历
史传承） ....................................................................................... Zhu Jinghai（朱京海）41
F11 Su Dongpo and the first populist government hospital in China [苏东坡与首家平民
公立医院“安乐坊”] .................................................................................. XiaoYe（叶笑）43
疾病史 History of Disease .......................................................................................... 46
G01 Eradication of Filariasis on Kinmen Islands in Post War Taiwan (1950s-1970s) ..
........................................................................................................ FONG Jiun Shen 46
G02 Spatial-temporal Difference and Influence of Concept of Prevention and Treatment
to Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of Cholera ......................................... Li Huacheng 47
G03 Manchurian Plague of 1910-1911 in Russian newspaper cartoons: death, local pride
and vanity .................................................................................................. Ratmanov Pavel 48
技术史History of Technology ................................................................................... 50
H01 Francisco Xavier de Balmis, the spread of the smallpox vaccine from Spain to the
Americas, the Philippines and China ................................................... Areli Muñoz Cruz 50
III
H02 The Social and Cultural History of X-ray in China,About its Knowledge and
Technology Spreading in China(1896-1949) [X 光在华的社会文化史（1896-1949）] ......
...................................................................................... Cui Junfen（崔军锋）et al.51
H03 Historical Development of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ................ Deming FU 52
H04 Study on the Historical Origin of the Small Splint Fixation ——a Core Technology
of Traditional Chinese Medical Orthopedics and the Philosophical Thinking on that ............
............................................................................................................. Jin Guo et al. 54
H05 20 世纪30 年代卡介苗接种在中国的实践 .................................. 史如松 55
H06 Contemporary Historical Changes and Analysis of In Vitro Diagnostics（当代体外
诊断历史变迁与分析展望） ............................................. Xing Jinghua（邢菁华）et al.56
H07 Historical Development and Trend of Technology of In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in
China（中国体外诊断技术发展及演化趋势） ........................ Xing Jinghua（邢菁华）59
H08 Back to the future. From Ramazzini (1633-1714) to ICHD 3 beta edition: history of
osmophobia as a newly identified clinical marker of migraine ................. Giorgio Zanchin 60
H09 From Charging to Free and Paying: The Strategy of the Introduction of Vaccination into
China ......................................................................................................... Qi CHEN (陈琦)62
H10 The Past and Present of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy and Morrow
Procedure ............................................................................................................. Yajie Tang 63
精神病学史 History of Psychiatry ............................................................................ 67
I01 The Insulin Myth in Chinese Psychiatry: A Study on Insulin Coma Therapy in China
..................................................................................................... Xiaoyang Gu et al.67
I02 Is Wrong with the Gene: a Case Study of 300 Psychiatric Archives in a Local
Hospital in China .............................................................................................. LIN Zhuyun 71
I03 The implementation of insulin shock therapy in China（1939-1996）[胰岛素休克
疗法在中国的实施（1939-1996）] ............................................. Xue Xiao（薛晓）et al.72
I04 Yan Jun (1504-1596): China’s First Specialized Psychiatrist（颜钧——中国最早
的专业心理医生） .................................................................... ZHONG Xin-zi（衷鑫恣）73
I05 The process of the depression diagnostic criteria in domestic development [抑郁症
诊断标准的中国本土化发展沿革] .............................................. Baijike（白吉可）et al.74
I06 Collective Unconsciousness: Interpretation on the Atrocity of the Japanese Unit 731
from the Cultural Psychological Perspective ............................................. Zhang Yan-rong 75
名医 great doctors ...................................................................................................... 77
J01 The Influence of Dugald Christie on Higher Medical Education of Northeast China
（司督阁对中国东北高等医学教育的影响） ............ Yuanyuan Dong（董园园）et al.77
J02 Nikolai Pirogov and the Crimean War .......................................... Maie Toomsalu 78
IV
J03 The Famous Doctors’ Former Residence in the Five-Avenue Area in Tianjin, China
（中国天津五大道名医故居） ................................................. Wang Jindun（王金盾）80
少数民族医学 Medicine of Minority ........................................................................ 82
K01 The Transformation of Mongolian Medicine in the 20th Century’s China ..................
........................................................................... CAIJILAHU(Saijirahu Buyanchugla) 82
K02 Zhuang’S Mo Religion and The nature view of The Zhuang’s medicine ....................
....................................................................................................Mo Qing-lian et al. 82
K03 Brief history of collation and editing of ancient literature of Sowa rigpa in China
after 1949（1949 年以来中国藏医古籍整理史概述） ............ ZHEN Yan（甄艳）et al. 83
丝绸之路上的医学 Medicine along Silk Road ........................................................ 85
L01 Medicine on the Silk Road .................................................... Nasim H Naqvi et al. 85
L02 Chinese Drugs on the Mediterranean in Antiquity: A Transdisciplinary Inquiry .......
.......................................................................................... Alain Touwaide et al. 86
L03 Myrrh in Mediterranean and Chinese Medical Traditions: A Comparative Study .....
.......................................................................................... Alain Touwaide et al. 87
思想史 Intellectual History ....................................................................................... 88
M01 A Brief History of Women’s Health Movement in the US（美国妇女健康运动简史）
............................................................................... Chen Xueyang（陈雪扬）et al. 88
M02 Four Faces in the Medicalization of Premenstrual Syndrome........................ Dan Li 89
M03 Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural
Heritage: from Dilemma to Breakthrough ............................................................. Song Ge 91
M04 The Application of Obstetric Ultrasound：History and Controversies（产科超声技
术使用的历史及争论） .................................................. TANG Wen-pei（唐文佩）et al.93
M05 The Study of Medicine Development From Culture Vision—— On Feyerabend’s
Medicine Ideas（医学发展的文化审视——费耶阿本德医学观探微） .............................
.............................................................................. Zhang Honglei（张洪雷）et al. 94
M06 The Changes in the concept of Bu Zhong Yi Qi and Philosophical Thinking on it .....
...................................................................................................... Liying Zhu et al. 95
M07 A Further Discussion on the Understanding of Basic substance and Life Element in
Eastern and Western Traditional Medical Philosophy（东西传统医学哲学对“基本物质与
生命元素”的认识沿革的再探讨）.................................................................. 仁青多杰 96
M08. Analyzing the Problem of Brain Death from Latour 's Translation Theory(从拉图尔的
转译理论看脑死亡问题) .......................................................................... TIAN Yan (田妍) 98
学科史 History of discipline .................................................................................... 100
N01 On Whales, Chocolate and Bodies. A Short Story of Anatomical Theatres in Rome
V
....................................................................................................... Luca Borghi 100
N02 Achievements in endocrinology of PUMC during 1917-1941 .............. Li Naishi 101
N03 The Other Side of A Coin ——The Interpretation of Quantixinluan .........................
......................................................................................................... JINGYI PANG 103
N04 The introduction of the first physiological textbook in the junior high school ..........
................................................................................................................ Fu Xinyue 105
药物史History of medication ................................................................................. 106
O01 Ustification via modern verification of some treatments for humans and some plants’
nourishments recommended by ancient Greek authors ...........................................................
................................................................................. Athanasios Diamandopoulos 106
O02 From Insulin to Insulim：The Made of Chinese Insulin in Republican China ...........
................................................................................................... Xiaoyang Gu et al.107
O03 Three Findings of Early Antibiotic Research in Peoples Republic of China（关于新
中国早期抗生素研究的三个发现） ..................................... Ming-En Song（宋铭恩）109
O04 Visiting Pills, Vacation Pills, Various “Quick Action” or “Just One Time Pills” for
Emergency or Peri-Coital Contraception in China ....................................... Carol Stamm 109
医学革命 Medical Revolution ................................................................................. 111
P01 Carol Davila –a promoter of the academic medical and surgical study .....................
............................................................................................ Sinziana Ionescu et al. 111
P02 The significance of Modern Medical Evolution – to Scientific Revolution ..............
................................................................................................................. Runhu Li 112
P03 Being Cured by Surgical Operations but no Pains: Sensory History and the
Anesthesia .................................................................................................... Min Fanxiang 113
P04 The evolution of patient transport from arms to air ambulances ......................................
............................................................................................... Sukran Sevimli et al. 114
医学交流史 History of medicine exchange ............................................................ 116
Q01 A History of Renal Medicine in the 19th Century Muslim Areas of Nigeria: An
Exploratory Study ........................................................................... Mukhtar Umar Bunza 116
Q02 Health for all and Provision of Alternative Medicine in Africa: The Chinese Herbal
Medicine in Northern Nigeria ......................................................... Mukhtar Umar Bunza 117
Q03 English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine:A Historical Carding and
Researching（中医英译史梳理与研究） ............................... Mingming Fu（付明明）117
Q04 The Birth of the China-U.S. Collaborative Project on Neural Tube Defects
Prevention（“中美预防神经管畸形合作项目”之缘起） .................... Zhuolin Mi et al. 118
Q05 Giuseppe Messerotti Benvenuti: An Italian Military Doctor Focusing On The Boxer
VI
Rebellion ............................................................................ Alfredo Musajo-Somma et al. 120
Q06 Conflict and Fusing between Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine（中西医的
冲突与融合） ......................................................................... MA Xiao-tong（马晓彤）121
Q07 Matteo Ricci and Interpretations of Traditional Chinese Medicine in His Time .......
............................................................................................................... Meng Yue 123
Q08 Parallels of Unani and Georgian Traditional Medicine ... Ramaz Shengelia et al. 124
Q09 Introduced of Western medicine and the influence of the medical ethics in the
Republic of China（西医传入对民国时期医德的影响） ..... Xia Yuanyuan（夏媛媛）125
Q10 The pneumatic paradigm in ancient cardiovascular physiology ................................
........................................................................................................ Fabio Zampieri 126
Q11 The church hospital and the spread of Western medicine in modern Anhui area of
influence（近代安徽地区的教会医院及西医传播影响） ...... Zhang Xiaoli（张晓丽）127
Q12 Chinese Medicine Study in Germany in the first half of 21th century -The Manfred
Porkert’s works of Chinese Medicine study（二十一世纪上半叶的德国中医研究——满
晰博（Manfred Porkerk）半个世纪的中医研究著作梳理）ZHANG Xueyang（张雪洋）128
Q13 The Dissemination of Western Medicine in Late Qing Dynasty of China from The
Shun Pao（从《申报》看晚清西医在中国的传播） .............. ZHANG Yuan（章 原）129
Q14 Two Medically Significant Connections between Romania and China .....................
............................................................................................................. Dana Baran 130
Q15 Review and Prospect on the Research of Missionary Western Medicine Translation
in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China（清末民国传教士西医译介研究述评
与展望） .............................................................................................. LAN Lan（蓝岚）132
Q16 Multilateral Health Diplomacy of People’s Republic of China: 1949-1978（当代中
国多边卫生外交之肇始： 1949—1978） ....................... SU Jingjing（苏静静）et al. 133
Q17 William Edward Macklin in Nanking: The memory of a missionary physician （南
京的马林（W.E Macklin）： 传教士医生的本土化尝试） ............... WAN Xu（万旭）134
Q18 Matteo Ricci's influence on Wang Kentang's study of Five movements and Six
dlimates (利玛窦对王肯堂运气理论的影响) ........................... Chen Yuliang（陈昱良）135
医学教育 Medical Education ......................................................................................... 137
R01 Modern Military Medicine Education founded in Tianjin（近代中国军事医学教育
在天津开创） ........................................................................... Wang Jindun（王金盾）137
R02 Professional Education at a Comprehensive University:the Characteristics of Pre-med
Training at Yenching University, 1925-1952（综合大学中的职业教育：燕京大学医学预
科教育的特色，1925-1952） ............................................................. Liu Fang（刘芳）138
R03 William Henry Welch and the introduction of modern medical education into China ....
........................................................................................... Haitao GE(葛海涛) 139
VII
R04 A Passive Differentiation: Discussions on Modern Chinese Medicine Textbooks（被动
的分化：近代中医教材分科探讨） ............................................. Hong ZHENG（郑洪）140
饮食与医学 Diet and Medicine ............................................................................... 142
S01 Diet and plague: an empirical tentative approach through political, medical and
ecclesiastical arguments by Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750) ...................................
........................................................................................... Luigi Alberto Pini et al. 142
S02 Nutrition Science in China during World War II ...................... Wang Gong et al. 143
中医社会史 Social History of Chinese Medicine ................................................... 145
T01 The Relationship between Miao Xiyong’s Work and the Intellectual Trend in Late
Ming Dynasty（狂奴亦人豪：论缪希雍《神农本草经疏》与“尊经复古”之关系） .......
................................................................................... DONG Xianliang（董显亮）145
T02 Women, Imperial Power and National Medicine ------A Study on the Effect of
Emperor Renzong’ Illness under the Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treat to the Development
of National Medicine in the Northern Song Dynasty ...................................... Dong Yuyu 147
T03 Study of hydrotherapy in ancient China and its lost reason(中国古代水疗法的文献
整理及其消失原因研究) ............................................................................Ning Liu et al. 148
T04 Difficult reconstruction: The formation of the body concept of traditional Chinese
medicine in modern times ........................................................................... Liu Peng et al. 151
T05 Images of tea in Ming dynasty herbals: A Research mainly based on herbs
Illustrations （明代本草中茶的形象——以本草插图为主的探讨） ................................
.......................................................................................... Qian Yibing（钱奕冰）152
T06 Exaggerated and Imaginary Stories Involving the Medicine in Jottings of the Tang
Dynasty ................................................................................................... Wang Sicui et al. 157
T07 Man-made Enrich Blood Syrup as a Case to Explore Medical Impact of The Man-
made Tonic and Public Health Care Trend(1912~1949) (以人造自来血为例论人造“补药”
对医疗保健的影响与社会保健风潮（1912~1949 年）) .................. Xiao Xiong (肖雄) 160
T08 The Origin on “Three Emperors in ancient China” and “The Famous doctors
throughout ten dynasties” in Water- and-Land Murals of Pilu Temple (毗卢寺水陆壁画中
“三皇”及“十代名医”缘起考) ....................................................... Yang Jinping (杨金萍) 161
T09 从三官书到投龙金简——长生术与皇权的若即若离 ......................... 于赓哲 162
T10 How the Image of Yu Yue 's Abolishment of Chinese Medicine Constructed (俞樾
废止中医的形象是如何建构的) ........................................... Tiansheng Zhang (张田生) 163
T11 A study on self-employed group of Traditional Chinese physicians during the era of
Republic of China ................................................................................................ Cai Qing 165
T12 From local to global——The modern transformation and transmission of TCM in
the cultural philosophy vision (走向全球化的地方性——中医学现代转型与传播的曲折
VIII
进程) ................................................................................................... Cheng Wei (程伟) 166
T13 Lü Kun’s Shizheng Lu and the Public Pharmacy in Ming China ..............................
................................................................................................... Jiao Kun (焦堃) 166
中医史 History of Traditional Chinese Medicine .................................................. 170
U01 The Textual History of the Zhouhou beiji fang 肘后备急方 ......... Sean Bradley 170
U02 The Early Exchange of Materia Medica along the Silk Road ......... Sean Bradley 170
U03 Review of the private Chinese Medicine undertakings during the Republic of China
（民国时期民办中医事业述评） ............................................... Cao Lijuan（曹丽娟）171
U04 Spring Rain in the Apricot Garden:A Story of TCM Teaching & Learning through
Four Generations ................................................................... Yuanyuan Chen（陈源源）173
U05 Decline of Picking sha Therapy in Modern China（近代中国挑痧疗法的衰落） .
......................................................................................... JI Zhenghan（纪征瀚）174
U06 Review of Research on Bronze Acupuncture Figures in Japan ..................................
.................................................................................................... JIANG Shan et al. 175
U07 Medicine Historiographic Research on Fragrant Medicines in Ming and Qing
Dynasties ....................................................................................................... Sun Ling-zhi 177
U08 Difficult reconstruction：The formation of the body concept of traditional Chinese
medicine in modern times ........................................................................... Liu Peng et al. 178
U09 Modern Medical Value and Cultural Value of Ancient Music Therapy Cases（古代
音乐治疗医案的现代医学价值与文化价值） .................. Wang Site（王思特）et al. 179
U10 The disease characteristics and historical achievements of the three species of
bamboosilk in the Western Han Dynasty ............................................... Yuan Kaihui et al. 180
U11 Characteristics of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Therapy and Their Relevance to
Ancient Chinese View of the Body（针灸疗法特点与古代身形观） ..................................
...................................................................................ZHAO Jingsheng（赵京生）181
U12 The History of TCM Pediatrics in China since the Founding of PRC..ZHAO Yan 182
U13 On the appearance and its background of present term-Traditional Chinese Medicine
（今义“中医”一词的出现及其背景） ................................... Zhu Jian-ping（朱建平）183
U14 From “Huhuo Bing”(狐惑病) to “Huyu Bing”(狐𧌒病) in Shanghan Lun: A Study
of the Reconstruction of medical knowledge in Ming and Qing Dynasties ............................
..................................................................................................... Zhang Yuanyuan 184
U15 Romanian Contributions to Acupuncture Studies ............................. Dana Baran 185
U16 Research on Relevance between “Shengji Zonglu Shanghanmen” and “Taiping
Shenghuifang Shanghanmen”（ 《圣济总录•伤寒门》与《太平圣惠方•伤寒门》方论相
关性研究） .................................................................... Wang Feixuan（王飞旋）et al. 187
IX
U17 The Textual Research on the Materia Medica of The Book of Songs（ 《诗经》本
草名物考述） ............................................................................. Meng Xi（孟玺）et al. 189
U18 Explanation on the “Tian Gui” in TCM based on the literature research（基于文献
解读中医学“天癸”之谜） ................................................................................... 李海英 190
U19 Examination on the Names of Eye Diseases in The Book of Pulse Excavated From
Zhang Jiashan（张家山《脉书》目病病名释义考辨）…Yuan Kaihui（袁开惠）et al. 192
V01 Al Ijaza fi Tib (degree in medicine): an example from Fez..El Bachir Benjelloun 193
V02 Sabuncuoglu’s Contributions To Albucasis’s Book On Surgery In His Manuscript
Named Cerrahiyyetu’l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery) ............................. Gulten DINC et al. 194
V03 Les filles de Transylvanie qui ont voulu devenir médecins et pharmaciens: l’
ouverture des portes de l’université pour les femmes à l’aube du 20e siècle ..........................
.............................................................................................. Orsolya Horber et al. 195
V04 Research on Association of Temperature with Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular
Diseases in Beijing ....................................................................... Zhenghong Chen et al. 196
1
比较史Comprarative history
A01 The pulse diagnosis: a brief comparative study among Traditional Mexican
Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine
Author： María del Carmen Macuil García
Institute: National University of Mexico, History and Philosophy of Medicine
Department
Contact: makuilita@icloud.com
The use of the pulse taking as a diagnostic method is well known and studied into
traditional Chinese medicine, however, in Mexico there are many localities where the
medical native medicine is still remains useful and one of the most common techniques
to examine patients is pulsate. The medicine man of those communities is capable to
distinguish some illness using the pulse procedure; therefore he organizes and
communicates the appropriate therapy for his patient. The general aim of this paper is
a brief comparative review between both medical traditions; the particular purpose is
to begin a historiography study dedicated to recognize similitudes and differences about
the use of pulse diagnosis. The revision of a few critical analysis concerning to each
one traditions could mainly help to futures researches in the field of history and
anthropology Mexican.
Key Words: pulse diagnosis, pulse examination, traditional Chinese medicine,
traditional Mexican medicine
A02 “Zhi Wei Bing” -治未病- preventive medicine of Traditional Chinese
medicine similarities to the Jewish ancient medical doctrines of Maimonides - the
known Jewish physician
Author： Elioz Hefer
Institute: The Israeli Health Ministry Hasharon Health District Officer
Contact: Elioz.Hefer@gmail.com
2
Ancient wisdom of medical physicians –may be a true `light tower` to promote
basic proven axioms in modern medical science: Healthy life habits and medical
prevention are far better approach than any other clinical approach.
Those were as well true main basic pillars of medical ideology for both the Chinese
traditional medicine (“Zhi Wei Bing” ) and the jewish tratidional one .
`Maimonides` (Μαϊμωνίδης), - Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Hebrew: ה שֹמ ןמי ַמ־ןב ;),
or Rambam by acronym is considered as one of the greatest historical Jewish minds of
all times who lived almost 900 years ago, a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher
scientist and Rabbi head of the Egypt Jewish community, and a great physician .
While examining his medical assays and concepts regarding Illness and Health– it
is clearly noticeable that he highly valued preventive medicine – above clinical
medicine
As he explains – in his assay REGIMEN OF HEALTH sent to the King al-Afdal,
son of Salah –A-din:
"The art of medicine comprises three regimens, of which the First and most noble
is the regimen of a healthy one. Which is a regimen of the state of health so that it shall
not be lost.
The second is the regimen for the sick, which is, the employment of the craft to
restore one's lost health; this is known as the art of cure. "
Much the same attitude was prominent –in Traditional Chinese Medicine:
“Zhi Wei Bing” - 治未病 principle of Prvention
Nei Jing wrote 4610 years ago – "The sages of antiquity did not treat those who
were already sick, but those who were not sick... When a disease has already broken
out and is only then treated, would that not be just as late as to wait for thirst before
digging a well"
Traditional Chinese physicians were rewarded for preventing disease: Chinese
Village physician's responsibility was to keep the village from getting sick in the first
place. In return, the village citizens took care of his needs (fed him, clothed him, etc.)
Once people got sick, they were unable to support the doctor. Thus it made more
sense for him to keep them well than to wait until they were sick.
3
Although there is a common literature knowledge for the prognostic and economic
advantages for primary prevention over secondary and tertiary one policy makers still
tend to prioritize the only clinical (tertiary ) prevention i.e. – curing the sick instead
of preventing the disease.
Modern Western Medicine is rewarded to cure illness whereby policy makers
should have restore the ancient attitude presented by “Zhi Wei Bing”
The article will demonstrate some similarities of prevention between ancient
different cultures of prevention– and will propose an epi-modern approach for health
policy in light of historical perspective.
References:
1. Ariel Bar-Sela, Hebbel E. Hoff and Elias Farus, "Moses Maimonides' Two Treatises
on the Regimen of Health," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, ns, 54
(1964), Part 2: 16.
2. Chinese Medicine is Preventive Medicine Brian Benjamin Carter As appeard on
http://www.acupuncture.com 2017 march
A03 Evidence of a Health Care Partnership Between the People’s Republic of
China and the USSR in the mid-20th Century
Author： Juris Salaks
Institute: Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
Contact: juris.salaks@rsu.lv
Political and economic relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC)
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) flourished during the 1950s, until
they were radically ended. The relationship facilitated partnership in economic,
scientific, technical and cultural terms, and that also involved health care.
The collection of the Pauls Stradins Museum of the History of Medicine in Riga
has a lot of evidence about this partnership and the development of health care in the
PRC during the middle part of the last century. The most visually expressive
collection involves more than 100 posters related to sanitary education in China, as
produced between 1953 and 1962.
4
The posters have been received by the museum in different ways. Eight have the
date of 1953, and their origins are unknown. They probably were once part of the
private collection of the founder of the museum, Professor Pauls Stradins. Ideological
posters mostly propagandise the loyalty of young people toward the political course of
the new PRC, and the link to promotion of health care is rather vague.
The second group of posters is dated between 1955 and 1958, and it was a gift from
Yevgeni Pavlovsky (1884-1965), a distinguished Russian zoologist and parasitologist,
also an academic at the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Pavlovsky studied the origins
of various diseases in nature, organising many scientific expeditions to Central Asia.
Between 1961 and 1963, he presented the museum with some of his personally
collected items. Most of these were documents, books and engravings related to
Islamic medicine, as well as 24 posts from PRC related to environmental protection and
health care. They relate to didactic public education on topics such as dealing with
flies, molluscs, rats, sparrows and mosquitoes, personal hygiene, proper washing of
hands before eating, care of children’s fingernails, preserving the cleanliness of bodies
of water, the proper way to use drinking water for people and livestock, the proper
preparation of fish and meat, as well as how to wash and clean vegetables.
The largest group of posters (86 in all) is dated between 1958 and 1962. After a
delegation of Chinese doctors and health care bureaucrats has visited the museum, the
posters were sent to the museum in 1963, as a gift from PRC Health Care Ministry.
The posters focus on sanitary education – the health of mothers and children, the proper
treatment of patients, vaccination, personal hygiene, brushing of teeth and oral hygiene,
preservation of vision and job safety, the proper posture of children and adolescents,
the normal anatomy, the physiology of digestion, nutrition, etc. Eight of the posters
focus on pregnancy, childbirth and care for infants.
A comparison of propaganda posters devoted to sanitary issues in the PCR and the
USSR in the mid-20th century shows their ideological aspects. The artistic style of
the two kinds of posters is similar.
The size of the posters varies, but most are 53x76 cm in size. Most of them are
offset in full colours and printed on paper. One poster was printed on verge type paper.
5
Information is presented via drawings and photographs, and the texts are laconic.
There are seals on some of the posters. The posters were issued in 5,000 to 400,000
copies.
This evidence of the medical history of PRC is of great cultural and historical value,
and so a further study of the collection together with medical historians and other
specialists from the PCR could facilitate the organisation of an international travelling
exhibition. The fact that this would be of interest is seen in the experience of the Pauls
Stradins Museum of the History of Medicine. For the past year, visitors have been
very much interested in the 18 Chinese posters that are on display.
References:
1. П.Э. Ратманов. Советско-китайское сотрудничество в области
здравоохранения в 50-60-е гг. XX в. // Вестник общественного здоровья и
здравоохранения. 2012, № 4
2. Я.Страдыньш, Д.Цербере. Связи академика Е.Н.Павловского с П.Страдынем
и его музеем. // Acta Medico-Historica Rigensia. Riga, 2007. Vol.VIII (XXVII)
3. Pauls Stradins Museum of the History of Medicine archive and collections storage.
6
编史学 Historiography
B01 The Analysis on the Influence of Medical Data Mining on Medical
Historiography（医学大数据挖掘对医史学研究的影响分析）
Author： Li wei（李维）, Zhou zhichao（周志超）
Institute：Peking University Health Science Library
北京大学医学图书馆
Contact: lwlwlw6699@126.com
With the advent of medical data age, traditional concept of medical research and
clinical research has been changed. Massive data resources for medical history research
has opened up a new way to discover and explore the research areas and research
methods that the predecessors can not achieve. Especially the continuous improvement
of the function of text mining, knowledge map and social knowledge network, so that
researchers can intuitively study the field of medical history of large sample data by the
data, graphics, network, and rely on quantitative data resources to study and evaluate
the research object. This paper tries to analyze the potential value of the study of
medical history by analyzing the essence and characteristics of big data and the function
of current mainstream analysis and mining software. Promoting the study of medical
humanities to transform from scholarship of interpretation into scholarship of discovery,
so as to enrich the digital humanities research content.
Key Words: big data; data mining; medical history; research methods
随着医学大数据时代的到来,已经改变了医学科研和临床研究的传统观念。海
量丰富的数据资源也为医史学研究开辟了一个全新的途径去发现和探究前人无
法实现的研究领域和研究方法。特别是文本挖掘、知识图谱以及社会知识网络功
能的不断完善，使研究者能够更加直观的通过数据、图形、网络来研究医学史研
究领域的大样本资料对象，依靠量化的数据资源对研究对象进行研究和评判。本
文力图通过剖析大数据的本质和特点，以及目前主流分析挖掘软件的功能，分析
7
其对医史学研究的潜在价值。促进医学人文学科由注重解释和理解的解释型学术
（scholarship of interpretation）转变为发现型学术（scholarship of discovery），从
而充实数字人文的研究内容。
关键词：大数据；数据挖掘；医史学；研究方法
8
公共卫生史 History of Public Health
C01 A Hilly Region’s Fifty-year Search for Hygienic Modernity: Narcotics in
Newly Discovered Judicial Records of Longquan, 1900-1949
Author： Jianan Huang
Institute: Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
For decades scholars have long accepted such an image of drugs like opium resisted
the modernization of China, but recently faced up to challenges from both history and
public health studies declared that the beneficial effect of opium is actually more
significant. To seek the causer of drug problem (government policies or drug itself), we
should turn to archives in modern China. Discovered at the Archives Bureau of
Longquan by scholars from Zhejiang University in 2007, judicial records of Longquan
(Longquan sifa dang’an 龙泉司法档案) by far remains as the largest judicial records
in number during the late Qing and early Republican periods. These records, however,
still remain beyond medical historians’ main horizons as only less than one percent
of these judicial records have been published. By re-examining the matters drug-related
in judicial records of Longquan, we can learn that suspects always connected drug
addiction with their illness and a large portion of drug-gang members were employed
in drugstores. These facts turn new lights on the transition of drugs from angel to devil.
Furthermore, the trends of drug taking do not correspond with central government’s
enforcement of anti-drugs movement, which shows the effort of a local hilly region to
maintain its public health under the storm of modernization. However, stimulants like
cocaine as well as hallucinogens like mescaline had neither appeared on the judicial
records of Longquan, stressing the limited purchasing power of local people. Limited
economic status also leads to the rising of morphine instead of opium, which reveals
that drug consumption was no long the symbol of upper class. All aforementioned
phenomena reflect a different face of drugs compared with the image constructed under
the “biopower” of central government, and contribute to our understanding of
“Hygienic Modernity” during modern China.
9
References:
1. Frank Dikotter, Lars Laamann and Zhou Xun eds.: Narcotic Culture: A History of
Drugs in China, London: Hurst; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Hong Kong:
Hong Kong University Press, 2004.
2. Ann Dally: “Anomalies and Mysteries in the ‘War on Drugs’,” Roy Porter and
Mikulas Teich eds.: Drugs and Narcotics in History, pp. 199-215.
3. Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi: Opium Regimes: China, Britain and
Japan, 1839-1952, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press,
2000.
4. Zhou Yongming: Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism,
History, and State Building, Lanham Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999.
5. Joyce A. Madancy: The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade
and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s, Cambridge: Harvard
University Asia Center, 2004.
6. Zheng Yangwen: The Social Life of Opium in China, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
7. Ruth Rogaski: Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port
China, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004.
8. Timothy Rayner, “Biopower and Technology: Foucault and Heidegger’s Way of
Thinking,” Contretemps 2 (May 2001): 142–156.
9. Longquan Sifa Dangan 龙泉司法档案, electronic version in Center for the Edit and
Studies of Local Historical Documents, Zhejiang University.
C02 1949 年后血吸虫病防治中的血防领导小组：以上海为例
Author： 武士龙
Institute：复旦大学历史学系
Contact: 16210140015@fudan.edu.cn
血吸虫病，俗称“水臌病”或“大肚子病”，是由一种寄生蠕虫——血吸虫在
人体或动物体血管内发育所引起的一种严重危害人体健康的疾病。血吸虫病在我
国境内广泛流行，流行区曾遍及长江流域及其以南的 12 个省、自治区、直辖市
的324 个县、市。1现在的上海市所辖地区在历史上也是全国血吸虫病严重流行
地区之一，尤其是位于上海西郊的青浦,是全国 10 个血吸虫病严重流行县之一。
纵观上海市血吸虫病防治工作，1955 年11 月成立的中共中央防治血吸虫病九人
小组，以及随后上海市委、流行县的县委和乡、镇党委分别建立的七人、五人和
三人血防领导小组非常重要。专门的血防领导小组的成立，加强了党与政府对于
10
血防工作的统一领导，加强了血防工作的群众参与，也是导致血防大跃进的一个
重要因素。
References:
1.中华医学会编：《新中国血吸虫病调查研究的综述》，科技卫生出版社，1958 年
11 月，40-41 页。
11
古典医学史 History of Ancient Medicine
D01 Plato, Aristotle and Galen: theory of soul and its significance for the
history of medicine
Author： Dmitry BALALYKIN, Nataliya SHOK
Institute: Sechenov University, Department of History of Medicine, National History
and Culturology, Moscow
The significance of Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul is well-known to historians
of science. However, its direct influence on the development of medical theory was not
completely clear in modern historiography.
The primary source of further information on this matter is Galen’s treatises “In
Platonis Timaeum commentarii fragmenta” (Eng.: Commentary on Plato’s ‘Timaeus’)
and “De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis” (Eng.: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and
Plato), that have been translated by us into Russian from Ancient Greek. In these
writings, Galen offers very important interpretations of Plato’s ideas which help us
understand their value for the development of medicine from 3rd century B.C. to 2nd
century A.D.
The inferior parts of the soul, according to Plato, are mortal. Galen added the
crucial understanding of their structure, assuming that it matches the structure of organs
in which they reside. Therefore Galen validated Plato’s idea of the mortality of these
two parts of the soul. After all, if human flesh is corruptible, the inferior parts of the
soul, which reside in corruptible organs, must also be corruptible. Galen’s theory on the
direct involvement of the corresponding part of the soul in facilitating certain
physiological processes was also an important idea, which was significant for further
development of medicine.
The superior part of the soul, according to Plato, resides in the brain, is immortal,
and after death, the body separates from it and rises to the other world. Galen gave this
theory a clear, practical medical definition: the death of a person comes at that moment
when, due to certain pathological processes, brain tissue is no longer able to contain the
12
substance of the superior, immortal part of the soul. The bonds joining them are
irreversibly weakened and the soul separates from the body. For instance, this may
happen due to apoplexy. We can legitimately call Galen’s logic of reasoning
pathogenetic.
According to his theory, an apoplectic attack occurs due to the onset of a state of
“plethora”, i.e., the overfilling of brain tissue with pathological fluids. As a result of the
“plethora”, brain tissue is extremely cooled, which becomes the direct cause of the
breakdown of the bonds between it and the immortal part of the soul. It is clear that
Galen using the language of speculative hypothesis sufficiently describes a
hemorrhagic stroke.
Following Galen, we turn our attention to Aristotle’s “mistake” in claiming that the
heart is the “origin of all nerves”. Aristotle claimed that the functions of rational control
of arbitrary functions of the body lie not in the brain, but in the heart. Galen points to
the purely theoretical, abstract nature of Aristotle’s ideas, explaining that by the
“ignorance of anatomy”. Through anatomical autopsies and physiological experiments,
he proves that the center of control of arbitrary movements is in the brain, and signals
are transmitted to all body parts through nerves.
Galen’s theory cannot be qualified as strictly scientific in the modern sense. Hence
we use the term “protoscience” to describe it. However, the explanatory potential of
Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul was sufficiently high to offer solutions to the basic
concepts of life and death, as well as a host of other systemic categories, forming the
basis of the world view for Rationalist physicians up to the 17th century.
References:
1. Balalykin D.A. Galen’s research method. In: Galen. Compositions. Vol. 3. Ed. D.A. Balalykin.
Мoscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2016. P. 5‒117. [in Russian]
2. Balalykin D.A. Galen’s Medicine: Hippocratic tradition and rationality of the natural philosophy
of Antiquity. In: Galen. Compositions. Vol. 2. Ed. D.A. Balalykin. Мoscow: Prakticheskaya
meditsina, 2015. P. 34‒66. [in Russian]
3. Longrigg J. Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the
Alexandrians. London, 1993. 296 p.
4. Nutton V. Medicine in the Greek world, 800–50 BC. In: Conrad L.I., Neve M., Nutton V., Porter
13
R., Wear A. The Western Medical Tradition. 800 BC to AD 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995. P. 11– 38.
5. von Staden H. Body, soul, and nerves: Epicurus, Herophilus, Erasistratus, the Stoics, and Galen.
In: Psyche and Soma. Eds. J. Wright, P. Potter. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. P. 79–116.
6. Balalykin D.A. The First Book of Galen’s Treatise “On the doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato”.
Voprosy Filosofii. 2015; 8: 124–143. [in Russian]
7. Lloyd G.E.R. Magic, Reason and Experience. Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek
Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. 348 p.
8. Balalykin D.A. Plato’s view on medicine. Philosophy, methodology and history of science. 2015;
1 (1): 113–148.
D02 Vivisection in Greek and Roman Medicine
Author： Gary B. Ferngren
Institute: Oregon State University, School of History, Philosophy, and Religion
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of
History of Medicine, National History, and Culturology
Contact: gferngren@oregonstate.edu
The extent to which ethical considerations were taken into account in medical
experimentation in Greece and Rome is a subject on which little available evidence
exists. That experiments were carried out on human subjects, if not systematically, at
least occasionally, is well known.
No issue in medicine attracted so much ethical discussion in the classical world as
did vivisection. The Greek medical profession was divided over this practice. The two
major medical sects, the Dogmatists and the Empiricists, disagreed about whether
vivisection was ethically permissible.
Crucial to this discussion was the physician’s conception of duty to his art,
particularly to the advancement of medicine. The moral and ethical imperative for
Greek and Roman physicians to engage in medical research or experimentation as a
result of practicing vivisection depended in part on the position of the respective
physician in the medical hierarchy and the time and place in which he practiced.
In spite of the debate between the Dogmatists and the Empiricists, the public hostility
to vivisection never disappeared and it fueled popular criticism of the medical
profession.
14
The continued fascination with vivisection that is apparent in certain Roman
imperial writers from Celsus to Augustine reflects not an attack on contemporary
practice, since human dissections had long since ceased to be performed, but rather a
general aversion to any form of scientific examination of the human body. It indicates
a popular hostility to any form of medical experimentation that ultimately made even
the dissection of cadavers impossible.
A modern-day medical controversy is the conception of babies known as ‘savior-
siblings.’ These children are conceived for the express purpose of later donating organs
or cells for a sibling suffering a fatal disease such as cancer. The advent of the savior
sibling is related to vivisection in that it potentially exploits and harms one living human
being for the sake of another’s health.
D03 Dentistry from the Prehistoric to the Roman Times
Author: Kousounis E.1, Gerogianni P.2, Mandyla-Kousouni M.3,
Poulakou-Rebelakou E.4, Tsiamis C.5
Institute:
1Queen Mary, University of London, Institut of Dentistry
2The University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio
3 History Department, Ionian University of Corfu
4Department of History of Medicine, Medical School of National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens
5Department of Microbiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens
It is a fact that Medicine and the relevant sciences, such as dentistry, were
developed before doctors and dentists existed. Dentistry was initially practiced by the
same people who practiced medicine, as well. In the prehistoric era, the available
evidence derives from the assessment of human skulls. It has been shown that the
prehistoric man used substances of plants to treat different forms of pain.
In the Egyptian papyrus Ebers, which is considered the first written piece of
evidence of known medicine, it is mentioned that the Egyptians used different drugs for
15
dental treatment, i.e. abscesses and gum inflammation. It is also possible that alternative
treatment included extraction of teeth as part of the treatment. It seems, however, that
dental diagnosis and treatment were in a primitive condition and therapy was part of
general medicine, without specialized doctors. In ancient China, in the Nuei-King Book,
there are two chapters dealing with the diseases and treatment of teeth and gums. More
specifically, in the first chapter, it is mentioned that cold is the causative factor of dental
diseases. The second chapter includes references to different drugs used for the
treatment of dental abscesses (cements, ointments). Hammurabi's Law Code of the 18th
Century B.C. refers to practices of medicine and dentistry in Babylonia. In ancient India,
plant therapy through Ayurveda became very important in the treatment of mouth
disorders. Semitic cultures cared for their teeth and knew about dental caries and its
consequences. The Phoenicians had a great experience in dentistry. Archaeological
findings from the 4th – 5th BC include a prosthesis in the lower mandible, where natural
and ivory-made teeth are bonded together with a golden brace. Homer also referred to
teeth. Hippocrates examined the teeth from the anatomic and physical point of view. In
Greece, dental care was usually performed by the priests. During the Roman era Cicero
mentioned artificial teeth. Pliny and Galen also wrote about teeth. The famous dentist
Casselius lived in Rome. Celsus, and Aretaeus of Cappadocia wrote that syphilis could
cause some form of dental disease. The Romans used various measures to clean their
teeth and treat halitosis. Generally, throughout the entire course, from the prehistoric
years to the Roman era, different techniques and surgical interventions for the
management of dental pain and the treatment of various dental diseases were observed.
References:
1. Blomstedt P. «Dental surgery in ancient Egypt», J Hist Dent. 2013 Winter;61(3):129-42.
2. Peiffer K. History of dentistry of the ancient Hebrews and Phoenicians, Zahnarztl
Gesundheitsdienst. 1976 Oct 15;(4):6-8.
3. Papazapheiropoulos S., « Dental History, Science, Art», ed. W.Drugulin, Leipzig, 1923, p.3-21
16
D04 Fournier Gangrene as Divine Punishment: Two Cases of Roman
Emperors
Author： Poulakou-Rebelakou E1, Tsiamis C2, Mandyla M3, Chrisofos M4
Institute: 1Department of History of Medicine, Medical School, National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens
2Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens
3Historical Demography, School of History, Ionian University
4Department of Urology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian
University of Athens
Contact: efpoulrebel@med.uoa.gr
Aim and Objectives: To present two cases of Fournier Gangrene occurring in two state
leaders renowned for their cruelty and hostile attitude against Christianity.
Material and Methods: The review of the historians of the time who described the
disease mainly with literary language, attributing the symptoms and the consequent
death to divine wrath.
Results: Fournier gangrene is a type of polymicrobial necrotizing infection affecting
mainly the perineal, perianal, or genital areas and it is named after the French
venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier (1832-1914), who described five cases of
previously healthy young men with a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and
scrotum without apparent cause in 1883. Today, Fournier gangrene remains a rare but
still life-threatening disease usually affecting genitourinary tract, lower gastrointestinal
tract caused by both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The most known sufferers may
have been Herod the Great, King of Judea (74-4 BC) who might have ordered the
Massacre of the Innocents in his quest to kill the baby Jesus and the Roman Emperor
Galerius (303-311 AD) who convinced his Co-Emperor Diocletian to begin one of the
last and the greatest Christian persecutions in the Roman Empire. Herod was guilty of
many brutal acts including the murder of one of his 10 wives and three of his 14 children.
On the other hand, Galerius fearing, perhaps, that his illness was the vengeance of
the Christian God, from his sick-bed at Nicomedia he issued on April 30, 311, an
edict grudgingly granting toleration for Christians (Edict of Toleration).
17
Conclusions: It was a common literary motif in ancient texts to describe the end of the
wicked in very gruesome details. Readers were ready to accept historians’ testimony
about the type of death Herod and Galerius experienced. Many of the literary
conventions were used to describe the death of evil people.
References:
1. Kasher A, Witztum E. King Herod: a persecuted persecutor. A case study in Psychohistory and
Psychobiography Gold K. trans. W de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 2007, 391-392
2. Retief FP, Cilliers JFG. The illness of Herod the Great Acta Theol 2006; 26: 278-293
3. Kousoulis A, Economopoulos K, Hatzinger M, Eshraghian A and Tsiodras S. The Fatal Disease
of Emperor Galerius J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215: 890-893
4. Hirschmann JV, Richardson P, Kraemer RS, Mackowiak PA, Death of an Arabian Jew Arch Int
Med 2004; 164: 833-839
D05 Introduction to Paracelsus´ Archidoxae (1569) by J. Gregor Macer
Szepsius
Author: František Šimon
Institute: P. J. Šafárik University, Košice
Less known humanistic author Johannes Gregor Macer Szepsius (1530 – after 1579)
from Slovakia, who studied and lived in Krakow, wrote typical Latin occasional poetry
(panegyrics and poems of congratulation on the achievement of some higher academic
title), but he also became interested in alchemy and natural sciences. He has published
some works on this topic including the edition of Latin translation of Paracelsus´ work
Archidoxae libri X (Krakov 1569), to which he also wrote the introductory word,
marginal notes and index. Macer Szepsius says in the introduction that he has a friendly
relationship with the translator Adam Schröter (1525 – 1572), Silesian humanist and
alchemist, and that he was involved in the translation as well. He praised him for
translating it in Latin, because it can be read by nations from the Mediterranean Sea to
the Arctic Ocean. Macer Szepsius defends the release of Paracelsus' work against his
enemies and marks their criticism as barking. He rejects the view that there is not yet
time to publish this work and argues that Paracelsus wrote this work for himself and his
18
followers so that they, scattered around the world, can come together in this way.
According to the author of introduction, there are five reasons to publish this translation.
The very first one is the goal for which we were created by god, to know the works of
Christ through theology and the work of nature through philosophy, and nowhere else
is the anatomy of the whole nature given better than in this Paracelsus´ book. The
second reason is to constantly remind great merits of so called res publica litteraria,
Republic of Letters, i. e. international intellectual community. The third task is to restore
the luminosity of Paracelsus' philosophy and medicine, since the bad opinion about it
was beginning to prevail, because of its inadequate knowledge and inexperience. The
fourth goal is to provide a flawless and reliable text of the work, because some authors
have already stolen the work text, and the scribal errors have completely discredited it.
Regardless the common benefit for the sick as well as the healthy people, the last reason
is the author himself who wrote this to make it public. Some of the introduction ideas
are parallel with the ideas from dedication letter to A. Laski by A. Schröter. In further
development of alchemical literature this text was of some importance, the French
Renaissance alchemist Bernard Gilles Penot (1519-1617) literally described some
passages from Macer's introduction in his work Apologia G. Bernardi Penoti (1600),
which was also published in 1602 in second volume of well known compendium of
early alchemical writings Theatrum chemicum.
