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IoT Assisted Power Electronics for Modern Power
Systems
Sudhir K. Routray
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Bule Hora University
Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Email: sudhir.routray@bhu.edu.et
Laxmi Sharma
Department of Telecommunication
Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
Email: laxmi.sh@cmrit.ac.in
Abhishek Javali
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
Email: abhishek.j@cmrit.ac.in
Sharmila K. P.
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
Email: sharmila.kp@cmrit.ac.in
Anindita Sahoo
Department of Telecommunication
Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
Email: anindita.s@cmrit.ac.in
Aritri D. Ghosh
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
CMR Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
Email: aritri.d@cmrit.ac.in
Abstract—The Internet of things (IoT) plays important roles in
the modern digital world. It has several important roles in the
modern power systems and power grids. IoT presents a lot of
potential in the power systems and power grids. Some of the
support functions are direct and several others are found to be
indirect. Either way, IoT can play a lot of important roles in
the modern power systems. It can help significantly in the
measurement, control, and monitoring of the physical
parameters in the power grids. It helps to in the reduction of
energy consumption in the power electronic components. It has
the potential to provide a lot of operational flexibilities in the
power electronic components. Implementation of advanced
operational algorithms using artificial intelligence and machine
learning is facilitated by the IoT based sensors, actuators and
other key components. It can provide smart operational
assistance to the power electronic systems used in the power
grids. Due to their logical flexibilities IoT sensors can be
deployed alongside the power electronic components to track
their performances. Consequently, using the IoT sensors’
information, the actuators are driven to deliver optimal
outcome. IoT sensors’ information can be sent directly to the
central servers in regular intervals to monitor the overall
performances of the power electronic components. In addition
to the aforesaid applications, several other potential uses of IoT
in power electronics include monitoring of critical power grid
parameters such as temperature, current, voltage and
vibration at different key locations. In this paper, we analyze
the use of IoT in power electronic components in the modern
power systems.
Keywords—Internet of things, IoT for power electronics, IoT
for power grids, power electronics 2.0
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern power systems are large in size and incorporate
several heterogeneous components in it. Starting from the
generation to distribution to the final consumption a lot of
complexities are found in these systems. In the smart grid
initiatives many different sources provide power to the grid
and the sources are very much different in features and
dynamics. The load demands from these power systems are
equally complex. Based on the heterogeneity of the structure
and loads these power systems need modern advanced
technologies to control and monitor them properly. A lot of
power electronic components are used in the modern power
systems for the control, protection, measurement and
monitoring applications. Traditional power electronic
components are not energy efficient and their performances
too lag when compared with the modern IoT based systems.
Similarly, the electro-mechanical control and protection
switch gears are not efficient when compared with the IoT
based systems. The power electronic systems of the modern
power grids can be made smarter using the IoT based
support systems.
Applications of IoT in the power electronic system are very
new. This area promises a lot of new initiatives in the power
systems. The novel applications of IoT and other sensor
based technologies have created a lot of aura in the power
electronics [1]. This new artificial intelligence (AI) enabled
IoT assisted power electronic systems are considered as a
new generation in power electronics. In [2], assistance of
IoT in power electronics components are presented with
respect to the power system related applications. Energy
efficiency is one of the main motivations for the use of IoT
in the power electronic systems. In [3], energy efficient
version of IoT has been studied which is suitable for all low
power wide area (LPWA) applications. It can also be
applied for the sensing and other applications in power
electronic components. In [4], the major changing trends of
the information and communication technologies (ICT) are
presented with the focus on economical aspects. It shows
that the new generations of mobile communications and the
IoT are going to change the global ICT to a large extent. It is
expected to be a complex arrangement to provide spectrum
to all the emerging networks and technologies such as 5G
and IoT [5]. Therefore, new spectrum and unused spectrum
are targeted for these emerging applications of the future. In
the last few years, several new applications have emerged in
the common domains such as logistics and transportation. In
[6] and [7], location based services have been presented
which are essential for logistics and transportation. In these
applications, IoT has been utilized to improve the accuracy
of the localization tasks. Narrowband IoT (NBIoT) has
emerged as a low power and versatile form of cellular IoT.
