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fphys-10-00205 March 4, 2019 Time: 10:55 # 1
MINI REVIEW
published: 05 March 2019
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00205
Edited by:
Toby Mündel,
Massey University, New Zealand
Reviewed by:
Yi-Hung Liao,
National Taipei University of Nursing
and Health Sciences, Taiwan
Damir Zubac,
Science and Research Centre
of Koper, Slovenia
*Correspondence:
Oliver R. Barley
o.barley@ecu.edu.au
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Exercise Physiology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Physiology
Received: 07 November 2018
Accepted: 18 February 2019
Published: 05 March 2019
Citation:
Barley OR, Chapman DW,
Guppy SN and Abbiss CR (2019)
Considerations When Assessing
Endurance in Combat Sport Athletes.
Front. Physiol. 10:205.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00205
Considerations When Assessing
Endurance in Combat Sport Athletes
Oliver R. Barley1*, Dale W. Chapman1,2, Stuart N. Guppy1and Chris R. Abbiss1
1Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University,
Joondalup, WA, Australia, 2Performance Support, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Combat sports encompass a range of sports, each involving physical combat
between participants. Such sports are unique, with competitive success influenced
by a diverse range of physical characteristics. Effectively identifying and evaluating
each characteristic is essential for athletes and support staff alike. Previous research
investigating the relationship between combat sports performance and measures of
strength and power is robust. However, research investigating the relationship between
combat sports performance and assessments of endurance is less conclusive. As
a physical characteristic, endurance is complex and influenced by multiple factors
including mechanical efficiency, maximal aerobic capacity, metabolic thresholds, and
anaerobic capacities. To assess endurance of combat sports athletes, previous
research has employed methods ranging from incremental exercise tests to circuits
involving sports-specific techniques. These tests range in their ability to discern various
physiological attributes or performance characteristics, with varying levels of accuracy
and ecological validity. In fact, it is unclear how various physiological attributes influence
combat sport endurance performance. Further, the sensitivity of sports specific skills in
performance based tests is also unclear. When developing or utilizing tests to better
understand an athletes’ combat sports-specific endurance characteristic, it is important
to consider what information the test will and will not provide. Additionally, it is important
to determine which combination of performance and physiological assessments will
provide the most comprehensive picture. Strengthening the understanding of assessing
combat sport-specific endurance as a physiological process and as a performance
metric will improve the quality of future research and help support staff effectively monitor
their athlete’s characteristics.
Keywords: physiological assessment, performance monitoring, measurement precision, biology of combat
sports, sports specificity, aerobic capacity
INTRODUCTION
Combat sport is a term used to describe a wide range of competitive contact sports typically
involving physical combat where the winner is determined by specific criteria depending on the
rules of the sport. Combat sports have a large public following with sports such as boxing and mixed
martial arts (MMA) having millions of followers and approximately 20% of summer Olympic
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Barley et al. Assessing Endurance in Combat Sports
medals available in combat sports such as boxing, judo and
taekwondo (Franchini et al., 2012;James et al., 2016b;Reale et al.,
2016). Combat sports can be categorized as grappling, striking
or mixed style sports. Grappling sports involving gripping,
throwing, ground combat, chokeholds and joint locks (Ratamess,
2011), while striking sports incorporate skills ranging from only
punches to combinations of punches, kicks, knees, and elbows
(Rodrigues Silva et al., 2011). Mixed style combat sports involve
both grappling and striking, thus requiring a diverse skill-set
(Tack, 2013). The rules vary between combat sports resulting in
different methods of victory and competition durations, which
in turn results in many possible competitive styles, even within
the same sport (Tack, 2013). In several combat sports, specific
techniques or positions are worth a set number of points and
successfully applied techniques are then subsequently totalled
to determine victory should an opponent not be defeated via
a submission, knock-out (KO) or technical knock-out (TKO;
Balmer et al., 2005;Ratamess, 2011). In contrast, some sports
utilize an ever-evolving and more subjective scoring system for
bouts that are not ended by a submission, KO or TKO. For
example, the current scoring system applied to both amateur and
professional bouts in several combat sports is referred to as the
“10-Point Must System,” whereby judges subjectively decide the
winner of the round awarding 10 points and the opponent 9 or
less. These scoring systems result in diverse methods of victory in
combat sports, and thus the term “performance” is complicated.