References:
1. PARACELSI, Philippi Theophrasti Archidoxae libri X. A. Schröter (transl.). Cracoviae: Officina
typographica Mathiae Wirzbietae (1569)
D06 The Role of Hypothesis in the Discovery of Blood Circulation（假说在血
液循环理论形成中的作用）
Author： ZHAO Jing（赵晶）, FU Deming（付德明）
Institute：Shanxi Medical University, College of Medical Humanities
山西医科大学人文学院
Contact: fdm_ap@126.com
19
The discovery and presentation of the theory of blood circulation is of epoch-
making significance in the history of Western Medicine, making medicine a scientific
dicipline. Doctors in ancient Greece knew the connection between heart and blood
vessels, but they thought arteries were filled with air from lungs. Galen, the ancient
Rome doctor, however, discovered that blood vessels were filled with blood by autopsy,
and corrected the wrong views in ancient Greek. The idea that the blood travelled in a
single straight way, whether in veins or arteries, as the tides moved up and down in one-
way systems, was Galen’s famous circulatory theory. His theories dominated and
influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. Until the 16th Century,
having making numerous anatomical experiments, Belgian anatomist Andreas Vesalius
had doubted Galen’s “microporous” hypothesis. The discovery of pulmonary
circulation by Spanish doctor Servetus through lots of experiments was the first step of
establishing the theory of blood circulation. In 1574, Italian anatomist Fabricius ab
Acquapendente described the structure, location and distribution of valves in the veins
in detail, and the discovery of venous valve was the major step for establishing
circulation theory. Then, William Harvey, a British physician, proposed the hypothesis
of blood circulation on the basis of his predecessors' researches, and finally established
the theory of blood circulation by experiments in 1628. Due to the limitations of science
and technology at that time, Harvey did not know how the blood moves from arteries
to veins, but he built up the circulation hypothesis of “heart-arteries-veins-heart” by
experiments， it was not until 1661 that Italy's anatomy scientist Malpighi discovered
the capillaries between the arteries and veins, the discovery of capillaries supplemented
Harvey's theory of blood circulation.
As Engels put it, "as long as natural science is thinking, its form of development is
the hypothesis." The progress of establishing the theory of blood circulation is the
history of making hypotheses by generations of scientists. There is a have unique
duality exist in the hypotheses, which is limitation and scientific nature, the relation of
which is dialectic unification. The limitation is that scientists set hypothesis, because of
the experience of predecessors and inherited the theory, to discover the unknown from
the known was affected by original mode of thinking. While the scientific experiments
20
gained its significance, more and more scientists questioned the traditional theory, and
were able to challenge traditional theories, so as to make rational judgments. The
establish of blood circulation theory is advancing step by step based on the hypothesis,
the duality of hypothesis makes it possible to get rid of false to retain the truth in the
scientific exploration.
Key Words: blood circulation, anatomy, hypothesis, history of medicine
血液循环理论的发现和提出在西方医学史中具有划时代意义，从而将医学引
向了科学发展的道路。古希腊的医生虽然知道心脏与血管的联系，但他们认为动
脉内充满由肺进入的空气。古罗马医生盖仑通过解剖活体动物发现血管中充满血
液，并且提出血液无论是在静脉或动脉都是以单程直线运动方式往返运动，犹如
潮汐一样一涨一落朝着一个方向运动的血液运动假说，从而纠正古希腊流传下来
的错误看法。盖仑的血液运动理论在 2~16 世纪时期被信奉为“圣经”，不可逾越。
16 世纪比利时解剖学家维萨里通过解剖实验，对盖仑理论中涉及的“微孔”假说
提出质疑，直至西班牙医生塞尔维特经过实验研究提出肺循环假说，使得在发现
血液循环的道路迈出第一步。意大利解剖学家法布里修斯在 1574 年详细描述了
静脉中瓣膜结构、位置和分布，静脉瓣膜的发现对血液循环理论的建立是重大进
步。继而，英国医生哈维在前辈研究的基础上提出血液循环假说，并通过反复实
验研究最终于 1628 年创立了血液循环理论。由于受当时条件所限，哈维并不清
楚血液怎样由动脉流到静脉，只是根据实验做出血液由心脏经过动脉到静脉再回
到心脏这样循环流动的假说，直到 1661 年，意大利解剖学家马尔比基发现动脉
与静脉之间的毛细血管，从而完善了哈维的血液循环学说。
恩格斯指出：“只要自然科学在思维着，它的发展形式就是假说。”血液循环
理论的发现是一代又一代科学家不断提出的假说史。这些假说都具有其独特的二
重性：局限性和科学性，两种属性辩证统一，局限性在于科学家设定假说时，由
于承袭前人的经验和理论，导致用已知推未知时不能完全摒弃原有的思维模式；
科学性则在于科学实验被重视，使得更多科学家对传统的理论提出质疑，并能做
出理性判断。血液循环理论的诞生正是基于假说的步步推进，假说的二重性则使
其在科学探索中能够去伪存真。
关键词：血液循环; 解剖; 假说; 医学史
21
References:
1. Pai-Dhungat JV, ParikhF. Michael Servetus--Discoverer of Pulmonary Circulation and a
Heretic[J]. J Assoc Physicians India. 2015;63(3):29-30.
2.Yves Glock.The Discovery of Blood Circulation[J].Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures.
2012 (22):3-10.
3. McAlister VC. William Harvey, Fabricius ab Acquapendente and the divide between medicine
and surgery[J]. Can J Surg. 2007;50(1):7-8.
4. John B. West.The Human Pulmonary Circulation: Historical Introduction[J].Textbook of
Pulmonary Vascular Disease. 2010,3(10):3-12.
5. Alfred P. Fishman, Dickinson W. Air and Blood[J].Richards.Circulation of the Blood .1982:3-70.
6. Peter Distelzweig.“Mechanics” and Mechanism in William Harvey’s Anatomy: Varieties and
Limits[J].Early Modern Medicine and Natural Philosophy. 2016(14):117-140.
7. Benjamin Goldberg.Epigenesis and the rationality of nature in William Harvey and Margaret
Cavendish[J]. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 2017,39(6):8.
8. Benjamin Goldberg.William Harvey’s Rejection of Materialism: Underdetermination and
Explanation in Historical Context[J].Eppur si muove:Doing History and Philosophy of Science with
Peter Machamer.2017Mar;81(24):1-19.
9. Damian Cox.Judgment, Deliberation, and the Self-effacement of Moral Theory [J].The Journal
of Value Inquiry.2012,46(3):289–302.
10. Friedrich Waismann. Hypotheses [J].Philosophical Papers.1977(8):38-59.
11. Maurice A. Finocchiaro.Criticism, Reasoning, and Judgment in Science [J].Critical Rationalism,
Metaphysics and Science.1995(161):169-191.
12. Harvey Siegel. Rationality and Judgment [J].Anyone Who Has a View. 2003(8): 27-40.
D07 Innovative gynecological methods in Antiquity: fertility, baby’s sex tests
and contraception
Author: Ana María Rosso
Institute: University of Buenos Aires; Department of History
Ancient Egyptian physicians showed great initiative and impressive human body
knowledge, although rudimentary, while precocious pregnancy diagnosis was practiced.
To ensure woman health during and after pregnancy and delivery, probably the first
problems they have to solve, a highly specialized practitioner in obstetrics and
gynecology apparently wrote the prescriptions. However we don’t have proof that the
specialty existed, neither any word for midwife, obstetrician or gynecologist is known.
Kahun Papyrus, surviving since Middle Kingdom (about 2025-1700 BC), is the most
Ancient document on gynecology known to exist and the first medical testimony in
22
Egypt. The treatise reflects the thinking that superficial symptomatology should be
related to internal disorders and shows also a concern about birth control and
contraceptives, the role of intercourse in conception, including tests of fertility,
pregnancy, and unborn baby sex. Besides, other sources about the subject are: Ebers,
Berlin, London, Carlsberg VIII, Smith, Ramesseum IV Papyri.
A wide range of procedures are recommended in Kahun, Berlin and Carlsberg
papyri. These tests - including the induction of vomiting and breast examination-, have
parallels in the Hippocratic gynecological treatises On the Nature of the Woman, On
the Diseases of Women, Generation, On the Nature of the Child, On Sterile Women and
in the Aphorisms. They often took literally references of Egyptian Papyri related to
women’s health and diseases (P. Berlín 3038 and Carlsberg VIII), containing also a
women’s urine-based pregnancy test measuring hormonal effects on germination.
On the other hand, a Chinese Baby Gender Calendar was created about 700 years ago,
according to folklore, by a Chinese scientist who supposedly buried some data in a
Royal tomb near Peking. The methods of traditional Chinese medicine to treat infertility
since around 200 AD, was acupuncture, Chinese herbs and boiled twigs, continued
presently with complex formulas of various extracts from barks, roots, leaves, flowers,
and plants, more than 150 herbs. Sometimes they included exotic ingredients, as
Ancient Egyptians usually did, such as deer antlers or sea horses. Modern science has
proposed in the last years a new solution for the treatment of infertility and conception,
Assisted Reproduction Technologies.
Children, considered a blessing in Ancient Egypt, took care of their parents in their
old age. However an occasional desire to prevent conception did actually exist, as today
in our society, preceding their rudimentary methods the recent strategies with shorter-
term modalities and long-acting reversible contraception. In Ancient Greek society,
male dominance extended even to childbirth. Abortion, condemned in the Hippocratic
Oath, was permitted under Greek law though, and infanticide, particularly of female
newborns, was widely carried on.
Women practiced birth control in Antiquity mainly through their knowledge of
plants and herbs, although in ancient China, women were advised to drink hot mercury
23
to prevent pregnancy without knowing the terrible side effects like sterility, kidney
failure, brain damage and even death. Nowadays, instead, an expanded range of
hormone-based contraceptives has been developed, creating a medical innovation in
1952, the pill that separated sexual practice from conception.
24
护理史History of Nursing
E01 Mowfung Chung—A Banner for Chinese history of Nursing（钟茂芳——
中国护理史的一面旗帜）
Author： Jiang Yueping（姜月平）
Institute： 《天津护理》杂志；原天津中心妇产科医院副院长、助产学校校长
Contact: jiangyueping46624@hotmail.com
Many distinguished figures have made great contributions for the nursing
profession in the history of Chinese Nursing Association, and Mowfung Chung is the
top one of them. Her proposal of the standard term for “nurse” in Chinese was given
significant meaning in an article published in The British Journal of Nursing of April,
1928. After the People’s Republic of China was founded, her great contributions have
been written in nursing textbooks for inheritance and development.
I. Introduction to Mowfung Chung
Mowfung Chung (also named as Fengzhen Ma and Elsie Mowfung Chung in
English) was the first Chinese woman who took a nursing training in the West. She was
born in a Chinese emigrant family in Southeast Asia in 1884. In 1909, she graduated
from Guy’s Hospital School of Nursing in London, England. As soon as she returned
to China, she was appointed as the nursing teacher in the Pei-Yang Women’s Medical
School and Hospital in Tianjin, and later the headmaster of the nursing school. She
worked there for six years. With rich nursing knowledge and high level of English, she
made historical contributions for the development of nursing in Tianjin and in China.
II. Contributions of Mowfung Chung to Nursing Profession in China
Mowfung Chung was the first teacher using British nursing textbook in her
teaching. As she worded in the Pei-Yang Women’s Medical School and Hospital, she
used the nursing textbook of M. N. Oxford from Guy’s Hospital, London, which she
translated into Chinese as Kan hu yao yi (A handbook of Nursing). The book was
published in China in 1913 with the aid from Yuan Shih-K’ai. With this book, she
introduced the international nursing standard to Chinese nurses. She also brought the
nursing concept of Florence Nightingale into her teaching, proposing the professional
ethics of life-saving and devotion, and helping nurses build positive attitude and offer
25
quality services to patients.
In 1914, Mowfung Chung became the only Chinese member attending the First
Conference of the Nurses Association of China, and was elected the only Chinese Vice
President of the Association. She proposed that the term kanhu be replaced by hushi for
the English word “nurse”, which promoted its professional meaning and was adopted
and used to the present day.
III. Research Work on Mowfung Chung in Tianjin
Mowfung Chung is all in tianjin in China. The tianjin nursing community earnestly
excavated and arranged, including publicity and writing, to study the "the watch and
care" which she translated in 1913. And he went to the UK on a field trip.
在中国中华护理学会的历史上，为护理事业做出突出贡献的前辈，钟茂芳位
列第一。1928 年英国护理杂志第 4期介绍了钟茂芳为中国护士名称定义的职业
意义。新中国成立后，她的贡献载入护理教科书。
1、钟茂芳简介
钟茂芳，英文名字 Elsie Mowfung Chung。1884 年生于南洋群岛华侨家庭，
1909 年毕业于英国伦敦 GUY`s Hospital 护校。是中国第一位留学海外的护理专
业人员。回国后即被天津北洋女医学堂聘用。1909—1915 年在天津北洋女医学
堂任看护教习，后任护士学校校长。她有很高的专业理论水平和英语能力。在任
期间，对天津和中国护理发展做出了历史性功绩。
2、 钟茂芳对中国护理事业发展的特殊贡献
中国第一位使用英国护理教材的人。1909 年在天津北洋女医学堂任职时就使
用英国伦敦 GUY`s Hospital 的护士 Miss M. N. Oxford 编写的《看护要义》，1913
年在大总统袁世凯资助下将此书翻译成中文出版。让当时刚刚起步的中国护士接
受、了解国际护理规范
最早引进南丁格尔护理理念，提倡救死扶伤，无私奉献的职业道德，使护校
学生树立正确职业思想，为患者提供有品质的护理服务。
1914 年中华护士第一次代表大会第一位中国护士，并被选为唯一中国人担任
的副会长。她提出将英文 Nurse 汉译的“看护”建议改为“护士”，提升了护士
职业的知识素养，沿用至今。
1915 年钟茂芳加入国际护士会并被选为荣誉副会长，是中国在国际护理组
织上获得的第一个职务。
26
3、天津对钟茂芳的研究
钟茂芳在中国工作年代全部在天津度过。天津护理界认真发掘和整理，包含
宣传和写入专著，对她 1913 年翻译的《看护要义》深入研究。并亲赴英国实地
考察。
E02 “With You on the Mission”: The History and the Development of the
Israeli Army Nurses
Author： Ronen Segev R.N 12, Hava Golander 2
Institute: 1 Ruppin Academic Center, Nursing Department
2 Tel-Aviv University, Department of Nursing
Contact: ronens@ruppin.ac.il
Background and Rational: The development of nursing as a profession was
influenced by military, religious, popular and scientific sources. A comprehensive,
international historical review of the history of military nursing is still lacking. In
Israel, the research of the history of nursing is still in its infancy and in the field of
military nursing only one research has been conducted. Military nurses served the
army since the beginning of the military organization. Most of them had been inserted
in military hospitals which been closed in 1949. “What happened to the nurses since
the military hospitals closing?” is one of the questions of the research.
Purpose of study: This research aims to fill the gaps and describe, historically and
chronologically, the development of the military nursing in Israel from its
independence (1948) to the fourth decade (1978-1987). The military nurses story will
be examined from historical, sociological and gender aspects.
Methodology: The study will include historical research methods, with three main
sources analyzed: an extensive literary review of the political, social and security
background in Israel in the relevant time periods, document analysis from archives
and digital data sources and also an Oral History interviews with military nurses and
their peers at the Ministry of Health and the Medical Corps who served during the
relevant time period.
27
Findings: The Israeli military nurses' area of action was varied. The recruiting and
training processes were unique and were adapted to the country national missions.
Conclusions: The story of the Israeli military nurses interlaced together with the
story of the state of Israel. Their contribution was both to the civilian and the military
fields.
References:
1. Baruch Hurwich, The Fifth Front- The Israeli Soldier Military Medicine in Israel,
volume II, The War of Independence: 1947-1949, 2000, Ministry of Defence
Publication, Tel-Aviv: Israel.
2. Daniel Nadav, White and Khaki, The History of the Israel Medical Corps 1949-
1967, 2000, Ministry of Defence Publication, Tel-Aviv: Israel.
3. Nira Bartal, With You When Needed: Historical Perspectives of Israeli Nursing
1936-2012, 2015, Carmel Publication, Jerusalem: Israel.
4. Ruth Bondy, Sheba- Every Man's Physician, 1981, Zmora-Bitan-Modan
Publication, Tel-Aviv: Israel.
28
机构史 History of Institute
F01 The inheritance of craftsmanship spirit in China Medical University（工
匠精神在中国医科大学的传承）
Author： Cao Yingkun（曹颖坤）, Liu Pinchu（刘品初）, Cai Shuang（蔡爽）
Institute：China Medical University
中国医科大学
In Shenyang, China, there is a university that inherits the spirit of craftsmanship
from Japan due to its unique history. That is China Medical University. In August 1911,
the Japanese South Manchuria Railways Company established the South Manchuria
Medical School in Mukden. In 1924, the South Manchuria Medical School was
upgraded to Manchuria Medical College, with a seven-year educational system, which
was the largest medical university in Northeast China of the highest academic and
medical level. After 1945, Manchuria Medical College was renamed to China
Changchun Railway Medical University, Railway Medical College and National
Shenyang Medical College successively. In 1948, it was merged into China Medical
University. Whether the unique history of Manchuria Medical College or the historical
accumulation of the Military Medical School of the Red Army, China Medical
University has been continuously inheriting and developing the professional spirit to
heal the wounded and rescue the dying. As time develops, doctors craftsmanship spirit
has taken on new connotations: that is professionalism, meaning to take full
responsibility at work, to refine on technical skills and to make continued successes in
safeguarding people’s lives and health.
在中国沈阳，有这样一所大学，他传承着日本的工匠精神，是由于他独特的
历史形成所致，这就是中国医科大学。1911 年8月，日本国南满洲铁道株式会社
在奉天设立南满医学堂， 1924 年，南满医学堂升格为满洲医科大学，学制 7年，
是东北地区规模最大的，学术、医疗水平最高的医科大学。1945 年后，满州医科
大学先后更名中长铁路医学大学、铁路医学院、国立沈阳医学院。1948 年合并为
29
中国医科大学。无论是满洲医科大学的独特历史，还是红军军医学校的历史积淀，
中国医科大学一路走来，不断传承和发展的就是救死扶伤的专业精神。 随着时
代的发展，医生的“工匠精神”也有了新的内涵：就是专业精神，对工作极端负
责，对技术精益求精，为维护人民生命健康再立新功！
F02 China Medical University on the Long March（长征路上的中国医科大
学）
Author： Xiuzhi Guo（郭秀芝）, Pu Xu（徐璞）, Xiaozhao Qu（瞿晓昭）
Institute：China Medical University
中国医科大学
Eighty years ago, China Medical University participated in the epic Long March
of 12,5000km with the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. Eighty years has
passed yet the stories of the Long March never faded over time. Prime Minister Zhou
Enlai who was cured during the march, President Peng Longbo who sacrificed his life,
the graduates on the road…those stories have become valuable records of history and
gave the Long March spirit with new interpretations.
80 年前，中国医科大学跟随中国工农红军谱写出一部两万五千里长征的英雄
史诗。80 年过去了，关于长征的故事并没有被时间冲淡，学员救治周恩来、牺牲
的彭龙伯校长、长征中的毕业生……在历史的长河中，焕发出更加夺目的光彩，
为发扬长征精神赋予了新内容。
F03 Mao Zedong visited China Medical University seven times（毛泽东七次
到访中国医科大学）
Author： Ji Huibin（季惠斌）, Xiuzhi Guo（郭秀芝）, Zong Jiguang（宗继光）
Institute：China Medical University
中国医科大学
China Medical University, has developed under the leadership of the Chinese
Communist Party and has received attention from the party and state leaders since its
30
establishment. There are written records that Mao Zedong had seven visits to China
Medical University, for conveying greetings, making inspection, delivering reports, or
paying visits, which left a valuable spiritual wealth to China Medical University.
中国医科大学自成立之日起，就在中国共产党的领导下发展壮大，一直得到
党和国家领导人的关心。有文字记载，毛泽东曾七次到访中国医科大学，有慰问、
有视察、有报告，有参观，给中国医科大学留下了一笔宝贵的精神财富。
F04 Institutions, Researchers, and Medical Community in Shanghai, 1937-
1941（机构、研究人员与上海的医学共同体网络，1937-1941）
Author： LI Yanchang（李彦昌）
Institute：Peking University, Institute for Medical Humanities
北京大学医学人文研究院
Contact: lyanchang@163.com
After 13th August Incident, the health care and medical research in some hospitals
in Shanghai were severely affected. After the war of the Pacific in 1941, Japanese troops
entered the Concessions of United States, UK, and other countries, some church
hospitals were closed or evacuated from Shanghai. By investigating the changes in the
number of the academic conferences, academic lectures, laboratory services, and library
interlending services in some institutions during this period, we can observe the internal
structure of the medical community network and its change, can found the impact on
the health care and medical research in Shanghai before and after 13th August, 1937.
Key Words: “13th August” Incident, medical community, church hospital, Japanese
military
“八一三”事变后，上海一些医院的医疗与研究受到严重影响。1941 年太平
洋战争后，日军进入英美等国的租借地，一些教会医院或关闭或撤离上海。通过
考察这一时期一些医院的学术会议、学术讲座、实验室服务、图书馆互借服务等
数量的变动情况，可以窥察这一时期医学共同体网络的内部结构及其变动状况，
从而可以发现上海沦陷前后的日军侵略对上海医疗与医学研究的影响。
关键词：“八一三”事变 医学共同体 教会医院 日军
31
F05 Peking Union Medical College and the Formulation of the Scientific
Medicine System in the Era of Republic of China
Author： Wang Yong
Institute: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,
School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Department of
Humanities and Social Sciences
The goal of this study is to explore the influence of Peking Union Medical College
(PUMC) on the development of the scientific medicine system, especially medical
education, in the history of Republic of China.
PUMC was established in the specially social and historical environment. In 1914,
the Rockefeller Foundation created the China Medical Board (CMB) with the aim of
developing a comprehensive scientific medicine system gradually in China, which was
expected to benefit Chinese. For this purpose, PUMC was bought by CMB in1915 from
six missionary and was reorganized and reestablished. The new buildings group was
completed in 1921. Since then, PUMC started to become the leading part of the
intelligent application of modern medical sciences over time in the process of the
establishment of modern scientific medical education, such as medical research,
nursing and midwifery education, public health education, throughout the Republic of
China.
PUMC has a significant effort of the promotion of medical education and public
health care. PUMC developed a unique tradition and culture in the process of transplant
and localization of western medicine, although it was known as the Johns Hopkins of
China given that it benefited much from the experience of western countries, especially
U.S. In the medical education practice, PUMC created a characteristic form, namely
PUMC-ism, which it cultivated many outstanding experts, scholars and medical
professionals, such as John B. Grant, David Black, Robert Lim, Jui-heng Liu and C. C.
Chen, etc, who have improved the development of Chinese modern medicine and the
establishment of modern health care system. This definitely provided precise and
valuable medical education experiences for future.
As a first-rate medical college, PUMC possessed an important status in the history
of modern medical education in China. In order to grasp the agent of the formation of
32
PUMC tradition and culture, and get hold of the thread of Chinese modern science
history in depth, it is of significance to have a systematic and deep exploration of the
history of the establishment and development of PUMC in the period of 1914-1949.
F06 Brain Drain in Another Way: Early Western Women Physicians at China’s
Late-nineteenth-century Mission Hospitals
Author： YAN Yiwei
Institute：Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Contact: yanyiwei@ihns.ac.cn
Documents have revealed that Chinese women of higher classes in the 19th century
did not readily yield themselves to the treatments by male missionary physicians, no
matter how anguishing or how fatal their illnesses might be. Although the protestant
mission societies were eager to approach this half of China’s population by medicinal
way since a very early time, it took almost 40 years for any of them to begin sending
female physicians to China. Lucinda L. Coombs, M.D., the first female medical
missionary to China, was sent by the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. She arrived in Beijing in 1873. A number of others
followed her footsteps. These women started an enterprise that was totally new in China,
that is, hospitals for women and children as well as women’s medical schools. One of
the more notable ones, Leonora Howard King, M.D., succeeded in paving the way for
missionaries to reach the highest officials of Qing government. Others also worked in
posts with considerable responsibility and won recognition both for their status in
missionary work and for their medical skills. This paper gathered information about the
earliest women medical missionaries who came to China before 1890; traced the
medical backgrounds of most of them, and discussed the factors that may have
influenced their decisions to go to China. Data indicates that these women belonged to
the first outputs of women’s medical education in the United States. Among the 21
females discussed, three quarters graduated from various women’s medical colleges,
especially the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A quarter
graduated from the medical school of Michigan University, then the only co-
educational medical college in America. Some of these women were bound to work as
33
medical missionaries, for they had turned to the church for financial supports in the
course of receiving a medical education. Others may have entered the mission field
simply because they yearned to be a doctor, at a time when women physicians met
staunch rejection in American society but warm acceptance in China. Mission
organizations played a definite role in creating opportunities for these woman in
medical practice. This paper comes to the conclusions that 1), the shortage of medical
personnel was the main hindrance for mission societies to dispatch women physicians
to China; 2), the opening of medical education to female students in the United States
greatly improved the situation, thus resulting in the unique phenomenon that from this
single country came to China all the earliest western women physicians. Therefore, the
entrance of American women into medical profession as qualified physicians, the
aggressive overseas expansion of the protestant churches, and the encouraging
environment for western women physicians to practice in China, combined to
accelerate a small-scaled “brain drain” from the United States to Late Qing China.
F07 The Gas Research Work of Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research
（雷氏德医学研究院的毒气研究工作）
Author： Yang Wei（杨威），Li Zhi-ping（李志平）
Institute： Harbin Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department
of History of Medicine
哈尔滨医科大学基础医学院医史学教研室
Contact: lizp53@163.com
Henry Lester was a British Christian and construction engineer. In 1867, he came
to China and soon became a rich man in Shanghai. The “Lester Foundation” was set up
because Henry Lester set up his will in his lifetime to use his legacy to develop the
education and health in Shanghai. In 1932, Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research
was established by this foundation. In 1957, this institute renamed the Shanghai
Pharmaceutical Industry Research Institute. During this period, the researchers engaged
in many scientific researches. In September 1937, in this very period, the Department
of Pathology of this institute jointly published a special issue: military gas disease
prevention and simple therapy. Combined with the history of gas test of Japanese Army
34
（take the Kwantung Army Unit 516 as an example）in China at the same period, the
special issue reflected some situation of chemical warfare and gas test related on China
from another point of view. And what’s more, they can be used as evidence of gas test
to some extent. At the same time, the institute made an important contribution to the
war-time medicine, military medicine and national defense medicine of the People’s
Republic of China.
Key Words: Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research, Shanghai Pharmaceutical
Industry Research Institute, Kwantung Army Unit 516, chemical warfare, gas test
1867 年英国基督徒、建筑工程师亨利•雷氏德来到中国，不久成为上海的富
豪。他生前立下遗嘱，将其遗产用于发展上海的教育卫生事业，因此成立了“雷
氏德基金会”。在此基金会的资助下，雷氏德医学研究院于 1932 年建立，1957 年
该院改名为上海医药工业研究院。这期间，该研究院的科研人员从事了多项科研
工作。其中，在 1937 年9月这一非常时期，由该院病理部共同发表了一期特辑：
军用毒气病之预防及简易疗法。结合同时期日军（以关东军 516 部队为例）在中
国实施毒气试验的部分历史，这些论文从另一个角度对当时化学战、毒气试验等
相关的若干问题进行了重要的补充，并可在一定程度上作为毒气试验的佐证。同
时该研究院也为战时及新中国医学、军事医学、国防医学做出了重要的贡献。
关键词：雷氏德 雷氏德医学研究院 上海医药工业研究院 毒气 毒气战
References:
1《上海房地产志》编纂委员会.上海房地产志［M］.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1999:452.
2上海科学技术志编纂委员会.上海科学技术志［M］.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1997:127.
3 步平，高晓燕. 阳光下的罪恶——侵华日军毒气战实录.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社出
版.1999：138-142.
4步平，高晓燕. 阳光下的罪恶——侵华日军毒气战实录.哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社出
版.1999: 215-218.
5[日]陆军习志野学校校史编纂委员会.陆军习志野学校校史.1987:494.
6步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004:415-
421.
7[日]陆军习志野学校校史编纂委员会.陆军习志野学校校史.1987:649.
8[日]陆军习志野学校校史编纂委员会.陆军习志野学校校史.1987:319.
35
9步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004:217-
225.
10 步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004:415-
421.
11 槽川良谷.访问关东军 516 部队队员的记录.1993.4.
12 步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004:293-
295.
13[日]《季刊•战争责任研究》1993 年总第 1号.
14[日]防卫厅技术研究所.日本化学兵器技术史.1958:206.技术资第 31 号.
15 步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004:298.
16[日]松野诚也.日军陆军进行的化学武器的人体试验.骏台史学.2000 年8月第 110 号.
17 步平，高晓燕，笪志刚.日本侵华战争时期的化学战.北京：社会科学文献出版社.2004: 421-
426.
*基金项目：国家社会基金抗日战争研究专项工程项目“侵华日军细菌战罪行史料整理
及专题数据库建设”（批准号：16KZD014）；哈尔滨医科大学创新科学研究资助项目“雷
氏德医学研究院的创建发展史及其科研工作之研究”(项目编号：2017RWZX14)
F08 Study on Traditional Chinese medicine hospital of the auxiliary capital --
- the only National Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine in the Republic of
China（民国时期惟一国立中医医院——陪都中医医院研究）
Author： Yuan Bing（袁冰），Zhu Jiang Ping（朱建平），Cao Li Juan（曹丽娟）
Institute：China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China
Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所
Contact: yuanbing7313@hotmail.com
In the period of the Republic of China, the government did not bring traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) into the formal education system on the grounds of
"unscientific". In order to integrate TCM into the formal education system, the
community of TCM established the affiliated hospital based on the relevant regulations
in the school codes of the government. In April 1929, the Ministry of health of the
national government promulgated the regulations on the hospital management, which
36
made relevant provisions on disinfection, surgery and autopsy, and accordingly
prohibited the TCM to be called hospital. The TCM hospitals actively improved the
conditions and staffing in accordance with the government requirements for hospital,
and finally obtained the formal permission from the Executive department to allow
TCM being named as "hospital", but the "traditional Chinese medicine" should be
added at the front of the "hospital" to show the difference.
After the Sino - Japanese War erupts, the community of TCM was actively
involved in the Anti-Japanese rescue work, and at the same time encouraged the TCM
circles to sever as government officials. The TCM thus gained the support of the
government in the auxiliary capital Chongqing City. In May 1944, the only one National
Hospital of TCM—the TCM Hospital of Chongqing was established formally, which
was directly under the Department of health. The director of this TCM hospital is Chen
Yuren, the dean of the TCM Committee of the Department of health. The funding and
personnel salary were paid by the Department of health. The hospital conditions were
very simple with no ward and pharmacy. Only outpatient clinic was set up in the
hospital, including Internal medicine Department, Surgery Department, Gynecologic
Department and Pediatrics Department, where the TCM is principal treatment. The
average daily outpatient service was about 100 people, but the treatment was very cheap,
and even was free for the families of Anti Japan soldiers and very poor persons. In
the same area and the same period, the Western Medicine National Hospital—the
Chongqing Central Hospital was moved to the Gaotanyan of the Shapingba, including
Internal medicine Department, Surgery Department, obstetrics and gynecology
Department, ophthalmology Department, E.N.T. department, dermatology Department,
venereal disease Department, Inspection room, X-ray room and Operating room, etc.
This hospital had over 300 beds. The average outpatient service was more than 3200
persons per month, and there are about 200 inpatients (1944 data) per month.
The difference between two National Hospitals in republic period can be part of
reaction of different living conditions between the Western medicine and the TCM.
Although the TCM hospital in Chongqing was allowed to be called as hospital, it
actually is the TCM clinic. The government of the Republic of China ignored the
37
characteristics of TCM, and simply managed TCM hospital according to the
administration rules of Western medicine, Although the TCM community tried the best
to study and improve, it very difficult to meet the government standard for hospital.
However, the TCM hospital, especially the national TCM hospital still was an important
achievement of fighting against the government to ignore the national conditions and
ban the TCM. The advantage of Western medicine hospital is advanced equipment,
standardized diagnosis and management, while the advantage of TCM clinic lies in the
clinical diagnosis experience of famous doctors. Therefore, the ideal management mode
of government for hospital is to capture the advantages of TCM and western medical
hospitals. The hospital should has advanced equipment, standardized diagnosis and
management, in addition to the famous TCM doctors with different characteristics.
民国时期政府以中医“不科学”为由未将中医纳入正规教育体系，经中医界
努力抗争终获办学资格。为将中医纳入正规教育体系，中医界按照政府学校规程
中有关规定纷纷筹建附属医院。1929 年4月，国民政府卫生部公布《管理医院
规则》，对消毒、手术、尸体解剖等方面都有相关的规定，并据此禁止中医称医
院。各中医医院按照要求积极改进医院条件和人员配置，终于 1938 年获得行政
院行文正式允许中医称“医院”，但应冠以“中医”字样以示区别。
抗日战争爆发后，中医界积极投入到抗战救护工作中，同时支持中医人士出
任政府官员，在陪都重庆中医获得了政府支持，于 1944 年5月正式成立了惟一
一个国立中医医院——陪都中医院，直属卫生署，由卫生署中医委员会主任陈郁
任院长，办院经费和人员薪资由卫生署拨付。医院条件简陋，无病房无药房，仅
设门诊，分内、外、妇、儿四科，以中医为主，平均日门诊量约 100 余人，但诊
费低廉，军属、抗属和赤贫者免费就诊。而同时期同地区的西医国立医院——重
庆中央医院于 1944 年2月迁至沙坪坝高滩岩后，分为内、外、妇产、小儿、眼、
耳鼻喉、、皮肤、花柳各科及检验室、爱克斯光室、手术室等科室，共设有病床
300 多张，每月平均门诊约 3200 余人，住院人数约 200 余人（1944 年数据）。由
两间国立医院的差别可以部分反应当时中、西医的不同生存状况，陪都中医院虽
然号称医院但实际为中医门诊部。
38
民国政府无视中医自身特点，简单地以西医的医院管理规则管理中医医院，
中医界虽努力学习改进，终难符合政府医院之标准，但是民国时期的中医医院尤
其是国立中医医院仍然是中医界抗争政府罔顾国情取缔中医的重要成果。西医医
院的优势在于先进的设备、规范化的诊疗和管理，而中医诊所的优势在于名医的
临床诊疗经验。因此，政府管理医院的理想模式是撷取中、西医院优势，医院拥
有先进的设备、规范化的诊疗和管理、各具特色的名中医。
F09 Influence of Peking Union Medical College on Medical Development in
Tianjin（协和医学院对天津医学发展的影响）
Author： Ai Kelin（艾克林），Zhang Shaohua（张少华）
Institute：Compilation Office of Tianjin Chronicle of Healthcare
天津卫生史志编辑部
Contact: zhangshaohua53@126.com
In December 1941, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) was
occupied by the Japanese invasion force. Unable to continue working in PUMCH, some
medical professionals moved to Tianjin successively and managed to work in the nine
foreign concessions. Their arrival brought medical care of Tianjin into a new era of
development, exerting a historical influence on the founding of specialized hospitals,
hospital management, training of professionals, establishment of research institutions,
and publication of academic works.
There are thirty-four medical experts who came to Tianjin, covering specialties of
internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, cerebral surgery, oncology, urology,
orthopedics, radiology, nursing and so on, forming a solid foundation for their
development in Tianjin.
In the spring of 1942, Zhang Jizheng, Fang Xianzhi, Ke yingkui and Deng Jiadong
initiated and founded a hospital named Tianhe Hospital, meaning “the PUMCH in
Tianjin”. Jin Xianzhai, Bian Wannian, Fang Xianzhi, Lin Song and Zeng zhaode set up
the Enguang Hospital. They became the famous western medicine hospitals in Tianjin.
Zhu Zongyao established Xieji Hospital for Tuberculosis in 1942, and in 1947, Shi
Xiguang set up China’s first specialty of urologic surgery.
39
The management style of PUMCH was also introduced to these hospitals in Tianjin.
Besides, Chen Lude, who graduated from the nursing school of PUMCH, was employed
as the director of nursing department in Engung Hospital. She adopted the order book
and ward regulations of PUMCH, and they were promoted to other hospitals in the city,
some of which are still in use today.
With the proposal of Zhu Xianyi, Yang Jishi, Jin Xianzhai, Lei Aide and other
experts from PUMCH, Tianjin Medical College was founded in 1951, as the first
medical college of the People’s Republic of China. Zhu Xianyi was appointed the first
president. National training programs in orthopedics, oncology and cerebral surgery
were developed there with the authorization of the Ministry of Health.
In 1952, Jin Xianzhai established China’s first tumor ward in Tianjin Municipal
People’s Hospital, which was later developed into Tianjin Cancer Hospital. Deng
Jiadong founded the hematology in China and set up the Hematology Hospital in
Tianjin, which became the clinical base for Chinese hematology.
After the outbreak of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in 1950, at
the advice of PUMCH expert group, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and
Obstetrics, Tianjin Pediatric Hospital, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, and Tianjin
Ophthalmic Hospital were successively set up, forming a special pattern of medical
care with specialized hospitals in Tianjin.
While working in PUMCH in 1930, Lei Aide, the first Chinese medical
photographer, took the photographs of carcinoma of perineum and tumor on a child’s
back, the earliest medical photographs in China. Later he set up the medical
photography studio in Tianjin Municipal People’s Hospital, as one of the earliest
medical photography studios in China.
Experts from PUMCH also set up several research institutions for oncology,
hematology, pediatrics, otolaryngology, endocrinology, orthopedics, and gynecology
and obstetrics, setting the concept of the integration of research and clinical practice.
They also published dozens of academic works on internal medicine, surgery,
gynecology and obstetrics, neurology, pathology, and so on, some of which are the
pioneering works in the specialties in China.
40
Chen Lude established the Department of Nursing in Tianjin Medical College in
1980s and offered the first higher education nursing program in the People’s Republic
of China, cultivating high-level nursing talents for both Tianjin and China. Chen Lude
herself became the first person in Tianjin who was awarded the Florence Nightingale
Medal.
Some photographs are attached to this paper.
1941 年12 月太平洋战争爆发，日军占领了协和医院，当时在医院的医务人
员无法工作，便陆续来到天津。因为天津是九国租界地，这些专家在租界地行医，
可以得到保护。他们的到来为天津医学发展开始了一个崭新的时代，在形成专科、
医院管理、培训专业人才、建立研究机构，出版学术论著等方面，都有历史性作
用。
协和专家教授来津位计 34 人。专业覆盖很广，内、外、妇、儿、脑外、肿瘤、
泌尿、骨科、放射、护理等，为天津各学科发展打下了基础。
1942 年春，张纪正、方先之、柯应夔、邓家栋发起建立天和医院，意寓：天
津的协和；金显宅、卞万年、方先之、林崧、曾昭德等 7人开办恩光医院。恩光
医院和天和医院成为天津有名的西医院。1942 年朱宗尧、1947 年施锡恩先后在
天津创立协济结核病医院和泌尿外科专业。
协和专家创办的医院都引用协和医院管理模式，并聘请协和护理专业毕业的
陈路得女士为护理部主任。陈路得把协和医院的医嘱本、病房管理制度带到恩光
医院实施，并在全市推广。有的沿用至今。
1951 年，根据朱宪彝、杨济时、金显宅、雷爱德等协和专家的提议，创建了
天津医学院，这是新中国开办的第一所医学院，朱宪彝任首任院长。肿瘤、骨科、
脑外科都受卫生部委托办班，为全国培养人才。
1952 年，金显宅在天津人民医院建立我国第一个肿瘤科，后发展为天津肿瘤
医院。邓家栋建立了中国的血液病学，并在天津建立了血液病医院，成为中国血
液病学临床基地。
1950 年，朝鲜战争后，经协和专家组建议，陆续建立了天津中心妇产科医院、
市儿童医院、市口腔医院、市眼科医院等。专科医院成为天津医疗服务的特有格
局。
41
雷爱德 1930 年在协和医院时拍摄的会阴癌与小儿后背肿瘤，为中国最早的
医学摄影照片，是中国医学摄影第一人，雷爱德在天津市立人民医院建立了医学
摄影室，是我国最早医学摄影室之一。
协和专家在津先后建立了肿瘤研究所、血液病研究所、儿科研究所、耳鼻喉
研究所、内分泌研究所、骨科研究所、妇产研究所。形成了科研与临床相结合的
医学发展思路。
协和专家们先后出版了内科、外科、妇产科、神经科病理科等数十种专业著
作，有的是国内第一本专业论著。
协和医学院护理专业毕业的陈路得女士，上世纪 80 年代在天津医学院创建
护理系，是新中国第一个护理高等教育专业。陈路得是天津获得南丁格尔奖第一
人，为天津乃至全国培养高级护理人才。
正文附照片若干张
F10 Special Historical Heritage of China Medical University（中国医科大学
特殊的历史传承）
Author： Zhu Jinghai（朱京海）
Institute：China Medical University
中国医科大学
China Medical University was the first medical institute established by the
Communist Party of China and the only school that had completed the entire 12,500km
Long March while persisted in school running throughout the journey. It was also one
of the earliest schools that conducted Western Medicine education in a college scale in
China. CMU’s history is composed of two lines and three parts. The two lines refers to
a red line, which embodies the red cradle, and a white line, which reflects the white
angel. The three parts are made up of China Medical University, the former National
Shenyang Medical School and the former private Liaoning Medical College.
From the perspective of the red line – the red gene, China Medical University is
the closest to China’s revolutionary history. Because of its origin as the cradle of red
doctors and its revolutionary history, the University has always been putting morality
42
education as the first priority.
From the perspective of the white line- angel in the white coat, the University has
two major cultural backgrounds - British and Japanese.
The Japanese origin can be traced back to the National Shenyang Medical School,
formerly known as the Manchuria Medical College, the best university in China at that
time equivalent to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The British origin can
be traced back to the Private Liaoning Medical College, formerly known as the Mukden
Medical College, the earliest medical university in Northeast China.
The former private Liaoning Medical College was renamed to Liaoning Medical
University after the Ministry of Health of the Northeast Administrative Committee was
mandated to govern the school. In 1883, Dugald Christie (1855-1936), a Scottish with
British nationality, M.D., established Mukden Hospital and its affiliated western
medical school, which was the first western medicine hospital in Northeast China. In
1912, Mukden Medical College was established, which was the first medical university
in Northeast China, and was later renamed as Mukden Medial Specialized College,
Shengjing Medical University and Private Liaoning Medical College.
On November 2nd of 1948, CMU absorbed and took over the former National
Shenyang Medical School and the former Private Liaoning Medical College. Since then,
a new China Medical University has been formed to start a new history.
CMU’s red gene embraced with the high teaching quality and rigorous teaching
style of the Manchuria Medical College and Mukden Medical College, has contributed
to the elevation of CMU’s comprehensive power, and laid a solid foundation for
the ”three basics & three stricts” in CMU’s teaching style.
中国医科大学是中国共产党最早创建的院校，是唯一以学校名义参加两万五
千里长征并在长征中继续办学而且走完全程的院校；是我国最早进行西医学学院
式教育的医学高校之一。历史是由两条线、三部分构成。即：红线——红医摇篮；
白线——白衣天使。三部分：中国医科大学、原国立沈阳医学院和原私立辽宁医
学院。从红线——红色基因来看，中国医科大学是中国最红的学校。红医摇篮，
红色历史，是学校自成立以来，始终把立德树人放在首位的重要原因。从白线--
43
白衣天使线看。即：英系、日系两大文化渊源。
日系--国立沈阳医学院：前身是满州医科大学，被誉为与协和等同，是中国
最好的大学。英系--私立辽宁医学院：前身为奉天医科大学，是中国东北最早的
医科大学。
辽宁医科大学是原私立辽宁医学院由东北行政委员会卫生部代管后的校名。
1883 年，司督阁（1855-1936）英国籍苏格兰人、医学博士，创办了东北第一家
西医院——盛京(施)医院，附设西医学堂。1912 年，成立了东北三省第一所医科
大学——奉天医科大学，几易其名为奉天医科专门学校、盛京医科大学及私立辽
宁医学院。
1948 年11 月2日，中国医科大学接收、合并了原国立沈阳医学院和原私立
辽宁医学院，组成了新的中国医科大学，开启了新的历史篇章。
中国医大的红色基因，满州医大、奉天医大高水平的教学质量与严谨的教风
学风融合在一起，助力中国医科大学实力水平提升。也为中国医大教学上的三基
三严注入了厚重底蕴。
F11 Su Dongpo and the first populist government hospital in China [苏东坡与
首家平民公立医院“安乐坊”]
Author： XiaoYe（叶笑）
Institute：China academy of Chinese medical sciences Institute of Chinese medical
history literature
中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所
Contact: gutianzhu1984@163.com
Scholar physician, who are good at both Chinese medical skill and Confucianism,
are the result of a combination of Confucianism and traditional Chinese medical science
by the influence of neo-confucianism in the Song Dynasty. Scholar physician
emphasized that to be a doctor not only for livelihood, but also for social responsibility
to benevolence for our country, society and people. In Song Dynasty, many scholars
practiced this theory, formed in the society a favorable atmosphere, not work for fame
or gain, save patients for benevolence, which had a profound tremendous impact to the
later generations. Su Dongpo, one of the scholar physician representatives, was world-
44
famous for his poetry, painting and calligraphy, cooking, Chinese medical and water
project. In 1089, Su Dongpo had taken up the post of the governor in Hangzhou second
time. When he entered on his second year of office as governor on May, 1090, an
outbreak of plague occurred in the area because of drought and flood disasters and
famine in successive years. While symptoms showed up as limbs cold, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, fever, aversion to cold and articular pain. Su Dongpo take out five hundred
pence of gold, and grant two thousand from public funds as cure fund，then establish
healing centre named “Anle Fang”, and managed by government in order to treat the
poor patients infected with the plague speacilly. The prescription named "Shen San Zi",
and recorded in 《Su xue shi fang》and 《Su shen liang fang》， those are most
classified as hot and acrid which therapeutic effect is obvious. Monks as medical staff
in healing center mainly, and every patient need to be recorded because of the formal
health care system. In addition to government's support also accept to donations in order
to maintain the fund of opreation of healing center. Referenced from the pattern of
Lengyanyuan healing center, Su Dongpo set up in the fisrt hospital which is established
by government and sponsored by common people, and this is the great initiative in the
medical history of China.