It promises a lot of LPWA applications across domains.
Main principles and applications of NBIoT have been
presented in [8]. It shows that NBIoT has a big demand in
the low power regime. In [9] and [10], several key
performance and deployment related aspects of NBIoT have
been presented. It shows that NBIoT is suitable for large
scale deployment. In [11] and [12], several utilities of
NBIoT for the smart grids are illustrated with appropriate
cases. In [13] and [14], several applications of IoT for smart
cities have been presented. It shows that IoT are essential
for smart cities. Healthcare is one of the largest sectors
where IoT has a large potential. In [15] and [16], typical
uses of IoT in healthcare have been studied. It shows that
LPWA technologies are preferable in healthcare, because
they do not pose any risk to the patients and the care givers.
In [17] and [18], satellite based IoT and their applications in
the current and emerging applications have been analyzed
with examples. It shows that the availability and coverage of
these IoT services are better than the typical cellular IoT
service providers. Services of large IoT networks over the
common infrastructure get sluggish due to the congestion in
the traffic. Therefore, in the modern networks a special slice
is provided for IoT traffic using network slicing in the
software defined networking (SDN) frameworks. In [19] –
[21], several SDN frameworks have been presented for
different types of networks. A big amount of data generated
from IoT demands appropriate compression techniques to
reduce the storage space and bandwidth for transmission. In
[22], several effective lossless compression techniques have
been proposed for IoT applications. Security and privacy are
of prime importance in IoT. In [23], the security related
aspects have been discussed for IoT. It suggests that some
techniques such as quantum cryptography can be used for
IoT. It provides better end to end security.
In this article, we present the IoT based support for power
electronic systems. We present the motivation for such a
system and its deployment related issues. We also discuss
the energy efficiency and the long term sustainability of
these systems.
The remaining parts of this article are arranged in four
different sections. In section II, we present the roles of
power electronics in power grids. In section III, we present
the reasons the roles of IoT for power electronics. In section
IV, we present several applications of these IoT assisted
power systems. We show some instances in which these IoT
based systems are essential for the success of the modern
grids. In section V, we conclude this article with the main
points.
II. ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN POWER GRIDS
With the increasing demands for renewable power and
changing demand-side management, the power grids evolve
every year. This shift heads to a dynamic grid from a
centralized, unidirectional grid. Power electronics enable the
effective and flexible management of power in different
applications. Efforts are being made to increase the
reliability of power electronic systems in order to provide
uninterrupted power. In [1], the authors have presented the
approaches for better reliable design of power electronic
systems based on the advanced tools and techniques. Power
electronics in the smart grids can be divided into two
categories based on its transmission and distribution. Power
transmission can be performed either through the high
voltage direct current transmission or through the use of
flexible alternating current transmission systems. Both of
these modes of transmission enable proper control over the
grids [24]. Fundamental components such as silicon
controlled rectifier, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and
gate turn-off thyristors are utilized to design these devices.
Distribution of medium voltage direct current power
systems are functionally divided into three subsystems:
power sources, load centers, and the distribution network. In
the following subsections, we present the roles of power
electronics in generation, transmission and distribution in
the modern power systems.
A. Role of Power Electronics in Generation
In power generation, we observe a large number of uses of
power electronics. Depending on the type of generation, the
use of power electronics varies from one to the other. The
traditional power generators such as thermal, hydraulic,
diesel and nuclear plants have large non-electrical front
ends. However, the generation end or the rear end is very
much electrical and it needs a lot of power electronics.
Power electronics devices are required for the interfacing of
dispersed sources with the grid for parameter matching and
energy consumption management [24]. It also aids in the
linking of energy storage and energy exchange between the
storage system and the grid. Power quality may be enhanced
by using voltage sag and swell compensations to adjust for
supply asymmetry. Power electronics is essential at many
phases of smart grid development, such as energy storage,
network coupling, and energy quality enhancement [24].