Indeed, overcoming an opponent through submission in the first
minute of an event or on points after fifteen minutes of fighting
would both be examples of successful competitive performances
but achieved through very different physical characteristics, skill
sets and tactics. Thus, for coaches and physical conditioning
support personnel assessing such physical characteristics is
important for optimizing athlete development, competition
tactics and preparations for competition. As a result, a large
body of literature has been developed around understanding the
physical and physiological characteristics of combat sport athletes
(Chaabene et al., 2018;James et al., 2016b).
Combat sports are physically demanding, requiring a diverse
physical and physiological profile to be successful in competition
(Kraemer et al., 2001;Ratamess, 2011;Bridge et al., 2014;
Franchini et al., 2014;Chaabène et al., 2015). Striking movements
such as punches and kicks require explosive strength and power
(Loturco et al., 2014;House and Cowan, 2015), while grappling
movements can require a greater emphasis on isometric and
concentric strength (Ratamess, 2011;James et al., 2016b).
Additionally, combat sports are comprised of many different
sports-specific movements which will influence the physical load.
For instance, sports such as boxing and judo exert a greater
demand on the upper limbs whilst taekwondo exerts a greater
demand on the lower limbs (Bridge et al., 2014;Franchini et al.,
2014;Chaabène et al., 2015). Even differences in equipment
requirements may influence the physical demands of the sport,
such as the use of a kimono in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and judo
increasing the use of the forearm muscles (Andreato and Branco,
2016). The specific skills and rulesets of a combat sport will
significantly influence the energy cost of competition (Crisafulli
et al., 2009;Andreato and Branco, 2016;Hausen et al., 2017).
However, combat sports do not typically involve a single
execution of one particular technique but instead involve
repeated executions interspersed with lower intensity actions
(Rodrigues Silva et al., 2011;Franchini et al., 2013;Andreato
et al., 2015;Miarka et al., 2015a,b). The high-intensity repeat-
effort nature of combat sports typically results in a large aerobic
response during exercise as demonstrated by athletes reaching
near maximal heart rates and oxygen consumption (>90%
of maximum HR and VO2max) during simulated competition
(Crisafulli et al., 2009;Doria et al., 2009;Campos et al., 2012).
Additionally, the high-intensity component of combat sport
competitions induces significant anaerobic strain with research
observing high levels of blood lactate (>12 mmol.L−1) following
competition (Bouhlel et al., 2006;Hanon et al., 2015). This makes
endurance an important characteristic of success in competitive
combat sports (Amtmann and Berry, 2003;La Bounty et al.,
2011;Ratamess, 2011;Lenetsky and Harris, 2012). However,
endurance is a difficult concept to define as it is influenced by
a wide range of physiological, psychological and biomechanical
factors (Abbiss and Laursen, 2005). For the purposes of this
review endurance will defined as the ability to maintain a high-
intensity or repeated efforts over longer exercise durations. The
work:rest ratios of high-intensity efforts during competition vary,
thus resulting in different endurance profiles between combat
sports (Del Vecchio et al., 2011;Rodrigues Silva et al., 2011;
Andreato et al., 2015). It is also important to consider the
total duration of events in combat sports, with some sports
having a single round lasting 10 min and others involving
up to twelve 3 min rounds. Furthermore, it is possible that
different regulations in performance enhancing drugs and weight
cutting practices may also influence performance in different
combat sports and levels of competition. These differences create
complications when attempting to compare results acquired
from exercise testing of athletes from different types of combat
sports, especially Olympic and professional ones (Andreato and
Branco, 2016). Additionally, the rules of many combat sports
are somewhat unique and allow for an athlete to win before the
allotted competition time, which makes the total duration highly
variable. Indeed, it has been reported that over half of all MMA
fights in the Ultimate Fighting Championship R
(UFCR
) are
ended within the first round (Del Vecchio and Franchini, 2013).
However, it is not uncommon for fights to last the entire allocated
duration (Miarka et al., 2015b). These diverse requirements,
due to both the physical requirements and varied length of
competition, result in athletes requiring several well-developed
physical characteristics including strength, power, agility and
endurance on top of technical skill and tactics to be successful
(Amtmann and Berry, 2003;La Bounty et al., 2011;Ratamess,
2011). While there are a wide range of potential tools for support
staff to use to assess an athlete’s relevant physical characteristics,
what approaches are most relevant to combat sports success
currently are not clear, especially in the case of combat sports
endurance related performance (Chaabene et al., 2018). As such,
the purpose of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the
current methods of assessing physical capacities in combat sports
with a focus on endurance ability in an effort to help develop best
practice guidelines.