儒医指既习医术，又通儒学者，受宋代理学影响而产生，是儒学与医学相结
合的产物。儒学，自汉朝起在中国占统治地位，在宋明时期达到了巅峰。将宋明
理学思想与中医学相结合，强调行医不仅仅是个人谋生的手段，更是利民安国之
仁术，甚至将救人与拯世视为同务。受此观念影响，宋代产生诸多儒医代表性人
物，他们形成济世救人、不为名利、仁爱施治的行医作风及尚德尚医的良好风气，
对后世有着极其深远的影响。苏东坡，作为宋代文学的代表性人物，在诗、词、
文、书、画、医药、烹饪、水利等方面均有所建树。他著医书、救百姓、办医馆，
是一位不得不提的儒医。公元 1089 年，苏东坡第二次出任杭州太守，时值杭州
连年旱涝灾害，而于 1090 年5月爆发大面积瘟疫，病人表现为手脚冰凉、腹痛
腹泻、发热恶寒、肢节肿痛。苏东坡拿出黄金五十两，并从公款拨二千钱，作为
治病基金，在众安桥北设立治病坊，名为“安乐坊”，由官府主持，专门收治感
染瘟疫的穷苦病人。治病药方“圣散子”，收录于《苏学士方》和《苏沈良方》
45
中，多为辛热药物，疗效明显，活人无数。病坊内的医务人员主要由僧人担任，
每位病人都记录在案，医疗制度已经较为正规。维持病坊运营的资金除官方支持
外，还有接受捐施。苏东坡借鉴楞严院病坊模式创立的中国第一家官办民助平民
医院，为中国医学史一大创举。
References:
1. 张岱年,中国哲学大辞典,上海辞书出版社,2010.12,(422).
2. 徐潜,中医大家与中医著作,吉林文史出版社,2014.02,(121).
46
疾病史 History of Disease
G01 Eradication of Filariasis on Kinmen Islands in Post War Taiwan
(1950s-1970s)
Author： FONG Jiun Shen
Institute: National Taiwan University, Department of History
Contact: d05123001@ntu.edu.tw
To explore the reestablishment of quarantine or public health infrastructure in
Taiwan, scholarship on the medical history of postwar Taiwan has focused on anti-
malarial and anti-tuberculosis campaigns. The continuity or discontinuity of Japanese
colonial medicine and standard American medicine in postwar Taiwan is currently
debated. In addition, many research and prevention activities on infectious diseases or
chronic diseases remain ignored and unexplored. In the attempt to delineate the social
and environmental dimensions of parasitic disease in postwar Taiwan, this paper
constructs the story of the eradication of filariasis on Kinmen Islands during the 1950s
to 1970s through the analysis of medical journals, research reports, and the archives of
National Yang-Ming University (NYMU) and National Defense Medical College
(NDMC).
The Kinmen Islands are a strategic position in the Taiwan Strait conflict, which has
previously been studied in the context of high politics and international diplomacy. In
1952, the Kinmen Islands were identified as an endemic area of filariasis, a parasitic
disease caused by infection with filarial worms and spread by mosquitos. Extensive
studies, which aimed to avoid the infection of servicemen on military bases, were
conducted beginning in 1969 and were funded by the US Army Far East Research and
Development Group, as well as by the National Science Council. Research activities,
including vector (mosquito) surveys, blood screening, and clinical investigation, were
conducted by NDMC. Beginning in 1974, all inhabitants and servicemen on Kinmen
Islands were required to consume common salt medicated with DEC
(diethylcabamazine), which was administrated and controlled by the Chinese Navy.
47
After control measures were taken, no more filarial cases were reported and the
infection rate by mosquitos declined to 0% by 1977. DEC-medicated salt was
identified as a simple, rapid, safe, cheap, efficient, and optimal method for filariasis
prevention, control, or eradication in filariasis-endemic areas in the world.
This paper presents the argument that the radical treatment of filariasis in the
Kinmen Islands relied on the introduction of medical technology, which was provided
as international aid, and was achieved only under special military control. This paper
can offer another perspective for medical historians to examine the study of parasitic
diseases in postwar Taiwan.
G02 Spatial-temporal Difference and Influence of Concept of Prevention
and Treatment to Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of Cholera
Author： Li Huacheng
Institute: Shaanxi Normal University, Medical Social History Research Center
Contact: lihuacheng@snnu.edu.cn
Whether human beings can control or even conquer some infectious disease is not
just related to the medical technique itself, but the result of specific ideas and behaviors
of prevention. Many of them are often neglected. The epidemiological history of
cholera can be an example. The prevalence of cholera has a significant spatial and
temporal difference; Asia has been one of the main areas of cholera, and the situation
is much more serious in India, Bangladesh and South-East Asian areas. The reason is
that the concept of disease prevention and treatment in the oriental traditional medicine
has obvious characteristic of individualization. This concept is centered on clinical
medicine and the primary goal is to cure diseases. By contrast, in the West it is
characterized by strong socialization and epidemiology is the core. The principal goal
is to prevent diseases. But there are some differences in the Orient. Chinese traditional
medicine shares similar characteristic of individualization to India, and there are also
some similarities with Western traditional medicine. Therefore, its developing tendency
towards understanding of infectious disease is consistent with Western medicine to
48
some extent, which makes Chinese traditional medicine and Chinese society be more
liable to accept Western medical understanding.
Key Words: cholera, concept of prevention and treatment, China, India
G03 Manchurian Plague of 1910-1911 in Russian newspaper cartoons:
death, local pride and vanity
Author： Ratmanov Pavel
Institute: Far Eastern State Medical University, Country Khabarovsk
Contact: pavel.ratmanov@fesmu.ru
The aim of the paper is to analyze and interpret pictures in Harbin newspaper
"Novaya zhizn’" about an epidemic of pneumonic plague in 1910-1911 in Harbin. We
have found 22 drawings relating to plague: independent satirical drawings and
combination of several pictures. In the first months of the epidemic the newspaper
mocked a way of life of the Chinese, traditional Chinese medicine and the Chinese
administration. In January 1911, in caricatures of the plague were appeared senior
officials of the administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). Later V.M.
Bogucki, P.B. Haffkine and other Russian doctors, who fought with the plague, had
become heroes of satirical drawings in Harbin newspaper. The newspaper " Novaya
zhizn’" was also printed picture un memory of plague victims among the medical staff.
Two drawings were devoted to Mukden antiplague Conference (April 1911), one of
which shows the "cunning" and "insidious" Chinese. In winter of 1910-1911 the Board
of Chinese Eastern Railway in St. Petersburg had sent group of experienced
epidemiologists headed by prof. D.K. Zabolotny to Harbin. There he became one of the
initiators of vaccination against plague, extermination of rats, and he participated in
numerous meetings. All this activity had been derided by cartoonists in the Harbin
newspaper. There was a tension in the relationship between Harbin doctors and D.K.
Zabolotny. At Mukden conference in April 1911 the conflict occurred. At the end of
May 1911 a group of doctors made protest against D.K. Zabolotny. Due to the emotional
reaction of professor at the protest, he was challenged to a duel. Immediately after that
49
team of prof. D.K. Zabolotny managed to diagnose a plague-infected tarbagan. Series
of cartoons was devoted to this conflict.
References:
1. Bakich O.M. Emigre Identity: The Case of Harbin. South Atlantic Quarterly. 2000; 99: 51–73.
2. Budberg R. Bilder aus der Zeit der Lungenpest-Epidemien in der Mandschurei, 1910/11 und
1921. Hamburg: Verlag von Conrad Behre, 1923.
3. Chernin E. Richard Pearson Strong and the Manchurian epidemic of pneumonic plague, 1910-
1911. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 1989; 44: 296–319.
4. Chevé D., Signoli M. Corps dans la tourmente épidémique ; images de peste en Mandchourie.
Rev Corps Corps Sport. 2007; 75–92.
5. Gamsa M. China as Seen and Imagined by Roger Baron Budberg, a Baltic Physician in
Manchuria. In: Kraushaar F. (ed) Eastwards: Western Views on East Asian Culture. Bern: Peter Lang,
2010, pp. 23–35.
6. Gamsa M. The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910–1911. Past and Present.
2006; 190: 147–183.
7. Hu C. Quarantine sovereignty during the pneumonic plague in Northeast China (November
1910–April 1911). Front Hist China. 2010; 5: 294–339.
8. Iijima W. Pesuto to kindai chūgoku : Eisei no seidoka to shakai hen’yō. Tōkyō: Kenbun
Shuppan, 2000.
9. Iijima W. The establishment of Japanese Colonial Medicine: Infectious and Parasitic Disease
Studies in Taiwan, Manchuria, and Korea under the Japanese Rule before WWII. Aoyama Shigaku.
2010; 77–106.
10. Knab C. Plague Times: Scientific Internationalism and the Manchurian Plague of 1910/1911.
Itinerario .2011; 35: 87–105.
11. Lynteris C, Prince R.J. Anthropology and Medical Photography: Ethnographic, Critical and
Comparative Perspectives. Vis Anthropol. 2016; 29: 101–117.
12. Lynteris C. The Epidemiologist as Culture Hero: Visualizing Humanity in the Age of ‘the Next
Pandemic’. Vis Anthropol. 2016; 29: 36–53.
13. Strong R.P, Petrie G.F, Stanley A. (eds). Report of the International plague conference held at
Mukden, April, 1911. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1912.
14. Summers W.C. The Great Manchurian Plague of 1910-1911: The Geopolitics of an Epidemic
Disease. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012.
15. Wu Lien-teh. A Treatise on pneumonic plague. Genève: League of Nations, 1926.
16. Wu Lien-teh. Plague Fighter. The Autobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician. Cambridge:
W. Heffer and Sons, 1959.
50
技术史History of Technology
H01 Francisco Xavier de Balmis, the spread of the smallpox vaccine from
Spain to the Americas, the Philippines and China
Author： Areli Muñoz Cruz
Institute: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina
Edward Jenner discovered the method of vaccination in 1796 after inoculating the
secretion of a pustule from the hands of a woman infected with cowpox to the boy
James Phipps. With this method the child became ill from a mild form of bovine pox
and being exposed to human smallpox did not become ill. His method improved the
variolation that had been practiced in India and China and which had spread in part of
Europe. The variolation was that a healthy person had contact with the scabs of a person
suffering from smallpox, with which often the healthy person also had smallpox and
died.
His research was spread rapidly, in five years he had practicers almost everywhere
in the world, but also with many critics. The Spanish Empire, headed by King Carlos
IV, after corroborating its effectiveness in Spain and knowing that smallpox strongly
attacked its territory in New Spain, decided to carry out an expedition to bring the
vaccine to the Americas, this project was called The Real Philanthropic Expedition of
the Vaccine and to direct it was selected to Dr. Francisco Xavier de Balmis.
The objectives of the expedition were to distribute the vaccine free of charge among
the population from the Kingdom of Spain to all the overseas Viceroyalties, Create the
Vaccination Boards to instruct in the preparation, administration and conservation of
the vaccine to the local health. The Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine sailed
aboard the corvette Maria Pita of the port of La Coruña on November 30, 1803, to
transport the vaccine took 22 children to transport vaccine lymph directed for the rector
of the “Casa de Expósitos de Coruña”, Isabel Zendal Gómez; As well as assistants,
practitioners, nurses and crew of the boat. They also carried with them 500 volumes of
51
the translation that Balmis had made of Jacques Louis Moreau de la Sartre "Historical
and Practical Treaty of the Vaccine.”
After making a stopover in the Canary Islands, the expedition went to the Americas,
arriving in Puerto Rico on February 9, 1804, also visited Caracas, New Granada,
Havana, Guatemala and Mexico. It should be noted that the Expedition, although it was
in charge of Balmis, had to separate in commissions and groups directed by its helpers
to be able to cross more territory.
When Francisco Xavier de Balmis arrived in Mexico in 1804, the smallpox vaccine
was already applied in some parts of the country, so his most important task, besides
teaching the technique of arm-to-arm variolation, was to establish vaccination
Throughout the territory of New Spain, that could guarantee the conservation of the
vaccine lymph. These vaccination meetings were established in the municipalities with
the largest population and were in charge of individuals until 1884, when the Higher
Health Council at the federal level, was in charge of its administration.
After crossing Mexico, they left to the Philippine Islands in the boat Santa Barbara.
Once arrived in Manila, Francisco Xavier de Balmis established the Vaccination Board
and left a commission that would carry the vaccine throughout the territory for 2 years.
Later Balmis left for China in the frigate Diligencia, specifically for Macao on
September 3, 1805, where different routes were taken to publicize the vaccine. Already
sick and exhausted, Balmis returns to Spain aboard the ship Bon Jesús de Alem, but not
before going to the English Island of Santa Elena where he delivers his last reserve of
vaccine. He arrived in Madrid in September 1806.
Meanwhile, the Philippine commission returned to Mexico, where the Royal
Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition was terminated.
H02 The Social and Cultural History of X-ray in China,About its
Knowledge and Technology Spreading in China(1896-1949) [X 光在华的社会文化
史（1896-1949）]
Author： Cui Junfen（崔军锋）,Zhao Shengmei（赵胜美）
52
Institute：Hebei University,Department of History
河北大学历史学院
Contact: iaus323@pku.edu.cn
The study and invention on X-ray was increased rapidly after it was discovered in
1895 by Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen, a German physician, and it was distributed rapidly
into China. However, the equipment of X-ray was used in a very small range in China
until 1920 stages. In modern China, the X-ray was regarded as the re-invention of the
miraculous mirror in ancient China, and it was endowed many social and cultural
metaphor meanings. It was regarded as having the miraculous function which can
discern the social reality, and it arised many stories. Studying the spread of X-ray in
China, we can take it as an example to learn the social and cultural meanings of western
science, technology and the material culture in modern China.
Key Words: X-ray;Medicine; Modern China: Social Metaphor
X光于 1895 年被德国物理学家伦琴发现后，相关研究与发明迅速展开，并
很快传入我国。只是有关 X光的知识在我国传播虽早，但 X光设备除了部分教
会医院、医学院外，在我国传入与使用并不广，直到 20 世纪三十年代。X光传
入中国后，被人们认为是古代中国洞见肺腑的神镜在当时的发明，X光被赋予了
种种社会文化意义，具备洞察各种社会事实真相的功效，期间演绎出种种有趣的
故事，X光机也被人们赋予多种用途。研究 X光在中国的传播，有助于理解近代
西方科技及物质文化在近代中国的社会文化史意义。
H03 Historical Development of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Author： Deming FU
Institute: The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
Contact: fdm_ap@126.com
Sudden cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of death in the world, and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the main method to rescue cardiac arrest. This
paper presents an overall review of the historical origination and development of CPR
from the following aspects: opening airway, artificial ventilation, cardiac compression,
53
defibrillation and electrical pacing. In addition, some outstanding facts and figures have
been extracted from old publications and then they have been analyzed, systematized
and reconsidered from the scientific background of the important events and historical
effects throughout the development of CPR. The establishment of modern CPR and its
related technical methods are the crystallization of wisdom and hard work of many
scientific figures. By reviewing the developmental process of each aspect of the above
could contribute to conclude the experience and discipline in this historical process so
as to grasp the developmental sequence of CPR and understand deeply and further
develop the CPR.
Key Words: Sudden Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, History of
medicine
References:
1. Hermreck AS. The history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Surg,1988;156: 430- 436.
2. Rosen Z, Davidson JT. Respiratory resuscitation in ancient Hebrew sources. Anesth Analg,
1972 ;51: 502-505.
3. Baker AB. Artificial respiration: The history of an idea. Med Hist, 1971; 15: 336-351.
4. Bartecchi CE. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation－an element of sophistication in the 18th century.
Am Heart J, 1980; 100: 580-581.
5. Thangarn S, Weil MH, Rackow EC. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; A historical review. Acute
Care, 1986; 12: 63-94.
6. Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F. Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl
Physio1, 1959; 14: 760-764.
7. Papageorgiou E. Origins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Death, life and resuscitation in ancient
Greek religion. Resuscitation , 1995;30: 177-178.
8. Paraskos JA. History of CPR and the role of the national conference. Ann Emerg Med,1993;22:
275-280.
9. Paraskos JA. Biblical accounts of resuscitation. J Hist Med Allied Sci,1992,47: 310-321.
10. Zoll PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N
Engl J Med, 1952;247: 768-771.
11. Jude JR. Personal reminiscences of the origin and history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR).Am J Cardiol,2003,92: 956-963.
12.Safar P, Berman B, Diamond E, et al. Cuffed tracheostomy tube vs. tank respirator for prolonged
artificial ventilation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1962;43: 487-493.
13. Elam JO, Brown ES, Elder JD. Artificial respiration by mouth to mask method; A Study of the
respiratory gas exchange of paralyzed patient ventilated by operator's expired air. N Engl J
Med,1954;250: 749-754.
14. Safar P , Escarraga LA , Elam JO. A comparison of the mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-airway
54
methods of artificial respiration with the chest-pressure arm-life methods. N Eng J Med. ,1958,258:
671-677.
15. Ruben H. Combination resuscitator and aspirator. Anesthesiology,1958;19: 408-409.
16. Pearson JW, Redding JS. Evaluation of the Elder demand valve resuscitator for use by first aid
personnel. Anesthesiology, 1967; 28: 623-624.
17. Husveti S, Ellis H. Janos Balassa: Pioneer of cardiac resuscitation. Anaesthesia, 1969; 24: 113-
114.
18. Cooper JA, Cooper JD, Cooper JM.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation-History, Current Practice,
and Future Direction. Circulation. 2006;114:2839-2849.
19. Taw RL Jr. Msass F:100th anniversary of “New” CPR. Clin Cardiol, 1991; 14:1000-1002.
20. Stephenson HE, Reid LC, Hinton JW. Some common denominators in 1200 cases of cardiac
arrest. Ann Surg : 1953;137:731-744.
21. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac
massage.JAMA,1960;173: 1064-1067.
22. Beck CS, Pritchard WH, Feil HS. Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric
shock. JAMA, 1947;135:985-986.
23. Meyer JA .Claude Beck and cardiac resuscitation. Ann Thorac Surg ,1988;45: 103-105.
24. Gurvich NL, Yuniev GS. Restoration of heart rhythm during fibrillation by a condenser
discharge. Am Rev Sov Med,1947;4:252- 256.
25. Lown B, Amarasingham R, Neuman J. New method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. JAMA,
1962;182: 548-555.
H04 Study on the Historical Origin of the Small Splint Fixation ——a Core
Technology of Traditional Chinese Medical Orthopedics and the Philosophical
Thinking on that
Author： Jin Guo, Yong Zhao
Institute: Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science,
Department of Comprehensive Orthopedics and Traumatology
Contact: Zhaoyong423@sohu.com
Fracture is a common disease in orthopedics department. Through the literature
review of ancient and modern studies, it can be found that the treatment of fracture
mainly revolves around the fixation. Based on the relative literature recorded in The
Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies written by Hong Ge in Dongjin dynasty,
the small splint fixation, which is the core technology in the treatment of fracture, was
taken as an example to analyze the technical basis of its occurrence from three aspects,
55
such as external medicine, fixation materials and fixation methods. The occurrence of
small splint fixation was closely related to textile technology and metallurgical
technology at that time. It is expected to objectively restore the situation of its
occurrence at that time and to provide Chinese medical doctors a thinking space of
treatment technical changing. And this paper tried to show the methodological
significance and scientific value of the small splint fixation, and tried to find new way
of development of traditional Chinese medical orthopedics.
References:
1. Fu CM, Chen F. An Analysis of Borgmann's Ideas on the Essence of Technology "Device
Paradigm"[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (SOCIAL SCIENCE EDITION), 2007, 9
(3): 23-28.
2. Shang TY, Zhou YQ, Gu YW. The Specific Methods of Fixation and Movement We Used for the
Treatment of Fractures[J]. People's Military Surgeon, 1962, (3): 6-9.
3. Fu CM, Chen F. Phenomenological Philosophy of Technology: from Ontology to Experience[J].
Philosophical Researches, 2008, (11):102-108.
4. Dong FH, Shang TY. A Biomechanical Study on Fracture Treatment by the Method of Small
Splint Fixation[J]. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 1988,3(3): 19-23,
80.
5. Shang TY. Chinese Orthopedics[M], Tianjin: Tianjin Science and Technology Press, 1995:42.
6. Ihde D, translated by Han LQ, Let Things Speak——Post-Phenomenology and Technology[M],
Beijing: Peking University Press, 1995: 42.
H05 20 世纪30 年代卡介苗接种在中国的实践
Author： 史如松
Institute：第三军医大学
Wang Liang introduced Bacille-Calmatte-Guerin(BCG) to China in 1933 in order
to prevent tuberculosis. He established a BCG laboratory and make BCG strains by
himself in Chongqing, and vaccinated children around. In 1938 Shanghai Pasteur
Institute also built a BCG laboratory, and promoted BCG vaccination in Shanghai. But
in 1930s the medical profession all over the world was skeptical to BCG efficacy, which
impeded the promotion of BCG vaccination in China. Without the collaboration of the
government and the national medical profession, tuberculosis problem in China
56
couldn’t improve by the effort of a single doctor or an institute.
Key Words: BCG, tuberculosis, Wang Liang, Shanghai Pasteur Institute
1933 年王良将卡介苗引入中国，自建实验室制造卡介苗并在周围为婴孩接种
以预防肺结核。1938 年上海巴斯德研究所也建立卡介苗实验室，并在上海推行
卡介苗接种。但在 20 世纪 30 年代国内外医学界对卡介苗还存在怀疑态度，这也
影响了当时卡介苗接种在中国的推广，单靠个人或单个机构的努力，不能显著降
低中国的肺结核发病率。
关键词：卡介苗，肺结核，王良，上海巴斯德研究所
H06 Contemporary Historical Changes and Analysis of In Vitro
Diagnostics（当代体外诊断历史变迁与分析展望）
Author： Xing Jinghua（邢菁华）, Zhang Xunjun（张洵君）
Institute：Peking University Health Science Center
北京大学医学部医学人文研究院
Contact: xingjinghua@bjmu.edu.cn
In vitro diagnostics are coming into being with the development of modern
laboratory medicine, at the same time, the application of the new scientific technology
promote greatly the development path of In vitro diagnostics industrialization. And
promote and facilitate the development of laboratory medicine accordingly.
In vitro diagnostics can be traced back to 430 B.C.. Through analyzing urine
symptom of the patients, the Greek doctor Hippocrates can perform diagnosis and
timely treatment to help the patients. And in 1590, the Dutch Hans Jansen created the
original microscope design. It was a real change that the human vision realized from
the macroscopic to microcosmic, which greatly benefited the entire medicine. With the
development of medical science and the growing demand for the laboratory tests since
the 20th century, the scientists used some different methods to achieve biochemical and
immune diagnostics of human body indexes.
The development of technology of in vitro diagnostics had gone from the original
manual method to automatic analysis, from cytology to DNA and RNA. With the rapid
57
advent of new instruments and synthetic reagents, which greatly enriched and promoted
in vitro diagnostic industry. In vitro diagnostics have an unparalleled historical chance
and will be one of the most dynamic biomedical fields.
By analyzing the contemporary key elements evolution of in vitro diagnostics
(IVD), especially the rise in vitro diagnostic to the development of molecular
diagnostics and precision medicine, from clinical laboratory to POCT, from basic
research to the global regulation industry, this research is to expound the complex
process and value of biomedical technology development and application.
Key Words: In vitro diagnostics; molecular diagnostics; Precision Medicine
当代体外诊断的历史变迁与检验医学的发展密不可分，其新科学技术的应用
极大推动了体外诊断产业化发展道路，也相应推动和促进了检验医学的发展。
体外诊断的历史可以追溯到公元前 430 年希腊医生希波克拉底通过尿液对患
者辅助诊断，再到 1590 年荷兰人 Hans Jansen 设计制造了最原始的显微镜，把人
类的视觉从宏观引入到微观，给医学界以极大的帮助。20 世纪以来，伴随着科学
技术的发展和诊断需求的增加，科学家们应用不同的方法实现了对人类生化和免
疫等多指标的检测。
体外诊断（IVD）技术从最原始的手工法发展到全自动分析，从细胞学发展
到DNA、RNA，同时各种合成试剂和诊断仪器的出现，体外诊断产业得到了极
大的发展。体外检测（IVD）正迎来历史发展的机遇，成为生物医学领域中最具
活力和发展前景的子行业之一。
本研究通过梳理当代体外诊断（IVD）关键要素的演进历程，从体外诊断的
兴起和发展，到分子诊断和精准医疗的崛起，从临床实验室到 POCT 即时诊断的
演变，从基础研发走向产业的全球监管，以此阐明生物医学技术发展与应用的复
杂过程和价值。
关键词：体外诊断；分子诊断；精准医疗；即时诊断
References:
[1]李约瑟.中国科学技术史(第六卷):生物学与相关技术(第六分册医学)[M].北京:科学出版
社,2013.
Needham Joseph, Science and Civilisation in China Volume 6 Biology and Biological
58
Technology.Part 6, Medicine[M].Beijing: Science press,2013.
[2]陈光.单克隆抗体技术历史与发展[J].生物技术通报,2003, 38(9):58-60
Chen G.The History and Development of Monoclonal Antibody[J].Bulletin of Biology, 2003,
38(9):58-60.
[3]解增言.DNA 测序技术的发展历史与最新进展[J].生物技术通报,2010, (8):64-70
Jie ZY. The History and Advances of DNA Sequencing Technology[J]. Bulletin of Biology, 2010,
(8):64-70.
[4]丛玉隆.回顾 30 年学科变化展望检验医学发展趋势[J].中华医学杂志，2015, 95(14):1044-
1048
Cong YL. The review about 30 years subject changes to outlook development trend of laboratory
medicine [J].National Medical Journal of China, 2015, 95(14):1044-1048.
[5]国家食品药品监督管理局．体外诊断试剂注册管理办法，国家食品药品监督管理总局令
[EB/OL]. http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0053/103757.html, 2014.
China food and drug administration. The regulations of registration and management for in vitro
diagnostics reagents. China food and drug administration rules[EB/OL].
http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0053/103757.html, 2014.
[6] Yalow RS, Berson SA. Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man[J]．Clin Invest, 1960,
39(1):1157-1175.
[7]Engvall Eva, Perlmann Peter. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantitative assay
immunoglobulin G [J]. Immunochemistry,1971,8(9): 871–874.
[8]Van Weemen, B.K.; Schuurs, A.H.W.M. Immunoassay using antigen-enzyme conjugates
[J].FEBS Letters,1971, 15 (3): 232–236.
[9] Y Tang, MM Ismail, YM Saif. Development of Antigen-Capture Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay and RT-PCR for Detection of Turkey Astroviruses[J]. Avian Diseases, 2015,
49(2): 182-188.
[10] Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 [EB/OL].
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/, 2017.
[11]王华梁. 分子诊断—体外诊断技术发展的飞跃[J]. 中华检验医学杂志, 2016, 39(07):477-
480.
Wang HL. Molecular diagnostics-A step in the development of in vitro diagnostic technology[J].
Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 2016, 39(07):477-480.
[12]王建华，郭泽琴. 肽核酸在分子生物学技术中的应用[J]. 中国生物工程杂志，2013,
33(1):90-94.
Wang JH, Guo ZQ. Peptide nucleic acid in the application of molecular biology techniques[J].
Journal of Chinese Biotechnology, 2013, 33(1):90-94.
[13]易学明.初探精准医学时代医院管理的应对[J].医学研究生学报,2015,28(10):1009-1011.
Yi XM. The preliminary study about a reaction to hospital management in a precision medicine
era[J]. Journal of Medical Postgraduates, 2015, 28(10): 1009-1011.
[14]PB Luppa, C Müller, A Schlichtiger. Point-of-care testing (POCT): Current techniques and
future perspectives [J]. Trac Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2011, 30(6): 887-898.
[15]郭世富，黄颖，母瑞红. 欧美体外诊断类医疗器械产品分类监管研究及对我国的启示[J].
中国医疗器械杂志，2016, 40(4):271-274.
Guo SF, Huang Y, Mu RH, Li JL. A revelation for our country from regulation research about the
classification of medical devices product in vitro diagnostic in Europe and U.S.
59
[16]C Altenstetter. US Perspectives on the EU Medical Device Approval System, and Lessons
Learned from the United States [J]. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 2013, 4(4): 443-464.
H07 Historical Development and Trend of Technology of In Vitro
Diagnostics (IVD) in China（中国体外诊断技术发展及演化趋势）
Author： Xing Jinghua（邢菁华）
Institute：Peking University Health Science Center
北京大学医学部医学人文研究院
Contact: xingjinghua@bjmu.edu.cn
Since the founding of New China, the development of in vitro diagnostics of China
has passed more than 60 years. The development of technology of in vitro diagnostics
had gone from the original manual method to the whole process of standardization,
intelligent, automation management. The discipline concept of in vitro diagnostics are
changing from the "Medical examination" to "laboratory medicine", and to provide a
significant role in the clinical pathological and physiological information, participate in
the diagnosis and treatment of patients with main component.
Through the half-century of development, implications the features that of different
era, major technological milestones, and the pioneers making this effort, as well as the
future development trend, which will become the clue of thesis presents to the readers.
Key Words: In vitro diagnostic; Technological changes; Era characteristics
中国体外诊断的历史变迁自新中国成立之日起，如今已经走过六十多个年头。
中国体外诊断技术的发展经历了从经典手工、作坊式设备，到标准化、智能化、
自动化管理的全过程。体外诊断在学科理念上也从“医学检验”到“检验医学”
发生着重大转变，并为临床提供重要的病理、生理信息，是患者诊疗过程中的主
要组成部分。
在过去半个多世纪的发展历程中，体外诊断在不同时代所赋予的不同特征，
经历的重大技术里程碑，为此付出的开拓者们，以及未来发展趋势，将会成为文
章的主线呈现在读者面前。
关键词：体外诊断；技术变迁；时代特征
60
References:
[1]孟泽.缅怀恩师李健斋教授[J].临床检验杂志,2004(4):79-‐80.
[2]朱立华，李健斋.新中国临床化学 50 年[J].中华医学检验杂志,1999(5):7-‐12.
[3]彭英姿，张正尤.第三届“首都十大健康卫士”评选结果揭晓[J].首都医药,
2011(11):9-‐12.
[4]李金明.沉重悼念叶应妩教授[J].中华检验医学杂志,2008,31(2):240-‐240
[5]丛玉隆.血细胞分析技术进展与展望[J/OL].临床检验杂志,2012(1)1
[6]常玉梅.简谈我国检验医学事业的跨越发展与未来[J].当代医学,2010,16(10):37-‐37.
[7]袁桂清.实验诊断学专家——叶应妩教授[J].中华检验医学杂志,2004(2):9-‐9.
[8]马亮，曹永跃，王云亭.第三方医学检验在分子诊断中的应用及前景[J].中日友好医院学
报,2015(2):45-‐47.
[9]李白薇.基因组计划的中国记忆[J].中国科技奖励,2015(12):35-‐36.
[10]王成 彬 . 倾 心 检 验 事业， 书 写 精 彩人生— 记 丛 玉隆教授 [EB/OL].中 华 医 学 会，
http://www.cma.org.cn/bainian/renwu/201557/1430969374542_1.html,2015.
H08 Back to the future. From Ramazzini (1633-1714) to ICHD 3 beta
edition: history of osmophobia as a newly identified clinical marker of migraine
Author： Giorgio Zanchin
Institute：Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, Padua University
The diagnosis of a primary headache is clinical and based on the fulfilment of its
characteristics reported by the patient with the diagnostic criteria of the current
International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD 3beta) (1). Osmophobia (Os),
defined as an unbearable perception, during an attack, of odors that are non-aversive or
even pleasant outside the headache, had been identified as an accompanying symptom
of migraine (M) since ancient times. As early as the second century AD, Aretaeus of
Cappadocia reported that the sense of olfaction is altered during a M attack (“scents
and unpleasant odours are equally intolerable”). After him, among others, Galen (129-
199 AD), Avicenna (980 ca-1037), Ramazzini (1633-1714), Liveing (1832-1919) and
Gowers (1845-1915) confirmed this observation. Despite these time-honored
observations, until recently the relationship between Os and headache had been under-
investigated. In the last years our research group wrote extensively on this issue. As
evidenced in a comprehensive review that we published recently (2), collecting 14,360
subjects, 2281 of which were pediatric patients, Os is a highly specific clinical marker
61
of M and therefore should be inserted within its ICHD diagnostic criteria. Such
interesting research had been inspired to us by the work, “De morbis artificum diatriba”.
His author, the founder of Occupational Medicine, Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi 1633
– Padova 1714) had a great interest in headache, giving emphasis on the triggering role
of odors on different categories of workers. From an autobiographical reference on his
own osmophobia (“We still have to visit many other foul smelling shops.. Every time
that I entered such places gave me a strong upset stomach, ..headache, and spasms of
vomiting..”), we can understand the reason of such unexpected interest on osmophobia
within a treatise on the occupational medicine: indeed, we infer that Ramazzini was a
migraineur whose attacks were triggered by offending odors.
Reference:
1. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3beta. Cephalalgia2013; 9: 627-808.
2. Crasso GP (1763) Aretaei Cappadocis medici insigni, ac vetustissimi libri septem Tipografia
Remondiniana, Venetiis 46.
3. Koehler PJ. Aretaeus on Migraine and Headache. J Hist Neurosc, 2001, 10, 3, 253-261.
4. GALENO
5. Gorji A., Ghadiri MK.. History of headache in medieval Persian medicine. Lancet Neurology.
2002, 1, 510-15.
6. Koehler PJ. Etiology and pathophysiology of headache in the early 17th century, as illustrated
by the work of Johan van Beverwijck. Cephalalgia, 1997. 17. 817-21.
7. Zanchin G, Rossi P, Isler H, Maggioni F Headache as an Occupational Illness in the Treatise
“De Morbis Artificum Diatriba” of Bernardino Ramazzini. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 79-86.
8. Liveing E.(1873) On Megrim, Sick-Headache, and Some Allied Disorders. London: Churchill.
9. Gowers WR. (1888) A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. London: Churchill 788.
10. Blau JN, Solomon F. Smell and other sensory disturbances in migraine. J Neurol 1985;
232:275-276.
11. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society: Classification and
diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988; 8;
Suppl 7:1-96.
12. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International
Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd Editon. Cephalalgia 2004;24 Suppl 1:1-160.
13. Zanchin G, Dainese F, Trucco M, Mainardi F, Mapreso E, Maggioni F. Osmophobia in migraine
and tension-type headache and its clinical features in patients with migraine. Cephalalgia. 2007; 27:
1061-1068.
14. Zanchin F, Fuccaro M, Battistella P, Ermani M, Mainardi F, Maggioni F. A lost track in ICHD
3 beta: a comprehensive review on osmophobia. Cephalalgia, accepted for publication.
15. Mainardi F, Maggioni F, Zanchin G. Smell of migraine? Osmophobia as a clinical diagnostic
62
marker. Cephalalgia 2016; doi: 10.1177/0333102416658710.
H09 From Charging to Free and Paying: The Strategy of the Introduction of
Vaccination into China
Author: Qi CHEN (陈琦)
Institute: Peking University Institute for Medical Humanities
(北京大学医学史研究中心)
Contact: chenqi@bjmu.edu.cn
Smallpox is a severe infectious disease that has killed millions of people through the
ages. The procedure of variolation to prevent smallpox has been practiced in China
for hundreds of years and spread abroad. When cowpox inoculation (vaccination) was
introduced into China in the 19th century, it did not went well continuously. The
financial support from the businessmen made it possible for the Guangzhouv Bureau
of Vaccination to offer free service, and to allot small premiums named “guojin” to
those who came back to give the pustules. This approach was later followed by the
Beijing Bureau of Vaccination. By the 1870s, to attract more people，the Shanghai
Municipal Council declared that the poor who came to get vaccinated could get a
certain fee. In the face of the long history of tradition of variolation, vaccination was
confronted with doubts and pressure from all over the society at the beginning. The
strategy of free and paying had helped its disseminate in China greatly. The
progressive promotion of vaccinations made the western medical technology start to
play an important role in China.
天花是一种烈性传染病，曾夺取很多人的性命。中国自古就有人痘接种预防
天花的方法，并传播至海外。19 世纪初，牛痘接种术传入中国时并不顺利，推行
缓慢。来自洋行商人的经济支持，使广州种痘局可以免费施种，并给予同意“取
浆养苗”者以“菓金”以保留痘种。这种方法后来被北京的京都种痘局所效仿。
至19 世纪 70 年代，上海工部局为了吸引更多的人来接种，实行了贴钱制度，前
来接种的穷人可以得到一定的调养费。面对悠久的人痘接种传统，牛痘接种术在
63
传入中国时面临着来自各方的疑惑与压力，免费与付费措施促进了其在华的传播。
牛痘接种术的逐步推广，使西方医学技术真正开始在中国显示出重要作用。
H10 The Past and Present of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy and
Morrow Procedure
Author: Yajie Tang
Institute: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease，Fuwai Hospital,
National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases，
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing,
100037, People's Republic of China
Contact: tangyajietangyajie@126.com
Objectives： British surgeon Brock and pathologist Teare (Fig. 1) described the clinical
and pathological characteristics of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy(HOCM)
in 1957, which is considered the 1st year of HOCM study. We aim to commemorate the
60th year of the history of surgical treatment for HOCM and express our sincere respect
to those who have played an important role in promoting both the recognition and
treatment alternatives of this disease at this conference.
Methods ：By searching the key words of “Hypertrophic Obstructive
Cardiomyopathy”、“ myectomy”、“myotomy”、“ idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic
stenosis ”、“ Andrew Glenn Morrow” in PUBMED, corresponding with Professor
Braunwald、Derani etc.， we gained the literatures about HOCM from 1957 to 2017,
analyzing the our cognitive evolution and surgical treatment to HOCM。
Results： In1957, 100 years before the coming of cardiac catheterization, surgeon and
pathologist from Britain reported Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which was named as
“acquired aortic subvalvular stenosis”, simultaneously by the results of operative
inspection and autopsy respectively.[1,2] In 1959, Cleland, also a British surgeon,
pioneeringly tried to partially resect the hypertrophied septum via transaortic approach
to abolish impedance of left ventricular outflow tract(LVOT) for patients with HOCM.
64
[3] In 1960，doctor A.G Morrow adopted and improved this procedure to complet his
first transaortic septal myomyectomy, later known as the Morrow Procedure. [4] Kirklin
from mayo clinic tried myectomy via a 2cm incision on left anterior ventricular wall in
two cases in 1961, by which he could get a better surgical vision. [5] In 1963, professor
Lillehei considered the transatrial approach was a better way to optimizing the operative
field. [6] In 1971, Cooley raised his view of mitral replacement for dealing with this kind
of left ventricular obstruction[7] while Konno believed the ventriculo-aortic
ventriculotomy was a better way to solve this problem. Mr. A.G. Morrow published the
first long term surgical outcome of the Morrow Procedure of 83 patients on Circulation.
[8] When it came to 1990，Germany surgeon Messmer published his surgical strategy
of extended myectomy by broadening and deepening the resection area and separating
the abnormal links between septum and matral apparatus at subaortic region, by which
he could eliminate the systolic anterior motion(SAM) related mitral regurgitation
completely.[9] However, some controversies about concomitant mitral valvuloplasty
merged later. In 1992，Mclntosh thought longitudinal mitral plication was an optional
procedure for abolishing mitral regurgitation during surgery[10] while Kofflard[11]
believed that augmenting anterior mitral leaflet by pericardial autograft could
effectively reduce postoperative mitral insufficiency. In 2007, professor Dearani[12]
from the Mayo Clinic summarized the surgical experience of his team by emphasizing
the extended myectomy and dividing anomalous muscles and chordea between septum
and mitral apparatus. In 2016, professor Song from Fuwai Hospital published his
research, in which he believed that no concomitant mitral procedure should be exerted
in myectomy for eliminating SAM related mitral regurgitation, because only if a
satisfying myectomy was completed, there should no SAM and mitral regurgitation
remained,[13] which is of same opinion with doctors in Mayo Clinic.[14]
As every cardiologist and cardiac surgeon knows, doctor A.G Morrow pioneeringly
designed the creative Morrow Procedure for treating patients with HOCM, otherwise,
few doctors know the anecdote of him that doctor Morrow himself was a patient
suffering from HOCM. Four years after his creating of the Morrow Procedure, doctor
Morrow was diagnosed as the “idiopathic hypertrophic subaoritc stenosis” by his
65
colleague and friend Eugen Braunwald(Fig. 2) via the auscultation result of the typical
murmur. What is intriguing is that doctor Morrow refused any advanced test to confirm
the diagnosis or treatment for this disease, he didn’t want to talk about it. Dr. Morrow
experienced HOCM related symptoms (i.e. exertional dyspnea, near-syncope, atrial
fibrillation, and ultimately, stroke). He refused medicine for therapy, cardiac
catheterization for confirming the diagnosis, and septal myectomy (Morrow Procedure)
to relieve his LVOT obstruction. Then the first surgeon to perform the myectomy
operation to relieve LVOT obstruction in HOCM patients, a procedure which he
designed, and which bears his name, died of HOCM suddenly at his 60 years of age at
home. He was diagnosed as HOCM by autopsy, eventually (Fig. 3).[15]
Conclusion：After the 60 years, HOCM has evolved from a less known disease to a
relatively benign disease with long natural course via the appropriate clinical
management(optimal medication, septal reduction therapy, etc.). In the forthcoming
years, multidisciplinary team work, international communication and collaboration will
be the vital factors to promote the development of HOCM.
Key words：Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy；surgical treatment；History
References:
[1] Brock R. Functional obstruction of the left ventricle (acquired aortic subvalvar stenosis). Guys
Hosp Rep. 1957;106: 221–38
[2] TEARE, D., Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J, 1958. 20(1): p.
1-8.
[3] CLELAND, W.P., The surgical management of obstructive cardiomyopathy. Proc R Soc Med,
1964. 57: p. 446-8.
[4] MORROW AG, BROCKENBROUGH EC. Surgical treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic
subaortic stenosis: technic and hemodynamic results of subaortic ventriculomyotomy. Ann Surg.
1961 Aug;154:181-9.
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the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. Circulation, 1975. 52(1): p. 88-102.
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67
精神病学史 History of Psychiatry
I01 The Insulin Myth in Chinese Psychiatry: A Study on Insulin Coma Therapy
in China
Author： Xiaoyang Gu, Cheng Zhen
Institute: Capital Medical University, Department of Medical Humanities
Contact: guxiaoyang1@163.com
As one of the major physical treatments for schizophrenia in the history of
psychiatry, insulin coma therapy (ICT), also known as insulin shock therapy, was
formerly regarded by historians “either as an embarrassing stumble on the path to
modern biological psychiatry or as one member of a long line of somatic therapies used
to treat mental illness in the mid-twentieth century.” It was referred as “short-lived”
and commonly used as an example accompanied by electroconvulsive therapy and
leucotomy to show how brutal medical treatment can be in the history of psychiatry in
documentaries and movies. In the past two decades, scholars in history and
psychiatry started to review the history of ICT with new perspectives. Close
examinations on the historical records, along with judicious analysis and deduction
revealed that the popularity of ICT has far more intricate reasons which was related to
political, social, ideological, psychological accounts. As some researchers rewrote the
story of ICT in the mainstream history of psychiatry, several remarkable essays about
the history of ICT in Britain, America, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Poland
and the Soviet Union have been published.
Yet, among all the existing studies, little attention has been paid to the history of
ICT in China, whether internationally or domestically. Based on the available materials,
it is noted that the application of ICT followed a unique trajectory in China. ICT was
still widely prescribed by Chinese psychiatrists as late as 1980s, but it has been
abandoned by their European and American colleagues in 1960s.
Shortly after Manfred Sakel “invented” ICT, detailed knowledge of the therapy was
brought to China by Dr. Fanny Gisela Halpern, who worked in the Division of
68
Neurology and Psychiatry in National Medical College in Shanghai. In the autumn of
1936, Dr. Halpern started the first trial of ICT in Shanghai. At the end of 1941, her
colleagues published their research on 139 patients. Other important studies about ICT
came from hospitals in Shanghai and Beijing. In the late 1940s, ICT was used in some
big cities where psychiatry was better developed than other parts of China, such as
Shanghai, Beijing, and Chengdu. But on the whole, restricted by the number and scale
of mental hospitals, ICT was not widely used in the Republican China.
Beginning with the controversial article “The Insulin Myth” which argued ICT was
less effective than it seemed and even placed patients in unnecessary dangers, ICT
started facing more and more doubts from medical society and outside. In the late 1950s,
the terminal stage of ICT has come due to overwhelming proponents of the new
psychopharmacology and new evidence from randomized controlled trials published in
leading medical journals like The Lancet, JAMA. The time period from 1950 to
1960 was often regarded as the turning point of ICT in history of medicine. But in China,
the application of ICT in medical practice reached its peak in 1950s, especially before
the widely use of chlorpromazine around 1957.
Essays about ICT can be seen on medical journals in China in 1980s. Although
the World Health Organization (WHO) has clearly pointed out in the 1990s that “the
majority of studies concerning efficacy and side effects of insulin therapy are not
scientifically well conducted,” “the increase in the worldwide practice of treating
psychosis with modern neuroleptic and other psychotropic drugs should make insulin
treatment a form of therapy considered only in the rare cases of otherwise intractable
illness,” ICT was still recommended for the treatment of schizophrenia in one of the
most popular psychiatry textbook (edition I~V) from 1980 to 2009 in China .
I would argue that the unique destiny of ICT in China have something to do with
the popularity of Pavlovian theory in China. As previous researches showed,
psychiatrists in the Soviet Union had successfully constructed a theoretical basis of ICT
based on Pavlov’s theory. ICT was widely used and became dominant therapeutic
method in the Soviet Union. In the early 1950s, Learning-from-the-Soviet-Union
Campaign had tremendous influence in China. Hence, Pavlov’s theory became the
69
political-academic orthodoxy in psychiatry. Advanced workshops like ‘Learning
Pavlov’s Theory Workshop’ which was directed by the Ministry of Health of the PRC,
the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the All-China Federation of Natural Science were
held in momentous scale. Promising psychiatrists and medical scientists were sent to
the Soviet Union for further training. The bibliography the ICT parts in the psychiatry
textbook mentioned above was more or less based on the localization of Pavlov’s theory
of Schizophrenia in China. Also, the chief editor of all five editions, who was the
leading psychiatrist and the only Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering
majored in psychiatry, was trained in the Soviet Union. Also, the methodology of
medical research has strong impact on the academic opinions about the efficiency of
ICT.