Power electronics devices are used in the design of wind
generators, energy storage units, power supply systems,
network couplers, energy quality enhancers, intelligent
delivery systems, and smart transformers. Power electronics
convertors are used for the interconnection of individual
solar panels both for series and parallel configurations.
B. Role of Power Electronics in Transmission
The electricity generated by the power plants cannot be
immediately sent to the power grids due to its fluctuating
frequency and terminal voltages [24]. Power electronics
plays important roles of stabilizing the frequencies and the
terminal voltages. Power electronics converters work in
tandem with power generators. In the transmission process a
lot of conductors and protective switch gears are used for
the safe transmission of power from the generators to the
end loads through the distribution transformers. In the
modern power grids energy storage is facilitated by several
new initiatives [24]. Energy storage units are critical for
supplying backup power during power outages. Batteries,
flywheels, super capacitors, compressed air tanks, hydrogen
systems, water containers, and other storage devices are
examples of these technologies. An AC-DC converter
connects these configurations to an internal DC bus. For
optimal use in modern power systems, a few demands from
power electronics equipment are enumerated. Power
electronics plays essential roles in all these functions of
power transmission. There power electronic devices are
expected to be:
Highly responsive, controllable, and efficiently operable;
Of high tolerance under over voltage and current
scenarios;
Adhering to the norms and regulations;
Of high longevity and dependability in operation;
Of minimal losses, low capital investment for
installation, and low maintenance requirements.
C. Role of Power Electronics in Distribution and Load
Management
Transformers are instrumental in the distribution systems.
Their operation and protection are carried on through the
power electronic devices. Transformers are bulky and
extremely critical component in any grid. Solid-state
transformers (SSTs) are advantageous because they are
small, lightweight, highly responsive, and are efficient under
mild load situations. SSTs have quicker response times and
can communicate with other grid-connected power
electronics converters. Another advantage of SST is the
ability to manage the power flow at high speeds. Its
implementation remains difficult due to the high cost and
the fear of damages due to high voltages/currents. Using
smart power electronic systems their safety can be enhanced
significantly. Along with the transformer, distribution
substations would complement the current infrastructure by
improving electricity quality and maintaining essential grid
characteristics such as voltage and frequency [24]. Power
electronics offer enormous promise for providing high
reliability, efficient energy saving, and reducing excessive
carbon emissions.
III. IOT FOR POWER ELECTRONICS
IoT can provide many applications in the field of power
sector such as power supply, transmission, distribution and
demand management. IoT can make the power electronics
efficient and more importantly reduce the harmful effects of
energy use on the environment. IoT can convert the existing
power system from centralized to a distributed one. IoT can
make the power system smart and integrated. Since IoT
systems function using sensors, it can help advanced
communication technologies for automation, smart control
and integration. These smart applications will reduce the
dependence on fossil fuels. Consumption of fossil fuels lead
to many lungs related harmful damages, air pollution, smog
and reduces the strength of the blood to carry oxygen to the
body cells. All these problems point toward smart solutions
using renewable energy sources (RES) over the smart grids
[24].
When IoT was first introduced in the power systems, the
researchers started focusing on power electronics to counter
problems related to blackout. The problems faced in the old
machinery were the poor maintenance, greater power losses
and unreliable setup. Ease of replacement of such equipment
was another concern. If IoT were to be used for the
maintenance of the power plants then the above-mentioned
problems can be countered which contributes to the saving
of huge amounts of power. Since IoT employs sensors, the
interconnected devices can provide the information on the
faulty devices. It increases energy efficiency, and initiates
the process of maintenance. Several efforts are being taken
to minimize the use of fossil fuels. In this regard many
countries encourage the use of RES. Couple of options for
such RES which are dependent on the environment are wind
energy and solar energy. The role of IoT in both these
scenarios could be to balance the supply and demand for
variable RES to enable the deployment of such useful
alternative options [1].