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Barley et al. Assessing Endurance in Combat Sports
CURRENT PRACTICES IN ASSESSING
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN
COMBAT SPORTS
It may not be possible to develop a single test that simultaneously
assesses all factors of all combat sports performance under
controlled conditions. As a result, the best available approach is to
assess individually characteristics integral to competitive success,
such as strength, power, agility and endurance (La Bounty et al.,
2011;Ratamess, 2011;James et al., 2016b) with some insight into
the underlying physiology to lesser or greater degree. Effectively
identifying and evaluating such characteristics is essential
to inform training interventions, nutritional demands, talent
identification, and design the optimal competition strategies
for athletes. When selecting a test to assess a characteristic in
combat sports athletes, it is important to differentiate between
tests where the primary outcome measure is an indicator of
physiological capacity or performance. Tests of performance
are primarily used to simulate competition in a controlled
manner as opposed to assessing the function of a physiological
system (Bassett and Howley, 2000;Currell and Jeukendrup,
2008). When evaluating the body of research investigating key
physical characteristics in combat sports, it is apparent that the
employed methods range from physiological assessments with
low sports specificity to performance assessments with high
sports specificity (Franchini et al., 2011;Chaabène et al., 2012;
James et al., 2016b). Thus assessments seeking to isolate an
underlying physical characteristic with low sports specificity used
across combat sports include: one repetition maximum (1RM)
testing (Franchini et al., 2007;Garthe et al., 2011;James et al.,
2016b), maximal isokinetic strength assessment (Timpmann
et al., 2008), counter-movement and squat jumps (Fogelholm
et al., 1993;Garthe et al., 2011;Ouergui et al., 2014;James et al.,
2016b;Barley et al., 2018b), 40-m sprint (Garthe et al., 2011),
30 s continuous jump ( ˇ
Cular et al., 2018), repeated contractions
on an isokinetic dynamometer (Moore et al., 1992;Kraemer
et al., 2001;Oopik et al., 2002;Timpmann et al., 2008;Barley
et al., 2018a), Wingate testing (Fogelholm et al., 1993;Artioli
et al., 2010;Mendes et al., 2013;Durkalec-Michalski et al., 2014;
Ouergui et al., 2014), various repeat-sprint tests (Barley et al.,
2018b;James et al., 2018) and maximal aerobic capacity testing
(Guidetti et al., 2002;Ravier et al., 2006;Franchini et al., 2011;
Bruzas et al., 2014;Reljic et al., 2015;James et al., 2016b). As
the spectrum of physical assessments shifts toward a higher level
of sport specificity assessment, examples include exercise circuits
(i.e., burpees, press-ups, and sports-specific skills such as throws
or strikes) (Smith et al., 2000;Franchini et al., 2005, 2007, 2011;
Hall and Lane, 2001;Artioli et al., 2010;Chaabène et al., 2012;
Villar et al., 2016;Sant’Ana et al., 2017) and simulated combat
with a live opponent (Yang et al., 2018) (Table 1). Although the
use of such testing modalities appears sound, critical evaluation
of the ecological validity of the test or physiological characteristic
involved is required, including an understanding of the precision
to detect small but important changes.
There is a belief that when assessing a performance
characteristic, the assessment should relate as closely as possible
to the sport itself. However, there can be a trade-off between
precision of measurement for the physical characteristic and
maintaining sporting relevance. While some assessment methods
of physical characteristics closely relate to competitive success
(James et al., 2016a,b), the relationship for others is much less
clear (James et al., 2016b). For example, greater levels of strength
and power have been linked to a higher competitive level in
combat sports (James et al., 2016a,b) and to greater punching
force (Loturco et al., 2014;House and Cowan, 2015). In fact, it
appears that the body of research assessing strength and power
in combat sports athletes is robust (Loturco et al., 2014;House
and Cowan, 2015;Iermakov et al., 2016;James et al., 2016a,b).