References:
1. Doroshow DB.Performing a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards[J].Journal
of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences.2007,62(2): 213-243.
2. Garfield Tourney. A History of Therapeutic Fashions in Psychiatry, 1800-1966[J].American
Journal of Psychiatry. 1967,124(6):784-796; Roy W. Menninger, John C. Nemiah. American
Psychiatry After World War II (1944–1994)[M].Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press,
Inc.,2000. Examples of certain documentaries and movies like BBC Documentary Psychiatric
Hospitals: Mystery of Asylums and the world famous movie about John Nash: A Beautiful Mind.
3. Edward Shorter. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry[M]. Oxford: Oxford University
Press,2005:6; Edward Shorter. A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of
Prozac[M].New York: John Wiley &Sons,Inc., 1997; David Healy, The Creation of
Psychopharmacology [M].Cambridge: Harvard University Press: 2004; Doroshow DB. Performing
a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards[J].Journal of the History of Medicine
and Allied Sciences.2007,62(2): 213-243; Kingsley Jones. Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia[J].
Journal of Royal Society of Medicine. 2000,93(3): 147-149.
4. F.E.James. Insulin treatment in Psychiatry[J]. History of Psychiatry.1992,(iii): 221-235;Max Fink.
A Beautiful Mind and Insulin Coma: Social Constraints on Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment[J].
Harvard Review of Psychiatry.2004,11(5):284-290; Sarah Victoria Marks. Psychiatric knowledge
on the Soviet periphery: mental health and disorder in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, 1948-
1975[D]London: University College London, 2013;Jesper Vaczy Kragh.Shock Therapy in Danish
Psychiatry[J]. Medical History.2010,(54): 341-364;Zyss T, Hese RT, Zieba A.Shock therapy in
psychiatry—historical feature [J]. Psychiatria Polska. 2008, 43(6):797-818; Benjamin Zajicek.
scientific psychiatry in Stalin’s soviet union: the politics of modern medicine and the struggle to
define‘pavlovian’psychiatry, 1939-1953[D]. Chicago: the university of Chicago,2009.
5. F.G.Halpern. Insulin-Shock Treatment of Schizophrenia Preliminary Report[J]. Chinese Medical
Journal. 1937,52(10):541-548.
70
6.粟宗华,张沅昌,夏镇夷.精神分裂症之胰岛素休克治疗[J].中华医学杂志.1941,27(9):527-544.
7. 上海公共租界工部局卫生处. 一九三七年后(紧急状态)药品胰岛素(因素林)之限制供应等
事:1937-1942[B].上海市档案馆外滩新馆(上档 U1-16-091); Mc Quarrie, Irvine,Ziegler,Stone.
Studies on Mechanism of Insulin Convulsions[J].Chinese Medical Journal. 1940,58(7):1-25.
8. 孙珍方.分裂性精神病个案之社会分析[D].北京:燕京大学.1945.
9. Harold Bourne. The Insulin Myth[J].The Lancet.1953,262(6793):964-968.
10. Ackner B, Harris A, Oldham AJ. Insulin treatment of schizophrenia: controlled study[J]. The
Lancet 1957,(2):607-611; Fink M, Shaw R, Gross G, etal. Comparative study of chlorpromazine
and insulin coma in the therapy of psychosis[J].JAMA.1958(166):1846-1850.
11. Allan Tasman, Jerald Kay, Jeffrey A. etal. Psychiatry Third Edition[M].Chichester: Wiley-
Blackwell,2008:220; Ediwin R.,Wallace, John Gach. History of Psychiatry and Medical
Psychology:With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-body Relation[M].New
York:Springer,2008:396; Harold Bourne. Insulin Coma in Decline[J].American Journal of
Psychiatry.1958,114(11):1015-1017.
12. 朱韶敏,朱长久.椎管注糖促进胰岛素稽延性昏迷苏醒 2例报告[J].中国神经精神疾病杂
志.1983,(2):84.及李延斌.13 例住院精神病人死亡原因分析[J].1987,(4):24-25.及王忠全,贾夫军,
孙良达等.抗精神病药合并胰岛素低血糖与单纯抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症 60 例对照观察
[J].新乡医学院学报.1987,4(3):42-45.
13. Norman Sartorius,Giovanni de Girolamo,Gavin Andrews,etal. Treatment of Mental Disorders A
Review of Effectiveness[R].Washington, DC& London: American Psychiatric Press ,Inc, 1993.
14. 北京医学院主编.精神病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1980:612-618; 沈渔邨主编.精神病
学 第二版[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:779-785; 沈渔邨主编.精神病学 第三版[M].北京:
人民卫生出版社,1998:1001-1007; 沈渔邨主编.精神病学 第四版[M].北京:人民卫生出版
社,2001:730-734;沈渔邨主编.精神病学 第五版[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009:942-946.
15. Benjamin Zajicek. Insulin Coma and the Construction of Therapeutic Effectiveness in Stalin’
s Soviet Union,1936-1953. in Sarah Marks, Mat Savelli,eds. Psychiatry in Communist
Europe[M].London: Palgrave Macmillan UK,2015:50-72; B.B.米赫耶夫,T.A.涅甫佐罗娃著.李维
清,周景春,滕曙光译.精神神经病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1957：2-4.
16. Ibid; Joseph Wortis 著,上海医学院神经精神科、华东精神病防治院合译,夏镇夷、王慰会主
译.苏联精神医学[M].上海:华东医务生活社，1952.1:144-146.
17. Zhipeng Gao. Canada Pavlovianism in China: Politics and differentiation across scientific
disciplines in the Maoist era [J]. History of Science. 2015, Vol. 53(1) 57–85.
18. 文丰.中苏合作背景下上海第二医学院医学教育研究:1952-1957[D]. 上海:复 旦 大
学.2011:21-34.
19. 李鹏.建国初期留苏运动的历史考察[D].上海:华东师范大学.2008:161.
20. 陶国泰,林永祥,张贞浏.2663 例胰岛素休克治疗的临床观察[J].中华神经精神科杂
志.1960,(1):19-24; 王景祥.根据巴甫洛夫学说的观点对于胰岛素休克治疗临床分期的意见[J].
中华神经精神科杂志.1956,(2):1055-113.
71
I02 Is Wrong with the Gene: a Case Study of 300 Psychiatric Archives in a
Local Hospital in China
Author： LIN, Zhuyun
Institute: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of
Humanities
Contact: zlin@connect.ust.hk
In the field, family members of psychiatric patients question the doctors about the
cause of diseases and the ineffectiveness of treatments. Psychiatric doctors often told
them it is the result of “gene” though many researches pointed out psychiatric disease
is contributed by different factors. A classic psychiatric book edited by famous Chinese
psychiatrist Chen Yuchun “Psychiatry” used two chapters to discuss relations between
societal/cultural factors and mental illness. Ethnographic studies on cross-culture also
highlighted the role of cultural knowledge in shaping illness and deviant behavior.
Then, why doctors comforted patients’ family members with such an answer? What
is the family members’ comprehension of “gene explanation”? On one hand, gene
explanation made family members guiltless to themselves and their patients;
unfortunately, it leads to desperation to wait for the arrangement of destiny. Many
family members finally abandoned their patients. For the doctors, relation between
societal/cultural factors and psychiatric diseases is a “puzzle” as they can feel but could
not explain. Treatments therefore intensively focused on antipsychotic drugs, which
created a vicious circle with the high reoccurrence rate that family members couldn’t
understand why a “disease” cannot be cured by pills, just like other diseases in their
daily lives. So, could there be alternatives for them to know what happened on their
patients? This paper thus will explore 300 patients’ archives from varied years to
address a question of how socio-history change related to the development of psychiatry
disease locally.
References:
1. Marsella, Anthony J. eds. 1982. Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy. Holland: D.
Reidel Publishing Company.
72
I03 The implementation of insulin shock therapy in China（1939-1996）[胰
岛素休克疗法在中国的实施（1939-1996）]
Author： Xue Xiao（薛晓）, Zhen Cheng（甄橙）
Institute：Center for the History of Medicine, Peking University
北京大学医史研究中心
Insulin shock therapy is a kind of mental disease treatment prevalent between the
1930s and 1950s. This method was widely used by lots of countries including China
since it was formally invented by M. Steck in 1933, which laid the foundation for the
modern treatment of psychosis. Psychiatric treatment is epoch-making. After the 1950s,
due to the widespread use of antipsychotic drugs, this therapy was gradually out of
clinical.
In China insulin shock therapy was introduced in the late 1930s. As the insulin
shock therapy was only about 55% efficiency, and there were a variety of post-treatment
complications, China introduced insulin lasting coma therapy, insulin and semi-coma
therapy to accelerate the treatment of insulin coma. Besides, China introduced a
combination of insulin shock therapy with electrotherapy therapy, and insulin shock
therapy with drug therapy. This paper mainly combs the specific implementation
process of the above-mentioned treatment methods, aims to restore the specific
application form of insulin shock therapy and its improved therapy, and trys to discuss
the problems reflected in the process of improving the innovation of insulin shock
therapy and its solution Countermeasure.
Key Words: insulin; shock therapy; China
胰岛素休克疗法是 20 世纪 30 年代-50 年代之间盛行的一种精神病学治疗方
法，该方法自 1933 年由 M. Steck 正式发明以来，迅速为各国广泛采用，奠定了
精神病现代治疗的基础，在精神病治疗学上具有划时代意义。20 世纪 50 年代后，
由于抗精神病药物的广泛应用，该疗法逐渐退出临床。
我国于 20 世纪 30 年代末开始引入胰岛素休克疗法。由于胰岛素休克疗法治
疗有效率仅 55%左右，且存在多种治疗后并发症，我国又先后引入了胰岛素持久
73
昏迷疗法，胰岛素半昏迷疗法，加速胰岛素昏迷疗法。在胰岛素休克疗法与其他
疗法联合应用方面，先后引入了胰岛素休克疗法与电休克疗法的联合应用，胰岛
素休克疗法与药物治疗的联合应用。以本文主要梳理了上述几种治疗方法的具体
实施过程，旨在还原胰岛素休克疗法及其改良疗法的具体应用形式，并试图探讨
胰岛素休克疗法在改良革新过程中所反映出的问题及其解决对策。
关键词：胰岛素；休克疗法；中国
I04 Yan Jun (1504-1596): China’s First Specialized Psychiatrist（颜钧——中
国最早的专业心理医生）
Author： ZHONG Xin-zi（衷鑫恣）
Institute：Wuyi University, Center for Neo-Confucian Studies
武夷学院，宋明理学研究中心
Contact: zhongxinzi@aliyun.com
In the 16th century, Yan Jun (1504-1596), a follower of Wang Yangming’s (1472-
1529) famous philosophy of heart-mind, came to Nanchang City for the purpose of
“treating spiritual disorders (for others)”, serving as the earliest specialized psychiatrist
in Chinese history. Curing Luo Ru-fang’s (1515-1588) serious psychoses for three
times, Yan is comparable with Sigmund Freud in terms of his psychiatric practices as
well as his theories. The end Yan set for his patients was happiness, and the particular
methods or techniques he most frequently used for solving their spiritual disorders
included presenting lectures, talking, and a kind of meditation he designed.
明代中期，江西永新县人颜钧（山农）在南昌开馆“急救心火”，成为中国历
史上最早的专业心理医生。他三次治愈罗汝芳的心疾，其理论与弗洛伊德的理论
颇有可比较之处。他以快乐为宗旨，为化导人心，运用宣讲、谈话、静坐等固定
手段与技术。颜钧的成就，根植于宋明理学的进展，是对阳明心学进行积极应用
的产物，同时也缘于明代的特殊背景及颜钧本人的能力。
74
I05 The process of the depression diagnostic criteria in domestic development [抑
郁症诊断标准的中国本土化发展沿革]
Author： Baijike12（白吉可）, Zhangdaqing1（张大庆）, Long T Luc
Institute：1Center for the History of Medicine, Peking University
北京大学医史研究中心
2 Shihezi University, College of Medicine
石河子大学医学院
Contact: 1075463489@qq.com
Depression, as a western concept of disease, the diagnosis and development in
western society, especially the development history of the United States experienced a
relatively long period of time.The concept of depression after landing in China has
experienced from other concepts, such as in the process of localization of neurasthenia
synechia entanglements of the state of the process to the change of connotation and
denotation clearly defined.No matter from the concept itself to clarify and diagnostic
criteria of clinical and epidemiological investigation, the public acceptance of the
people, and many other aspects have undergone a huge controversy and evolution
process.
The author divided the changes of the concept of depression in China into three
stages, respectively:the pre-concept period; the concept of "Brownian motion" period
and the clear concept of the establishment period.As a name of disease, diagnosis
standard is undoubtedly the best interpretation of the concept.In this paper, from the
United States official psychiatric diagnosis standard DSM (DSM1 DSM2 DSM3,
DSM4, DSM5), international disease diagnosis standard ICD (ICD9, ICD10, ICD11),
China's official psychiatric diagnosis standard CCMD (CCMD2, CCMD3) three major
dimensions by carding the historical process of the diagnosis of depression and explore
its intrinsic logic relationship, analyzes the difference between China, the United States
and the worldwise standard of the diagnostic criteria of depression.
抑郁症做为一个西方泊来的疾病概念，其诊断和发展在西方社会尤其是美国
75
经历了相对较长时段的发展历史。抑郁症的概念在中国落地后的本土化过程中经
历了从其它概念如神经衰弱的黏连纠葛不清的状态到内涵和外延清晰界定的变
革过程。无论从概念本身的厘清、诊断标准的临床应用还是流行病学的调查、大
众百姓的接受程度等诸多方面都经历了巨大的争议和演进过程。
笔者将抑郁症概念在中国的变迁分为了三个阶段，分别为前概念阶段、概念的“布
朗运动”时期、概念的清晰确立时期。而作为一个疾病名称，诊断标准无疑是概
念的最好诠释。本文从美国官方精神病诊断标准 DSM（DSM1、DSM2、DSM3、
DSM4、DSM5）、国际疾病诊断标准 ICD（ICD9、ICD10、ICD11）、中国官方精
神疾病诊断标准 CCMD（CCMD2、CCMD3）三个大的维度逐一梳理抑郁症的诊
断的历史进程并探求了其内在逻辑和关系，辨析了中国抑郁症的诊断标准与美国
抑郁症的诊断标准、国际抑郁症的诊断标准的差异性。
References:
1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders FIFTH EDITION | DSM-5® Edited by
American Psychiatric Association
2. ICD-10-DCRI world health organization,1993
3. 《中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准》第二版 CCMD-2,1989
I06 Collective Unconsciousness: Interpretation on the Atrocity of the
Japanese Unit 731 from the Cultural Psychological Perspective
Author： Zhang Yan-rong
Institute：Harbin Medical University, Department of Medical History
Contact: zhangyr551@sohu.com
After the World War II, the United States leaded the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
which was convened to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for war crimes. However,
the United States Army made a deal with Japanese and obtained large quantity of
materials about biological warfare and experiment on human body carried on by the
Japanese Unit 731. Based on these investigations and materials, series of reports were
formed, which were key evidence of crime. The article will try to give some
interpretation on the atrocity of the Unit 731 from the cultural psychological perspective.
76
References:
1. Report of Scientific Intelligence Survey in Japan: Vol.5 ～ Biological Warfare [Z]. 1
November ,1945. Location: 390/40/01/05, RG#165, ENTRY#488, Box181, National ArchivesⅡof
USA, Maryland.
2. Report on Japanese Biological Warfare (BW) Activities [Z]. 31 May, 1946. Location: 2910,
RG#IWG Ref. Coll, National ArchivesⅡof USA, Maryland.
3. Brief Summary of New Information about Japanese BW Activities [Z]. 28 June, 1947. Location:
290/03/19/02, RG#175, ENTRY#67A4900, Box196, National ArchivesⅡof USA, Maryland.
4. Report of “A” [Z]. 6 May, 1960. Location: Washington DC: Library of Congress, Japanese
Medical Experiments During World War Ⅱ（Originals）PP. 001-406, Box 01-04.
5. Report of “G” [Z]. 6 May, 1960. Location: Washington DC: Library of Congress, Japanese
Medical Experiments During World War Ⅱ（Originals）PP. 001-372, Box 05-08.
6. Report of “Q” [R]. 6 May, 1960.Location: Washington DC: Library of Congress, Japanese
Medical Experiments During World War Ⅱ（Originals） PP. 001-744, Box 09-19.
7. Jing-Bao Nie, Takashi Tsuchiya, Lun Li. Japanese Doctors’ Experimentation, 1932-1945, and
Medical Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521888790.055,pp 589-594.
77
名医 great doctors
J01 The Influence of Dugald Christie on Higher Medical Education of Northeast
China（司督阁对中国东北高等医学教育的影响）
Author： Yuanyuan Dong1
（董园园）, Xiuzhi Guo1
（郭秀芝）, Yuanyuan Zhou2
（周
媛媛）
Institute：1 Center of Oriental Humanistic Medicine, China Medical University
中国医科大学东方医学人文中心
2 Shenyang Municipal Archives Bureau
沈阳市档案局
This article introduced the medical practice, school running and living experience
of Dr. Dugald Christie in Northeast China, with a focus on his enlightenment and
influence on higher medical education of Northeast China. Through research and study
on the book of Dr. Dugald Christie Ten Years in Manchuria, the book of his wife Dugald
in Manchuria, the book of Prof. Xingzhe Chen Shengjing Medical Affairs, the book
composed by Shenjing Hospital Brief History of Mukden Medical College, along with
a substantial amount of academic materials from the internet and websites of
international academic institutions, we studied the forty years of Dugald Christie’s life
in China from 1983 to 1922. He has experienced the chaos during the sino-Japanese
war, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War and the Battle of Mukden; he has
endured the natural disasters of the flood of Hun River, the cholera epidemic in Asia
and the pestilence outbreak in Northeast China. He has left invaluable historic legacy
and fortune for the medical industry in the northeastern and even the entire China. He
founded the first Western clinic and hospital in Shenyang – Shengjing Shi Hospital. He
founded the Shengjing Medical School (which later developed into the Mukden
Medical College and became part of China Medical University). He initiated western
medical education in Northeast China and cast a profound influence on higher medical
education of Northeast China.
Key Words: Dugald Christie, Northeast China medical, medical education
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本文介绍了司督阁医生在东北地区的行医办学生活经历，重点阐述了他对东
北地区高等医学教育的启蒙和影响。我们通过对司督阁医生编著的《满洲十年》，
其夫人编著的《满洲的司督阁》以及陈醒哲编著的《盛京医事》，盛京医院编写
的《奉天医科大学简史》的材料研究，并且充分利用了网络与国外学术机构网站
收集了大量学术资料，研究了从 1983 年到 1922 年，司督阁医生在中国的四十
年。他经历了中日甲午战争、义和团运动、日俄战争奉天会战的劫难，度过了浑
河洪水、亚洲霍乱、东北鼠疫的灾祸，为东北乃至中国医疗界留下了宝贵的历史
遗产和精神财富；他创建了沈阳地区第一家西医诊所，第一家西医院——盛京施
医院，创建了盛京医学堂（即后来的奉天医科大学，后并入中国医科大学），开
创了东北地区西医教育的先河，并对中国东北地区的高等医学教育起到重要影响。
关键词：司督阁、东北医学、医学教育
J02 Nikolai Pirogov and the Crimean War
Author： Maie Toomsalu
Institute: University of Tartu, Department of Anatomy
Contact: maie.toomsalu@ut.ee
At the age of 14 Nikolai Pirogov started study medicine at Moscow State
University. He Pirogov graduated from Moscow University in 1828 with excellent
results and the qualifications of a physician. He was sent to continue his education at
the University of Tartu (Dorpat), where the tuition was in German, and which was
considered the best university of Czarist Russia at the time. After tests at his own
university and St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Pirogov became a student at the
Professors Institute of Tartu (Dorpat) University (EHA, Stock 402, Series 4, Item 488).
Great emphasis was placed on independent work: taking notes from books, writing
critical articles or reviews and doing practical research: anatomical preparation,
dissection, assistance at surgical operations. While preparing anatomical specimens, N.
Pirogov worked under the supervision of prosector G. J. A. Wachter.. In his book
Problems of Life. An old doctor’s diary (Issakov, S., 1986, p. 159; Pirogov, N., 1950,
p. 337), Pirogov noted that he did not learn as much from the numerous lectures at the
79
universities of Germany and France as from privatissimum with Wachter during the
first semester in Tartu (Dorpat). Instruction on surgical operations, however, was given
to Pirogov by Prof. J. Chr. Moier. With great love for his work, he acquired knowledge
about the human body. In 1832, Pirogov defended his doctoral dissertation Num
vinetura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adhibitu facile ac tutum sit
remedium? (Is ligation of abdominal aorta in the case of inguinal aneurysm an easy and
safe remedy?). Although the Faculty of Medicine considered Pirogov too young (25)
to become a professor, he was nonetheless elected on 9 March 1836 to the post of
extraordinary professor of Tartu (Dorpat) University. On 6 March 1837, Pirogov was
appointed to the post of full professor. On 31 January 1841, N. Pirogov was transferred
to the post of professor at the Medical Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg.
In September 1854, when thousands of the wounded died in Sevastopol Pirogov
forwarded a petition to send him to the theatre of the war. With a group of other medical
doctors, Pirogov arrived to Sevastopol in winter 1854. His work in Sevastopol saved
many lives. He worked as an army surgeon in the Crimean War. He established the
scientific principles of field surgery and of tactics of medical service. He developed the
theory of injuries, of primary amputations and immobilization, the principles of sorting
and evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. He encouraged female volunteers as
an organised corps of nurses, the Khrestovozdvizhenskaya community of nurses
established by Grand Duchess Yelena Pavlovna, echoing the efforts made by Florence
Nightingale for the British. He replaced starch splints with plaster splints. N. Pirogov
also developed several methods of general anaesthesia. In 1847 N. Pirogov started to
use ether anaesthesia during surgery (including on the battlefield). He devised a mask
for general narcosis, an apparatus for administration of general anaesthetics via the
rectum and the methods of intratracheal narcosis. He also demanded that narcosis
experts should be trained.
From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery. His
experience in field surgery published in German in 1864 became a standard reference
that would be used for many years thereafter.
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J03 The Famous Doctors’ Former Residence in the Five-Avenue Area in Tianjin,
China（中国天津五大道名医故居）
Author： Wang Jindun（王金盾）
Institute：天津医学高等专科学校
Contact: cmebjb@163.com
The Five-Avenue Area in Tianjin is famous for its Chinese history and culture,
many exotic style constructions there reveals the history and culture of the city, the
owner of these constructions were mainly nobilities and influential people in the
modern history of China, who have left indelible footprints and many legendary stories
in Tianjin.
In the modern history of China，western medicine entered into China. Tianjin, as
the northern base of "Westernization Movement", is one of the earliest port cities. There
are some western hospitals, such as, Christian London Missionary Society Hospital
(today's Mackenzie Memorial Hospital), Isabella Fisher Hospital（today's Children's
Hospital）,etc. They were mainly founded by western missionary society, while other
western hospitals founded by the state or private were mainly small. In the early 1940s,
after the outbreak of the Pacific War, Peking Union Medical College was occupied by
the Japanese army, a group of patriotic physicians, who couldn’t stand being ruled by
Japanese, came to Tianjin，and then established hospitals, created medical and nursing
education in Tianjin, filling the gaps of some western medicine in Tianjin, perfecting
the categories of western medicine in Tianjin. They were called the "Union Group", and
"Peiyang Group ", "Xiao Heyan Group ", making the level of Tianjin medical
technology ahead of China, becoming a milestone in the development of western
modern medicine in Tianjin. These physicians had been living in the Five-Avenue Area
for years, forming an elite group of physicians, who enriched the humanistic
connotation of " The Five-Avenue Area ",but they are rarely noticed by the public. Once
upon a time, they healed the wounded and rescued the dying people in the Five-Avenue
Area, making outstanding contributions to the development of medical and health
undertakings in Tianjin and China. As time goes by, all the people and all the things
81
have changed, but those patriotic physicians and their contributions will always be
remembered by all the Chinese people.
天津五大道是"中国历史文化名街"， 诸多具有异国情调的历史风貌建筑 彰
显了这座城市的历史钩沉与文化底蕴，这些建筑曾经的主人，多为中国近现代历
史上的社会名流和风云人物，他们在这片土地留下了抹不去的足迹和诸多传奇故
事。
作为"洋务运动"的北方基地，近代天津是西方医学进入中国最早的口岸城市
之一，当时的西医院就有基督教伦敦会医院（马大夫纪念医院）、美以美会妇婴
医院（儿童医院）等，多为西方教会创办，国家公办或国人私办的西医院大多不
成规模。20 世纪 40 年代初期，太平洋战争爆发后，北平协和医学院被日军占
领，一批爱国医师，不堪日本人统治，纷纷来到天津创建医院，开办医学与护理
教育，填补了西医学科的一些空白，健全了西医学科的门类，称之"协和派"，与
"北洋派"、"小河沿派"并举，使天津的医疗技术水平领先全国，成为天津西方现
代医学再次发展壮大的里程碑。多年来他们在这里相约而居，形成一个名医荟萃
的白衣精英群体，丰富了五大道的人文内涵，却鲜引人注目。曾几何时，他们以
看病救人，救死扶伤为己任，活动在五大道周边的街巷，为天津及全国医疗卫生
事业的发展作出了重要的贡献。斗转星移，时过境迁，故人已去,逝者如斯，皆先
哲之言,惟今昔有别,物是人非而已。
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少数民族医学 Medicine of Minority
K01 The Transformation of Mongolian Medicine in the 20th Century’s China
Author： CAIJILAHU(Saijirahu Buyanchugla)
Institute: Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Sociology and Anthropology
On the differences of both regional features and social beliefs, the characteristics
and contents of modernities are different from each other. In China, socialist
modernization has carried out since the socialist state established in 1949. For example,
traditional medicines have been asked to combine with or integrate into modern
medicine or science and technology for decades. In the result, the traditional medicines
(or cultures) have transformed diversely and have gradually lost their own features. In
the case of traditional Mongolian medicine, how it has transformed in the Modern
history of Inner Mongolia is an important topic of medical history. So, in this article,
according to examining the institutionalization of traditional Mongolian medicine, the
treating activities and preventive measures against the contagious diseases (or the
endemic diseases), and its scientific researches and the modern educational system, I
will demonstrate and argue that traditional Mongolian medicine had started its
modernization during Japanese occupied period of Inner Mongolia and reached its
socialist modernization in the end of the 20th century. Especially, it is considered that
the modernization has achieved its greatest prosperity in the first decade of the 21st
century.
K02 Zhuang’S Mo Religion and The nature view of The Zhuang’s medicine
Author： Mo Qing-lian, Dai Ming
Institute：Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine
Contact: 254074843@qq.com
Mo religion is a traditional religion created by Zhuang ancestors , It adores
Buluotuo whom are regaded creator of the world, Mo scripture is religious records.
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View of Sanjie on Mo scripture form Zhuang’s traditional concept about universe；
View of Bomie on Mo scripture is the philosophic thinking way for Zhuang to know
the world．View on Universe of Sanjie and View of Bomie on Mo scripture that there
are a profound effect on the formation of zhuang’s medical theories, which form
foundation of The nature view of The Zhuang’s medicine: "Yin and Yang being the
principle，Three gas synchronization".
Key Words: Mo religion; Zhuang’s Medicine；Views of Nature
References:
1. Huang QingYin.The history of the philosophy of the zhuang people [M].nanning: guangxi
national press, 1996:7.
2. Zhang ShengZhen.Zhuang's historical culture and the book of zhuang—The main sequence of
the book of zhuang xue [J]. Guangxi national research, 2003, 71 (1) : 38-54.
3. Zhang ShengZhen. Translation and Research of Buluotuo poems[M]. Nanning: guangxi people's
press, 1991:16.
4.Qu DaJun. Guangdong xinyu[M].2. Beijing: China book press, 1997:438.
5.Pang ShengHang.An overview of the internal medicine of Zhuang’s medicine [J]. China
national medical journal, 2006（5）： 11-12.
6. Nong GuanPin.Integration of Zhuang myth[M]. Guangxi minorities press ，2007：47，59.
K03 Brief history of collation and editing of ancient literature of Sowa
rigpa in China after 1949（1949 年以来中国藏医古籍整理史概述）
Author： ZHEN Yan（甄艳）, CHENG Li（成莉）, LIU Dong （刘东）
Institute：China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China
Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所民族医学研究室
Contact: 158136474@qq.com
Since 1949, the collation and editing (zhengli) works of ancient literature of Sowa
rigpa in China have experienced 3 stages: early scattered zhengli works (1949-1978),
organized zhengli works by the government (1979-2000), and publishing institutions
involved zhengli works (2001-2016). At present, the most important Sowa rigpa ancient
books have been collated and republished, and became the foundation of inheritance of
Sowa rigpa. However, the zhengli methods still had a few shortcomings. The academic
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discipline “Sowa rigpa Literature” should be established systematically to solve the
problems, and then improve the development of Sowa rigpa in the end.
我国藏医古籍整理工作开展 60 余年，从早期零散进行的古籍整理（20 世纪
40-70 年代）开始，到国家组织规模化的文献整理（20 世纪 80 年代-21 世纪初），
再到出版机构共同参与整理出版（21 世纪以后），基本上完成了对藏医药重要古
籍的整理工作，成为藏医药学术传承和发展的基础。尽管如此，藏医古籍整理工
作中仍存在一些理论和方法上的不足，应系统建立“藏医文献学”学科，以充分
发挥藏医古籍对藏医学术发展的促进作用。
关键词：藏医；古籍；整理史
85
丝绸之路上的医学 Medicine along Silk Road
L01 Medicine on the Silk Road
Author： Nasim H Naqvi, Ibrahim Shaikh
In this presentation the authors have addressed the role the Silk Road played in the
p rogress and spread of medicine across the civilisations. Medicine has evolved as a
caring vocation spreading the World over during a long period of time, in due course
becoming 'the Greatest Benefit to Mankind'. The Silk Road played rather significant
role in the spread and progress of medicine including its practice；research；teaching
and training. How all this evolved may be seen even today. Considering this background,
the concept of globalisation is not new, it was started 1000s of years ago with the
network of trade routes we call the Silk Road. Despite the political turmoil and wars
the trade among nations flourished providing opportunities for cultural exchanges and
the Silk Road was the route such collaboration took place among various civilisations.
It was due to these prolonged cultural exchanges, movement of people and ideas that
brought about freshness in thought, which thrived and offered everyone equal
opportunities to contributing towards medical progress. The Silk Road also assured that
no single civilisation can claim cultural superiority in any intellectual pursue. This
premise is more true if we consider the medical progress outside the modern times. The
scholarly travellers helped to disseminate the knowledge by writing or translating the
manuscripts and transferring techniques and tools of trade during their travels.
The presentation gives a brief time line of the Silk Road then marks out some of
the earliest Greek medical men who practised their healing skills migrating to the Silk
Road countries. It is apparent that despite conflicts and tremendous upheavals the
medicine thrived and innovative ideas that helped the sick were readily adopted and
accepted by the practitioners of various cultures. One of the authors has travelled the
length of the Silk Road from East to West visiting major cities, museums, historical
sites and meeting peoples. The presentation contains pictures of relevant material that
86
he came across as regard the history of medicine, highlighting the important features of
the fascinating evolutionary journey of medicine across the empires and kingdoms. The
pictures are arranged in chronological order as far as possible.
The evidence of important role of the Silk Road in this respect may be witnessed
at the archaeological sites, museums and collections of Manuscripts exhibited at many
places ail along the Silk Road. Finally, it is concluded that in the advancement of
medicine no single civilisation or culture can claim superiority, the outcome was the
result of shared human endeavour.
L02 Chinese Drugs on the Mediterranean in Antiquity: A Transdisciplinary
Inquiry
Author： Alain Touwaide, Emanuela Appetiti
Institute：The Huntington, Brody Botanical Center, San Marino
Contact: atouwaide@hotmail.com
The materia medica used in Classical Antiquity has been summed up by the Greek
author Dioscorides, in the work entitled De materia medica.This vast encyclopedia
brings together all the natural resources of vegetable, animal and mineral origin from
all over the Mediterranean environment used for the preparation of medicines. Some
such bstances are identifid by Dioscorides as Indian. A preliminary inquiry has revealed
that these Indian substances might not come just from the Indian peninsula, but rather
from beyond, the Himalayan region and also China. They were traded through India
and knowledgte of their exact geographical origin got lost. This paper will investigate
some of these materia medica. To do so, it will screen all the products identified as
Indian by Dioscorides and will identify their native distribution on the basis of current
phylogenetic research, in addition to their area of domestication known through paleo-
archeobotany. It will further explore the possible routes through wich these materia
medica entered into the Greek World and recreate their pre-history, that is, their history
before any written documentation.
87
L03 Myrrh in Mediterranean and Chinese Medical Traditions: A Comparative
Study
Author： Alain Touwaide1, Sean Bradley2
Institute：1 The Huntington, Brody Botanical Center, San Marino
2 University of Washington, Asian Languages and Literature, Seattle
Contact: atouwaide@hotmail.com
Myrrh is an oleo-resine produced by various species of the genre Commiphora. It
grows in a very specific environment located in the south of the Arabic Peninsula, in
a region corresponding to present-day Yemen. The exudate of the trees was known and
used as a medicinal product in Antiquity and was traded as a precious commodity.
Interestingly enough it appears in the most ancient corpus of medical data of the
Mediterranean World, the Hippocratic Collection, the most ancient treatises of which
date back to the 5th century BC. Also, it appears in the Chinese written medical tradition,
but not before the 6th century AD. It is significant however that the uses in the two
medical traditions, though distant both geographically and chronologically, correspond
pretty much. This paper will present the data to be found in the Greek and Chinese
medical literature and ask the question of their origin: are they related to each other or
do they derive from a common body of knowledge?
88
思想史 Intellectual History
M01 A Brief History of Women’s Health Movement in the US（美国妇女健康
运动简史）
Author： Chen Xueyang（陈雪扬）
Institute：Peking University,Institute of Medical Humanities
北京大学医学部医学人文研究院
Contact: iloveformulaone@pku.edu.cn
Women's Health Movement in the US emerged among the second wave of
feminism in the late 1960s. With the first women’s health conference holding in New
York in 1971 as a symbol ,and the publication of Our Bodies,Ourselves written by the
Boston Women’s Health Book Collective in 1973 as an important achievement, the
women’s health movement became a significant part of feminism movement in the US.
As a feminism liberation movement in the medical field, it opposed the medical
monopoly caused by the growth of medical knowledge and the application of new
technologies, meanwhile it took psychological and social factors into consideration of
women’s health.It advocated women’s self-care, and emphasized women’s autonomy
right and control of their own bodies. Through the brief review of the women’s health
movement’s history,this paper explores its position in women’s health history and
influences on women’s health nowadays.
Key Words: women’s health movement; feminism; Our Bodies,Ourselves
美国妇女健康运动兴起于上世纪 60 年代末第二波女权主义的浪潮之中。以
1971 年在纽约第一届妇女健康大会的召开为标志，1973 年“波士顿妇女健康写
作集体”书写出版的《我们的身体，我们自己》一书为重要成果，妇女健康运动
成为美国女权运动中一个非常引人注目的组成部分。作为医疗领域内的妇女解放
运动，它反对当时由医学知识增长与新技术应用造成的医学垄断，并将心理与社
会因素纳入妇女健康的考量范畴，倡导妇女的自我保健，强调妇女对自己身体的
自主权与控制权。本文通过对妇女健康运动发展历程的回顾，探究其在妇女健康
89
历史中的地位，以及对当今妇女健康的影响。
关键词：妇女健康运动；女性主义；《我们的身体，我们自己》
References:
1. Sandra Morgen.Into Our Own Hands: The Women's Health Movement in the United States, 1969-
1990[M].Rutgers University Press,2002
2. Barbara Seaman，Laura Eldridge.Voices of the Women's Health Movement[M]. Seven Stories
Press,2012
3. Jennifer Nelson.More Than Medicine: A History of the Feminist Women's Health Movement[M].
NYU Press,March 6, 2015
4. M. Turshen.Women’s Health Movements:A Global Force for Change[M]. Palgrave
Macmillan,September 18, 2007
5. 王政 女性的崛起：当代美国的女权运动 [M] 北京：中国当代出版社 1995
6. 彭瑞骢，邓平修，冯显威，常青 主编 医学科技与社会 [M] 北京：北京医科大学、中国
协和医科大学联合出版社 1999
7. HOWES J,ALLINA A,Women’s Health Movements? Social Policy 1994 Summer,Vol.24(4),pp6-
14
8. NAOMI FATT, Women’s Occupation Health and the Women’s Health Movement.PREVENTIVE
MEDICINE 7,366-371(1978)
9. Alice Dan,Women’s Health Movement:Field or Movement. Feminism & Psychology , 2003
SAGE, Vol.13(1):29-33
10. Dorothy Goldin Rosenberg, Health,Peace and the Environment:Integrating Relationships in
Women’s Health Movement.WOMEN&ENVIRONMENT,FALL 2003:25-27
11. RUZEK, Sheryl Kendra, The Women’s Health Movement: Finding Alternatives To Traditional
Medical Professionalism. University of California, Davis, Ph.D., 1977 Sociology, social problems
M02 Four Faces in the Medicalization of Premenstrual Syndrome
Author： Dan Li
Institute：Peking University, Department of Philosophy
Contact: leed@pku.edu.cn
Premenstrual Syndrome (ICD-10: N943; ICD-9-CM: 625), though lacking
concrete and conclusive research results or consensus within medical community
regarding to definition, mechanism and treatment, has become a medical entity and a
popular concept via the social process of medicalization in the Western world. How did
this happen? I argue that this process occurred through four mutually reinforcing
phenomena, i.e. medical research, pharmaceuticalization, media promotion and liberal
90
critiques. First, medical practitioners and scientists coined the term to describe broadly
defined biochemical processes. However, the category has been unstable, as there are
no clear diagnostic criteria, defined estimates of prevalence, deep understandings into
pathology or standard treatments; even the research itself is seriously doubted by peer
review. Give the number of disputes around its definition, how did PMS become an
acknowledged entity? I argue that pharmaceuticalization was one of the forces that
pushed the medicalization of PMS. Participants such as biomedicine industry,
consumers and managed care providers are craving to create a need that could then be
satisfied with profitable pharmaceutical products like progesterone or
Safarem(fluoxetine). Each participant had their own interests behind promoting PMS.
Additionally, the media, which is more than a tool for advertising, reflected and
reinforced the general public’s views about PMS. The negative impression of women
as fragile or insane in correlation with menstruation reflected longstanding Western
traditions which linked women’s mental health with female reproductivity. Thus,
through the analysis into the image of PMS in media, the birth of PMS can be seen as
fitting the implicit stereotype of certain western values in the language of modern
medicine or science. Finally, liberal critiques focused on cultural and feminist study
also helped to create the image of PMS. In analyzing its meanings, one can ask if PMS
is culturally bounded. Why is it not as popular in China as in America? If it is indeed
culturally bounded, is it socially constructed to some degree? Additionally, tensions
within feminist groups have helped to ferment the debate over PMS as well: one side
has argued that PMS stigmatizes female physical conditions, redistributing power in a
patriarchal society in the terms of body and gender, and that the research methods and
corresponding language are biased; other feminist groups think that to ignore PMS is
to deny the special status that women possess in society and that alternative treatments
should be put forward based on a feminist consciousness. However, these two
perspectives are not entirely incompatible. Serious scholars in cultural and feminist
studies have helped to push further research into the way that PMS has been shaped by
medical research, pharmaceuticalization, and media coverage.
91
References:
1. Conrad, P. The Medicalization of Society: On the transformation of Human Conditions into
Treatable Disorders.[M] Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2007.
2. Greene R, Dalton K. The Premenstrual Syndrome.[J]. Br Med J, 1953, 1(4818):1007-1014.
3. Chrisler J C, Caplan P. The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde: how PMS became a
cultural phenomenon and a psychiatric disorder.[J]. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2002,
13(1):274.
4. Richardson J T. The premenstrual syndrome: a brief history.[J]. Social Science & Medicine,
1995, 41(6):761.
5. Parlee M B. The premenstrual syndrome.[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 80(6):454-65.
6. Rodin M. The social construction of premenstrual syndrome[J]. Social Science & Medicine,
1992, 35(1):49.
7. Johnson T M. Premenstrual syndrome as a western culture-specific disorder.[J]. Culture,
Medicine and Psychiatry, 1987, 11(3): 337-356.
8. Zita J N. The Premenstrual Syndrome: "Dis-easing" the Female Cycle[J]. Hypatia, 1988,
3(1):77–99.
9. Rome E. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) examined through a feminist lens[J]. Health Care for
Women International, 1986, 7(1-2):145.
M03 Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Safeguarding of the Intangible
Cultural Heritage: from Dilemma to Breakthrough
Author： Song Ge
Institute：Institute for the History of Chinese Medicine and Medical Literature, China
Academy of Chinese Medical Science
Contact: songge1979@126.com
The safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter referred to as
“ICH”) was put forward by UNESCO in “Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage” (hereinafter referred to as the “Convention”), which can
be regarded as a key event and significant outcome of the world culture diversity
campaigns. To date, 174 countries and regions have joined the Convention1, and China,
under the decision of the approval of the Convention by the NPC in August, 2004,
became its sixth party. Besides, China enacted the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law in
2011, advancing the booming safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage in China.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (hereinafter referred to as TCM), as a treasure in the
Chinese culture, is one of the forms of the precious ICH for mankind. It inherited the
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ancient philosophy thought of “the heavens and humanity as one”, evolved into distinct
recognition and practice toward life and disease during its long historical development.
However, in an era of the economic globalization, TCM saw changes in cultural ecology
in which its exists and develops: cognitive thoughts and cultural connotation fading,
social respect and recognition of its values gradually decreasing, feature diagnostic
techniques and treatment on the verge of passing down, thus leading to a lack of
inheritors for traditional medical philosophy and experience. Under such circumstance,
the safeguarding of the ICH provides a set of concepts and methods in solving these
problems. Modern culture diversity campaigns provide safeguarding to TCM as a form
of ICH, and safeguard the cultural roots for and bring hope to it. It means a lot to the
inheritance and development of TCM.
The safeguarding of TCM as a form of ICH, similar to other forms of ICH in China,
was first introduced from top to bottom by the government. In July, 2006, the State
Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine specially set up the “Committee for
Traditional Chinese Medicine to Be listed in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage”,
with its office in Chinese Institute of Medical and Literature, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, responsible for the TCM be to listed as the candidate of the
world intangible cultural heritage and its protection. In May, 2006, TCM, under the
ninth category, was listed in the first batch of state-level ICH protection, including nine
programs, namely “cognitive approach of TCM life and disease”, “diagnostic method
of TCM”, “Chinese herbal medicine processing”, “traditional preparations guidance for
TCM”, “acupuncture and moxibustion”, “bonesetting therapy of TCM”, “TCM culture
in Tong Ren Tang”, “TCM culture in Hu Qingyu Tang”, “traditional Tibetan medicine”,
and 29 TCM inheritors recognized as the first batch of representatives at the state-
level.2 The publicity of the first batch listed aroused tremendous response, and the
inheritor community was encouraged to get themselves listed as a candidate from
bottom to top in all places. Afterwards, there was another three batches of TCM
programs and inheritors getting listed. Today, there are over 130 TCM items getting
listed. And another 74 inheritors have been designated. In November, 2010,
“Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine” got listed on the
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Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. ICH safeguarding lists have
been created nationwide at the provincial, city and county levels, which have included
hundreds of TCM programs, advancing its publicity across the whole nation.3 TCM
programs won respect from and was valued by the society, gaining support from the
government, and the representative inheritors secured inherence subsidy and
established their own studios. The inheritor group was increasingly expanded, which to
some extent implemented the requirements put forward by the Convention and brought
hope to the breakthrough of TCM development.
References:
1. UNESCO. Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage[OL]. [2017-05-12].
https://ich.unesco.org/en/states-parties-00024.
2. Song Ge, Liu Changhua et al. Work Review and Prospect of the Safeguarding of Traditional
Chinese Medicine as a Form of Intangible Cultural Heritage [J]. Journal of Shandong University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 39(5)
3. Song Ge, Yang Zhaohui et al. Data Analysis of China's Traditional Chinese Medicine in the List
of Intangible Cultural Heritage[J] World Chinese Medicine, 2014, 9(supplementary issue I)
M04 The Application of Obstetric Ultrasound：History and Controversies（产
科超声技术使用的历史及争论）
Author： TANG Wen-pei（唐文佩），WU Miao（吴苗）
Institute：Peking University,Institute of Medical Humanities
北京大学医学部医学人文研究院
Many revolutionary advances in obstetric ultrasound have made the body highly
visible. Optimistic attitudes suggest that ultrasound images provide more and more
objective and neutral information for facilitating and rationalizing women to make
choices, until the body becomes fully transparent and automatically hands over hidden
secrets. However, critical minds think that we should take the high uncertainty of this
imaging technology and its application into consideration, which depends on who is
watching, what to expect and how to explain. Instead of bringing a sense of security to
women, technical progress have produced a new uncertainty and anxiety. This paper
combs the historical process of the invention、application and commercialization of
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obstetric ultrasound, clarifies the controversies over this process in the aspects of
technology application, social culture and values attached. Obstetric ultrasound has
changed the traditional role of doctors and patients, affected the doctor-patient
relationship, and reshaped the physiology and pathology experience of women, which
is a field of the joint participation and reconstruction of science and technology、social
culture and the values attached.