IoT has the potential to completely transform the way the
traditional systems operate in the field of power electronics
such as transmission, distribution, control and data
acquisition. IoT provides robust and energy efficient ICT
framework for the power systems. IoT can play crucial roles
in the major activities of power electronics in the grid
environment. Several ICT and and non-ICT related
applications are possible such as monitoring of essential
appliances, electric vehicles, checking the consumption rates
of the water, gas and electricity. IoT offers special features
which are found to be more advantageous compared to other
existing ICT. Depending on the instances of applications
IoT is available in different forms and specifications. IoT is
found to be a very suitable form of ICT mainly because of
its ability to provide specific communication and network
architectures for the cumbersome communication instances.
Another fascinating feature of IoT is that it can act on
reducing the power consumption rates and cost as well.
These features are found to be tailor made for power
electronics applications which experience unwanted power
losses in the real-world scenarios. Service providers demand
the use of the ICT for their sustained operation. The
developments in IoT in the recent past have motivated the
service providers, investors and operators to use the IoT in
the smart grids, smart homes and smart cities to improve the
efficiency of the power electronics [1].
IV. APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN POWER ELECTRONICS
Power systems arefound as power grids which have several
components. The power grids are large scale power
networks which cover large parts of the country they serve.
Some of these power grids span over several countries.
There are several issues in these power systems which needs
the support of power electronics. We have already seen that
power electronics has a lot of roles in the power grids. IoT is
a pervasive technology and it can be used to assist in several
applications in the power electronic systems [11]. Some of
the common applications of power electronic components
using IoT are presented in the following subsections.
A. Measurement and Control of Critical Parameters
Measurement of critical parameters in regular intervals is
essential in every power system [2]. Majority of these
measurements need the support of power electronic
components. These power electronic components can be
supported in different ways in the process of measurement.
Using the IoT sensors and actuators, accuracy of the
measurements can be improved. IoT can also provide
reliable backup services to the central facilities [11].
Control of some physical parameters is essential for power
system operations. IoT can play important roles in the
control processes. It is found that IoT based control can be
much better than the traditional approaches [12]. The IoT
based control process has the ability to take the actions on
minor changes as the sensitivity of the IoT sensors is better
than the traditional power electronic devices. At the same
time, the sensor-collected information is sent wirelessly to
the central facilities. This is different from the traditional
approaches used in power systems through wired
connections. Large scale control systems can also deploy
IoT for overall improvement in their performances.
Supervisory control and data accusation system (SCADA)
needs a lot of information from different locations which
can be supported by IoT though appropriate sensors and
actuators. All the power electronic components of SCADA
can be controlled using an IoT based SCADA. Overall, the
measurement and control performances of power systems
can be improved significantly through IoT. In the following
list we provide some common applications of IoT in power
systems for measurement and control.
1) Field current of alternators can be measured and
controlled using IoT. This system provides better accuracy
than the traditional systems. Because, it is able to figure out
very small changes in the field current that comes from the
rectrifiers of the field circuits. In fact, the entire rectifier
performances can be monitored.
2) Measurement of terminal voltage and frequency in
power systems is essential for interconnected power grids.
Any small change should be noted down and appropriate
actions should be followed. Frequency changing and
terminal voltage adjestments are carrout out through the
power elctronic components. Using IoT based systems
minor fluctuations in these parameters can be found and
appropriate actions can be taken.
3) Temerature monitoring is an important aspect of
overall performance management. There are several power
electronic components, electrical machines, regulators,
switch gears and transformers whose performances are
finctions of temperature. In such dynamic cases, IoT based
temperature monitoring is essential. It provides better
control and monitoring of the power systems.
4) In the smart city and smart grid initiatives a lot of
mesurements are needed for smooth operations [13]. In such
cases the mesurements are large in number and the
monitoring processes are complex [14]. IoT based smart
approaches are suitable for these applications [14].
B. Safety, Protection and Monitoring of Power Electronic
Components
Safety and protection of the components are essential for the
long term sustainability of the power systems [12]. Several
safety and protection initiatives are adopted in the power
grids to protect the important power electronic components.