Key Words: Obstetric ultrasound；Body；Doctor-patient relationship；Feminism
产科超声带来的诸多革命性进展使得身体变得高度可视化。乐观的态度认为，
超声图像提供了越来越多客观中立的信息，便利和理性化了女性的选择，直至身
体变得完全透明，自动交出隐藏的秘密。批评的态度则认为成像技术本身及其应
用具有高度的不确定性，取决于谁在看、看什么以及如何解释，技术进展非但没
有增加确定性，反而产生了新的不确定性和焦虑。本文着重梳理超声技术出现、
应用以及商业化的历史进程，并从技术应用、社会文化、价值观念层面厘清超声
技术使用带来的争论，认为超声技术改变了医生和患者的传统角色，影响了医患
关系，也重塑了女性的生理、病理体验，是一个科学技术、社会文化和价值观念
共同参与和重构的场域。
关键词：产科超声；身体；医患关系；女性主义
M05 The Study of Medicine Development From Culture Vision—— On
Feyerabend’s Medicine Ideas（医学发展的文化审视——费耶阿本德医学观探微）
Author： Zhang Honglei（张洪雷），Zhang Zongming（张宗明）
Institute：南京中医药大学中医文化研究中心
Contact: zhlareyouok@163.com
Culture and medicine affect and depend on each other, harmonious symbiosis:
pluralistic cultures make pluralistic medicines , pluralistic medicines protect health of
many nationalities .The dilatation of western culture hegemonism in the world results
in reduction of non western medicine, even disappearance ,which is one of important
factors that result in modern medicine-monism . Protection whole global human beings
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health must protect pluralistic medicines.
Key Words: Feyerabend; pluralistic cultures ; pluralistic medicines
文化与医学相互作用、相互依存、和谐共生；多样性文化孕育了多样性医学，
多样性医学守护着多民族人民的健康。西方文化霸权主义在全球的扩张导致非西
方医学的减少甚至消失是现代医学一元论产生的重要因素之一。保护全球人类健
康必须保护多样性医学。
关键词：费耶阿本德；多样性文化；多样性医学
References:
[1] 费耶阿本德.告别理性[M].陈健，等，译. 南京：江苏人民出版社，2002.
[2] 费耶阿本德.自由社会中的科学[M]. 兰征，译. 上海：上海译文出版社，1990.
[3] 邱鸿钟. 医学与人类文化[M] .广州：广东高等教育出版社，2004.
M06 The Changes in the concept of Bu Zhong Yi Qi and Philosophical
Thinking on it
Author： Liying Zhu, Chunhua Jia
Institute：Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Chinese Medicine
Contact: jiachunhua125@163.com
By expounding the ancient and modern connotations of Bu Zhong Yi Qi, which is
an important therapeutic concept in traditional Chinese medicine, this paper tried to
confirm the incommensurability in the traditional Chinese medical theory.
The concept became popular mainly due to the Bu Zhong Yi Qi Decoction created
by Dongyuan Li, who is one of the four great physicians of the Jin and Yuan period.
This formula is widly used to treat with the syndrome of sinking of qi due to spleen
deficiency. The meaning of Bu Zhong Yi Qi here almost equals to tonifying and
replenishing the qi of middle-jiao energy. And it is also widely accepted and are still in
use nowadays. However, at least in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Bu Zhong Yi Qi was
recorded in Sheng Nong's herbal classic as the efficacy of some herbs. And in the books
printed before Jin and Yuan period, the herbs with the efficacy of Bu Zhong Yi Qi, such
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as Baiying, Baihao, Gui, Baihe, Maogen and Zicao, are not considered to have the
function of tonifying and replenishing the qi of middle-jiao energy in the later time.
Obviously, the concept of "Bu Zhong Yi Qi" had different or at least more extensive
meanings than that in Dongyuan Li’ s period. In addition, before Jin and Yuan period,
Bu Zhong Yi Qi is more often separated as two effects of herbs, which are Bu Zhong
and Yi Qi. Bu Zhong means tonifying the interior body, and Yi Qi means boosting
physical strength.
This phenomenon of incommensurability is not rare in the traditional Chinese
medical theory, and it leads to the difficulties of understanding and inheriting the theory.
Therefore, the same words in different doctors' theories can not be simply used as
evidence to prove each other. What we should do first is to make sure whether the
connotations of words they refer to are the same. Not only in the traditional Chinese
medicine, the incommensurability of concepts is also exist when comparing the
traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. Different languages reflect
different cultural backgrounds. Translation can not be absolutly accurate. Therefore, to
achieve the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine from
the aspect of theory, we first need to admit the existence of incommensurability, and
then to solve it.
M07 A Further Discussion on the Understanding of Basic substance and Life
Element in Eastern and Western Traditional Medical Philosophy（东西传统医学
哲学对“基本物质与生命元素”的认识沿革的再探讨）
Author： 仁青多杰
Institute：青海大学藏医学院基础教研室
Contact: 1458899163@qq.com
Since the seventeenth century, the Western world has gradually abandoned the
traditional concept of natural philosophy and this part of the world opened up a new
way of experimental research. However, China and India, the eastern part of the world
still explain the theory of life and disease with the original theories and methods. With
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the development of modern science, the research in physics and bioscience gradually
jumped out of the original single reductionism, and more inclined to methods of
research which are more integrated; in the meanwhile, the research in physics and
bioscience became consistent with some traditional epistemology about matter and life
at the level of scientific philosophy. From the perspective of the previous reductionism
and mechanism The traditional faction got shelved due to the tinge of holism and
vitalism. There’s no doubt that traditional medical Philosophy factions share some
commonness because of frequent contacts. But each faction formed unique logic
differences In the process of self-improvement, especially in the faction of Tibetan
medicine which is formed from the seventh to the ninth century. That is all because the
ancient India Ayurveda, Chinese medicine and Greek medicine have been spread to
Tibet, and their core concept had a big effect on Tibetan medicine.
Through the study of the formation of the unique theoretical system in Tibetan
medicine, we can summarize the pathological characteristic of the ancient traditional
medicine as: (1) Whether using the different modes to explain the natural and life; (2)
Consider life as different perceptual objects of perceptive organs (visual, tactile or
otherwise); (3) The difference of structure and its function, as well as the definition
about the elements of nature and life. on the basic of summarizing ancient factions,
Tibetan medicine Obeyed with four elements (earth, water, fire and air) and three causes
(Lung, Tripa and Péken) to respectively explain natural and life, Be distinguished from
the characteristics of five-elements theory of traditional Chinese medicine that make a
unified explanation of nature and life; Four elements and three causes are as object of
Tactile organs, but also different from the vision-based of Greek humorism. And given
it a strict and systematic theoretical explanation for the function and definition about
the four elements and three causes. The rigor of the logic will be build a solid bridge
for an effective dialogue between traditional and modern medicine.
Key Words: Eastern and western; traditional medicine; philosophy; life and disease;
evolution of understand
自十七世纪，西方世界逐步摒弃了传统自然哲学观念，开辟了新颖的实验研
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究道路。然而，中国和印度等世界东部仍以原有的理论与方法解释着生命与疾病
的原理。经过现代科学的不断发展，物理和生命科学领域的研究渐渐跳出了原先
单一的还原论独圈，更多地倾向于“整体”、“整合”的研究方法，同时在科学哲
学层面又与某些传统对物质和生命的认识论相重合。尽管，从以往自然科学的“还
原”及机械论视角看，传统派系因带有“整体”及活力论色彩而搁置一边。毋庸
置疑，东西方传统医学哲学派系之间曾因发生过频繁的联系而具有一定的共性。
但各体系在自身完善的过程中形成了独特的逻辑差异，这一点在成形于七至九世
纪的藏医学中表现的较为突出。因为，中古早期印度阿瑜吠陀、中医学、希腊医
学均流传到了西藏，其核心思想对藏医学留下了很深的印迹。通过对藏医学独特
理论体系形成史的考察，我们能够把古老传统医学的病理学特点可归纳为：［1］
对自然和生命体（疾病）是否分开采用不同的解释模式；［2］生命元素作为不同
感受器官（视觉、触觉或其他）的感知对象；［3］自然与生命体基本元素的循序
结构及其功能、定义的不同。藏医学在总结古老流派的基础上，遵从了以四元素
（土、水、火、风）和三因（隆、赤巴、培根）分别解释自然物质与生命体（疾
病），与中医对其用五行学说进行统一解释的特点相区别开来；四元素、三因均
作为触觉器官的感知对象，也要区别于希腊的以“视觉为主”的四体液学说。并
对四元素和三因分别在自然物质与生命体（疾病）中的本质及功能方面建立了严
格、系统的理论解释。其逻辑的严密性将对传统和现代医学的有效对话搭建了坚
实的桥梁。
关键词：东西方;传统医学;哲学;生命与疾病;认识沿革
M08. Analyzing the Problem of Brain Death from Latour 's Translation Theory(从
拉图尔的转译理论看脑死亡问题)
Author： Yan TIAN (田妍)
Institute：Department of Philosophy, Peking University (北京大学哲学系)
Contact: tianyan921203@163.com
Abstract: In Bioethics, there are various explanations for brain death. However, it is
difficult to solve the problem of brain death from the perspective of teleology or from
the perspective of obligation. Even from the perspective of normative ethics to set a
standard for ethical problems of brain death, only practical problems can be solved.
However, in people's bioethics, value theory is often mixed with the content of
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epistemology. In the choice of whether or not to accept the criteria for brain death, the
first need to solve is what the problem of brain death is. Although the criteria for the
determination of brain death had appeared in the 1960s, but in reality the brain death
problem is still in the black box. Starting from the translation theory of SSK, turning
scientific assertions into acts through the "interest" of public helps to solve the black
box problem of technology, so as to clear the epistemological barrier for brain death.
Keywords: Latour, translation, brain death, black box, SSK
在生命伦理学中，对于脑死亡问题有着各种各样的解释。然而，无论从目的
论角度还是从义务论的角度去理解脑死亡问题，均难以解决各个观点之间的论争。
即便从规范伦理学的角度为脑死亡的伦理问题设定一个标准，也只能解决实践上
的问题。然而，在人们的生命伦理观中，除了价值论以外往往还杂糅了认识论的
内容。在选择要不要接受脑死亡的标准之前，首先需要解决的是脑死亡究竟是什
么的问题。尽管 20 世纪 60 年代就已经出现了脑死亡的判定标准，但在现实中脑
死亡问题仍处于黑箱之中。从 SSK 的转译理论出发，将科学断言通过公众的“兴
趣”转变为事实，有助于解开技术的黑箱问题，从而为脑死亡问题清除认识论的
屏障。
关键词：拉图尔 转译 脑死亡 黑箱 SSK
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学科史 History of discipline
N01 On Whales, Chocolate and Bodies. A Short Story of Anatomical Theatres
in Rome
Author： Luca Borghi
Institute：Campus Bio-Medico University, FAST – Institute of Philosophy of Scientific
and Technological Practice, Rome, Italy
Contact: l.borghi@unicampus.it
No ancient anatomical theatre survives today in Rome, at least not in its original
form. Yet there were at least five anatomical theatres in this city who saw at work
renowned anatomists, physicians and scientists such as Marcello Malpighi, Giovanni
Maria Lancisi, Giorgio Baglivi and many others.
Every attempt to rethink constructive, academic, social and religious events that
accompanied the existence of those educational and scientific structures, can throw new
and interesting lights on the evolution of medicine and its teaching in the centre of
Christianity.
Think of an enlightened Pope such as Benedict XIV sipping a cup of chocolate
while visiting the anatomical theatre, recently restored by his order; look at the big
embalmed whale hanging from the ceiling just in front of the theatre entrance door; take
part in collecting alms in suffrage for the soul of the deceased person, whose body has
just been dissected in front of you…
Everything accounts for the relevance of studying the history of anatomical theatres
in Rome, in Italy and beyond.
This presentation shall be also the opportunity to present to ISHM community a
new Italian-based interdisciplinary working group on the Anatomical Theatres of our
Country: the THESA Project. While the famous anatomical theatres of Padua and
Bologna are worldwide well known, there are almost fifty anatomical theatres in Italy
– between extant and disappeared - whose architectural, scientific and social history
still has to be explored thoroughly and in a comparative way.
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N02 Achievements in endocrinology of PUMC during 1917-1941
Author： Li Naishi
Institute：Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital,
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of The
National Health and Family Planning Commission
Contact: LNS@medmail.com.cn
Foundered by Rockefeller Foundation in 1917, Peking Union Medical College
(PUMC) quickly became successful in China, and acquired a lot of achievements in the
following era. Endocrinology, one of the most exciting subjects of PUMC, was
investigated by a group of doctors of internal medicine, including Hannon RR, Liu
Shih-Hao, Chu Hsien-Yi, Wang Shu-Hsien, Chou Shou-Kai, Yu Tsai-Fan and Snapper
Isidore. The most important achievement of this group was about osteomalacia/rickets.
Liu Shih-Hao and his research group published serial articles entitled “Calcium and
Phosphorus Metabolism in Osteomalacia”. In the 13 papers, they discussed in depth the
treatment and prevention of osteomalacia and rickets, resulting in effective treatments
for osteomalacia, which was particularly important for pregnant and nursing women.
They accumulated plenty of data of PUMC, and nominated “Renal Osteodystrophy”,
which was published on Science in 1942. Also in this paper, Liu and Chu pointed out
that an old drug, dihydrotachysterol, can effectively treat renal osteodystrophy, while
Vitamin D cannot. Liu Shih-Hao and his research group also did some valuable work
about diabetes: PUMC began to use insulin in July, 1923, which was probably the first
use of insulin in China; and Wang Shu-Hsien summarized 405 cases of diabetes patients
of PUMC in 1937. In 1936, Liu Shih-Hao published the 1st Chinese case of insulinoma
on Journal of Clinical Investigation, and the patient was cured after surgery. In 1939,
Chu Hsien-I and colleagues diagnosed a case of pheochromacytoma, probably the first
case of pheochromacytoma in China. In 1942, as the head of department of internal
medicine of PUMC, Snapper I. published his famous book, Chinese Lessons to Western
Medicine, described diagnosis and treatments of many diseases in PUMC, considerable
parts of which discussed about endocrine and metabolic diseases. Achievements in
endocrinology of PUMC during 1917-1941 were surprising in history of medicine of
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China.
References:
1 Li N S. Liu Shih-Hao: Pioneer of translational medicine in China. Sci China Life Sci, 2011, 54:
1089–1095
2 Liu S H. The influence of cod liver oil on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism in tetany. Chin
Med J, 1924, 38: 793–804
3 Hannon R R, Liu S H, Chi H I, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. I. The
effect of vitamin D and its apparent duration. Chin Med J, 1934, 48: 623–636
4 Liu S H, Hannon R R, Chu H I, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. II.
Further studies on the response to vitamin D of patients with osteomalacia. Chin Med J, 1935, 49:
1–21
5 Liu S H, Hannon R R, Chou S K, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. III.
The effects of varying levels and ratios of intake of calcium to phosphorus on their serum levels,
paths of excretion and balances. Chin J Physiol, 1935, 9: 101–l18
6 Chu H I, Chou S K, Chen K C, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. IV.
Report of an unusual case in a male with acute parathormone poisoning. Chinese Med J, 1936, 50:1–
16
7 Liu S H, Su C C, Chou S K, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. V. The
effect of varying levels and ratios of calcium to phosphorus intake on their serum levels, paths of
excretion and balances in the presence of continuous vitamin D therapy. J Clin Invest, 1937, 16:
603–611
8 Liu S H, Su C C, Wang C W, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. IV. The
added drain of lactation and beneficial action of vitamin D. Chin J Physiol, 1937, 11: 271–294
9 Chu H I, Yu T F, Chang K P, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. VII. The
effect of ultraviolet irradiation from mercury vapor quartz lamp and sunlight. Chin Med J, 1939,
55:93–124
10 Chu H I, Yu T F, Liu W T. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. VIII. The effects
of ingestion of acid and alkali in patients with and without chronic nephritis. Chin J Physiol, 1939,
14:117–132
11 Liu S H, Chu H I, Su C C, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. IX.
Metabolic behavior of infants fed on breast milk from mothers showing various states of vitamin D
nutrition. J Clin Invest, 1940, 19: 327–347
12 Chu H I, Liu S H, Yu T F, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. X. Further
studies on vitamin D action: Early signs of depletion and effect of minimal doses. J Clin Invest,
1940, 19:349–363
13 Liu S H, Chu H I, Hsu H C, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. XI. The
pathogenetic role of pregnancy and relative importance of calcium and vitamin D supply. J Clin
Invest, 1941, 20: 255–271
14 Chu H I, Liu S H, Hsu H C, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. XII. A
comparison of the effects of A.T.10 (dihydrotachysterol) and vitamin D. Chin J Physiol, 1949, 17:
117–134
15 Wang K, Liu S H, Chu H I, et al. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteomalacia. XIII.
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The availability of inorganic phytin, and dietary phosphorus and the effect of vitamin D. Chin Med
J, 1942, 61:61–72 (also published in 1944, 62: 1–16)
16 Parfitt A M. H.-I. Chu: Pioneer clinical investigator of vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in
China. A scientific and personal tribute. Calcif Tissue Int, 1985, 37: 335–339
17 Liu S H, Chu H I. Treatment of renal osteodystrophy with dihydrotachysterol (A.T.10) and iron.
Science, 1942, 95: 388–389
18 Liu S H, Loucks H H, Chou S K, et al. Adenoma of pancreatic islet cells with hypoglycemia and
hyperinsulinism: Report of a case with studies on blood sugar and metabolism before and after
operative removal of tumor. J Clin Invest, 1936, 15: 249–260
19 Liu S H, Noble R L. The effects of extracts of pregnant mare serum and human pregnancy urine
on the reproductive system of hypophysectomized male rats. Endocine J, 1939, 1: 7–15
20 Liu S H, Noble R L. The effects of extracts of pregnant mare serum and human pregnancy urine
on the reproductive system of hypophysectomized female rats. Endocine J, 1939, 1: 16–21
21 Liu S H. The Connection between Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine. Beijing: People’s
Medical Publishing House, 1957
22 Maxwell J P, Miles L M. Osteomalacia in China. J Obstet & Gynaecol of the Britis h Empire,
1925, 32: 433–473
23 Mason J B, Hay R W, Leresche J, et al. The story of vitamin D: From vitamin to hormone. Lancet,
1974, 1: 325–329
24 Liu S H, Chu H I. Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism with special reference to
pathogenesis and effect of dihydrotachysterol (A.T.10) and iron. Medicine, 1943, 22: 103–161
25 DeLuca H F, Schnoes H K. Vitamin D: Recent advances. Ann Rev Biochem, 1983, 52: 411–439
26 Wang SH. Diabetes mellitus: an analysis of 347 cases (Part II). Chinese Med J, 1937, 51: 159-
178.
N03 The Other Side of A Coin ——The Interpretation of Quantixinluan
Author： JINGYI PANG
Institute：FUDAN University, Department of history, shanghai
Contact: 770764519@qq.com
QuanTiXinLuan is regarded as the first book of introduce Western anatomy and
physiology in modern China. Benjamin Hobson，the writer is also considered the
pioneer of spread of westren medical knowledge. But what is the other side of this
book? The paper attempts to interpret QuanTiXinLuan from two aspects，text content
and compile strategies, hoping to understand the book more comprehensively.
On the one hand, the argument from four aspects that takes the basic framework of
QuanTiXinLuan as the breakthrough point and combined with the text content. First,
discuss the important of skeletal structures、musculature form skin to the bones and
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muscles, point out the wonderful creation of the Creator; second, form the brain to the
eyes、hands、nose、mouth, finally it is concluded that not only the human body ,but
also the human mind were made by the God, then it advocate kindness and punish evil;
Third, discuss the digestion a s the breakthrough point, involving the organs, then from
the reproductive system to the process of nurturing the human embryo, they’re all the
creation of the Creator; The last but not the least, set special chapter on the “creature”
articles to point out that the world and the people are made for God, set chapter of "the
soul " in order to ascribe save souls to God. Through the whole text ,we can find the
religion factors throughout the chapters of this book , emphasized the one topic is God
Creates Man. Wherever we go – East, West, North, or South –the origin is created by
God, The soul needs God's salvation.
On the other hand, Benjamin Hobson and his collaborator use some compiler
strategies when compilation of the book. For example, use TCM terminology to
explain the Western medicine, apply the knowledge of Western anatomy and
physiology to explain TCM names. These means wants to narrow the distance between
Chinese and Western medicine. Also present the different view on anatomy in order to
highlights the advantages of western medicine. The strategies paved the way for
advocate the soul needs God’s salvation and God is the only savior.
Interpretation of QuanTiXinLuan, it is undeniable that the value of spread western
medicine and promote the development of Chinese medicine. But we should not neglect
strong missionary beliefs through the whole text. Through the Western understanding
of the human body to express the worship of God Creator .On the other hand, through
TCM terminology、theoretical knowledge to weaken the resistance of the spread of
western medicine and cite the lack of Chinese medicine in order to strengthen the
advantages of Western medicine. All of these lay the foundation for the dissemination
of religious beliefs in a sense.
References:
1.合信．全体新论［M］广州: 惠爱医馆， 1851．
2.施政. 《全体新论疏证》研究[D].东华大学,2016
105
3.陈万成. 《全体新论》插图来源的再考察——兼说晚清医疗教育的一段中印因缘[J]. 自然
科学史研究,2011,(03):257-277.
4.袁媛. 从《全体新论》到《体功学》——我国早期生理学著作的编译和演变[J]. 医学与哲学
(人文社会医学版),2010,(07):74-77.
5.牛亚华. 《泰西人身说概》与《人身图说》研究[J]. 自然科学史研究,2006,(01):50-65.
6.袁媛. 近代生理学在中国：1851～1926[D].上海交通大学,2006.
7.孙琢. 近代医学术语的创立——以合信及其《医学英华字释》为中心[J]. 自然科学史研
究,2010,(04):456-474
8.王申,陈婷,张小龙. 西医东渐侧面观:合信的西医编译策略[J]. 医学与哲学(A),2015,(04):88-
90+97.
9.郭强,李计筹. 合信与近代中国西医教育[J]. 医学与哲学(A),2015,(09):85-88.
N04 The introduction of the first physiological textbook in the junior high
school
Author： Fu Xinyue
Institute：Institute of Medical Humanity, Peking University
Contact: fuxinyue@bjsdfz.com
Hygienic physiology by Dorman Steele was selected as the first textbook for the
junior high school during the late Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly introduces the social
background and the reform in education at that time, the study experience of the author
and the translators and the comparison of the two version respectively translated by He
Yushi and Xie Honglai. Through analyzing the content, the features of this textbook
was summarized. The arrangement of anatomy, physiology and hygiene, the design of
the experiments and questions and the introduction of the emergency treatment are all
the highlights in this book which are worth learning for the teachers and the editors of
biology. The aim is to find the rule of change in content from the historical perspective.
Key words: Hygienic physiology; biological textbook
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药物史History of medication
O01 Ustification via modern verification of some treatments for humans
and some plants’ nourishments recommended by ancient Greek authors
Author： Athanasios Diamandopoulos
Institute：EKPA, Louros Foundation for the History of Medicine, Greece
Contact: tdiamandopoulos@yahoo.com
Introduction: Believing that the History of Medicine has to create new paths to
reach the mainly indifferent to it younger generation we have been involved during the
last few years in research aiming to verify via modern knowledge and hi-tech laboratory
findings the proposed beneficial properties of remedies recommended by ancient Greek
medical authors and in one instance by folk medicine. In this work the accumulated
results of our experience is presented.
Method: We compared the old recommendations for the use of several therapeutic
agents with the current scientific opinion of their action. In two instances we
experimentally tested their validity. The results of our studies on each agent have been
published in international journals. However, this is the first time that an overall
presentation takes place increasing the impact of our conclusions.
Results: We studied the effect of the following agents on specific ailments: 1)
Extracts of the olive tree for treating cancer. The notion came to our attention through
the personal diary of a provincial local doctor. We published it in our medical journal
20 years ago and recently the Indole-3-acetic acids they contain were found efficient
for targeted cancer therapy, 2) Artemisia against malaria. The extract of the plant was
promoted during the last three decades by Chinese doctors as Chinese traditional herb
medicament against malaria. We traced the origin of its use in Dioscurides’ Materia
Medica who recommended it for tertiary fevers and megalosplenia and published our
findings, 3) Perspiration for treating oedema and renal failure. Several ancient authors
including Hippocrates, Galen and later Oribasius and Protospatharious recommended
hot, steam and sun baths for treating oedema and renal failure by excreting fluid and
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toxins via perspiration. We contacted a one year’s experimental study on hundreds of
Renal Replacement Therapy patients and the validity of the ancient wisdom was proven.
4) Meliloton which was recommended by Hippocrates and Galen for treating legs’
ulcers. It did a comeback as the drug Angipars promoted by the Faculty of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
and the Pasteur Institute of Iran, whom we contacted and later published our results 5)
Eighteen plants recommended by Dioscurides for treating cataract plus a paste of sea
mussels and the minerals Pumice Stone, Copper Pyrites, Turquoise and Earth-like stone.
We established that all of them were either strong antioxidants, which work on the
assumption that a lack of anti-oxidants can put someone at a higher risk for eye diseases,
such as cataract, and secondly sterols, which are targeted against certain lanosterol
inhibitors that cause cataract, 6) The use of urine as fertilizer. Since time immemorial
urine was recommended as fertilizer in many ancient societies. We contacted a one
year’s experiment in our farm irrigating beetroots with a dilution of human urine, while
another lot was used as controls. There was a highly significant difference in weight in
the urine-irrigated group.
Conclusions: In light of our results many of these old treatments far from a being
fancy quackery agree with modern science as documented by their biological action.
Thus, studying the History of Medicine acquires a practical value.
O02 From Insulin to Insulim：The Made of Chinese Insulin in Republican
China
Author： Xiaoyang Gu Cheng Zhen
Institute：Capital Medical University, Department of Medical Humanities, Beijing；
Peking University, Center for the History of Medicine, Beijing
Contact: guxiaoyang1@163.com
Discovered in 1921, insulin was regarded as one of the earliest “miracle drugs” that
showed the power of modern medicine. Many countries acquired patent from the
Insulin Committee in University of Toronto in 1920s, but China was not among them.
Doctors from Peking Union Medical College once had the plan of manufacturing
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insulin domestically, yet, due to the lack of fundamental apparatus and raw materials,
and concerns for financial reasons, the manufacture of insulin in China had not been
put into serious consideration. Insulin was imported to China from an American
pharmaceutical company, the Eli Lilly & Co. in 1923. Imported insulin with different
brand names from various countries soon flooded into China. In 1941, the Pacific War
broke out and the supply of imported insulin was cut off as a result. As the lives of
patients with severe diabetes mellitus were at risk, scientists in Public Health
Department of Shanghai Municipal Council, businessmen from local pharmaceutical
companies, even the patients themselves and their family members were forced to
figure out ways to make insulin in China. Among those participates, one of the local
Chinese pharmaceutical company, the Yang’s Institute of Chemistry Therapy produced
insulin with the brand name “insulim”. After the founding of the People's Republic of
China (PRC), the owner who was also the chief chemist of Yang’s Institute of
Chemistry Therapy became one of the leading authors of the biochemistry part of the
first pharmacopeia of PRC and helped coined the biological standardization of insulin
in China. The techniques used in insulin manufacture in his company in Republican
Shanghai later became the source of techniques applied in large scale insulin
manufacture in pharmaceutical companies in People’s Republic of China. By going
through the documents of the manufacture of insulin in Shanghai International
Settlement during war time from 1941 to 1944, and other resources of relevance, the
authors tried to find the technical source of insulin manufacture in Chinese insulin
industry. Also, the authors tried to establish a micro-history study to show a vivid image
of the participants and how they interacted with each other in war time Shanghai, and
to make sense of how the scientific, political, cultural, economic and social factors of a
local society shaped the knowledge and practice of insulin manufacture in modern
China.
Key Words: Insulin, Pharmaceutical company, Pacific War
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O03 Three Findings of Early Antibiotic Research in Peoples Republic of
China（关于新中国早期抗生素研究的三个发现）
Author： Ming-En Song（宋铭恩）
Institute：Suzhou Society for History of Science and Technology （苏州市科学技术
史学会）
Contact: huyuzd@163.com
Antibiotics are key drugs for clinical treatment of various infectious diseases. They
are also important in health care and defense strategies. After the founding of the
People's Republic of China in 1949, the central government paid great attention to and
supported the development of antibiotics. China soon obtained remarkable
achievements in this field. I have reviewed a large amount of literature and interviews,
and discovered that: 1. professor Wei-Shen Chang is the key founder of the
development of antibiotics in China; 2, the role of Suzhou people in antibiotics research;
3. the development of antibiotics is the first major scientific and technological
achievement from the founding of the new Chinese government.
Key Words: antibiotics, founder, Suzhou people
抗生素是临床治疗各类感染病的关键药物，在医疗卫生及国防战略方面具有
十分重要的地位。1949 年新中国成立后，中央政府高度重视和支持抗生素的研
制，很快取得了举世瞩目的成就。本人经过查阅大量文献资料和走访调研，获得
三个发现：1.张为申教授的抗生素事业奠基人身份；2.苏州人在开创我国抗生素
事业中所起的作用；3.抗生素是新中国成立后第一个取得重大科技成果的学科。
关键词：抗生素 奠基人 苏州人
O04 Visiting Pills, Vacation Pills, Various “Quick Action” or “Just One
Time Pills” for Emergency or Peri-Coital Contraception in China
Author：Carol Stamm
Peri-coital or emergency contraception is timely and minimizes contraceptive side
effects as it is only used when needed, not continuously. Such products much be
110
efficacious, appealing, affordable, and easily available to reduce unintended pregnancy.
Utilization of these products is consistent with concerns of population limitation on a
societal level, and possibly family planning on an individual level as well. These factors
may explain the use of various substances used for visiting pills, vacation pills, various
“Quick Action” of “Just One Time Pills”, some of which have never achieved great
popularity in China and certainly not elsewhere despite the economic and health
implications, and possible easy access. Review of the historic methods of emergency
or post coital contraception used in China reveals novel compounds, and early efforts
with compounds now widely used elsewhere. Analysis of the methods used in China
for emergency or peri-coital contraception is important in understanding the evolution
of emergency contraception throughout the world.
Emergency or peri-coital contraception pills are contraceptive pills used in close
proximity to intercourse, typically afterwards to prevent pregnancy, typically felt to
work through inhibition of ovulation. Worldwide, levonorgesterel and ulipristal acetate
are now the primary emergency contraceptive pills. Early work on levonegresterel
emergency contraception occurred in China. The extended utility of levonorgesterel EC
beyond 48 hours after unplanned intercourse also occurred in China. Nasal
administration of levonorgestrel was also explored in China. Exploration of numerous
novel compounds including norethisterone, megasterol acetate, gestrinone,
mifepristone, quingesterol, norgestrienone, and anordrin also occurred. Of these,
mifepristone was the most widely adopted elsewhere.
Various state family planning messages stressed population limitation. These
messages were targeted to married women, who preferred or were offered intrauterine
devices and sterilization. Unmarried women had options of abortion or these various
pills. Despite the thorough research on various substances, the innovative technologies,
and the at least reasonably available peri-coital pills or emergency contraception pills,
the oral pills do not seem to have played a substantial contraceptive role in China.
Possibly the messages regarding contraception did not reach the group most at risk for
unintended pregnancy. This seems consistent with emergency contraceptive use or non-
use elsewhere.
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医学革命 Medical Revolution
P01 Carol Davila –a promoter of the academic medical and surgical study
Author： Sinziana Ionescu , Eugen Bratucu
Institute：”Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest Oncology
institute, Bucharest, Romania
Contact: iaus323@pku.edu.cn
In a crucial moment in the history of our country (The Unification of The Romanian
Principates), dr. Carol Davila was a promoter of the academic and surgical study , by
being able to successfully manage to organize , implement and improve institutions and
educational programs which, in time , became standards of excellence. The process
started with the official decision to start the “School of Small Surgery”, and later on to
convert this into the bigger and more prestigious “School of Surgery”. Not only did
dr. Davila realize the need for the existence of superior schools of medicine, surgery
and pharmacy, but, moreover, he noticed the lack of infrastructure , and he corrected
this matter with the help of a library and a botanical garden, among other improvements.
With his office of general inspector of the sanitary service, he immediately started the
“Medical Monitor” and he sent young people to study their PH D theses in France.
Furthermore, he started the Romanian Pharmacopoeia and supported the creation of
hospitals throughout the country. All his ambitions and honors reached an important
peak on the 2nd of November 1869 with the Faculty of Medicine from Bucharest. The
first PH. D. thesis to be sustained there was a surgical one –Schmidt’s “ Incarcerated
hernias”, 1873. Carol Davila had a remarkable contribution in the development and
improvement of the scientific medical education in two of the XIXth century Romanian
Principates.
References:
1. DR .G.Z. Petrescu “The life and work of C. Davila”, Bucharest, 1929
2. Dr. Vasile Sarbu “Pages from the history of Romanian Surgery”, Bucharest 2002
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P02 The significance of Modern Medical Evolution – to Scientific Revolution
Author： Runhu Li
Institute：School of Philosophy（北京师范大学哲学学院）
Contact: lirunhu@bu.edu
If the significance of modern medical revolution to the Scientific Revolution
wanted to be illustrated, then of course, some important concepts, like “medical
science”, “revolution”, “science” and “religion”, related to topic of these fields will be
involved in my study and research range. Frankly, before better introduction of
“Modern Medical Science Revolution”, it was difficult to explain the relationship and
significance of “Modern Medical Science Revolution” and “Modern Scientific
Revolution”, therefore, to start with, I would like to state “Modern Scientific Revolution”
and then try to make it clear, after all, the association between the two is obvious.
As for the course and development of the history of Scientific Revolution, I am
inclined to agree with Professor Zhang Butian’s view in the book “Scientific Revolution
of Historiography”, translated by H. Floris Cohen,” especially the viewpoint about
“how ‘Science’ comes into the new world from the old world”2 in another book of his
“Re-creation of the world: how the modern science is produced”. Therefore, after
careful consideration, I decided to briefly demonstrate my understanding of the
“meaning of medical revolution to the modern Scientific Revolution” focusing on the
following three aspects:
1. What is the Scientific Revolution?
2. The eve when Scientific Revolution breaks out;
3. The significance of medical science revolution in modern times.
Key Words: modern medical science revolution, Scientific Revolution, Vesalius,
Copernicus
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P03 Being Cured by Surgical Operations but no Pains: Sensory History and
the Anesthesia
Author： Min Fanxiang
Institute：School of History, Nanjing University, Nanjing
Contact: fanxiangmin@nju.edu.cn
The employment of anesthesia to surgical operations was one great watershed of
the development of surgery from its traditional form to modern one. It not only changed
the nature of surgery and the operation scene completely, but also brought patients with
a new personal experience of surgical operations—being cured by operations but no
pains. It is really one of the greatest benefits to mankind.
This article will explore the changes and differences took place in operation scene
and personal operation experience, focusing on the comparing them before and after
the anesthesia was employed in surgical operations to control the subsequent pain.
Sensory history will be introduced as the basic methodology. We hope it will provide
new insights into the understanding and cognition of the benefit to patients and the
development of surgery resulted from the anesthesia.
By Comparing what they (patients, doctors, doctors’ assistants and observers) saw,
heard and felt, and their contents of certain paintings of operation scenes, the concerned
persons’ reports, diaries and memories, the cultural influences of anesthesia will be
thickly described and showed in details in this article.
References:
1. A. Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odour and the Social Imagination, London: Macmillan,
1996;
2. B. Martin and E. Ringham (eds.), Sense and Scent: An Exploration of Olfactory Meaning,
Dublin: Philomel, 2003;
3. Mark Smith, Sensory History: An Introduction, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2008;
4. Jonathan Reinarz, “Learning to use their senses: visitors to voluntary hospitals in eighteenth-
century England”, Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies, Vol.35, Issue 4 (December 2012),
pp.505-520. (special issue on the senses in the eighteenth century edited with Dr Leonard Schwarz)
5. Roy Porter, Blood and Guts, A Short History of Medicine, New York, London: W. W. Norton
& Company, 2004.
6. Henry E. Sigerist, The Great Doctors. A Biographical History of Medicine, London: George
114
Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1933.
7. Arturo Castiglioni, a history of medicine, trans. and ed. by E. B. Krumbhaar, 2nd ed., New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947.
8. Roy Porter (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medicine, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
9. Fanny Burney, “A Mastectomy, 20 September 1811”, John Carey (ed.), Eyewitness to History,
New York: Avon Books, 1987, pp.272-277.
10. 阿兰•科尔班（Alain Corbin）主编，杨剑译：《身体的历史•卷二：从法国大革命到第一
次世界大战》，华东师范大学出版社，2013 年。
11. ［德］伯恩特•卡尔格－德克尔著，姚燕、周惠译：《医药文化史》，生活•读书•新知三
联书店，2004 年。
12. ［英］玛丽•道布森著，苏静静译：《医学图文史：改变人类历史的 7000 年》，金城出版
社，2015 年。
13. ［德］文士麦著，马伯英等译：《世界医学五千年史》，人民卫生出版社，1985 年。
14. ［美］凯特•凯利著，陈冉等译：《医学史话：医学成为一门科学 1840-1999》，上海科学
技术文献出版社，2012 年。
15. ［美］许尔文•努兰 （Sherwin B. Nuland）著，杨逸鸿等译：《蛇杖的传人：西方名医列
传》（Doctors: The Biography of Medicine），上海人民出版社，1999 年。
P04 The evolution of patient transport from arms to air ambulances
Author： Sukran Sevimli, Gulten Dinc
Institute：Department of Medical History and Ethics, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty
of Medicine , Van-Turkey；Department of History of Medicine and Ethics,
Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Contact: sukransevimli@gmail.com
Patient transport, from the first wounded or ill person up to the present day, has
evolved in parallel with advances in means of transport and technology. Within this
period, a number of methods for carrying the sick and wounded have been developed.
Along with geographic conditions, wars, and natural disasters, socio-economic
advances of societies have played a critical role in the development of these methods.
Patient transport has encompassed a wide variety of methods, beginning with carrying
patients in others’ arms or on backs, to devices resembling stretchers using boards or
cloth, animals such as horses or camels, vehicles pulled by animals, and extending to
motorized vehicles such as ambulances, boats, trains, and helicopters. Development
of these methods has occurred parallel to advances in medicine and examination of
these methods reveals another facet of the history of medicine. For example, modes
of patient transport provide information regarding the value that societies place on the
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sick, how patient welfare is ensured, and where and under what conditions medical
intervention takes place. In addition, this study also explains which of these methods
are used in what geographies, which are preferred under what kinds of socio-economic
conditions, and presents details concerning the level of medical science during times of
war or major outbreaks in which developments in patient transport were made. Thus,
our study aims to investigate the subject of patient transport from an evolutionary
perspective.
Key words: Patient, transportation, evolution
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医学交流史 History of medicine exchange
Q01 A History of Renal Medicine in the 19th Century Muslim Areas of
Nigeria: An Exploratory Study
Author： Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Institute：Department of History Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Contact: mbunza@hotmail.com
A lot has been achieved in the history and development of medical sciences in the
nineteenth century Northern Nigeria. One of the remarkable contributions in the sector
was the codification and developing as well as integrating the study of medicine in the
mainstream curriculum of the region. Further, specialized medical cases such as liver,
kidney and heart diseases and cure were given an exceptional place in the practice they
deserved. These cases are still complex medical issues in the twenty first century
same as they were identified and addressed in the 19th century.
This paper therefore, examines the content of treatise written by Sultan Muhammad
Bello, 1787-1837 Risalat al-Amrad al-Kulyah wa Ilajiha (treatise on Kidney diseases
at its cure), which was essentially a response to the request and compliant by Emir of
Zazzau to Sultan Muhammad Bello on the ailments disturbing him. In the treatise, Bello
diagnosed the Emir as having Kidney problem through careful examination of the
symptoms he narrated. In that light, he prescribed medication to cases relation to stone
in the kidney, swollen of the kidney as well as wind in the kidney. Generally, he
provided a general guide to preservation and maintenance of renal health through
adoptions of some guiding principle and dieting. Primarily, a historical study of the
manuscript with a view to revealing the content of diagnosis, prescriptions, as well as
establishing its relevance for contemporary scientific examination, and dissemination
for public consumption, and buttressing the historical legacies of that great and
egalitarian African Muslim civilization.
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Q02 Health for all and Provision of Alternative Medicine in Africa: The
Chinese Herbal Medicine in Northern Nigeria
Author： Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Institute：Department of History Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Contact: mbunza@hotmail.com
There are many militating factors against the availability, affordability and
accessibility of heath care services especially in the developing countries, which almost
all African countries belong. Problems such as poverty, corruption, poor leadership, as
well as exorbitant prices of modern medicine has denied majority of Africans
opportunity to medication and quality health care systems. Consequently, alternative
medicine in form Traditional African Medicine, (which has now been officially
recognized in some countries in Africa) and Chinese Herbal Medicine are two major
sources of hope as alternative medicine for the common man in Africa.
The paper thus, examines in this light the cause and consequences of the
proliferation of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Northern Nigeria, which is a combination
of traditional and modern in terms of its packaging, usage, and applicability.
Fundamentally, the paper surveys the factors for the demand of the Chinese Herbal
medicinal products among the people of the area, types of the drugs, specifically,
assessing the confidence and efficacy among users of the drugs. Finally, the future of
the Chinese Herbal Medicine as the major medical option in Northern Nigeria and its
consequences on Nigeria-China relations will also be studied.
Q03 English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine:A Historical
Carding and Researching（中医英译史梳理与研究）
Author： Mingming Fu（付明明）
Institute：Harbin Medical Universtity
Contact: 1476440326@qq.com
The traditional medicine of Chinese nation created is the richest and the most
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vitality medical system, which is preserved by the world's nation. Since 300 years ago,
TCM has been translated into English and spread to Europe. In order to effectively
promote the spread of Chinese medicine all around the world, we should review the
history and carding the development of the English translation of TCM. Meanwhile, we
should with history as a mirror, sum up the successful experience and the characteristics
of English translation of TCM in the different historical period, to find the factors which
affecting the development of English translation of TCM, then analyzing them. At the
same time, in order to supply the reference on developing of English translation of TCM,
which the background is cultural globalization.
Key words: traditional Chinese medicine; History; English translation
中华民族所创造的传统医学,是现今世界各民族所保存下来的最丰富也是最
具生命力的医学体系。中医早在 300 年前就被译成英文传播到了欧洲各国。为
了有效地推动当下中医在世界范围内的传播，我们有必要回顾历史，梳理中医
英译的发展过程，以史为镜，归纳总结中医英译的成功经验及其不同历史时期
的特点，查找影响中医英译发展的要素，并对其进行分析，以期为中医英译在
文化全球化这一大背景下的发展提供借鉴。
关键词：中医；历史；英译
Q04 The Birth of the China-U.S. Collaborative Project on Neural Tube
Defects Prevention（“中美预防神经管畸形合作项目”之缘起）
Author： Zhuolin Mi, Daqing Zhang, Wenpei Tang
Institute：Peking University, Center for the History of Medicine, Beijing
Contact: mizhuolin06@163.com
The China-U.S. Collaborative Project on Neural Tube Defects Prevention in 1990s
is the largest scientific cooperation project between China and America since the
foundation of People’s Republic of China. With the purpose of evaluating the effect of
women taking folic acid daily before and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube
defects, cooperation was developed between the National Center for Maternal and
Infant Health, Beijing Medical University and U.S. Center for Disease Control and
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Prevention. Research was conducted in more than 30 cities and counties, reaching a
positive result, reducing neural tube defects rate of newborns dramatically, and
achieving promising social and economic benefits. However, there were rare historic
researches on such a massive and important project. This paper organized and studied
the communication materials of early stages between China and America, the Project
Newsletters during the project, and books and papers published because of the project,
aiming at presenting the initial foundation process of this project, and analyzing the
reasons why this project can start off smoothly, so that people can understand the Sino-
American cooperation approaches under the historic context at that time, and that the
approaches hopefully could benefit the scientific cooperation projects between China
and America in the future.
Key words: China-U.S. Collaborative Project on Neural Tube Defects Prevention,
cooperation, foundation process, historic study
二十世纪九十年代的中美预防神经管畸形合作项目是建国以来中美最大的
科研合作项目。以研究妇女妊娠期前后每日服用叶酸预防神经管畸形的效果为目
的，北京医科大学中国妇婴保健中心同美国疾病控制与预防中心展开合作，在中
国30 余市、县进行调查，最后得出积极的结果，极大降低了新生儿神经管畸形
率，取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。然而，对如此庞大而重要的项目却鲜有
历史性研究。本文整理研究了该项目初期中美双方的交流材料、项目进行过程出
版中的《项目通讯》、以及项目所产出的书籍和论文等，旨在梳理该项目最初创
立的过程，分析该项目能够得以顺利开始的原因，以期了解在当时的历史语境下
的中美合作方式，并希望能对未来中美科研项目的开展有所助益。
References:
1.Chen Xi (2013), 中美预防神经管畸形合作项目与围产医学拓展[The China-U.S.
Collaborative Project on Neural Tube Defects Prevention and Perinatal Health Care Development],
Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 11.
2.Li Zhu (1992), Project Newsletter, internal material.
3.Li Zhu (2002), Annual Report on Perinatal Health Care and Birth Defects Surveillance 1993,
Beijing Medical University Press.
4.Li Zhu, Chen Xi, Zhao Ping, et al (2001), 妇女增补叶酸预防神经管畸形推广研究五年成果
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和工作总结[Working Experiences from Expanding Uses of Folic Acid Supplementation in the
Periconceptional Period to Prevent Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) During the Period of the Last Five
Years], China Public Health, Vol.17, No. 8.
5.National Center for Maternal and Infant Health (1993), Implementation Method of Perinatal
Health Care Surveillance, internal material.
Q05 Giuseppe Messerotti Benvenuti: An Italian Military Doctor Focusing
On The Boxer Rebellion
Author： Alfredo Musajo-Somma, Laura Musajo-Somma
Institute：University of Bari, Italy
Contact: musajosomma@libero.it
At the beginning of the XX century the Sino-Western interactions turned into the
violent Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement: the Society of the Righteous and
Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and
Japanese influence. From June to August 1900, the Boxers besieged the foreign district
of Beijing (then called Peking), China’s capital, until an international force subdued the
uprising. On August, after fighting its way through northern China, an international
force of over 20,000 troops from eight allied nations (Austria-Hungary, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) was in
charge to take Beijing and rescue the foreigners and Chinese Christians. An Italian
medical lieutenant, Giuseppe Messerotti Benvenuti (Modena, 1860-1935), the heir of a
wealthy land-owner Italian family, was in charge at the camp military hospital in
Tientsin first and soon after at the Huang Tsun barracks in Peking, working not only as
a surgeon, but also as a war photo-reporter.
The Authors will show the shifting from missionary medicine in China, as
performed by Westerners since the times of Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) and Michele
Ruggieri (1543-1607) - the founding figures of the Jesuitic China missions-, to the new
paradigm of colonial medicine, according to the Foucault idea of “biopower”: how the
power of medical knowledge and public health transform human life through
mechanisms of control at the level of both the individual and population. By the way
the Italian physicians’ background, his training and Colonial Service experience
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coupled with technical photo-expertise, buttressed by professional skills and practice,
prompted Messerotti Benvenuti towards the membership to the Military Order of the
Dragon: an international circle of highly skilled professionals who probably helped to
start the first structured secret service in Italy. Original sources and research help
understanding of the social and cultural aspects of medical history.
Q06 Conflict and Fusing between Chinese Medicine and Western
Medicine（中西医的冲突与融合）
Author： MA Xiao-tong（马晓彤）
Institute：China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Theory of
Chinese Medicine, Beijing（中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所）
Contact: ma-xiao-tong@263.net
Complex interaction between Chinese medicine and Western medicine for several
hundred years has being a model of conflict and fusing among civilizations. When the
two medical systems met In later stage of Ming dynasty (17th century in the Western),
Chinese medicine despised and repelled Western medicine in the background of
anthropological difference between the Eastern and the Western and in that time,
Western medicine had not finished its modernization. In later stage of Qing dynasty
(19th century in the Western), Chinese medicine transformed its manner for Western
medicine from despising and repelling to mastering and receiving, and when Western
medicine had finished its modernization, set up whole the medical system on the base
of anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Now, the relationship between two medical
systems was more complex, apart from anthropological difference, the new background
of sociological difference between tradition and modern added. In middle stage of 20th
century, Western medicine advanced by leaps and bounds under arming by modern
science and technology full, the third background of intellectual difference between
science and humanities appeared. This time, Chinese medicine had been going to
admire and end in Western medicine. In turning from old century to new one, the
situation that Chinese medicine looked up at Western medicine and Western medicine
overlooked Chinese medicine began to change. Because of pluralism enlarging,
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increasing of limiting in Western science and recovering of value in Eastern culture, the
two medical systems have been going to look straight ahead and meet each other. To
fuse both advantage and eliminate their weakness are the increasing common
understanding. There are three projects, modernization of Chinese medicine,
integrating Chinese medicine and Western medicine, reforming the system for health
care ,can be collaborated by the two aspects, in the course, integrated research on
information system of life, enhancing theory for physiotherapy and rehabilitation,
improving pattern on prevention and treatment of tumor are the preferential fields for
deep interacting and sticking together.
Key Words: anthropological difference; sociological difference; intellectual difference;
repel; receive; end in; fusing
中西医经历了数百年复杂相互作用，成为文明冲突与融合的典范。明朝后
期（西方 17 世纪），西医现代化尚未完成，当两个医学体系相遇时，体现出东西
方人类学维度差异，表现为中医对西医的轻视与排斥。西医院广泛建立的清朝后
期（西方 19 世纪），西医完成现代化，将医学体系建立在解剖学、生理学和病理
学基石之上，此时两个医学体系的关系除了以前的人类学维度，又增加了传统与
现代的社会学维度新差异，复杂程度增加，中医对西医的态度从轻视与排斥变为
汇通与接受。到了 20 世纪中期，西医在现代科学技术的充分武装下突飞猛进，
两个医学体系之间出现了第三个维度，即科学与人文之间的知识学差异，中医对
西医的态度变为仰慕与归入。然而到了世纪之交，中医仰视西医以及西医俯视中
医的局面开始变化。由于文化多元思想的影响力不断扩大、西方科学的局限性日
益明显加之东方文化价值被重新发现，两个医学体系开始朝着彼此平视的方向而
行。融合两者特长，消除两者缺陷成为日益增进的共识。中医现代化、中西医结
合、医疗体制改革是两个医学体系可以共同担负的三项建设工程，而生命信息系
统集成研究、提高理疗与康复体系理论水平以及肿瘤防治模式优化则是两者深度
互动与融合的优先领域。
关键词：人类学差异；社会学差异；知识学差异；排斥；汇通；归入；融合
References:
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1.MA Xiao-tong, LIU Yan-chi, LU Ying-hua. Research on Relationship between Meridians and
Organs with Positive Methods of Fixed Position, Determining the Nature and Quantitative
Analysis[J]. Complex Systems and Complexity Science, 2004, 1(1): 58-67.
2.MA Xiao-tong. An Imagination for the Fusion of Holism and Reductionism[J]. Journal of
Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2006, 21(2): 125-128.
Q07 Matteo Ricci and Interpretations of Traditional Chinese Medicine in
His Time
Author： Meng Yue
Institute：Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Foreign
Languages, Chengdu
Contact: yuemengcd@qq.com
One of the reasons for the inaccurate interpretations of Chinese medicine by
Jesuits in Ming and Qing dynasties is the development of western medicine. The
transformation of traditional medicine into modern paradigm enables missionaries to
perceive traditional Chinese medicine as bearing similarities with the western
counterpart and lacking norms of modern science at the same time. Matteo Ricci’s
interpretations of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medical education, together
with the descriptions of medical experience by him and other Jesuits in China, will be
re-evaluated in such transitional phase of western medicine and thus the reason(s) for
his inaccurate, even misinterpretation of traditional Chinese medicine will be discussed.
Key Words: inaccurate interpretation, comparison, transitional phase, Matteo Ricci
References:
1. 高晞. 十五世纪以来中医在西方的传播与研究[J]. 人文探究，2015(6):15-24.
2. 利玛窦. 耶稣会与天主教进入中国史[M]. 文铮(译). 北京: 商务印书馆，2014.
3. 李晓涛. 来自异域的不同声音——早期在华传教士对中医之评介[J]. 南京中 医药大
学学报（社会科学版）, 2010 (11): 66-70.
4. 陶飞亚. 传教士中医观的变迁［J］. 历史研究，2010（5）: 60-79.
5. 张宗鑫. 明清之际中医西传简论 ［J］. 明清论从, 2012（12）: 298-304.
6. Feiya, Tao. The Evolution of European Missionaries’ Views on Chinese Medicine [J].
Chinese Studies in History, 2013 (Winter): 58-87.
7. Gallagher L.. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci: 1583-
1601 [M]. London: Random House, 1953.
8. Linda L B. Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts－ China Healing and the West to 1848[M].
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.
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Q08 Parallels of Unani and Georgian Traditional Medicine
Author： Ramaz Shengelia, Nani Khelaia
Institute：Tbilisi State Medical University，Department of History of Medicine and
Bioethics, Georgia
Contact: shengelia@tsmu.edu
Objectives. Development of Ionian philosophy of nature provided sound scientific
basis for progress and growth of medicine and in this environment Unani medical
system emerged.
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) is believed to be the founder of Unani theory.
Unani system continues humorism of Hippocrates, according to which balance between
four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) in the organism provides health
while their imbalance causes pathologies. This system was further enriched by Galen
(131-200), Rhazes (850-932) and Avicenna (980-1037). Their works were translated
into Latin and European languages and were taught in medieval European universities.
Unani medicine was preferred in Asia and particularly in India. Its roots were brought
to India by Arab merchants. Unani particularly flourished in 13th – 17th centuries. Its
followers subordinated Indian medicines to clinical trials, added numerous local
remedies in their system and thus enriched traditional medicine.
Methodology. Textual investigation and comparative analyze of Unani Medicine
Formulary and medieval Georgian Medical Manuscripts (GMM).
Summary. Ancient Georgian traditional medicine was in such position and due to
geographical location of Colchis and Iberia it was regarded as the part of medicine of
antique world, it as also influenced by Arabian medicine. This is confirmed by ancient
Greek and Roman authors in their works, as well as ancient Georgian literary sources,
containing ideas of famous Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Jewish doctors. Study and
comparative analysis of medical terms in interrelation of the medical recipes showed
numerous similarities with respect of the names of diseases, as well as remedies
(phytonyms, zoonyms, minerals).
Conclusion. Here we should add that abundant flora, fauna and useful minerals of
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South Caucasus allowed Georgian people adding of remedies of local origin to
Georgian traditional medicine, and make certain contribution ro development of
traditional medicine of the countries of antique civilization and take deserved place by
their side.
Q09 Introduced of Western medicine and the influence of the medical
ethics in the Republic of China（西医传入对民国时期医德的影响）
Author： Xia Yuanyuan（夏媛媛）
Institute：Nanjing Medical University（南京医科大学）
Contact: xiayy1@sina.com
During the period of the Republic of China , the construction of medical ethics
has attracted the attention of a great physicians and medical groups, Din fu bao first
discussed in the "Ten morals of physician" that physicians should have ten kinds of
quality. After this, the article of medical ethics emerge in endlessly. The most classic
is "medical ethics" written by Song Guobin, closely linked with practice, and establish
the medical ethics as an independent discipline. Since then, the Chinese medical
association and the national association of physicians are also put forward their
corresponding medical ethics argues like” the physician rules” and “ the physician
creed”. The medical ethics during the period of the Republic of China inherited the
content of the traditional medical ethics, but also learned the related content of
western medical ethics, formed their own characteristics.
Key Words: medical ethics influence
民国时期，医学伦理学的建设引起了医师们和医学团体的注意，在丁福保
的“医师十德”中首先讨论的是医师应具备十种素质。在此之后，医学伦理学
的文章不断地出现。最经典的是宋国宾写的“医学伦理学”，与实践密切相关，
并将医学伦理作为一种独立的学科。从那时起，中国医学协会和全国医师协会
也提出了相应的医学伦理，如“医师规则”和“医师信条”。摘要中华民国时期
126
的医学伦理继承了传统医学伦理的内容，但也吸取了西方医学伦理学的相关内
容，形成了自己的特色。
关键词：医学伦理 影响
Q10 The pneumatic paradigm in ancient cardiovascular physiology
Author： Fabio Zampieri
Institute：University of Padua Medical School, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and
Vascular Sciences, Padua, Italy
Contact: fabio.zampieri@unipd.it
The most ancient conceptions of the cardiovascular system seem to share some
significant characteristics. Ayurvedic medicine is one of the world’s oldest medical
systems, originated in India more than 3.000 years ago. Its system was based on three
dosha (vital energies) which pervaded the body. In particular, the Vata, which was
composed of space (akasha) and air (vāyu), regulated all the movements in the body
(nervous and cardio-circulatory systems).1 Traditional Chinese medicine elaborated the
concept of Ki, a vital energy circulating in the body. Ki was divided into the respiratory
or celestial energy taken from outside through breathing (tianqi); the nourishing energy
produced by aliments (yinqi); and the ancestral energy inherited from the parents
(jing).2 Egyptian medicine was based on the idea that the heart was the centre of the
organism, from which the vessels brought to the body all the substances needed for its
functioning such as air, food, and blood. In addition, the wastes produced by the body
were discharged in these vessels. Finally, in the heart was placed also the Ka, the
immortal part of human soul.3 Greek medicine elaborated, other than the theory of
humours, also a pneumatic vision of the body. Started from Alexandrine physicians of
the III century BC, it was fully elaborated by Galen of Pergamon (129-216 AD) and
dominated Western medicine for more than a millennium. The body produced three
spirits: the natural spirit in the liver, regulating instincts and circulating in the veins; the
vital spirit in the heart, regulating emotions and circulating in the arteries; the animal
spirit in the brain, regulating thoughts and will, and circulating in the nerves.4
Therefore, it seems possible to speak about a common “Pneumatic paradigm in
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ancient cardiovascular physiology”, shared by the most ancient medical theories from
Ayrveda to Greek, Hellenistic and Roman sciences. A common vision in which the body
was filled by spirits and airs and fluids circulating through the vessels with
physiological, psychological and possibly pathological effects.
References:
1. Wujastyk, D. (ed.) The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Penguin
Classics, 2003.
2. Strickmann, M. Chinese Magical Medicine. Stanford University Press, 2002.
3. Nunn, J.F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. British Museum Press, 1996.
4. Nutton, V. Ancient Medicine. Routledge 2013.
Q11 The church hospital and the spread of Western medicine in modern Anhui
area of influence （近代安徽地区的教会医院及西医传播影响）
Author： Zhang Xiaoli（张晓丽）
Institute：Medical University Of Anhui（安徽医科大学）
Contact: zhangxioali1965@163.com
Along with the modern western, missionaries went deep into the interior of China,
establish and carry out missionary medical activities of the church hospital.In the main
city and port area .In the case of Anhui, mainly Hefei Christian Hospital, Huaiyuan
people hospital, Wuhu yijishan hospital, Tongren Hospital of Anqing. Through the
survey data and oral archives, the establishment and development of medical
technology, the above analysis of Anhui Presbyterian Hospital medical system, medical
personnel training, medical activities status, for the spread of Western Medicine, the
relationship between the missionary with the medical, relates to influence on Anhui's
modern social and political culture. Through the study of typical demonstration of main
church hospitals in Anhui area, pay attention to the research of modern regional church
hospitals and medical activities, analyzes their influence on modern medicine in Anhui
area and the development of public health, medical missionary activities for the inquiry
to change people's ideas the role of health care, promote modernization.
近代随着西学传入，传教士深入中国内地，建立教会医院开展传教及医疗活动，主要在
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城市及口岸地区，以安徽为例，主要有合肥基督医院、怀远民望医院、芜湖弋矶山医院、
安庆同仁医院等。通过档案资料与口述调查，分析以上安徽教会医院建立发展中医疗技
术、医事制度、医疗人才培养、医疗活动状况等，对于西医传播的作用，传教与医疗的关
系，涉及对安徽近代社会政治文化的影响。本文通过对安徽地区主要教会医院的典型性实
证研究，关注近代地域性教会医院及医疗活动的研究，分析他们对于安徽地区近代医学与
公共卫生发展的影响，探究教会医疗活动对于改变国人的观念，促进卫生医疗事业近代化
的作用。
Q12 Chinese Medicine Study in Germany in the first half of 21th century
-The Manfred Porkert’s works of Chinese Medicine study（二十一世纪上半叶的
德国中医研究——满晰博（Manfred Porkerk）半个世纪的中医研究著作梳理）
Author： ZHANG Xueyang（张雪洋）
Institute：China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing（中国中医科学院）
Contact: snovya@qq.com
Chinese Medicine Study in Germany is as a part of the research of Chinese
Medicine in Europe since sixteenth century. Along with the communication between
China and Europe, Chinese Medicine in Europe is not only the legend, which exist in
the stories of adventurers, but also a kind of academic medical research in theory and
in practice. For the latter Manfred Porkert did a lot of job. Prof. Manfred Porkert is one
of the most important scholar for Chinese Medicine Study in Germany, who wrote a lot
of works about the traditional and contemporary Chinese medicine research in the first
half of 21th century, which were translated in many kind of languages. This paper try
to discuss the history and development of Chinese Medicine Study in Germany, which
is based on the works of Manfred Porkert in his lifetime.
德国中医研究发轫于 16 世纪以拉丁语为主的欧洲中医研究，并一直保存着
本土化的发展逻辑。随着中外交流的日益频繁，中医从冒险家笔下的神奇疗法，
成为了从理论到实践都值得研究的传统医学，在这个过程中德国医生满晰博教授
作出了不可忽视的贡献，是当代德国中医研究当之无愧的代表人物之一。满晰博
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从二十世纪五十年代开始研究中医，翻译许多当代中国的中医教材，编纂、出版
了大量中医书籍，并被翻译为多种语言。本文尝试通过梳理其半个多实际的中医
著作，探寻二十一世纪上半叶德国中医研究的发展脉络及其内在的发展逻辑。
Q13 The Dissemination of Western Medicine in Late Qing Dynasty of
China from The Shun Pao（从《申报》看晚清西医在中国的传播）
Author： ZHANG Yuan（章 原）
Institute ：The Institute of Science, Technology and Humanities ，The Shanghai
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine（上海中医药大学科技人文研
究院）
Contact: fdzhangyuan@163.com
The Shun Pao had the longest time and the greatest influence in modern times of
China,which published plenty of articles about the western medicine．As a commercial
newspaper，it spread the knowledge of western medicine in various ways. The editorials
in Shun Pao had nice attitude toward Western medicine，which regarded western
medicine as the general trend，and tended to believe that both the Chinese medicine
and Western medicine had their advantages and disadvantages, hence，it indicated that
a mixture of Chinese medicine and Western medicine was a better choice. The news in
The Shun Pao not only involved general professional knowledge of western
medicine,but also included a great of information about western hospitals and medical
books. The advertisements about western medicine accounts for a large proportion. In
a word，The Shun Pao offered a channel to learn about western medicine for chinese
at that time, and objectively accelerated the localization process of spreading of western
medicine.
Key words: The Shun Pao; Western medicine;late Qing Dynasty
《申报》是近代中国出版时间最长、影响最大的一份报纸，蕴含着丰富的涉
医材料。作为一份商业性报纸，《申报》通过各种方式传播西医知识：《申报》的
论说文对西医持欢迎态度，认为其崛起是大势所趋，大力倡导西医卫生观念和介
绍西医科技，认为中西医各有所长，倡导中西医的融合；《申报》新闻报道不仅
涉及到各类西医专业的知识，还介绍了许多和西医院、西医书籍有关的信息；《申
130
报》的医药广告中，关于西方医药的广告占据了很大的比例。总之，《申报》为
晚清时期的中国人提供了了解西方医学的渠道，客观上加速了西医传播的本土化
进程，起到了舆论引领的积极作用。
关键词：《申报》；西医；晚清
Q14 Two Medically Significant Connections between Romania and China
Author： Dana Baran
Institute: “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of
Medicine
Contact: dbaran491@gmail.com
China and Romania are far away countries. Yet several links existed between
them since early times. A surprising connection archaeologists lately noticed is the
obvious resem¬blance of the Romanian Cucuteni (5500 - 2800 B.C.) and the Chinese
Yangshao (5000 - 3000 B.C.) Neolithic-Eneolithic cultures. Both Cucuteni and
Yangshao potteries, e.g., display related magical symbols with potential propitiatory
functions. These motifs include the spiral, the wavy or broken line, the thread, cord or
string, the serpent and labyrinth pat¬terns, the connected hooks or twinned signs, like
the yin-yang diagrams. Such symbols and colours reflect and protect life, its social
and cosmic cycles in health and prosperity, in disease and death. (1) Possible
explanations for these apparently correlated civilizations are looked for. (2) Molecular
archaeology could offer sugges¬tions in the future for interpreting such similar
cultural archetypes encoding medical significance, too. Later the first Roma¬nian
born scholar who traveled to China, metaphorically called ”the Romanian Marco
Polo”, was the spatharios Nicolae Milescu ”the snub-nosed” (1636-1708). In his early
years this outstanding humanist and diplomat got involved in a political plot, having
his nose cut off as a punishment. Soon after he left his homeland. Romanian
chronicles report he went to Germany and underwent successful rhinoplasty, probably
according to Sush¬ruta's technique. As a representative of the Russian tsar,
Milescu traveled to China in 1675-1678 and wrote two important books: Travel
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Journal from China and The Descrip¬tion of China. If in his travel diary Milescu only
mentioned some herbs beneficial to health, in the latter report he briefly characterized
Chinese medicine, too. He insisted on the nu¬me¬rous volumes dealing with medical
topics and the high level of Chinese medicine, sur¬pas¬sing the efficiency of the
healing art in Europe, even though European doctors mastered a lot of knowledge and
theories. Milescu outlined the extremely thorough pulse examination of the
hand ”veins”, lasting about half an hour. Even though ”annoying”, the method
allowed Chinese physicians to correctly diagnose the disease, its location, the painful
organ, and administer the right treatment. He noticed the involvement of alchemist
doctors who equally knew and prepared a lot of remedies, but, similarly to European
alchemists, they were just good tricksters, selling illusive drugs supposedly conferring
immortality. Among the numerous herbs and roots, boiled or not, given to patients, the
ginseng was particularly famous and effective especially in weakened persons or in
those already on their death bed. Therefore ginseng, i.e. man-shaped root, was borne
by all people day and night. However it could be harmful to healthy subjects for
ginseng increased both blood quantity and body heat. Describing China`s various
regions, Nicolae Milescu always pointed out the existence of healing lake or river
water, of different medicinal herbs and roots. He also presented the well known
Chinese tea, its multiple varieties, able to cure illnesses, but most of all, to purify the
body under different circum¬stances, to counteract sleepness, tiredness, laziness and
maintain brain arousal. (3) Milescu popularized China's education system and artistry
considered a real jewel in the ring.
Key words: medicine, history, Nicolae Milescu, China
References:
1. Dumitrescu Vl. [The Art of Cucuteni Culture], [Bucharest:Meridiane Publishing
House], 1979.
2. Jones H, Lister LD et al. The trans-Eurasian crop exchange in prehistory: Discerning
pathways from barley phylogeography, Quaternary International, 2016, 30: 1-7.
3. Milescu N. [The Description of China], [Bucharest: Literature Publishing House],
1962.
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Q15 Review and Prospect on the Research of Missionary Western
Medicine Translation in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China（清末
民国传教士西医译介研究述评与展望）
Author： LAN Lan（蓝岚）
Institute：Foreign Languages School, Guangxi Medical University
广西医科大学外国语学院
The period of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China is critical for
Western medicine’s being introduced into China and medical missionaries are the
overwhelmingly major translators. From the 1980s and 1990s, increasing researchers
in medical history and transition studies have been exploring the missionary Western
medicine translation in three phases with more perspectives and findings. To refine
the research, future researchers of history and translation may work together in at least
four fields in two layers of Western medicine’s text translation and social impacts.
Key Words: Late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, missionary, western medicine
translation
清末民国是近代西方医学传入我国的关键时期，西医学著作的翻译基本都
出自医学传教士之手。上世纪 80、90 年代以来，医史界和翻译界研究者对清末
民国传教士西医译介问题进行了长期深入的探究，在三个阶段体现出不同的研
究特质，视角愈加多元，成果不断深化，队伍逐渐壮大。未来两界学者可以就
该论题开展从文本译介到社会影响的两个层面至少四个领域的合作探索，以拓
展和深化清末民国传教士西医译介的跨学科综合研究。
关键词：清末民国，传教士，西医译介
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Q16 Multilateral Health Diplomacy of People’s Republic of China: 1949-
1978（当代中国多边卫生外交之肇始： 1949—1978）
Author： SU Jingjing，ZHANG Daqing（苏静静，张大庆）
Institute：Peking University Center for the History of Medicine,
北京大学医学史中心
Contact: starine@bjmu.edu.cn
During 1949 -1978, the World Health Organization (WHO) was the only
international health system which People’s Republic of China actively attempted and
eventually succeeded in constructing cooperative relationship. Although there might
not be pregmatic technical cooperation in retrospect, till their quasi-cooperation was
adapted to China’s contemporary health diplomacy strategy and national interest and
marked a milestone of China’s multilaterial health diplomacy. Their interaction can be
divided into two stage: 1949-1972, China act as a challenger of international health
system and meanwhile, explored the possibility of resuming its legal position in the
WHO, therefore, there maintained a tension of pleading and resistence underlying
their relationship. 1973-1978, China turned into an actual participant of international
health system, with their relationship into a tentative stage. Centered on serving the
diplomatic strategy of uniting the third world contries, promoting Primary Health
Care, Traditional Chinese Medicine and the ideologicla advantage of socialism and
self-reliance became the three engines driving China’s participation in China-WHO
cooperation during this period.
Key words: World Health Organization; Multi-lateral Health Diplomacy; Primary
Health Care; Traditional Chinese Medicine
1949—1978 年，世界卫生组织是中国唯一主动建立合作关系的国际卫生机
构，虽非“务实的技术合作”，但确是符合中国当时卫生外交战略的实质性合
作，是中国多边卫生外交之肇始。双方在这一时期的互动可分为两个阶段：
1949—1972 年，中国作为国际卫生机制的挑战者，双方保持着一种接触又对抗
的张力；1973—1978 年，中国作为参与者，双方进入试探和磨合的阶段，服务
于当时团结第三世界国家的外交策略，倡导初级卫生保健、传统医学的价值和
宣扬意识形态的优越性成为推动中国积极参与双方卫生合作的三大引擎。
关键词：世界卫生组织，多边卫生外交，初级卫生保健，传统医学
134
Q17 William Edward Macklin in Nanking: The memory of a missionary
physician （南京的马林（W.E Macklin）： 传教士医生的本土化尝试）
Author：WAN Xu（万旭）
Institute：Peking University Center for the History of Medicine,
东南大学
Contact: iwanxu@foxmail.com
William Edward Macklin (1860-1947), whose Chinese name is Ma-Lin (马林),
graduated from Toronto University School of Medicine in 1880. Sent by the Christian
church, Macklin arrived in Nanking in April via Japan and Shanghai. He lived in Cai-
Zi Temple of near Drum Tower. In 1887, with help of F. E. Meigs, dean of Christ
College and endowment of local authority, the construction of a four-story building was
started to in 1890 at the foot of Drum Tower Gang and finished at the end of 1892. The
hospital was named as Christ Hospital and commissioned Macklin as director, so the
hospital was often referred to as Macklin Hospital. Adhering to the principle of “treating
princess and beggars equally”, the hospital provided free service to one third of their
patients every year. In January of 1914, Macklin left the hospital and continued to priest
and practice medicine in a clinic on the street of Hua Shi Da Jie in the south of the
Nanjing. Macklin left for America in 1927 and stayed there for the rest of his life.
During this period, Macklin was devoted to writing and complied over 20 books. He
worshiped the belief that “the credit of Hua-Tuo is to cure the body, while the power of
God is to save the soul”, whereby he practiced missionary medicine for decades and
contributed to medical education. During 1896-1909, he cultivated 13 students. He
established voluntary hospitals and schools during his 40 years’ stay in Nanking,
translated a number of works from English to Chinese, and was actively engaged in
helping refugees during warlord. It is worthy tracing back his trajectory in the city of
Nanking and examining this particular snapshot of history after more than a century.
135
Q18 Matteo Ricci's influence on Wang Kentang's study of Five movements and Six
dlimates (利玛窦对王肯堂运气理论的影响)
Author： Chen Yuliang （陈昱良）
Institute: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine,
Beijing, 100029, China
Contact: yuliangpku@126.com
Theory of Five movements and Six dlimates, which is a knowledge that the
ancients used to discuss seasonal rules of natural changes and its effects on diseases, is
a part of the constituent elements of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Many Doctors
through all ages had a great many elaborate about it. A famous physician Wang Kentang
in the Ming Dynasty，his work named An Exploration of the Source of Medicine, has
fully discussed the theory of Five movements and Six dlimates. He tried to connect the
five internal organs with five movements，and discuss six meridians from the view of
Six dlimates, In this way, many of the previous puzzles could be solved reasonably. He
also recorded a lot of medical records about clinical using of the theory. Wang Kentang
also have an academic essay named Yu Gang Zhai Bi Zhu, In which he recorded a lot
of astronomical calendar knowledge. These knowledge comes from an Italy missionary
Matto Ricci. This article mainly discusses Matteo Ricci's influence on Wang Kentang
in astronomical calendar field, And the manifestation of this influence in Wang
Kengtang’s opinion of Five movements and Six dlimates.
利玛窦对王肯堂运气理论的影响
运气学说又称五运六气学说，是中医学理论的构成要素组成部分。历代医家
对此进行了诸多论述。明代著名医家王肯堂的《医学穷源集》中关于运气学说的
论述非常丰富，不仅阐述了五运木、火、土、金、水，六气厥阴风木、少阴君火、
少阳相火、太阴湿土、阳明燥金、太阳寒水，以及自然界五运六气的变化与人体
五脏之气、三阴三阳六经之气的运动是内外相通相互关联的，还应用大量临证医
案分析解读五运六气学说。此书集中体现了王肯堂关于运气学说的临床诊治与应
用的学术思维。本文尝试通过梳理其学术随笔《郁冈斋笔麈》中的天文、历法内
136
容，考察其对传教士利玛窦带来的西方天文学知识的学习和认识，并讨论这些知
识对他重视并深入研究五运六气学说的影响和意义。
137
医学教育 Medical Education
R01 Modern Military Medicine Education founded in Tianjin（近代中国军事
医学教育在天津开创）
Author： Wang Jindun（王金盾）
Institute：天津医学高等专科学校
Contact: cmebjb@163.com
Tianjin located in the bottom of nine rivers is the gateway of China’s capi
tal, Beijing, and it is also one of the earliest opened trading ports in China an
d the northern base of "Westernization Movement” in modern China. In moder
n times, Tianjin continuously absorbed and integrated the suddenly invaded adv
anced western civilization, and Tianjin set a precedent in the field of military
modernization and western medicine education in China. In 1902, Yuan shika
i，the governor of the state of Chihli Province and Minister of Peiyang, chang
ed the “Peiyang Medical School ” in the former French Concession to the “Pe
iyang Naval Medical School”.On November 24,1902, the “Peiyang Military Me
dical School” was founded in Dong Menwai Street with the Maritime Bureau(l
ocated in Nan Xie Street) as its school building to foster the Peiyang surgeon
s. Zheng Ping Kagasho Jiro ,a Japanese surgeon,wasappointed the chief teacher,
Xu Hua-qing as the headmaster.Students mainly learnt western medicine, physi
cs,chemistry,English, Japanese, Chinese, etc are learnt at the same time.In 1906,
“Peiyang Military Medical School” was moved to Huang wei Road, including
150 students, adding a new subject "pharmacology". In February 1907, 35 stud
ents who was the first phase of this medical school were all employed by the
army. In 1912, the school was taken over by the army department, renamed th
e “Military Medical School”, li xueying was appointed the principal, (one of th
e first phase of graduates ).The development of the Military medical school ref
lected the slow exploration in the Chinese military medicine education. Later,
the school went through several migration and rebranding because of war, and
138
became the predecessor the National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taiwan'
s oldest university. It is the earliest military medical school in modern China,
and set a precedent in the field of military medicine education in modern Chi
na.
天津地处九河下梢，为京城门户，是我国最早开放的通商口岸和洋务运动
的中心，北方开放的前沿和近代中国“洋务”运动的基地，近代天津对于骤然
涌入的西方先进文明不断吸纳与融合，军事近代化以及其西方医学教育均开全
国之先河。 1902年,直隶总督兼北洋大臣袁世凯将原法租界海大道北洋医学堂
改为北洋海军医学堂；同年11月24日，于天津东门外以海运局（南斜街原浙江
会馆）为校舍，建北洋军医学堂，以培养北洋陆军军医为办学宗旨，聘请日本
军医正平贺精次郎为总教习，命徐华清担任总办，课程以西医学为主，兼修理
化，英、日、汉文等。1906年北洋军医学堂迁至天津黄纬路，有学生150名，增
设“药科”。1907年2月第一期毕业35名学生全被军队任用。 1912年学校被陆军
部接管，更名为“陆军军医学堂”，校长李学瀛（医科第一期毕业）。从北洋军
医学堂到陆军军医学堂的发展沿革,反映了近代中国军事医学教育的缓慢探索过
程。其后，学校因战火几经迁徙或更名， 是台湾历史最悠久学府“国防医学
院”（ National Defense Medical Center，NDMC）的前身。 为近代中国最早的
军医学校，开近代中国军事医学教育先河。
R02 Professional Education at a Comprehensive University:the
Characteristics of Pre-med Training at Yenching University, 1925-1952（综合大
学中的职业教育：燕京大学医学预科教育的特色，1925-1952）
Author： Liu Fang（刘芳）
Institute：China University of Geosciences, Beijing, School of Marxism（中国地质大
学（北京），马克思主义学院）
Contact: liufangpku1215@126.com
At the beginning of 20th century, the reform of medical education in America raised
an idea that pre-med education should be set at comprehensive universities. It is Peking
Union Medical College that the first one to apply and insist on the idea in China. PUMC
139
entrusted Yenching University to provide pre-med training for its future medical
students from 1925 to 1952. Yenching University took advantage of itself as a
comprehensive univerisity to lay a solid foundation of general education for PUMC
medical students before they accepted professional education. This type was very
different from other medical colleges. Yenching University has trained lots of talented
people for PUMC and made great contribution to the medical education of China.
Key words: pre-med education; Peking Union Medical College; Yenching University;
general education; professional education
20 世纪初，美国医学教育改革提出，要将医学预科教育设立在综合大学中。
在中国，最早实行并一直坚持于此的是北京协和医学院。自 1925 年起，协和医
学院委托燕京大学办理医学预科教育，直至 1952 年。燕京大学充分发挥综合大
学的各项优势，为协和医学生在其职业教育前打下坚实的通识教育基础，显示出
与民国时期其它医学院校不同的特点，为协和培养优秀人才、为中国的医学教育
界作出了重要的贡献。
关键词：医学预科；协和医学院；燕京大学；通识教育；职业教育
R03 William Henry Welch and the introduction of modern medical education into
China
Author：Haitao GE
Institute: Peking Universtiy Institute for Medcial Humanities
Contact: gehaitao880828@163.com
William Henry Welch（1850.4.8-1934.4.30）， a famous American doctor， the
first principal of John Hopkins medical school and one of the founders of the modern
medical education system of it, . He also actively participated in the Rockefeller
foundation’s Chinese projects, even visited China twice in 1914 and 1921. As far as we
know, he was quite significant in the process of establishing the Peking Union Medical
College Hospital, especially in the design of its system, personnel arrangements and
other aspects. He played an important role in it, and had an important impact in the
140
introduction of modern medical education system into China and the development of
Chinese medical education. His work is mainly conducted in the United States, archives
are mainly in the United States, too. While in China we can rarely find enough files
about him. Thus his work and contributions in the medical history of China is in need
of more study.
Key Words: William Henry Welch, PeKing Union Medical College, Rockefeller
Foundation
William Henry Welch（韦尔奇，1850.4.8-1934.4.30），美国知名医学界，也是
美国现代医学教育体制的重要奠基者之一，约翰霍普金斯医学院首任院长，约翰
霍普金斯医学教育模式的开创者。他在洛克菲勒基金会任职期间曾积极参与洛克
菲勒基金会的中国项目，并于 1914、1921 年间两次率团来华访问考察。就目前
已知资料来看，他在北京协和医院的建立过程中，在制度设计、人事安排等方面
起到了很大的作用，为中国的现代医学教育体制的引入以及之后中国医学教育的
发展产生了深远影响。他的工作主要在美国进行，档案资料等也主要在美国，中
国国内相关资料匮乏，故关于他对中国医学史的影响存在着相当的研究空白。
关键词 ：韦尔奇，北京协和医学院 ，洛克菲勒基金会
R04 A Passive Differentiation: Discussions on Modern Chinese Medicine
Textbooks（被动的分化：近代中医教材分科探讨）
Author: Hong ZHENG 郑洪
Institute: Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University (浙江中医药大学)
Contact:
The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine teaching materials was generally
based on the use of text annotation, while clinical specialty was organized by diseases.
After the establishment of the Republic of China, the educational system lacked of
traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine was considered
"unscientific", which was first of all refer to the non-systematic and non-organized
141
features of its education. In order to strive for the right of establishing schools and
entering national education system, the traditional Chinese medicine was passively set
up and differentiated according to the outline of Western medicine at that time, which
caused the emergence of a number of " physiology" and "pathological" words in
traditional Chinese medicine textbooks, following the format of western medicine in
clinical textbooks, making the academic traditional Chinese medicine into a fragmented
situation.
Key words: traditional Chinese medicine education; pre-modern.
传统中医教育的教材，医学基础理论部分基本是采用经文注解式，临床专科
则以病为纲。民国学制建立后，所颁布的医学教育大纲缺失中医。中医被认为“不
科学”，首先是指教育上的不系统、无条理。中医界为争取开办学校权利和进入
国家教育系统，被动地按照当时西医教育大纲来设置和分化课程，使近代出现了
一批以“生理”、“病理”等命名的中医教材，并在临床教材中仿效西医的格式，客
观上使中医学术出现支离割裂的状况。
关键词：中医教育；近代
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饮食与医学 Diet and Medicine
S01 Diet and plague: an empirical tentative approach through political, medical
and ecclesiastical arguments by Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750)
Author： Luigi Alberto Pini, Maria Grazia Catellani, Giorgio Zanchin
Institute：University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Paediatrics, AUSL Modena; Padua
University, Padua, Italy
Contact: pinila@unimore.it
Ludovico Antonio Muratori was a prominent character in the eighteenth-century
Italian intellectual setting. He spent his commitment in many fields of knowledge, now
being considered the father of Italian historiography. In 1722 he wrote the book “Del
governo della peste, e delle maniere di guardarsene” (On the management of the
plague and how to protect against it). The book is divided in three main sections (“libri”),
considering political, medical, and ecclesiastic perspective. In 16th century, Fracastoro
(De Contagione, 1546) put forward a contagionist theory, identifying as the cause of
the plague the “seminaria morbi” (seeds of disease, also reported by the Roman
philosopher and poet Lucretius and by Galen). In the 18th century, however, the most
popular theory on the origin of the plague was still the miasma theory. The miasma was
identified with a corrupted, poisoned air, which contained undetectable entities that,
when inhaled or absorbed trough the skin, caused the plague. Opposed to the miasma
theory, which explained the large involvement of the population during the epidemics
as due to the diffuse inhalation of the corrupted air, the contagionist theory maintained,
instead, that the unknown pathogen would pass from one to another individual, either
directly or indirectly, such as through fomites (e.g. clothes, furnishing). In this
perspective, isolation and quarantine were the only effective measures to prevent the
plague. Relevant for the development of the disease was considered also the patient's
individual profile (mainly mood and tempering). Another main rampart against the
disease was identified in the diet. These points are well described in Libro secondo. The
first advice is to avoid unhealthy foods and faulty drinks. Moreover, Muratori adds: “It
143
should be useful to abstain from too fat meats such as pork, salmon and eel.. Other
doctors agree in abstaining from sweets, sugar, and wines or spirits, whereas very useful
are lemon, oranges, cedar, currant, pomegranate and cotogn apples, to be squeezed with
wine upon foods because their acidity and astringent power can prevent the
consumption of spirits and blood.” On the other hand, these suggestions are not to be
generalized. Doctors are divided on the efficacy of garlic and onions against the plague,
some suggesting a large use and others convinced that, mostly garlic, are dangerous for
the body. Muratori states that “…garlic, called by Galen rusticorum Triaca (farmer's
panacea), with its sharp and keen odour improves ventricular digestion and introduce
in body fluids strong flavours against the plague effluvium. So that these products of
our kitchen garden protect from the poisonous spirits of plague.” Many pages are
dedicated also to the techniques to treat bubbles locally, with the use of both surgical
and chemical methods, applying revulsive poultices.
In conclusion, in this book Muratori addresses the diet problem within a global
approach to the illness, integrating medical problems also with a political and
ecclesiastical perspective, in a comprehensive, modern view.
S02 Nutrition Science in China during World War II
Author： Wang Gong, Yang Jian
Institute：Tsinghua University, School of Social Science, Beijing,
Contact: wanggong10@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
When we talk about the studies in history of science of World War II, a highlight
topic is how scientists took part in the war through their scientific research. However,
existing studies mainly focus on the developed countries , while such studies of China
have not been fully explored. What types of research did wartime Chinese scientists
engage in? How did they contribute to the victory of the war? And how did they
contribute to the development of science? My research will take nutrition science as a
typical case to examine the Chinese scientific activities in World War II. Nutrition
research was critical to a protracted war, such as the Anti-Japanese war of China (1937-
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1945). Archival research shows that in the stage of strategic stalemate, the number of
soldiers dying of the nutritional or health problems was much larger than the number
of soldiers killed in battles. During the war, the founders of Chinese nutrition science,
such as Wan Xin, Zheng Ji, Wang Cheng-fa and Shen Tong carried out nutrition surveys,
conducted experimental and quantitative research, and improved nutrition and health
conditions for both soldiers at the battlefield’s front and citizens at the rear. Based on
their studies, several governmental plans were made to meet urgent needs of the war.
Meanwhile, Chinese nutritional scientists published a considerable number of high-
level articles in leading academic journals. During the war, some foreign scientists, such
as Joseph Needham, visited China. Needham had been to the laboratories of all the four
above-mentioned scientists. He believed that just as in the western world, when war
broke out, Chinese scientists, at home and abroad, got together into the rear area,
engaged in research closely related to the war, gained government's support and served
the urgent needs of wartime China. Doubtlessly, wartime Chinese nutritional scientists
had contributed to both the victory of Anti-Fascist War and the promotion of human
knowledge. That is why Joseph Needham described China as “the science outpost”.
References:
1.Walter E. Grunden, Yutaka Kawamura, Eduard Kolchinsky, Helmut Maier, and Masakatsu
Yamazaki．Laying the foundation for wartime research: a comparative overview of science
mobilization in National Socialist Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union [J] . Osiris, Vol. 20, 2005,
pp. 79-106
2.Joseph Needham, Dorothy Needham (Edits). Science Outpost: Papers of the Sino-British Science
Co-Operation Office (British Council Scientific Office in China) 1942–1946, Pilot Press, London,
1948.
145
中医社会史 Social History of Chinese
Medicine
T01The Relationship between Miao Xiyong’s Work and the Intellectual Trend in
Late Ming Dynasty（狂奴亦人豪：论缪希雍《神农本草经疏》与“尊经复古”之关
系）
Author： DONG Xianliang（董显亮）
Institute：Department of Chinese and History, City University of Hong Kong（香港城
市大学中文及历史学系）
Contact: xianldong2-c@my.cityu.edu.hk
Miao Xiyong is a medical practitioner in Dongwu, Haiyu of the late Ming Dynasty.
Because of his work Shennong bencao jing shu (Annotation of the Canon of the Divine
Husbandman’s Materia Medica), he has become an important figure in the medical
history. However, the previous researches of Miao and his works only focused on
several aspects, including textual research of his works, compilation of a chronicle of
his life and the study of his medical thought. By making use of historical materials such
as official history, local records, literature anthologies and allographic prefaces, this
paper attempts to reconstruct the image of Miao Xiyong as an ambitious person
responsible for people and society in political chaos. Meanwhile, from the perspective
of intellectual history, the paper re-examines the relationship between Annotation and
the trend of Zunjing fugu (respecting the classics and restoring the ancient practices).
The first part of the paper focuses on the social background in which Annotation is
written and the direct reason why it is written. Monk Daguan, Shen lingyu, Yu Yuli,
Guo Zhengyu are important figures involved in the political cases of the Wanli Emperor
reign, who are all very close to Miao. After their traumatic experience, Miao began to
reorganize the book, with a wish to fulfill the ambitions left unfilled by his friends. The
second part discusses the relationship between Annotation and the trend of Zunjing fugu.
Different from the mainstream writing, Miao “interprets the classics” in the form of
exegesis and commentaries; his academic philosophy echoes that of scholars from
146
Donglin Academy, such as Gao Panlong; he even confronts the abuses of the Mind
School with the approach from reading books in prudence to knowing the Way in
materia medica. The third part examines how the various materials in the late Ming and
early Qing dynasties evaluates Miao and his writings. This paper finds that the
construction of Miao’s image has shifted from promotion of his characters to evaluation
of his academic achievements. There are two major reasons for this change. First, the
record of the correspondence between the Miao and the Donglin people is limited.
Second, the Qing Dynasty scholars’ academic preference has influenced their
evaluation of Miao.
Keywords: Miao Xiyong; Shennong bencao jing shu (Annotation of the Canon of the
Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica); political case; Zunjing fugu (respecting the
classics and restoring the ancient practices)
晚明东吴海虞医者缪希雍因撰写《神农本草经疏》而成为医史重要的讨论对
象，以往研究多集中于其文本考证、年谱修纂及医学思想等方面。本文试图利用
正史、地方志、文人文集、文人赠序等其它史料，重构缪希雍身处政治乱局依然
“志存经世”的形象；同时从学术史的角度，重新审视《神农本草经疏》与明代
“尊经复古”潮流之关系。文章第一部分将重点叙述《神农本草经疏》成书的社
会背景与直接原因。涉及万历朝“续妖书案”中的重要人物，达观、沈令誉、于
玉立、郭正域等都与缪希雍过从甚密，在好友纷纷遇难后，缪氏重新整理资料，
以期完成友人未竟之志。第二部分将讨论《神农本草经疏》与“尊经复古”风潮
之间的关系。有别于本草主流，缪氏以注疏形式“发神圣千古之奥”，其学术理
念与东林书院高攀龙等人之所倡相呼应，缪更是以“识字—读书—通经—明道”
的方法来对抗王学流弊。第三部分考察了明清之际各种材料对缪氏及其著作的记
录和评价，本文发现旁人对其形象的塑造，从宣扬其品格转向了臧否其学术，究
其原因，一方面是由于缪希雍与东林人士之交往的记载有限；另一方面，清人注
重考据的学术倾影响了他们对缪希雍的评价。
关键词：缪希雍；《神农本草经疏》；续妖书案；尊经复古
147
T02 Women, Imperial Power and National Medicine ------A Study on the
Effect of Emperor Renzong’ Illness under the Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treat
to the Development of National Medicine in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Author： Dong Yuyu
Institute：School of the History and Culture of Science Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Contact: yuyudong@sjtu.edu.cn
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Renzong was legendary figure. Being
Emperor Zhenzong’ son, his biological mother named Li was Imperial Concubine Liu’s
maidservant. He was adopted by Imperial Concubine Liu at birth. By parent-son
relationship in law, Imperial Concubine Liu wield the imperial power and ruled in place
of emperor behind a screen when Emperor Renzong was younger. After took emperor’s
place, Emperor Renzong soon suffered from an illness. The officials of Emperor’s
Medical Board gave treatment by many ways. Unfortunately, the Emperor Renzong’s
illness didn’t take a turn for the better. Princess Li recommended Xuxi who was good
at acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment. As effective as god, Xuxi gave
Emperor Renzong a quick cure by three times acupuncture treat. The accident was an
important historical juncture for the development of national medicine. The paper
studies the antecedents and consequences that Imperial Concubine Liu adopted the
Emperor Renzong, wield the imperial power and ruled in place of emperor from the
view of gender, gives a explanation how Xuxi gave Emperor Renzong a quick cure by
acupuncture treat, how the accident became a an important historical juncture for the
development of national medicine by imperial power’s intervene and cultural,
economic and technological factors. The paper argues that in the society that wemen
are inferior to men, Imperial Concubine Liu wield the imperial power and ruled in place
of emperor behind a screen when Emperor Renzong was younger by traditional system
of adoption. She played an important part in Emperor Renzong’s education and
treatment. It was the emperor’s attaching importance to national medicine, the well-
known Bronze Acupuncture Figure was made and spread, the active involvement of the
officials push the development of national medicine quickly by checking medical
148
documents, making laws and fostering medical education.