Despite that, we find the accidents and failure of the grids.
Using IoT based approaches protection and safety can be
improved significantly. For instance, both high temperature
and vibration reduce the life span and accuracy of the power
electronic components. However, tracking and limiting
these parameters in the safe range is possible through IoT
using appropriate sensor-actuator pairs [2]. Some of the
common applications of IoT in this regard have been
presented in the following list.
1) Over current protection is mandatory for the power
electronic components in which high currents flow through.
These components include the rectifiers, controlled
rectifiers, and other components such as choppers and
inverters. IoT sensors and actuators can be deployed at the
entry locations and thus the high currents can be diverted to
other circuits to protect the components [11].
2) Over volatage protection is essential for the power
electronic coponents which are used in the high votage
environments. For instance the components used in the
starting circuits of the electrical machines normally gat high
voltages and high currents. They can be protected through
IoT using the voltage division using appropriate actuators at
the right locations [11].
3) High temperature is very bad for power electronic
components. Every power electronic component has its
upper limit of temperatures. Using IoT based protection,
these components can be protected [12]. There are two ways
to protect the power electronic componets in the IoT based
arrangements: first one is to avoid the high temperatures
when they approach the upper limit, and the second one is to
provide cooling mechanisms to protect the components from
the high temperatures.
4) Vibrations also reduce the life spans of the power
electronic components. Vibrations are very common in the
power generation plants, power stations, and to some extent
in the transmission lines. These vibrations can be detected
accuratelly using IoT sensors and the actuators can be
deployed to reduce them [2].
C. Programmability and Implementation of AI and ML
In the recent years, we have seen the increase in the use of
AI and ML in the power sectors. In a similar fashion, there
are proposals for the use of these tools in power electronics.
Now, programmable power electronic components are
expected in several complex applications. Especially, in the
dynamically changing physical systems such as power grids
these are highly demanded [2]. In these programmable
applications, IoT provides good logical setups. It enables
large scale remote programmability of the power electronic
components. Through these initiatives, several adaptive
algorithms based on AI and ML can be implemented in the
power electronic systems [1]. It is also found to be possible
to incorporate several other enabling technologies for smart
operations of the power electronic components. These smart
setups need advanced switching fabrics. IoT is also capable
of the effective implementation of these switching. IoT
sensors and actuators make it possible through smart
deployments. In this respect, IoT assisted power electronics
is found to be more efficient in the modern power systems.
In fact, these programmable applications are not feasible in
the standalone power electronics framework. The three
distinctive life-cycle phases, design, control, and
maintenance are correlated with tasks that are addressed by
AI, including optimization, classification, regression, and
data structure exploration. Existing AI methods in power
electronic systems are identified as follows.
1) Application perspective - AI methods applied in
power electronic systems are categorized as the design,
control, and maintenance.
2) Method perspective - AI methods applied in power
electronic systems are categorized as expert systems, fuzzy
logic, metaheuristic methods, and machine learning.
3) Function perspective - AI-related applications are
dealing with optimization, classification, regression, and
data structure exploration.
IoT can be seen as an interconnected network of bodies
whose brain is the AI that gets experience through ML
techniques, and an integration of these technologies can be
used for increasing the effectiveness of management and
maintenance of power electronic systems.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this article, we studied and discussed the main utilities
of the IoT assisted power electronic systems. Modern power
systems deal with a large variety of heterogeneous systems.
That is mainly due to the incorporation of the renewable
power sources such as solar, wind, tidal and several others.
We showed the main applications in power electronics in
the power systems where IoT can play a big role to improve
the performances and reduce energy consumption. We have
explained the importance of IoT based system where a lot of
flexibilities can be obtained. It also elongates the life span of
the power electronic systems. Long term sustainability of
the modern power systems largely depend on sustainable
power electronic systems. Certainly, IoT has a lot of
potential in this area. AI and ML can be implemented in the
power electronic systems through the support of the IoT
networks.
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