Keywords: Women，Emperor Renzong，Acupuncture and Moxibustion，National
Medicine，the Northern Song Dynasty
T03 Study of hydrotherapy in ancient China and its lost reason(中国古代水疗
法的文献整理及其消失原因研究)
Author： Ning Liu, Chunhua Jia
Institute：Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, College of traditional Chinese
medicine,Beijing
Contact: jiachunhua125@163.com
Hydrotherapy is a kind of therapy method which using in different physical state
water, but without any herbal ingredients or medical drugs dissolving in it, to cure
diseases during clinical practice. As Traditional Chinese Medicine (T.C.M.) theoretical
system established in ancient China, Acupuncture-moxibustion therapy and herbal
therapy have developed as the two main therapy methods for illness, while the
hydrotherapy seems to purposely hide its role in this system. This article focuses on the
consciousness of water the ancient Chinese people held as an entry point to illustrate
the reason that hydrotherapy lost itself in history. As a result, we found that the images
ancient Chinese people granted to water both in spiritual and cultural dimension may
the reason that lead to the consciousness changes of water in ancient China. Considering
the fact that the records about this ancient therapy method are scattered in medical
books from different academic schools, and there still no one particular monograph to
talking about it, we further do a systematic review on hydrotherapy. After the review in
ancient medical books, more clues were found. One of our finding is that hydrotherapy
was once widely used in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, paediatrics,
ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology, etc. And another finding which is important
as well is doctors from different departments would flexibly use different hydrotherapy
ways for their patients in clinic, including drinking , sprinkling , pouring , watering ,
showering , soaking , washing (particular for foot), shampooing, bathing. Among these
methods, shampooing is regarded as a method related with side effects rather than
149
therapeutic method. Drinking, sprinkling, pouring and soaking can date from Han
dynasty; however, there exist some differences between pouring and soaking. Although
watering, showering and washing hold different names, no proof can be listed to
distinguish these three methods from the four ones in Han dynasty. Compared with
methods in Han dynasty,watering, showering and washing, these three methods just
share different names, different level from the former methods, or different sites of
action .But from the aspect of treatment. the latter hydrotherapy methods can be
regarded as supplements to the four Han dynasty ones.
水疗法是指以水的不同形态起到治疗作用而不添加任何药物的一种治疗法。
中医学自其现有的发端，就已经形成了以针灸、药物为主要治疗方法的格局，关
于水疗法的遗失原因，笔者以古人对于水的认识为切入点进行分析，发现古人赋
予了水更多精神、文化层面的概念是导致其认知转向改变。而现有关于水疗法的
记载多零星散在于各医学著作中。通过对这些古代医学著作的整理发现，水疗法
治疗范围涉及内科、外科、妇科、儿科、产科、眼科、耳鼻喉科，操作方式有饮、
噀、灌、渍、浇、淋、洗、沐、浴、濯的不同描述。其中洗、沐的描述多与不良
反应相关，不作为一种治疗方法。饮法、噀法、灌法、渍法最晚可追溯到汉代，
而灌法、渍法分别又有不同的含义。浇、淋、濯虽然名称不同，但不能证明其操
作方法较汉代四种水疗方法有本质区别，较之或为名称的互义，或有程度的改变、
或指专有操作部位，但在其治疗疾病层面上，可以看作是对汉代水疗法的补充。
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T04 Difficult reconstruction: The formation of the body concept of traditional
Chinese medicine in modern times
Author： Liu Peng, Wang Di
Institute：Literature Research Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Jinan
Contact: wenxianliupeng@163.com
In modern times, the transmutation of the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine
of the body represented by Huang Di Nei Jing, mainly derived from the change of
traditional space-time notion, especially the impact of western anatomy. In the face of
the impact, some doctors sticked to the tradition, denying western anatomy by using
the body theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. On the basis of the view that
traditional Chinese medicine also has anatomy, more doctors compared the body theory
of traditional Chinese medicine to the frame and criterion of the western anatomy. In
order to realize the body concept of traditional Chinese medicine being expounded by
itself, modern doctors ran works on two aspects: First, to explain the connotation of the
body concept of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, the meaning of the traditional space-
time notion should be confirmed. Only in this way could the rationality be illustrated
that the body theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine applied the traditional space-time
notion to explain and construct body functions. Second, in stark contrast to the western
body theory based on anatomy, the focus of the body concept of Traditional Chinese
Medicine was to elucidate the dynamic capabilities of life, which should be emphasized.
Key words：body concept, traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine,
modern times
152
T05 Images of tea in Ming dynasty herbals: A Research mainly based on herbs
Illustrations （明代本草中茶的形象——以本草插图为主的探讨）
Author： Qian Yibing（钱奕冰）
Institute：FUDAN University, Department of history, shanghai（复旦大学历史学）
Contact: qianyibing2011@163.com
茶作为中国的传统饮料，在历史中有多种形象，从传说中的神农以茶解毒，
到唐 宋以来以饮茶为风雅的艺术追求，逮及明清，茶叶经济成为国家重要的利
源，在此过 程中，茶被医家用来治疗疫病的形象少有研究予以关注，但是茶所
具有的养生治病形 象，在古人认识茶的过程中从未间断。明代开始，中国传统
的药物学著作——本草中 大量出现关于茶的记载，这些记载不仅包括详细的文
字，还包括大量的彩印图，墨线 图，就笔者收集到的六十余部明代本草著作来
看，茶所呈现出来的经典形象是一株花 叶茂盛的小型灌木，茶叶可以治疗诸如
积食，头风，瘟疫等具体疾病，同时茶叶也有 果实和日常调味品的形象。除却
这些描述，茶在本草中亦有仙草灵药的形象，吊诡的 是，在茶被神化的治疗形
象存在的同时，明代诸如李时珍等医家已经能够用中医理论 来分析饮茶的弊端，
在明清茶被社会大众广泛接受的社会文化背景中，茶在本草中的 矛盾形象就变
得可以理解，茶的治疗功能使得它能够进入本草，但茶的文化形象是深 化茶的
治疗形象的重要依据，而这两者的相互作用，是饮茶文化盛行的重要推动力量，
体现出医学与社会文化的多维互动。
关键词:明代本草、茶、功效、形象、饮茶文化。
References:
汉 许慎《说文解字》 清文渊阁四库全书本
汉 毛亨《毛诗注疏》 清嘉庆二十年南昌府学重刊宋本
晋 郭璞《尔雅》 四部丛刊景宋本
清 永瑢《四库全书总目》 清乾隆武英殿刻本 一、医书本草
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唐 封演《封氏闻见记》卷六 清文渊阁四库全书本
宋 寇宗奭《本草衍义》清十万卷楼丛书本
宋 唐慎微《证类本草》重修政和经史证类备用本草 四部丛刊景金泰和晦明轩本
宋 王介绘编《履巉严本草》明抄彩绘本
元 王好古《汤液本草》明古今医统正脉全书本
元 吴瑞《日用本草》明嘉靖四年吴瑞七世孙吴镇刻本
153
元 忽思慧《饮膳正要》上海涵芬楼影印明代景泰间刊本
明 周祜、周禧绘、周荣起文《本草图谱》明彩绘本(残卷)
明 徐凤石 本草大成药性赋汇编 明刊刘氏安正堂《医学正传》本
明 缪希雍《神农本草经疏》明天启五年毛氏绿君亭刻本
明 葆光道人《眼科龙木医书总论》明万历三年刻本
明 李时珍《本草纲目》 明万历二十一年初刊金陵本
明 陈实功《外科正宗》明万历刻本
明 李中梓《医宗必读》 明崇祯十年刻本
明 李中梓《颐生微论》 明崇祯十五年刻本
明 李中梓《雷公炮制药性解》明末唐鲤飞校刻本
明 刘宇《安老怀幼书》明弘治十一年刻本
明 卢和《食物本草》 明钱唐胡文焕校刻本
明 卢之颐《本草乘雅半偈》清文渊阁四库全书本
明 朱橚《救荒本草》嘉靖四年太原重刻本
明 王伦《本草集要》明正德五年罗汝声刻本
明 刘文泰《御制本草品汇精要》意大利国立中央图书馆藏明代手写彩绘传抄本
明 宁源《食鉴本草》明万历二十年文会堂胡文焕校刻本
明 张梓《新刻药证类明》 明胡文焕刻本
明 余应奎《太医院补遗本草歌诀雷公炮制》明书林陈乔刻本
明 许希周《药性粗评》明嘉靖三十年首刻本
明 皇甫嵩《本草发明》日本宽延四年浪潮书铺菊屋总兵卫刊本"
明 陈嘉谟《本草蒙筌》明万历元年周氏仁寿堂刻本
明 周履靖《茹草编》明万历二十五年金陵荆山书林刻本
明 张懋辰《本草便》明刊本
明 王文洁《新刻太乙仙制本草药性大全》明万历十年陈氏积善堂刻本
明 高濂《饮馔服食谱》民国十八年上海千顷堂书局石刻本影印。
明 龚信《本草定衡》明代刻本
明 龚廷贤《万病回春药性歌》朝鲜刊《万病回春》本
明 方有执《伤寒论条辨本草钞》 明万历二十至二十七年方氏原刻本浩然楼藏版
明 李中立《本草原始》明万历四十年雍丘李氏原刻本"
明 杨崇魁《本草真诠》明万历三十年建邑余良进怡庆堂刻本 明 穆世锡《食物
辑要辑录》明万历间刻本
明 聂尚恒《医学汇函》明末带月楼刻本
明 赵南星《上医本草》明赵悦学重刊本
明 鲍山《野菜博录》一九三五年江苏国学图书馆陶风楼影印本
明 李中梓《镌补雷公炮制药性解》明钱允治镌补 明天启二年翁氏刊本
明 孟笨《养生要括》明崇祯七年初刊本
明 李中梓《医宗必读本草徵要》清光绪九年群玉山房重校《医宗必读》本
明 沈应旸《明医选要药性诗诀》明天启三年刻本
明 施永图《山公医旨食物类》明末清初刻本 "
明 蒋仪《药镜》明崇祯十四年著者自刻本
明 梅得春《新锲药性会无》编集日本国立公文书馆内阁文库藏明万历二十三序
刊本
明 方榖《本草纂要》明隆庆六年刻本
154
明 郑二阳《仁寿堂药镜》日本国立公文书馆内阁文库藏明刊仁寿堂本
明 刘文泰《本草品汇精要》日本大塚恭男教授收藏之清代一抄本
元 胡仕可、明熊宗立补增编次《本草歌括》明刊八卷本
明 徐彦纯《本草发挥》明刊《薛氏医案》从书本
清赵学敏《本草纲目拾遗》 清同治十年吉心堂刻本
清《同仁堂药目》宣统二年梅月重刊本，光绪乙丑仲春重刊 1889 年
清张秉成编著《本草便读》上海科学技术出版社. 1958 年10 月第 1版
清章穆纂 调疾饮食辩 北京:中医古籍出版社. 1987 年10 月
清太医院编:伊广谦，张慧芳点校. 太医院秘藏膏丹丸散方剂. 北京:中国中医药出
版社. 1992 年7月
陈可冀主编:清宫医案集成上.北京:科学出版社.2009 年 陈可冀主编:清宫医案集
成下.北京:科学出版社.2009 年 二，文集
唐 李白《李太白集》宋刻本
唐 白居易《白氏长庆集》白氏文集 四部丛刊景日本翻宋大字本 宋 苏轼《仇池
笔记》卷上 清文渊阁四库全书本
宋 文同《丹渊集》丹渊集卷八 四部丛刊景明汲古阁刊本
宋 程大昌《演繁露》清学津讨原本
明 鲍应鳌《瑞芝山房集》卷三 明崇祯刻本
明 毕木《黄髪翁全集》卷二 清嘉庆刻本
明 李日华《六研斋三笔》清文渊阁四库全书本
明 曹学佺《石仓历代诗选》清文渊阁四库全书补配清文津阁四库全书本 明 曹
学佺《蜀中广记》 清文渊阁四库全书本
明 陈邦俊《广谐史》卷六 明万历四十三年沈应魁刻本 明 陆宝《霜镜集》明崇
祯刻本
明 陈师《禅寄笔谈》卷七明万历二十一年自刻本
明 陈耀文《天中记》清文渊阁四库全书本
明 屠隆《考槃余事》，商务印书馆，民国二十六年(1937) 清 胡承诺《绎志》清
道光十七年 顾氏謏闻书屋刻本
清 萧智汉《月日纪古》 清乾隆五十九年萧氏听涛山房刻本 清 曾燠《赏雨茅屋
诗集》清嘉庆刻增修本 二，博物农书类书籍
晋 张华《博物志》 清指海本
明 鲍山《野菜博录》木部卷三 四部丛刊三编景明本
明 陈继儒《致富奇书》卷一谷部蔬部木部果部 清乾隆刻本
明 董斯张《(崇祯)吴兴备志》清文渊阁四库全书本
明 董斯张《广博物志》广博物志卷之四十一 清文渊阁四库全书本 明 徐光启《农
政全书》卷三十九种植 明崇祯平露堂本 三，饮食养生类书籍
明 高濂《遵生八笺》明万历刻本
明 韩奕《易牙遗意》卷下 明夷门广牍本
明 刘基《多能鄙事》明嘉靖四十二年范惟一刻本 四，茶书
唐 陆羽《茶经》宋百川学海本
明 高元浚《茶乘》 明天启刻本
明 顾元庆《茶谱》 明刻本
清 陆廷灿《续茶经》清文渊阁四库全书本 五，类书
宋 吴淑《事类赋》宋绍兴十六年刻本
155
明 黄一正《事物绀珠》 明万历间吴勉学刻本
方志
晋 常璩《华阳国志》华阳国志 四部丛刊景明钞本
明 曹金《(万历)开封府志》 明万历十三年刻本
明 杜应芳《补续全蜀艺文志》卷五十三 动植纪异谱 明万历刻本
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T06 Exaggerated and Imaginary Stories Involving the Medicine in Jottings of
the Tang Dynasty
Author： Wang Sicui, Cheng Wei
Institute：Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine,
Harbin; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin
Contact: 339263954@qq.com
In the 1970s and 1980s, we have sorted out the document about medical from the
ancient jottings. However, many medical stories were abandoned, because they were
seen as superstitious. While in today's view, these stories have great value in helping us
158
to understand the social medical condition and the people's psychology at that time. In
this article, we collected and analyzed more than 40 cases of exaggerated stories about
medical or disease in jottings and novels of the Tang Dynasty. These tales can be
divided into four categories: the distortion of the body, the bizarre disease, the weird
therapeutic method and the rescuers who have magic skills. Via analyzing these cases
carefully, we could find that there are realistic foundations behind the stories more or
less. At that time, it’s difficult for people to give scientific explanations for certain
physical abnormality or specific disease, the only way is trying to explain them with
the existing ideology. So the ghosts or spirits that had not yet been exited were used to
interpret causes of the disease or curative effects. Furthermore, people often treat the
serious illness with deeply fear, when they're talking about these diseases, they will
demonize these unconsciously. Meanwhile conversely, some healers or treatments
would be deified unavoidably when they were legend significant effect, because people
are longing for salvation. Also there are some cases what are hard to find credible basis
in real life. Some of these are meticulous designed by literati, their real intention is to
talk about politics and to satirize current affairs. Another possibility is that religious
figures invented these stories to expand influence and attract followers. Exploring the
social and historical reasons for why such such absurd and weird medicine-related
stories sprang up in Tang Dynasty substantially, we can find that it’s mainly related to
the following factors: the literary style at that time upheld queerness; the special
interpretation ability of traditional Chinese medicine theory; the extensive social impact
of religions thoughts, for example Buddhism and Taoism; the limitations of the era of
medical research capacity; and so on. In addition, through the narrative of these texts,
we can find some details about the medical conditions of the civil society in the Tang
Dynasty. For example the composition of the healer, besides the professional doctor,
the monk who has medical knowledge, and the witch doctor as we know, there are also
many other therapists that are widely accepted, just like the family member of the
patient who has more experience in terms of dealing with illness, or the ordinary
craftsmen who grasp some treatments of a certain kind of disease, even somebody who
suddenly acquired the ability to heal because of a strange encounter. Furthermore, in
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terms of medical expenses and the income of the doctor，due to the number of healers
is very limited, some effective healers often get huge amounts of money even if they
don't understand the theory of medical at all.
References:
1. Li Deyu. 2012. The Hearsay of Liu Shi. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
2. Li Mei. 2012. Zuan Yi Ji. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
3. Yu Quan Zi. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
4. Lu Jiashu. Ji Yi Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
5. Liu Chongyuan. Jin Hua Zi. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
6. Yuan Jiao. Ballads to Bounties. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
7. Li Rong. Alone Disloyalty. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
8. Liu Su. New Anecdotes of the Tang Dynasty. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing
House.
9. Liu Zongyuan. Long Cheng Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
10. Zhao Lin. Yin Hua Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
11. The Biography of Tang Dynasty. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
12. Huangfu Mei. Sɑnshui Xiɑodu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
13. Gao Yanxiu. History of Missing Contents of Tang Dynasty. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics
Publishing House.
14. Fan Shu. Yunxi You Yi. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
15. Zhang Zhuo. Chao Ye Qian Zai. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
16. Duan Chengshi. Youyang Za Zu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
17. Niu Sengru. Xuan Guai Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
18. Li Fuyan. The sequel of Xuan Guai Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
19. Cui Lingqin. Jiao Fang Ji. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
20. Liu Su. Sui Tang Jia Hua. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
21. Li Zhao. The Supplement of history of Tang Dynasty. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics
Publishing House.
22. Wei Xuan. Liu Bin Ke Jiɑ Huɑ Lu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
23. Li Chuo. The Historical Facts of Shang Shu. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing
House.
24. Sun Qi. The Records in Beili. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
25. Zhang Gu. You Xian Gu Chui. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
26. Yuchi Wo. Zhong Chao Gu Shi. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
27. Wang Renyu. Forgotten Tales of the Kaiyuan and Tianbao Periods. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai
Classics Publishing House.
28. Zheng Chuhui. The Records of Tang Xuanzong. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing
House.
29. Li Jun. Song Chiang Melange. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
30. Zheng Qing. The legend of kai-yuan Period. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing
House.
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31. Meng Qi. Original Story of Poetry. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
32. Su E. Duyang Zha Bian. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
33. Kang Pian. Record of True Stories. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
34. Feng Yuzi. Gui Yuan Cong Tan. 2012. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.
35. Li Fang. Tai Ping Guang Ji. 1961. Beijing: Chinese Publishing House.
T07 Man-made Enrich Blood Syrup as a Case to Explore Medical Impact of
The Man-made Tonic and Public Health Care Trend(1912~1949) (以人造自来血
为例论人造“补药”对医疗保健的影响与社会保健风潮（1912~1949 年）)
Author： Xiao Xiong (肖雄)
Institute：China Traditional Chinese Medicine Newspaper, Beijing
Contact: xiaojoanna@126.com
Explore the man-made enrich blood syrup’s social background and medical
environment of the time ,and its curative effect on body.Study its positive function
and negative influence on public awareness and behavior of health care.During
1912~1949,medical care had became a new trend among the public which arose in
need of people,political situation and medical science popularization,and man-made
tonic played a new important role.
Key words: social history of medicine, health care drug, man-made enrich blood
syrup
研究人造自来血产生的年代、社会与医疗背景、药品特点和功效作用，考
察其作为民国时期民族制药的人造“补药”典型代表，在传播过程中对民众医
药保健认知及行为产生的积极推动作用与消极负面影响，指出在 1912 年~1949
年间，医药保健已成为一种社会风潮，而受人民需要、政治时局与医药知识大
众化科普影响而诞生的人造“补药”在其中扮演重要的“新角色”。
关键词：医疗社会史，保健药品，人造自来血
References:
[1]Fan Yajun.Nutrition and Health:A Social-Cultural Study of Medical Advertisement on Shun
Pao(1873-1945)[J].Nanjing University,2012.
[2]Zhang Zhongmin.The Politics of Brain Health:Ailuo Brain Tonic and the Construction of
161
Consumer Culture in Late Qing[J].Academic Monthly,2011,43(9):145-154.
[3]Zhang zhongmin.Commercial Construction and Representational Politics of “Sick Man of East
Asia”in Modern China—Focusing on advertisements of medicine[J].Historical
Review,2015,(4):107-118.
[4]Li Zhongping.Modernity China Viewed from Milk Advertisements in Shanghai Post（《申
报》） Issued from 1927 to 1937[J].Journal of Anhui University(Philosophy and Social Sciences
Edition)，2010,(3):106-113.
[5]Guo Wenliang.Shanghai Post （《申报》） advertisements as a case explore the shortcomings
of the pharmaceutical industry in the late qing dynasty[J].Chinese Medical Culture,2015,(3):43-
47.
[6]Jiang Jianguo.The semeiology，body and the therapeutic consumer culture—medicine and
health care drug advertisements in the modern guangzhou newspapers as a case[J].Gansu Social
Sciences,2007,(6):162-165.
[7]Xiang Longzhou.A pioneer pharmaceutical company in the old China[J].Chinese
Pharmaceutical Journal,1987,(3):185-189.
参考文献：
[1]范雅君.滋补与健康：《申报》补药广告的社会文化史研究[J].南京大学,2012.
[2]张仲民.补脑的政治学：“艾罗补脑汁”与晚清消费文化的建构[J]学术月
刊,2011,43(9):145-154.
[3]张仲民.近代中国“东亚病夫”形象的商业建构与再现政治——以医药广告为中心[J]史
林,2015,(4):107-118.
[4]李忠萍.从近代牛乳广告看中国的现代性——以 1927~1937 年《申报》为中心的考察[J]安
徽大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2010,(3):106-113.
[5]郭文良.从《申报》广告探究清末中医制药业的不足[J]中医药文化,2015,(3):43-47.
[6]蒋建国.符号、身体与治疗性消费文化——以近代广州报刊医药、保健品广告为例[J]甘肃
社会科学,2007,(6):162-165.
[7]项隆周.旧中国一家先行的制药企业[J]药学通报,1987,(3):185-189.
T08 The Origin on “Three Emperors in ancient China” and “The Famous
doctors throughout ten dynasties” in Water- and-Land Murals of Pilu Temple (毗
卢寺水陆壁画中“三皇”及“十代名医”缘起考)
Author： Yang Jinping (杨金萍)
Institute: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Meicine, Institute of
documentation, Changqing Campus, Jinan
Contact: Yangpj4571@163.com
“The Three Emperors in ancient China” and “The Famous doctors throughout ten
dynasties” in Water-and-Land murals of Pilu Temple in Hebei Province belong to
human in former times who were released souls from purgatory in dharma assembly of
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Buddhism . Not only have they their connotation of Buddhism, but also possess their
primitive and local connotation, which has close relations with The Three Emperors
System that doctors sacrificed and famous doctors who were engaged in sacrifice in
Yuan Dynasty. Fu Hsi, Shennong and Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) were sacrificed as
ancestors of medicine, which resulted from establishment of medical institutions and
promotion of medicine status. These famous doctors who were engaged in sacrifice
referred to famous officials of Yellow Emperor known as Top ten famous doctors at
first and then gradually evolved into Sun Simiao and Wei Cizang who have some
influence in fork.
河北毗卢寺水陆壁画中的“三皇”与“十代名医等众”，在佛教水陆法会中属
于被超度的“往古人伦”，有着佛教的内涵；但“三皇”与“十代名医”有着更
为原始的、本土的内涵，与元代医祀三皇制度及从祀的名医有着密切关系。伏羲、
神农、黄帝三皇作为医药之祖被祭祀，是伴随着元代医事制度的建立、医学地位
的提升而产生的；其从祀之名医，由最初誉为“十大名医”的黄帝名臣，到后来
逐渐演化为在民间颇有影响的孙思邈、韦慈藏等“十代名医”。
T09 从三官书到投龙金简——长生术与皇权的若即若离
Author： 于赓哲
Institute: 陕西师范大学历史文化学
In the late Han Dynasty，sanguanshu of Five-Dou-Grain Taoism, the purpose is to
remove the crime and cure the disease, has become an important management tools for
early Taoist believers. However, nationalized and militarized organizations of Taiping
Taoism and Five-Dou-Grain Taoism, the Yellow Turban chaos, Zhang Lu’ regime
established of political and religious unity led to the resentment of the rulers and the
intellectual class, which also promoted Taoism to self-reform. The purpose of this
reform was to remove the "three pseudo-laws" and to complete the transformation of
Taoism to the “cave heaven and blessed region land”. In the process, the nationalization,
militarization of Taoism’s characteristic is removed, and private affairs of the functions,
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such as longevity, immortality and other functions, was carried forward. The basically
function of sanguanshu was replaced by the toulong ceremony and the original function
of removed the crime and cure the disease of sanguanshu is promoted to the "primary"
function of becoming Xian with the Taoist reform, even the concept of "primary" has
profoundly affected the development of Chinese medicine and medicine. Tang Dynasty
imperial power use toulong ceremony as a conversion from private business of the
emperor to deliberately promote of public affairs. From the sanguanshu to the
toulongjian, it is clear to see the process from one side that Taoism reformed has been
attached to imperial.
从汉代五斗米道开始，道家养生思想就一直与“治国”、“长生”密切相关，
不仅有思想的阐述，更有现实组织上的努力。但是伴随着黄巾起义和张鲁政权的
失败，皇权对原始道教的打压迫使道教摒弃所谓“三张伪法”，整顿教义，与政
治组织和民间淫祀划清界限，但是与长生乃至成仙有关的法术手段始终是道教徒
靠近庙堂的工具，武则天投龙金简与《升仙太子碑》的出现标明了武周王朝末期
道教思想逆袭的成功。在这个过程中，医药始终被视为长生成仙术的“初阶”，
《神农本草》所采取的药品三分法也是来自于长生思想的影响，这不能不说是影
响医学发展的重要因素。
T10 How the Image of Yu Yue 's Abolishment of Chinese Medicine
Constructed (俞樾废止中医的形象是如何建构的)
Author： Tiansheng Zhang (张田生)
Institute: Weinan Normal College, Department of History, Weinan（渭南师范学院
人文学院 陕西 渭南）
Contact: zhangtsh1977@163.com
It is a kind of imagination that Yu Yue’s Abolishing of Medicine was regarded as
the source of the movement for abolition of Chinese medicine. From the historical scene
of the medical culture of the Qing Dynasty, at that times there were a lot of negative
cognitions about physicians such as “vulgar physicians everywhere” (yongyi bian
tianxia), “decline of physicians’ offspring “(yibu changhou), “curing means to kill
164
patients” (xingyi sharen), and so on. Yu Yue’s Abolishing Medicine was one among
them. Only it is more theoretical. From the perspective, we presume the idea of Yu Yue’
abolishment of Chinese medicine was a misreading of history. Construction of Yu Yue’s
image of abolishing Chinese medicine by contemporary scholars in Chinese medicine
field has a close relationship with their lack of knowledge of historical training, their
group’s psychology hurt by movement for abolition of Chinese medicine and historical
view of causality theory.
Key Words: Yu Yue; On Abolishing Medicine; abolition of Chinese medicine;
construction
将俞樾“废医论”视为民国废止中医运动的源头是一种臆想。从清代医疗文
化的历史场景来看，当时社会存在着诸多对医家的负面认知——“庸医遍天下”、
“医不昌后”、“行医杀人”等等，俞樾“废医论”是其中之一。只不过，这种认
知更加学理化。由此推断俞樾废止中医的想法是对历史的误读。当代中医界学者
对俞樾废止中医形象的建构，除了与他们缺乏史学训练的知识背景有关，还有与
他们遭受废止中医运动创伤的群体心理和因果论史观有着密切的关系。
关键词：俞樾、“废医论”、废止中医、建构
References:
1. 苏全有：《对近代中西医论争研究的回顾与反思》，《南京中医药大学学报（社会科学
版）》2012 年第 1期。
2. 盛蓝：《俞樾与医药》，《医古文知识》1995 年第 1期。
3. 钱超尘：《俞樾医事录》，《浙江中医药大学学报》2014 年第 11 期。
4. 刘泽生：《俞樾废止中医思想根源探索》，《中华医史杂志》2001 年第 3期；
5. 郝先中：《俞樾“废医论”及其思想根源分析》，《中华医史杂志》2004 年第 3期。
6. 章原：《俞樾废中医之谜》，《读书》2014 年第 2期。
7. 马伯英、高晞、洪中立：《中外医学文化交流史——中外医学跨文化传通》，上海：文汇
出版，1993 年。
8. 郝先中：《近代中医废存之争研究》，博士学位论文，华中师范大学，2005 年4月。
9. 胡一峰：《寻找中医立世之“极”——试论章太炎晚年的医事活动》，《中国科技史杂志》
2008 年第 1期。
10. 余新忠：《医圣的层累造成（1065—1949 年）——“仲景”与现代中医知识建构系列
研究之一》，《历史教学》2014 年第 14 期。
11. 余新忠：《 扬州“名医”李炳的医疗生涯及其历史记忆——兼论清代医生医名的获取与
流传》，《社会科学》2011 年第 3期。
12. 黄英志主编：《叶天士医学全书》，北京：中国中医药出版社，1999 年。
13. 张田生：《天花与清人日常生活——以医家形象为视角》，《紫禁城》2013 年7月号。
14. 诸畮香：《明斋小识》，《笔记小说大观》23 册，扬州：江苏广陵古籍刻印社，1983
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15. 梁恭辰辑：《北东园笔录初编》，《笔记小说大观》29 册，同上。
16. 钱泳辑：《履园丛话》，《笔记小说大观》25 册，同上。
17. 褚人获：《坚瓠二集》，《笔记小说大观》15 册，同上。
18. 梁绍壬：《两般秋雨庵随笔》，《笔记小说大观》22 册，同上。
165
19. 阮葵生：《茶余客话》，《笔记小说大观》19 册，同上。
20. 曹存心：《曹仁伯先生医说》，《曹存心医学全书》，北京：学苑出版社，2006 年。
21. 张璐：《石顽老人医门十戒》，《张璐医学全书》，北京：中国中医药出版社，1999 年。
22. 杨熙龄：《著园医话》，《著园医药合刊》，太原：山西科学技术出版社，1992 年。
23. 俞樾：《俞楼杂纂》，《春在堂全书》第 3册，南京：凤凰出版社，2010 年。
24. 中国第一历史档案馆主编：《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》第 1册，南京：江苏古籍出版
社，1989 年。
25. 中国第一历史档案馆编：《 雍正朝六科史书•吏科》（七），广西师范大学出版社，2001
年。
26. 《钦定大清会典事例》，《续修四库全书》798 册，上海古籍出版社，2002 年。
27. 郝先中：《俞樾“废医论”及其思想根源分析》，《中华医史杂志》2004 年第 3期。
28. 高晞：《晚清政府对西医学的认知过程》，《自然辩证法通讯》1994 年第 5期。
29. 路彩霞：《清末津京地区庸医问题初探》，《中国社会历史评论》第八卷，2007 年，第
128-148 页。
30. 钟锬：《略述俞樾三医书》，《上海中医药杂志》1990 年第 7期。
31. 施观芬：《俞樾<内经辩言>的校勘方法》，《医古文知识》2000 年 第3期。
32. 潘文奎等点校：《章太炎全集·医论集》，上海：上海人民出版社，2014 年。
33. 祖述宪编注：《余云岫中医研究与批判》，合肥：安徽大学出版社，2006 年。
34. 段逸山主编：《中国近代中医药汇编》第二辑 13 册，上海：上海辞书出版社，2012
年。
35. 沈敏、孙大兴：《俞樾<素问四十八条>及其学术价值》，《浙江中医学院学报》1997 年
第6期。
36. 俞樾：《俞楼杂纂》，见《春在堂全书》第 3册，南京：凤凰出版社，2010 年。
37. 邓文初：《“失语”的中医——民国时期中西医论争的话语分析》，《开放时代》2003 年
第6期。
38. 龙游江：《俞樾及他对中医学的贡献与困惑》，《中国中医基础医学杂志》1995 年，第 4
期。
39. 刘泽生：《俞樾废止中医思想根源探索》，《中华医史杂志》2001 年第 3期。
40. 赵洪钧：《近代中西医论争史》，合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1988 年。
41. 余瀛鳌、蔡景峰：《中国文化通志·科学技术（7-064）·医药学志》，上海：上海人民
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42. 胡一峰：《寻找中医立世之“极”——试论章太炎晚年的医事活动》，《中国科技史杂
志》2008 年第 1期。
43. 杨念群：《昨日之我与今日之我——当代史学的反思与阐释》，北京师范大学出版社，
2013 年。
44. 罗志田：《民国史研究的“倒放电影”倾向》，《社会科学研究》1999 年第 4期。
45. 张鸣：《旧医，还是中医？——七十年前的废止中医风波》，《读书》2002 年第 6期。
46. 左玉河：《学理讨论，还是生存抗争？——1929 年中医存废之争评析》，《南京大学学报
（社会科学）》2004 年第 5期。
T11 A study on self-employed group of Traditional Chinese physicians during
the era of Republic of China
Author： Cai Qing
Institute: Sichuan University, College of history and culture
Contact: cq1994_sunny@163.com
166
Traditional Chinese Physicians Association was the only self-employed group of
traditional Chinese physicians’ organization in Chengdu in 1930s. From its
establishment to reorganization, Traditional Chinese Physicians Association of
Chengdu acted as the intermediary between the local government and local TCM
practitioners. To be more specific, the organization not only helped the government to
supervise traditional Chinese physicians but also made a significant contribution to the
development of TCM in south west china. After the Anti-Japanese War, the prejudice
towards TCM was much less than before and the social status of Chinese physician was
largely improved. However, Traditional Chinese Physicians Association of Chengdu
gradually went downhill rather than becoming prosperous in that period. In this thesis,
the author gave a detailed introduction on the Traditional Chinese Physicians
Association of Chengdu and analyzed the factors that lead to its decline. By studying
its interaction with the local government and other medical practitioners, the author
tried to show the condition of self-employed group of TCM in early 19th in south west
China and to demonstrate the complex process of the transition of Chinese local society
since modern times.
T12 From local to global——The modern transformation and transmission of
TCM in the cultural philosophy vision (走向全球化的地方性——中医学现代转
型与传播的曲折进程)
Author： Cheng Wei (程伟)，Sun Yao-yao (孙尧尧)
Institute： Heilongjiang University of TCM
黑龙江中医药大学
At present, the development of TCM is facing opportunities and challenges. The
application value of TCM is easy to obtain social identity relatively, but the academic
legitimacy confirmation is a difficult problem which always exists. If TCM wants to
go toward the world, however, converting from local knowledge into universal
knowledge, it must overcome this obstacle. As the matrix of the TCM, the unique
value of Chinese traditional culture is necessary to be interpreted, but we should never
forget that the strong supporting coming from science and technology is the most
quick and reliable way to obtain international recognition about TCM.
Key words: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)，modern transformation，
167
transmission，culture，science
中医学的应用价值相对易于取得社会认同，但其学理合法性的确认始终是
个难题，长久以来争议颇多。而中医学欲化地方性为普遍性，更快走向世界，
必须超越这一障碍。作为中医学之母体，中国传统文化的独特价值固然亟待阐
释，但强大的科学诠释与哲学辩护是中医药获得国际认可最为可靠的途径。
关键词：中医学 现代转型 传播 文化 科学
T13 Lü Kun’s Shizheng Lu and the Public Pharmacy in Ming China
Author: Jiao Kun (焦堃)
Institute：Wuhan University, School of History, Wuhan, 430072, China
Corresponding to: jiaojkkun@163.com
Late Ming scholar-official Lü Kun (1536-1618) recorded in his Shizheng Lu
(Records of Substantial Politics) the numerous policies he adopted to revitalize local
governmental administration as well as to relieve the people’s burdens during his tenure
as Grand Coordinator of Shanxi. Among these policies were some aimed at reviving
the local public medical system, with the huimin yaoju, or the public pharmacy being a
key component. As a rare extant text by a Ming scholar-official dealing specifically
with local medical administration, the relevant paragraphs in Shizheng Lu provide us a
glimpse of how the public pharmacy was actually operated in Ming times, and what
kinds of problems haunted it.
Historically, the public pharmacy had its origin in the Song, and was inherited by
the Yuan and the Ming. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming, expanded this system
greatly in 1370 by ordering every prefecture, sub-prefecture and county to establish a
public pharmacy. By this point, however, the way this institution functioned had
dramatically changed. It neither sold medicine to the public nor owned land nor any
independent source of income, as it had in the Song and Yuan periods. Rather, Zhu
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Yuanzhang designed it to be a charitable organization providing the poor people with
free medicine. This trait of the Ming public pharmacy was inherited from the Yuan; as
was the existence of a hereditary family registration category of medical households,
whose labor the state levied to support the local public medical system. Many scholars,
drawing on materials such as the Veritable Recordes of the Ming and local gazetteers,
have noted the widespread and rapid decline of the public pharmacy in the Ming. Lü
Kun’s Shizheng Lu makes it clear that among other factors, the nature of the Ming
public pharmacy as a corvée duty on the medical households is to blame for the
pharmacy’s miserable failure. Not only did the medical households have to work at the
public pharmacy without recompense, but they were also constantly abused by local
officials - forced into taking extra duties, faced with shortage of financial support for
purchasing medicinal materials, or even suffering extortion of free medicines by the
families and servants of local officials.
It is also worth noting that although out of the intention of providing better medical
service to the people, the reforms of Lü had the potential to further burden the ordinary
people, including the medical houses. He ordered all the local governments under his
jurisdiction to guarantee their funding for the pharmacies by collecting extra taxes; he
even made it clear that the pharmacies should prepare medicine for officials passing
through. These reforms may have worked temporarily; but no evidence of any late Ming
regional or national revival of the public pharmacy after Lü left his post has been found.
The Qing, which succeeded the Ming, made no effort to restore the public pharmacy
system. In a sense, the ironic reform plan from Lü Kun marked the end of the public
pharmacy in pre-modern Chinese history.
References:
1. Angela Ki Che Leung, “Organized Medicine in Ming-Qing China:State and Private Medical
Institutions in the Lower Yangzi Region”, Late Imperial China 8:1 (1987), 134-166
2. Angela Ki Che Leung, Shishan Yu Jiaohua – Ming Qing De Cishan Zuzhi (
施善与教化
——
明
清的慈善组织
) (Shijiazhuang: Hebei Jiaoyu Pess, 2001)
3. Angela Ki Che Leung, “Song Yuan Ming De Difang Yiliao Ziyuan Chutan (宋元明清的地方
医疗资源初探)”, in Zhang Guogang, eds., Zhongguo Shehui Lishi Pinglun (
中国社会历史评
论
), vol. 3 (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 2001), 219-237
169
4. Chen Song, Mingdai Huimin Yaoju Yanjiu (
明代惠民药局研究
) (Master’s thesis, Heilongjiang
University, 2013)
5. Gao Wei, “Yuandai Taiyiyuan Ji Yiguan Zhidu (元代太医院及医官制度)”, Journal of Lanzhou
University (Social Sciences), 22:1 (1994), 39-44
6. Huang Tun-wei, Fluctuate between commerce and charity: The rise and decline of Imperial
Pharmacy (1072-1644) (Master’s thesis, Chengchi University of Taiwan, 2011)
7. Jiao Kun, “Songdai Guanyaoju Zhi Liubian (宋代官药局之流变)” (unpublished)
8. Li Jingwei, Li Zhidong, Zhongguo Gudai Yixue Shilue (
中国古代医学史略
) (Shijiazhuang:
Hebei Kexue Jishu Press, 1990)
9. Wu Xianglan, Yuandai Yizheng Yanjiu (
元代医政研究
) (Ph.D. dissertation, Jinan University,
2008)
10. Zhou Qiuguang, Zeng Guilin, Zhongguo Cishan Jianshi (
中国慈善简史
) (Beijing: Renmin
Press, 2006)
11. Zhen Zhiya, Zhongguo Yixue Shi (
中国医学史
) (Beijing: Renmin Weisheng Press, 1991)
170
中医史 History of Traditional Chinese Medicine
U01 The Textual History of the Zhouhou beiji fang 肘后备急方
Author： Sean Bradley
Institute: University of Washington, Asian Languages and Literature, Seattle, USA
Contact: drbradleynd@gmail.com
While the Zhouhou beiji fang is attributed to the 4th century scholar, Ge Hong 葛
洪, the earliest received versions of the text are the heavily edited Ming Dynasty
editions from the mid-16th century. With nearly 1200 years of uncertain history,
determining a textual history of the Zhouhou beiji fang is fraught with challenges. By
looking closely at the text we can not only learn more about the history of the text and
address some of the challenges in authorship, commentary, and printing, but also learn
more about techniques found within the text to determine their potential for practical
use in modern medicine.
U02 The Early Exchange of Materia Medica along the Silk Road
Author： Sean Bradley
Institute: University of Washington, Asian Languages and Literature, Seattle, USA
Contact: drbradleynd@gmail.com
The Silk Road connected cultures in antiquity from China to Europe through trade
and also the exchange of medical knowledge. While these medicinal trade routes were
firmly set in the Tang Dynasty with texts such as the Haiyao Bencao 海药本草,
interactions and the exchange of medicines may have begun much earlier. By looking
at the recently discovered medical manuscripts at Laoguan shan 老官山 it is possible
to explore the potential of much earlier exchanges of medical knowledge than
previously believed. Linguistic correlation, Early and Middle Chinese reconstruction,
geographic distribution of plants, received and discovered medical texts, and
exploration of textual histories will be used to create a clearer picture of the exchange
171
of medicines in Antiquity.
U03 Review of the private Chinese Medicine undertakings during the Republic
of China（民国时期民办中医事业述评）
Author： Cao Lijuan（曹丽娟）
Institute: China Academy of Chinese Medical Science,Beijing (中国中医科学院,北
京)
During the whole Republic of China,the central government only develop the west
Medicine undertakings, refuse to develop the Chinese Medicine undertakings .The
Chinese Medicine field raise fund,develop the Chinese Medicine undertakings, and
make great achievement.
1、Objective of private Chinese Medicine
The purpose of private Chinese Medicine is Chinese medicine as the main
medicine, supplemented by western medicine that come from the the end of the Qing
Dynasty.They keep to the subjectivity of the Chinese Medicine,rufuse to assimilated
by the west Medicine.
2、Sketch of private Chinese Medicine
The private Chinese Medicine undertakings include five part, Society 、medical
treatment、education、books and periodicals、library. Although the scale is small,but
it’s feature and Strengths is very obvious. In this regard,the Good management、
effective treatment、cultivate talents、inheriting and innovating、spread to public. The
Chinese Medicine field
keep the tradition and achieve modernization transformation.
3、review of the reasons for successful hosting
The Republic of Chinaformed a pluralistic ideology and culture.Bring about the
prosperity of science and technology.The most inportant feature of the culture of the
Republic of China is diversity.The Chinese culture based view is the most influential
one.
The representative is Chenyinque and others.Chinese cultural standard view affects
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Chinese Medicine directly. Make their subject consciousness very strong. At the same
time ,it will direct the development direction of private TCM undertakings, that is, to
develop in strict accordance with the laws of traditional Chinese Medicine.
Key words: Review, private Chinese Medicine, the Republic of China
整个民国时期，除了西化的陪都中医院，官方拒绝举办其他中医事业。在
政府职能阙如的条件下，中医界自筹资金，自主创办中医事业。由于按照中医发
展规律，所以取得骄人成绩。
一、民办中医事业宗旨
民办中医事业的发展宗旨是以“中医为主，西医为辅”。民国中医界深信中
医的永世价值，承继清末的“中学为主，西学为辅”方针，固守中医的主体性，
坚决抵制削足适履的“西化”。
二、民办中医事业概述
民办中医事业主要包括五个部分，分别是学会、医疗、教育、书刊及藏书。
尽管民办中医事业规模有限，但是特色优势十分明显。可以概括为：行业正确管
理、医疗疗效卓著、培养精英人才、发行书刊及收藏珍籍，创新与继承并行。图
书馆对公众开放，利于传布中医。民国中医界举办中医事业，以本来面目保存中
医血脉，并实现现代化的初步转型。
三、成功举办原因述评
民国形成多元思想文化，造就科学技术的繁盛。民国文化的最大特征是多元
性，中国文化本位观是最具影响力的一种，代表人物是陈寅恪等人。中国文化本
位观直接影响中医界，使他们的的主体意识十分强烈。同时，直接左右民办中医
事业的发展方向，即严格按照中医规律进行发展。
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U04 Spring Rain in the Apricot Garden:A Story of TCM Teaching & Learning
through Four Generations
Author： Yuanyuan Chen （陈源源）
Institute: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University
This is an oral history of science and technology based on interviews I conducted
in 2007-2008 as well as references provided in the form of footnotes and appendixes.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has made significant contributions to human
welfare for thousands of years and its detailed process of teaching and learning, despite
labeled as “mysterious”, has come to light in this case study of the Apricot Garden –
Gold Formulae TCM Hospital linking four generations through modern history.
Jufu XUE, the protagonist, starts the storytelling with his childhood dream in a
loving family of honest parents. His father, Dr. Peiji XUE, with inter-disciplinary talents
in history, medicine and arts, unwavering determination through vicissitudes of life, and
extraordinary confidence in his own healing skills, laid solid foundation for Jufu’s
training in Chinese medicine and pharmacy, studying with multiple teachers of various
specialties, and successful founding and promoting of the hospital, which historically
serves as a substantive unit of remedies and records for patients and materials for
preserving evergreen medical, textual and cultural memories.
Dr. Chenyu Zhu, strong in Chinese medicine and western medicine, innovative in
combining both academic thoughts, and exemplar in clinical treatments and theoretical
writings, has been one of the most influential teachers in Jufu’s life, broad-minded in
vision and father-like in personality, articulating expectation for his career orientation
and requirement for his family obligation. Jufu has enjoyed great companionship of
intimate colleagues and faithful students, among whom his wife, son and daughter utter
their emotions and observations of him and his endeavor, and well prepared the team
for future prospects and challenges.
Some of the specialized practices of TCM, however, have been commonly or even
professionally neglected or misunderstood, such as cures for certain acute diseases,
favors for disadvantaged groups, and balances for inconsistent public policies.
174
Examples given in relevant sections and paragraphs are noteworthy, and further
researches must be undertaken with diverse methods within the framework of longue
durée history. Voices, raised in earlier decades, remain rational and vigorous in
answering the call of our times for scientific-technologic explorations by intensified
mutual cooperation.
TCM physicians with compassion and erudition are usually compared to medical
Confucius. Teachers’ impartation and students’ cultivation involve the interplay
between inheritance and originality inspired by passion and aspiration, and the quality
teaching-learning is critical in the mission for health care and disease control,
motivating creations out of traditions, reviving our civilization by reliving life and
refreshing awareness. That is also why encouraging and devoted teachers are highly
respected by accomplished students and eternally cherished by ordinary people.
Last but not the least, the work is prefaced with a brief account of the hospital
academy written in classical Chinese by the author deeply touched by these legendary
characters over the last century and composed of three chapters requisitely accurate in
terms of scientific history for immediacy yet properly imaginative with regard to
chronological background for accessibility.
U05 Decline of Picking sha Therapy in Modern China（近代中国挑痧疗法的
衰落）
Author： JI Zhenghan（纪征瀚）
Institute: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine,
Beijing（北京中医药大学中医学院，北京）
Contact: hatters@126.com
Picking sha Therapy, bloodletting applied to disease of sha, became popular
toward the end of Ming dynasty. Later, in Qing dynasty, as the domain of the disease
was continuously expanding, application of the therapy increased as well. Since the
latter half of the 19th century, voices of disapproval were heard in succession,
eventually leading to the decline of the therapy. The causes for this were multifarious
and interrelated. In addition to concerns about the medical technique itself, relevant
175
factors include folk belief, law, public education, and the careers and morality of
practitioners.
挑痧疗法，即放血疗法在痧病中的应用，于明末开始盛行。随着痧病的病域
在清代不断扩大，挑痧的应用也愈来愈广。19 世纪后半叶以来，反对的声音陆续
出现，挑痧疗法逐渐衰落。个中缘由颇为复杂，除医疗技术本身之外，还包括风
俗、法律、大众教育、从业者的职业与道德等多种因素。
U06 Review of Research on Bronze Acupuncture Figures in Japan
Author： JIANG Shan, ZHAO Jingsheng, ZHANG Daqing
Institute: Peking University, Health Science Center,；China Academy of Chinese
Medical Sciences, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing,
Contact: zhangdq@bjmu.edu.cn
Bronze acupuncture figure was one of the most important and special tangible
cultural heritages in Chinese medicine history. Derived from China in Ming Dynasty,
bronze acupuncture figures were gradually spread to many other countries due to wars.
In the meantime, culture and technology of imitating acupuncture figures was
communicated distantly.
Japan shared the most similar cultural history to China, as well as traditional
medical technologies. In recent years, several Chinese researchers have conducted
study on bronze acupuncture figures collected in Japan from diverse perspectives.
This study aimed at analyzing most research findings about Japanese bronze
acupuncture figures in China by review relevant monographs and papers. We found that
recent research mainly included two aspects of work, namely collection of historical
materials and investigation on a specific figure.
One of the most comprehensive works on collection of historical materials was
made by Professor MA Jixing. He has collected and described nine different bronze
acupuncture figures in Japan, earliest one of which was made in AD 1716 (Qing
Dynasty in China). Professor MA has given detailed descriptions on the material, size,
176
feature, meridians and points and locations of these figures. Other main historical works
conducted by several researchers were analyzed as well afterwards.
Typical investigative research on a specific figure focused on one most
controversial bronze acupuncture figure in Tokyo National Museum. Before 1990s,
researchers both in China and Japan thought this figure as the one derived from China
in Song or Ming Dynasty. However, according to research in 1989 conducted by
Japanese researchers, as well as textual analysis made by Professor HUANG Longxiang,
this bronze figure was proved to be made around 1800s.
All current research has shown a basic historical picture of bronze acupuncture
figures in Japan. However, several profound problems relevant to the evolvement of
Japanese bronze acupuncture figures were seldom brought into focus. For instance, why
did bronze acupuncture figures have such influences on Japanese acupuncture? What
specific changes did bronze acupuncture figures bring to Japanese acupuncture history?
What did all differences between Chinese and Japanese bronze acupuncture figures
mean? Solutions to these problems were believed to be able to complete the history of
communication of acupuncture culture between China and Japan.
References:
1. 马伯英. 中国医学文化史（下卷）[M]. 上海:上海人民出版社,2010.
2. 马继兴.针灸学通史[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2011.
3. 马继兴. 针灸铜人与铜人穴法[M]. 北京:中国中医药出版社,1993.
4. 黄龙祥.东京国立博物馆针灸铜人研究的突破与反思[J].自然科学史研究,2005,(01):1-12.
5. 靳士英,靳朴.海外针灸铜人考(待续)[J]. 第一军医大学分校学报,2001,(01):40-44.
6. 靳士英,靳朴.海外针灸铜人考(续完)[J]. 第一军医大学分校学报,2001,(02):123-126.
7. 黄龙祥.中国针灸史图鉴（上下）[M].青岛:青岛出版社,2005.
8. 刘以榕.寻找针灸铜人的迷踪(一)[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2006,(01):46-49.
9. 刘以榕.寻找针灸铜人的谜踪(二)[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2006,4(2):34-37.
10. 马继兴.针灸铜人与铜人穴法[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1993.
11. 加藤幸治.紀州藩で製作された銅人形について: その監修者と近代における展示につ
いての覚書.
12. 天野陽介,小林健二,石野尚吾,花輪寿彦.東博銅人形の太敦穴について(08 医学史(2))
Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine 55(別冊), 169, 2004-05.
13. Wentz, Margaret R. Art at mayo clinic: Song Dynasty Tiansheng Acupuncture Statue. Mayo
Clinic Proceedings.2016.91(1):e19.
14. 武田時昌. 中国思想における身体・自然・信仰.東方書店.2004.
177
15. 鈴木昶. 漢方医家伝(6)竹田昌慶(たけだしょうけい) 銅人形を携え明医学を導入. 漢
方療法 19(3), 226-229, 2015-06.たにぐち書店.
16. 人体図解・明堂図・銅人形と読本『昔話稲妻表紙』.
U07 Medicine Historiographic Research on Fragrant Medicines in Ming and
Qing Dynasties
Author： Sun Ling-zhi
Institute: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science,
Contact: sunlingzhi7@126.com
A brief review of using “the spices and perfumes” as fragrant medicines (herbal
aromatic) before Ming Dynasty was given in the first part of the paper. The second
section introduced how “the spices and perfumes” written in the herbal literature, and
presentation in two parts, one is the herbal literature, another is pedigrees of “the spices
and perfumes”. The former introduce the “fragrant grass” and “aromatic wood” and
“medicine distillate”, while the later introduce the incense. The third part introduced
the source of the “the spices and perfumes”, and put greater emphasis on native and
exotic. The fourth part described the clinical trials of the spices and perfumes. The fifth
part analyzed the social environment and ideology and culture and the attitude of the
rulers would influence the use of the spices and perfumes.
The first part of the paper intorduced the spices and perfumes used as medicine
before Ming Dynasty, and summarized the characteristics of using them.
The second section introduced how “the spices and perfumes” written in the
herbal literature in Ming and Qing dynasties, and presentation in two parts, one is the
herbal literature, another is pedigree of “the spices and perfumes”. The former
introduce the “fragrant grass” and “aromatic wood” and “medicine distillate”,
while the later introduce the incense. The aromatic medicine was divided into classes
such as the “fragrant grass”, “aromatic wood”, “medicine distillate” and flowers
and so on. We can find some pedigrees of incense with the relationship of medicine,
and pedigree of “the spices and perfumes” in Ming dynasty concluded the prescription
of past dynasties while the remarkable characteristics in Qing dynasty was steaming the
178
incense and take the distillate for clinical.
The third part described the source of the “the spices and perfumes”, and put
greater emphasis on native and exotic. The exotic of the “the spices and perfumes”
was the same as the previous generation. They were given to emperors as tribute,
through purchasing or by other means. The native “spices and perfumes” were moschus,
eaglewood, atractylodes, mint and even the camphor and menthol. Under the “ban on
foreign trade” policy, the number of the exotic spices was very limited, so the great
demand of spices promoted the planting of localization.
The fourth part described the clinical trials of the spices and perfumes. It’s the
internal history of our research. The spices and perfumes used in medical widely during
the Ming and Qing dynasties, used internal or external, burning or incense ashes and so
on. In addition, some research in the Ming and qing dynasties shows that it’s a process
of deepening cognition of the spices in processing, decoction and medical records of
the corrosion of spleen by the aroma.
The fifth part analyzed the social environment and ideology and culture and the
attitude of the Emperors would influence the use of the spices and perfumes. From
external history, the factors such as social, cultural, political and economic can
influenced the use of the spices and perfumes.
U08 Difficult reconstruction：The formation of the body concept of traditional
Chinese medicine in modern times
Author ： Liu Peng, Wang Di
Institute: Literature Research Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, Jinan
Contact: 398839062@qq.com
In modern times, the transmutation of the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine
of the body represented by Huang Di Nei Jing, mainly derived from the change of
traditional space-time notion, especially the impact of western anatomy. In the face of
the impact, some doctors sticked to the tradition, denying western anatomy by using
the body theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine. On the basis of the view that
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traditional Chinese medicine also has anatomy, more doctors compared the body theory
of traditional Chinese medicine to the frame and criterion of the western anatomy. In
order to realize the body concept of traditional Chinese medicine being expounded by
itself, modern doctors ran works on two aspects: First, to explain the connotation of the
body concept of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, the meaning of the traditional space-
time notion should be confirmed. Only in this way could the rationality be illustrated
that the body theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine applied the traditional space-time
notion to explain and construct body functions. Second, in stark contrast to the western
body theory based on anatomy, the focus of the body concept of Traditional Chinese
Medicine was to elucidate the dynamic capabilities of life, which should be emphasized.
Key words：body concept, traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, modern
times
U09 Modern Medical Value and Cultural Value of Ancient Music Therapy
Cases（古代音乐治疗医案的现代医学价值与文化价值）
Author ： Wang Site Zhang Zongming（王思特 张宗明）
Institute: Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of
Chinese Medicine, Nanjing （南京中医药大学中医文化研究中心）
There are the records of various forms of music therapy cases in all kinds of
historical materials and medical books. With the development of modern science,
ancient music therapy principles in these records have got modern scientific
interpretation. In addition to revealing the modern medical value of "sonic therapy",
"induced α wave" and "music guided imagery", its characteristics of "natural therapy"
is also of great reference significance to modern medicine. The cultural value of ancient
music therapy medical records is reflected in that the traditional Chinese medicine
theory and the ancient music therapy thought have multi-level isomorphism relations,
that is, the health concept and life consciousness of "our nation" and "localization" is
embodied from the simple theory to the common cultural genes and until the macro
anthropological perspective.
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Keywords: Music Therapy, Modern Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cultural
Value
在各类史料和医书中记载了各种形式的音乐治疗医案，随着现代科学的发展，
这些案例中古老的音乐治疗原理获得了现代科学的解读，除了“声波治疗”、“诱
发α波”“音乐引导想象”等现代医学价值被揭示外，其“自然疗法”的特点对
现代医学亦有借鉴意义；古代音乐治疗医案的文化价值，体现在中医理论和古代
音乐治疗思想具有多层次同构关系，即从简单的理论对应，到共同的文化基因，
直至由宏观的人类学视角体现出“本民族”、“本土化”的健康理念和生命意识。
关键词：音乐治疗 现代医学 中医 文化价值
U10 The disease characteristics and historical achievements of the three
species of bamboosilk in the Western Han Dynasty
Author： Yuan Kaihui，He Zhongjun，Zhou Xinglan，Wang Li
Institute: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine，The Institute of
Science, Technology and Humanities，Shanghai
Contact: ykh1980@126.com
Names of diseases and symptoms from pre-Qin Dynasty to Western Han Dynasty
that have been well documented in the Mawangdui silk manuscript Prescriptions for
《Fifty Two Prescriptions》, 《Maishu Binghou》 (a book on vessels, symptoms
and signs of diseases unearthed in Zhangjiashan Han tombs), and 《Sixty
Prescriptions》 unearthed in Laoguanshan Han tombs are examined and interpreted
based on existing research outcomes to categorize clinical disciplines and discuss
their historical value and significance, in order understand characteristics of earlier
names of diseases and syndromes in China and related historical achievements. It is
discovered that the names of diseases and syndromes in 《Sixty Prescriptions》 are
more closely related to literature about bibliography and hereditary medicine. They
have been firstly recorded and many of them are still used nowadays, so their
academic value and historical achievements are more outstanding.
181
References:
1.Mawangdui Han dynasty Tombs Texts Organize team. Mawangdui Han dynasty Tombs
Texts[M]. Peking:Cultural Relics Publishing House,1985.
2.Zhangjiashan NO.247 Han Dynasty Tombs bamboo slips Organize team. Zhangjiashan Han
Dynasty Tombs bamboo slips(NO.247)(a revised edition)[M]. Peking:Cultural Relics Publishing
House, 2006.
3.He Zhongjun,Li Jiming,Zhao Huaizhou and so on.A comparative study of Laoguanshan Han
dynasty Tombs "sixty Prescription" and Mawangdui Han dynasty Tombs"fifty-two disease
Prescriptions" [J]. Journal of Chinese medicine culture, 2015(4).
4.Liu Qingyu. A research on BambooSilk disease[D].S hanghai: Shanghai University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2008.
5.Luo Baozhen. Study on bamboo disease symptoms character[D]. Fuzhou:Fujian Normal
University, 2011.
U11 Characteristics of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Therapy and Their
Relevance to Ancient Chinese View of the Body（针灸疗法特点与古代身形观）
Author： ZHAO Jingsheng（赵京生）
Institute: China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Acupuncture and
Moxibustion, Beijing（中国中医科学院, 针灸研究所,北京）
Contact: kxy2761@sina.com
View towards the body can be treated as the very beginning of medicine. The
characteristic of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy is conducting physical stimulation
on the surface of body. As one of treatments which have most intimate relation with
figure of body in TCM, acupuncture-moxibustion calls for more knowledges and
thoughts on tissues and structures of body surface. This special request to acupuncture
practitioners threw a great influence on the formation, development and expression of
ancient Chinese view on the body. Likewise, analysis on the expressions of body,
especially the surface, will assist understand and cognition of acupuncture-
moxibustion concepts and theories.
This research starts from a brief introduction on characteristics of different stages
in the development of ancient Chinese anatomy. The relationship between
acupuncture-moxibustion and ancient view of the body is mainly discussed and
analyzed from several aspects, namely, the technology of acupuncture-moxibustion
182
and observation on body surface, elements relevant to acupuncture-moxibustion in the
expression and description of body, the connotation of the body in acupuncture-
moxibustion concepts, the value of acupuncture-moxibustion towards development of
surface anatomy, etc.
对身形的认识，是医学的基础。针灸疗法的特点是经体表施与物理刺激。作
为中医疗法中与身形关系最为密切的一种治疗手段，针灸需要并促进对体表组织
结构的认识和知识积累，影响着中医对身形的表达，是中国古代身形观形成的重
要因素之一。反之，对身形表达方式的分析，可以帮助理解和认识针灸理论概念。
本文在概要介绍中国古代解剖发展阶段特点的基础上，主要对针灸与古代身形认
知的相互关系，从针灸技术与体表观察、身形表达中的针灸因素、针灸概念的身
形内涵、针灸对表面解剖学发展的意义等方面内容，作一梳理和初步分析。
References:
1. 廖育群.古代解剖知识在中医理论建立中的地位与作用[J].自然科学史研究,1987,(3).
2. 廖育群.试论医学起源[J].大自然探索,1986,(4).
3. 廖育群.秦汉之际针灸疗法理论的建立[J].自然科学史研究,1991,(3).
4. 余璇,陈凤国,赵国平.试论古代中医解剖学史[J].山东中医药大学学报,2015,(6).
5. 张颖,薛益明.中国古代人体解剖学的研究特征[J].长春中医药大学学报,2008,(1).
6. 宋爱伦.王清任《医林改错》研究[D].
U12 The History of TCM Pediatrics in China since the Founding of PRC
Author： ZHAO Yan
Institute: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine
Contact: cmdzhy@163.com
Since the founding of PRC, TCM pediatrics has certain development both in theory
and clinic. The education development, unified teaching materials construction,
academic works publication, basic theory and clinical research progress of TCM
pediatrics were reviewed to show the history of TCM pediatrics in China since the
founding of PRC. Meanwhile, the discipline establishment, the specialty and academic
183
team building, norms construction, guidance formulation and application of TCM
pediatrics in recent 35 years were reviewed.
Key words: TCM; pediatrics; history; since the founding of PRC
U13 On the appearance and its background of present term-Traditional
Chinese Medicine（今义“中医”一词的出现及其背景）
Author： Zhu Jian-ping（朱建平）
Institute: China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CACMS),China Institute for
History of Medicine & Medical literature, Beijing（中国中医科学院中国
医史文献研究所）
Contact: zhujp1958@163.com
The present term-Traditional Chinese medicine- was found in First Lines of the
Practice of Surgery in the West compiled by Benjamin Hobson in 1857. At that time
there were about 270 years since Western medicine was introduced to China. It has
been recognized that the medicine imported from the west is different from the
original medicine in china. As a missionary doctor, Hobson compared the similarities
and differences between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western medicine. In
order to be understood by Chinese people, Hobson adopts domesticating translation,
his own dictating and written statements of Chinese people (such as Scholar Guan)
when compiling Western medical books. It seems to be accidental that the term of
Traditional Chinese medicine appeared and referred to China's original medicine,
while in reality it is the inevitability of historical evolution.
Key words: Traditional Chinese medicine; term; Hobson; First Lines of the Practice
of Surgery in the West; historical background
今义“中医”一词见于 1857 年英国合信编译的《西医略论》。这时距西方医
学传入中国约有 270 年，人们已经认识到从西方传入的医学不同于中国原有的医
学。合信作为传教士医生，比较中西医之异同；在编译西方医书时，为了能被中
国人理解，采用归化译法，本人口述、华人（如管秀才）协助笔述等方法。“中
医”一词出现并指代中国原有医学看似偶然，实为历史演进至此之必然。
184
关键词：中医；名词；合信；西医略论；历史背景
U14 From “Huhuo Bing”(狐惑病) to “Huyu Bing”(狐𧌒病) in Shanghan
Lun: A Study of the Reconstruction of medical knowledge in Ming and Qing
Dynasties
Author： Zhang Yuanyuan
Institute: Ningxia University, College of Humanities, Yinchuan
Contact: zhangyuy04@163.com
Through systematically combed and analysed a large number of documents related
to “Huhuo Bing”(Fox-puzzle syndrome) in the medical books from Han Dynasty to
Qing Dynasty, I found that physicians had gradually changed their understanding of
“Huhuo Bing” in the historical background of medical development. “Huhuo Bing”
first appeared in Shanghan Lun written by Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty, and Zhang
thought “Huhuo Bing” was a disease typhoid-like fever. But physicians generally
rejected this statement in the Qing Dynasty, many of them considered “Huhuo Bing” as
“worm syndrome”. Accordingly, “Huhuo Bing” should be “Huyu Bing”. In fact, the
formation of this cognition was a process that physicians blended “Huhuo Bing” and
"dampness"(湿𧏾) to be one thing. Ancient physicians used the medical knowledge of
their time to reinterpret the concepts and causes of ancient diseases. These new
understandings were recorded in the texts focused on the exegesis and interpretation of
Shanghan Lun. It is important to point out that this writing style was obviously
influenced by the Confucian writing mode.
References:
1.（汉）张仲景著、何任主编：《金匮要略校注》卷上，百合狐惑阴阳毒病脉证治第三，北京：
人民卫生出版社，1990 年。
2.（西晋）王叔和撰、福州人民医院校释：《脉经》卷八，平阳毒阴毒百合狐惑脉证第三，北
京：人民卫生出版社，1984 年。
3.（隋）巢元方：《诸病源候总论》卷八，伤寒病诸候下，伤寒狐惑候，文渊阁四库全书第 734
册，台北：台湾商务印书馆影印，1986 年。
185
4.（唐）孙思邈：《备急千金要方》卷三十四伤寒方，伤寒不发汗变成狐惑病第十三，文渊阁
四库全书第 735 册，台北：台湾商务印书馆影印，1986 年。
5. （唐）王焘：《外台秘要方》卷二，伤寒狐惑病方四首，文渊阁四库全书第 736 册，台北：
台湾商务印书馆影印，1986 年。
6. （宋）郭雍：《 伤寒补亡论》卷十五，伤寒狐惑𧏾病十条，上海：上海科学技术出版社，
1959 年。
7. （宋）陈言：《三因极一病证方论》卷五，狐惑证治，文渊阁四库全书第 743 册，台北：
台湾商务印书馆影印，1986 年。
8. （宋）许叔微：《伤寒百证歌》卷五，第九十二证狐惑证歌，许叔微：《许叔微伤寒论著三
种》，北京：商务印书馆，1956 年。
9. （元）朱震亨：《脉因证治》卷四，四十九虫（附狐惑），天津：天津科学技术出版社，2000
年。
10. （明）李中梓著、顾宏平校注：《医宗必读》卷五，伤寒，狐惑，北京：中国中医药出版
社，2005 年。
11.（明）陶节菴撰、黄瑾明等点校：《伤寒六书》卷二，狐惑，北京：人民卫生出版社，1990
年。
12.（清）程国彭撰、田代华整理：《医学心悟》卷二，伤寒兼证，狐惑，北京：人民卫生出
版社，2006 年。
13.（清）徐灵胎：《伤寒类方》，狐惑，徐灵胎：《徐灵胎医学全书》，北京：中国中医药出版
社，1999 年。
14.（清）杨璇撰、徐国仟点校：《伤寒瘟疫条辨》卷三，狐惑病，北京：人民卫生出版社，
1986 年。
15.（清）魏荔彤撰、杜雨茂等点校：《金匮要略方论本义》卷上，百合狐惑阴阳毒病证治第
三，狐惑病，北京：人民卫生出版社，1997 年。
16.（清）徐忠可著、邓明仲等点校：《金匮要略论注》卷三，百合狐惑阴阳毒病脉证并治，
北京：人民卫生出版社，1993 年。
17.（清）黄元御：《金匮悬解》卷六，狐惑，孙洽熙主编：《黄元御医学全书》，北京：中国
中医药出版社，1999 年。
18. 陈忞超、史宏等：《狐惑病现代研究概述》，《中国中医基础医学杂志》，2015 年第 21 卷
第7期，第 907-908 页。
19. 杨德明：《狐惑病原是一种性病》，《国医论坛》，1989 年第 6期，第 37 页。
20. 谢华生、周玉杰等：《狐惑病名辨析》，《黑龙江中医药》，1994 年，第 4期，第 7页。
21. 王海英、刘恩顺：《浅谈〈金匮要略〉狐惑病之病因病名》，《内蒙古中医药》，2014 年第
16 期，第 126-127 页。
U15 Romanian Contributions to Acupuncture Studies
Author： Dana Baran
Institute: “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of
Medicine
Contact: dbaran491@gmail.com
Acupuncture became better known to Romanians after 1934 when Nicolae
186
Vatamanu, a skil¬led physician and medical historian, edited a book on ”Modern
Reflexotherapy”. In 1958 the Minis¬try of Health accepted acupuncture as a medical
practice. Several doctors specialized in this therapy. Between the '60s - '80s
acupuncture was intensely studied and many works were published. In 1973 the 1-st
National Symposium on Acupuncture was held in Bucharest. In 1977 an International
Congress on Acupuncture and Applied Tech¬no-lo¬gy fol¬lowed. Since 1979, the
Ministry of Health organized courses of initiation, improve-ment and qualification in
acupuncture. A tight cooperation with Chinese specialists develo-ped. Both physicians
and physicists were enthusiastic about this traditional medical approach. They
envisaged new methods meant to more easily identify, characterize and act upon
acupunctural points. A principal goal was to diagnose and morpho-functionally ex-
plain the points' and energetic meridians' significance. Electronography was the first
ori¬gi-nal approach Florin Ioan Dumitrescu, MD, PhD, set up in 1975. (1) In 1977 the
Congress on „New Frontiers in Science” held in San Remo (Italy) awarded him an
Honorary Pla-quet¬te for his dis¬covery of electronography, an investigation
anticipating computerized medical imaging systems. In a dis¬tinct way it
complemented the Kirlian photography already obtained in 1934. Radioactive
isotopes we¬re also used to indicate meridians. In 1981, Drs. Tiberiu Rai¬bulet and
Virgil Bagu reported pioneering results concerning a radioactive tracer of the bladder
meridian, circulation along meridians and relationships with corresponding organs,
respectively. (2) Electronography instead relied on the electro- luminescent
explo¬ration of living enti¬ties using electrono-optical conversions. It gave details on
the proximal electrical environment rendering evident permanently structured
elements in the form of adherent and free airoions surrounding living organisms.
Electro-nography enabled elec¬tro¬¬dermal acu¬points' accurate discrimination
through electrono-dermo¬diagnosis, a method protected by patent since 1970.
Subsequently more precisely targeted electroacupuncture (electro¬sti¬mu¬la¬tion)
was per¬formed. Magnetic fields were also applied on these areas with dynamic
electrical pro¬perties. Needle insertion itself elicited mecha¬nical stimulation
associated with either thermal or electrical stimulation. Similarly to manual
187
acupuncture, thermal, electrical and magnetic methods modulated che¬¬¬mical
medi¬a-tors’ release and nervous impulse transmission, as pointed out by many
re¬search teams. Acupuncture has even been called a repolarization therapy. Thermo-
electro-dermal patterns dependent upon water quantity and quality, including sudoral
and lesion fields, were analysed, too. Dumitrescu's convertography, in turn, a non-
luminescent examination, va¬lo¬ri-zed records of multiple electrono-optical
conversions occurring within electro¬magnetic fields of living structures
yielding ”bioelectric patterns”, and even ”phantom images” whe-ne¬ver applicable.
Concur¬rently, Dr. Dumitrescu imagined electronic reactometry methods, aiming at
properly measuring neurovegetative acupuncture impact. His device received a
pa¬tent in 1973. Acupoints revealed dif¬ferences in health and disease. It has been
proven that biorhythms equally influenced acupuncture effects. Drs. Theodor and
Marius Caba imple¬mented homeosiniatry in Romania. They wrote about and
prac¬ticed this method associating acupunc¬ture and homeopathy. (3) Romanian
authors focused on living body energetic structures explaining acupuncture and its
consequences in terms of physiological, constitutional and informational recovery.
Pa¬ral¬leling conventional medicine, alternative medicines were thus promoted. A
ho¬listic integrative perspec¬tive opened on a seemingly re-liable experimental basis.
Key words: acupuncture, electronography, elctrodermal points, homeosiniatry
References:
1. Dumitrescu Fl I, Constantin D. [Modern and Scientific Acupuncture], [Iasi:
Junimea Publishing House], 1977.
2. Tiberiu R[aibulet], Gheorghe G, Popescu I. Do meridians of acupuncture exist? A
radioactive tracer study of the bladder meridian. Am J Acupuncture, 1981, 9; 3: 251-
256.
3. Caba T, Caba M T. [Homeosiniatry]. [Bucharest: Litera Publishing House], 1983.
U16 Research on Relevance between “Shengji Zonglu Shanghanmen” and
“Taiping Shenghuifang Shanghanmen”（ 《圣济总录•伤寒门》与《太平圣惠方
•伤寒门》方论相关性研究）
Author： Wang Feixuan1
（王飞旋）, Yang Jinping1
（杨金萍）, Meng Xi1
（孟玺）,Jin
188
Luwei3（金鲁微）
Institute: 1Literature Research Institute of Shandong University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine
山东中医药大学中医文献研究所
2 Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
温州市中医医院
Shengji Zonglu was compiled at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty; whereas
Taiping Shenghuifang at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty. They are both
the large medical books compiled by the government and reputed as two classical
medical books of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions in the Northern Song
Dynasty. Taiping Shenghuifang collects the medical achievements before the
Northern Song Dynasty and does not receive the amendment by Jiaozhengyishujv, in
the book, the contents of Shanghanmen remain the original ones and are taken as
another version of Shanghanlun, which is actually called Chunhua Version of
Shanghanlun. Shanghanmen in Shengji Zonglu collects the medical achievements
during the Northern Song Dynasty, which is limited to one more hundred years in the
Northern Song Dynasty. According to the classification, Shanghanmen becomes an
independent category in the book and has some relevance to the Chunhua Version of
Shanghanlun. As for Shanghanmen in Shengji Zonglu, there are 69 Chapters, which is
classified by syndromes and 1015 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. By
studying and analyzing the traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions one by one, it is
discovered that the traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions in the book are quoted
from 16 classical traditional Chinese medicine books, which are Shanghanlun,
Jinguiyaolve,Zhouhoufang,Qianjinfang,Qianjinyifang,Waitaimiyaofang,Lishangxudua
nfang,TaipingShenghuifang,Yixinfang,Bojifang,Bencaotujng,Sushenliangfang ,Hejijv
fang,Zhengleibencao, Shanghanzongbinglun, Leizhenghuorenshu. Among them, 68
famous traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions cited from TaipingShenghuifang,
and 685 famous traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions firstly appear in Shengji
Zonglu , which reflect the development conditions and level of traditional Chinese
medicine in theory on prescriptions in Song Dynasty. By classifying, summarizing
and analyzing the theory on prescriptions in Taiping Shenghuifang, the relevance
189
between Shengji Zonglu and Taiping Shenghuifang are reflected.
Key words: Shengji Zonglu; Taiping Shenghuifang; theory on Prescriptions;
Relevance
《圣济总录》《太平圣惠方》分别成书于北宋末期、北宋初期，均是由政府组
织编纂的大型医学方书，堪称北宋方书之双璧。《太平圣惠方》集宋初及以前的
医学成就，该书未经校正医书局修订，书中伤寒内容保持古貌，被作为《伤寒论》
的另一版本“淳化本《伤寒论》”。《圣济总录》集北宋百余年间医学成就，其按
门分类，书中单设伤寒一门，其伤寒内容与“淳化本《伤寒论》”在方论上有一
定相关性。《圣济总录•伤寒门》按病证分 69 篇，方论共 1015 条，通过对其方论
逐一地考证分析，发现其方论引自《伤寒论》《金匮要略》《肘后方》《千金方》
《千金翼方》《外台秘要方》《理伤续断方》《太平圣惠方》《医心方》《博济方》
《本草图经》《苏沈良方》《和剂局方》《证类本草》《伤寒总病论》《类证活人书》
16 本经典文献，其中 62 条“有名方”引自《太平圣惠方》，685 条“有名方”在
《圣济总录》首次出现，反映宋代医学在方论方面的发展状况与水平，通过对其
引自《太平圣惠方》的方论进行分类汇总分析，从而反映二者方论的相关性。
关键词：圣济总录；太平圣惠方；方论；相关性
U17 The Textual Research on the Materia Medica of The Book of Songs（ 《诗
经》本草名物考述）
Author： Meng Xi（孟玺）, Sun Hui（孙辉），Wang Feixuan（王飞旋）, Yang Jinping
（杨金萍）
Institute: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese
medical literature
山东中医药大学中医文献研究所
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in our country, collecting
poetry from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn
Period. In the existing 305 poems, there are many poems depicting animals and
plants, most of which were included in the the herbal books after Qin and Han
Dynasty, as a drug to treat a variety of diseases. In the Book of Songs, by direct
190
description, or through the other expression of indirect expression like Bi(metaphor)
and Xing(analogy). There is a lot of detailed description of medicinal plants and
animals, including growth cycle, picking season, habitat, morphological
characteristics and any others. The medicinal value of the flora and fauna recorded in
the Book of Songs can also be verified from other books in later generations. Because
of its unique morphological characteristics or medical value, in the Book of Songs
there are several parts description, which emotions and feelings are expressed through
Bi and Xing. However, the pharmacological knowledge is limited, and even some
records are biased, due to the Book of Songs Period of pharmacology knowledge is
still immature, in addition to the book itself is not a herbal book.
Key words: traditional Chinese medicine; the Book of Songs; traditional Chinese
medicine names
《诗经》是我国最早的诗歌总集，收集了西周初年至春秋时代的诗歌。在现
存305 篇诗歌中，有不少诗歌描绘有动植物，其中多数被后世本草书籍所收录，
作为药物来治疗各种疾病。在《诗经》中，通过直接描写，或通过比兴等手法间
接表现，也不乏对药用动植物详细记载，包括药用动植物生长周期及采摘时节、
生长地区及生长环境、形态特征甚至治疗疾病等各方面叙述。而《诗经》中所记
载的动植物的药用价值，从后世其他典籍中也能得到验证，其中《诗经》中部分
关于药用动植物的描写，就是因为其具有独特的形态特征或药用价值，借助比兴
的手法，用以表达作者的感情。但由于《诗经》时代药物学知识还未完全成熟，
加之其本身也不是本草专书，使得有些关于药物学知识的记载有限，甚至有些记
载会有所偏差。
关键词：中药；诗经；药物名称
U18 Explanation on the “Tian Gui” in TCM based on the literature research
（基于文献解读中医学“天癸”之谜）
Author： 李海英，段逸山
Institute: 上海中医药大学科技人文研究院
Contact: editor_lhy@126.com
"Tian Gui" was first seen in the Su Wen Ancient Ideas on How to Preserve Natural
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Healthy Energy, which is closely related to human reproduction, is a very important
concept on the body and life recognition in TCM. Due to the rich cultural background,
its connotation has been explained with different opinions, and it is difficult to clarify.
By collecting and researching on “Tian Gui” recorded in ancient Chinese literatures and
the relevant records, we hold that “Tian Gui” was not explained or interpreted
completely and deeply in the later generations, it is necessary to explore “Tian Gui” in
the word more widely of the traditional Chinese culture. The ancient literature shows
that both men and women have “Tian Gui”, but the two connotation is different; the
connotation of “Tian Gui” not only include life cycle, reproductive function but also
attaches great importance to water, essence and qi. The related literature shows that the
proposition of “Tian Gui” is closely related to the ancient water worship culture and the
thought of aquatic things. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the life cycle
connotation of "women seven and man eight" deeply from the angle of ancient
mysterious culture.
Keywords: Tian Gui; connotation; water; essence; qi; textual research; exploration
“天癸”一词，首见于《素问•上古天真论》，与人类生殖繁衍密切相关，
是中医药学对身体和生命认知中非常重要的一个概念，由于天癸富有浓郁的文
化色彩，其内涵一直众说纷纭，难以厘清。本文通过梳理考证中医药古代文献
中对“天癸”一词的相关记载，认为天癸在后世的研究中并没有给与深入和全
面的解读，因此有必要将“天癸”一词置身于更为广阔的中国传统文化土壤去
探求。古代文献显示男女皆有“天癸”，但二者内涵又有所不同；天癸的内涵除
了中医学中的生命周期、生殖功能，还要重视其与水、精、气相关的三个重要
层面。相关文献显示天癸的提出与古代水崇拜文化、水生万物的思想密切相
关，同时还需从古代术数文化的角度才能深入理解其女七男八的生命周期内
涵。
关键词：天癸；内涵；水；精；气；考证；探析
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U19 Examination on the Names of Eye Diseases in The Book of Pulse
Excavated From Zhang Jiashan（张家山《脉书》目病病名释义考辨）
Author ： Yuan Kaihui（袁开惠），He Zhongjun（和中浚）
This thesis has carried out an in-depth discussion from piphilology and TCM
ophthalmology after the detailed examination on the basis of reviewing the existing
research results of three disease names including Jin (㴆), Mai Jin (脉㴆) and Nan (赧)
in Mai Shu (《脉书》The Book of Pulse). Current interpretations mostly confuse Jin
(㴆) and Mai Jin (脉㴆) as the disease like cataract wrongly. This thesis believes that
Mai Jin (脉㴆) should be black eyes outside the nebula like pterygium instead of
cataract and Nan(赧) refers to tarsitis.
Keywords: Mai Shu (《脉书》The Book of Pulse), Jin (㴆), Mai Jin (脉㴆), Nan (赧)
对张家山《脉书》中的㴆（浸）、脉㴆（浸）、赧三个病名在回顾现有研究成
果的基础上详加考辨，从文字学和中医眼科学进行了较为深入的论述。认为现有
释义中多将㴆（浸）与脉㴆（浸）两病混为一谈，认为其为白内障之类，甚为不
妥；脉㴆（浸）不是白内障，而应是翳状胬肉等黑睛外翳病症；目际为眼弦，“赧”
是眼弦赤烂。
关键词：《脉书》；㴆（浸）；脉㴆（浸）；赧；释义
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V01 Al Ijaza fi Tib (degree in medicine): an example from Fez
Author： El Bachir Benjelloun
Institute: surgery Heritage committee at the Medical faculty University Sidi Mohamed
Benabdellah, Fez, Morocco
Contact: elbachir.benjelloun@usmba.ac.ma
The lexical definition of ijaza is “permission” while its technical meaning is
“permissionto narrate.” In the field of hadith or others is permission to transmit, whether
to report thehadith or the content of a book. Islamic civilization has practiced the early
ijaza system. The aim was, at first, to prevent errors occur in the transmission of
hadith: the scholars of hadith have therefore established the ijaza the system that
somehow endorsed mutual trust between teachers and their students. The ijaza has
actually been a major Islamic contribution to the evolution of human civilization for
a millennium. It is equivalent to diplomas and certificates that students get nowadays.
The ijaza was not attributed only in religious sciences. It also applied for all the life
sciences. Thus it was in force in the medical education. The head physician of the fourth
century AH, Sinan ibn Thabit, attributed the ijaza anyone who wanted to practice
medicine, after they passed an exam in the specialty they wanted to practice. Ar-
Razi wrote in his famous treatise of al-Hawi medicine. "The candidate to medical
ijaza firstundergoes an anatomy exam. If he does not know, it is unnecessary to examine
the sick. " We present here the Ijaza (the last documented) delivred by Al Quarawiyin
University,(even if we could not find any proof about the cited university, but the fact
that this ijaza was delivred from fez, may refer to Al Quarawiyin University.
References
1. George Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges, pp. 272.
2. Kahhak A. Un diplôme de médecin marocain à Fès en 1832. In: Revue de
l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, N°7, 1970. pp. 195-210.
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V02 Sabuncuoglu’s Contributions To Albucasis’s Book On Surgery In His
Manuscript Named Cerrahiyyetu’l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery)
Author： Gulten DINC, Sukran SEVIMLI
Institute: Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Istanbul University,
Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine， Istanbul, Turkey；Department of Medical
History and Ethics, Yüzüncü yıl Üniversitesi, Faculty of Medicine,
Van,Turkey
Contact: gdinc@istanbul.edu.tr
The manuscript named Cerrahiyyetü’l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery) by the
renowned 15th century Ottoman physician and surgeon Serefeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1386-
1468) is considered the most important illustrated book on surgery depicting human
figures in Turkish-Islamic literature and was the first medical text written in Ottoman
Turkish. This significant achievement, which made Sabuncuoğlu famous, is actually in
large part a translation of the 30th chapter of the book Kitabü’t-Tasrif fit-Tıb (Et-
Tasrif) by Muslim physician Albucasis (Zehravi) (936-1013). The colored illustrations
showing procedures performed on human figures drawn in the style of miniatures that
Sabuncuğlu included in his translation were particularly innovative for 15th century
Islamic medicine. Cerrahiyyetü’l-Haniyye is the first work in the Turkish-Islamic
world in which the human body was depicted with the aim of explaining surgical
techniques, and as such is a unique work. In his translation, Sabuncuoğlu not only
added drawings of human figures, which until that time had not been seen in Turkish-
Islamic medicine and were taboo, but also created a unique work by injecting his own
knowledge and experience. The book has been the subject of numerous studies,
particularly with regard to the original illustrations. However, to this day, there has not
been a thorough presentation of Sabuncuoğlu’s contributions to Zehravi’s
text. Therefore, this paper aims to present the contributions that Sabuncuoğlu made to
the original text in his translation of Zehravi’s book.
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V03 Les filles de Transylvanie qui ont voulu devenir médecins et pharmaciens: l’
ouverture des portes de l’université pour les femmes à l’aube du 20e siècle
Author： Orsolya Horber, Karoly Zilahi
Institute: Société Civile Professionnelle de Médecine, Satu-Mare, Roumanie，
Praxis
Contact: praxis@horber-zilahi.ro
Quand Emmeline Pankhurst a fait son discours sur le droit de vote des femmes
et leur situation dans la société, le 24 mars 1908, à Londre, l’Université Franz Joseph,
Cluj, Transylvanie a ouvert dèjà ses portes pour les femmes: en 1897 la Faculté des
Mathématiques et Sciences Naturelles, en 1900 la Médecine, en 1902 la Pharmacie.
Le premier diplome de pharmacien en Transylvanie a recu Thinagel Szerafin en 1903,
vingt-huit ans plus tard que Madeleine Brès, la première femme francaise est devenue
docteur en médecine. Les universités francaises, suisses et belgiques acuiellent des
femmes dèjà en deuxieme moitié du XIXeme siècle, mais la resistance a été plus
aggressive en Monarchie Austro-Hongroise. Plusieurs médecins ont considéré les
femmes incapables pour exercer la médecine (leur point de vu: la "nature"de la
femme). Un membre du jury d'examen de baccalauréat a accordé un qualificatif
insuffisant pour les femmes en 1906 pour faire impossible leur accèses à Faculté.
Le professeur de morphopathologie Antal Genersich promouvoit l'éducation de
la femme en médecine, il observe que les patients-femmes n'ont pas toujours
confiance en médecins - hommes. Pour la fille du professeur Genersich a été
impossible de fréquenter les cours de la faculté de Cluj, ainsi elle s'inscrire à
l'Université de Zurich.
La lutte est sévère, en Autriche-Hongrie les femmes ne peuvent pas entrer à
l’Université.
Enfin, la societé a accepté la présence des femmes, comme médecins et
pharmaciens. D’abord elles s’occupent de pédiatrie et puériculture, un peu plus tard
elles deviennent très actives: elles participent et présentent ses recherches et études à
Réunion Annuelle de la Societé du Musée de la Transylvanie. Parmi les médecins de
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l’Hopital Israelite de Satu Mare, ouvert en 1927 sont plusieurs médecins-femmes.
Eduquées et courageuses, en milieu multiculturel, beaucoup des filles de
Transylvanie se tournent vers l’enseignement superieure. Elles sont présentes à
Faculté de Pharmacie et Médicine à Cluj, mais aussi à Budapest. La première femme
avec diplome de pharmacie de l’Université de Vienne a été une fille venue de la
Transylvanie (Scheint Frida).
Les nouvelles diplomées travaillent indépendamment ( la premiere pharmacien-
femme de Transylvanie a obtenu la licence pour l'officine en 1909) ou se marient avec
leur collegues et conduisent et etablissent ensemble un cabinet ou une officine
(Scheint Frida et Seidnitzer Hugo reviennent de Vienne a Bistrita, Transylvanie).
La premiere pharmacien-femme Thinagel Szerafin et son mari K.Pesthy Mihaly
a été le premier couple de pharmaciens en Transylvanie en 1904.
V04 Research on Association of Temperature with Cerebrovascular and
Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing
Author： Zhenghong Chen1, Guifang Yang2
Institute: 1China Meteorological Administration Training Centre
2School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences
Contact: chenzhengh@cma.gov.cn
How to know the relationship between meteorological condition and disease?
Research on association of temperature with Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular
Diseases in Beijing maybe is good example for historical research. The rate of
hospitalization and mortality on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular diseases is one of
top 10 diseases among urban residents within the city of Beijing, which is higher than
those of cancer and other diseases. Data from the meteorological database of China
Meteorological Administration was selected and the temperature configurations in
terms of daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, and daily temperature
difference from January 1 to December 31 of 2012 were analyzed. The data set of
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases including the daily myocardial infarction
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(ICD: 21-22) and cerebral infarction (ICD: 63) were chosen from a class-A hospital in
Beijing, totally amounting to 12933 cases. Four patient groups including under the age
of 44, 45-59, 60-74 and over 75 years old were analyzed by the aid of spss17.0. We
look for the strongest correlation index with bivariate correlation analysis.
We found that the number of male cardiovascular and cerebrovascular patients was
more than the number of female patients in the four groups, with the maximum value
appearing in the group of 45-59. In particular, the number of female Cardiovascular and
Cerebrovascular patients showed a peak within the group of 60-74. The temperature
factor, to certain content, induced some effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
diseases. It seemed the effect of temperature is much greater in persons of middle-aged
and aged over 70 years, with patients appearing annual maximum peak in winter and
larger fluctuation in autumn. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum numbers of
patients just appeared shortly after the peak temperature peak, probably implying a
lagged effect between the number of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and
the temperature in Beijing.
A statistically significant correlation has been found between temperature and mortality.
This relationship is not monotonic, but mortality increases in proportion to the variance
in ambient temperature from a range of temperatures that varies from winter to summer
in Beijing. And the study would be like to offer a methodology for history of medicine.
Key words: Aardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, temperature, correlation,
weather, historical methodology