In contrast, the methods of assessing combat sports-specific
endurance are highly varied in the literature and much less
robust (Chaabene et al., 2018). This is likely due to the complex
nature of endurance as a physical characteristic underpinning
combat sport performance, making it far more complicated to
assess. Indeed, it is acknowledged that the demand on the aerobic
system varies depending on intensity and competition length,
with sports involving multiple rounds such as boxing, kickboxing
and MMA placing a greater strain on the aerobic system (Smith,
1998;La Bounty et al., 2011;Rodrigues Silva et al., 2011;Alm
and Yu, 2013;Del Vecchio and Franchini, 2013;Chaabène
et al., 2015). Additionally, sports with single rounds likely
require a significant aerobic contribution (Chaabène et al., 2012;
Ratamess, 2011;Franchini et al., 2014). However, it is important
to note that endurance is influenced by many more factors
than just aerobic capacity (Coyle, 1999;Bassett and Howley,
2000;Aziz et al., 2007;Buchheit, 2008;Aguiar et al., 2016).
The repeated high-intensity efforts involved require competitive
athletes to have well developed strength-endurance, efficiency
and anaerobic capacities alongside a capacity to rapidly recover
(Coyle, 1999;Ratamess, 2011;Bridge et al., 2014;Chaabène
et al., 2015;Salci, 2015). Thus, to better understand endurance
ability in a combat sport athlete it is important to consider
all factors relevant to the individual combat sport’s-specific
endurance. Given the lack of clarity in the literature regarding the
assessment of endurance relevant to combat sports, the following
sections seek to provide recommendations for methods of
evaluating characteristics relevant to endurance ability in combat
sports athletes.
ASSESSING ENDURANCE IN COMBAT
SPORTS ATHLETES FROM A
PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE
When assessing endurance performance, the overall duration and
intermittent nature of the specific combat sport should be taken
into account (Del Vecchio and Franchini, 2013). Combat sports
with multiple rounds can involve greater than 30 min of high-
intensity intermittent activity (Guidetti et al., 2002;Andreato and
Branco, 2016). Additionally, combat sport bouts involve the use
of a wide range of sports-specific skills that can also influence the
physical requirements which may be difficult to replicate under
controlled conditions (Bridge et al., 2014;Franchini et al., 2014;
Chaabène et al., 2015;Andreato and Branco, 2016). Whilst it
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TABLE 1 | Common methods to assessment physical capacities in combat sports athletes.
Assessment Physical capacity
assessed
Reference within
combat sports
Does the assessment
involve
sports-specific skills
Primary outcome
variable
Lower body or upper
body engaged
Repeat effort Combat sport the
test can be used for
One repetition
maximum testing
Strength Franchini et al., 2007 No Weight lifted Upper or lower body No Generic
Maximal isokinetic
strength assessment
Strength Barley et al., 2018a No Torque generated Upper or lower body No Generic
Counter-movement and
squat jumps
Power Barley et al., 2018a No Jump height, and force
generated
Lower body No Generic
30-s continuous jump Anaerobic power and
capacity
ˇ
Cular et al., 2018 No Number of jumps and
height of jumps
Lower body Yes Generic
Repeated contractions
on an isokinetic
dynamometer
Repeat-effort
endurance
Barley et al., 2018a No Torque generated and
number of contractions
Upper or lower body Yes Generic (depending on
effort-relief intervals)
Wingate anaerobic
assessment
Power and anaerobic
capacity
Ouergui et al., 2014 No Peak power, average
power and fatigue
index
Upper or lower body No (repeated Wingate
protocols can be
designed)
Generic
Maximal aerobic
capacity testing
Aerobic capacity and
continuous effort
endurance ability
Bruzas et al., 2014 Possibly (in most cases
no)
Maximal oxygen
consumption and
workload achieved
Upper, lower or whole
body
Depends on the
protocol
Longer duration
combat sports (i.e.,
multiple rounds)
Special Judo fitness
test
Repeat-effort
endurance and
anaerobic capacity
Franchini et al., 2011 Yes Index (calculated by
heart rate and number
of throws)
Whole body Yes Judo
Karate-specific aerobic
test
Repeat-effort
endurance and aerobic
capacity
Chaabène et al., 2012 Yes Time to exhaustion Whole body Yes Karate
Repeat sled-push test Repeat-effort
endurance
Barley et al., 2018b No Average run speed,
total test time and peak
sprint test
Whole body Yes Mixed martial arts
Repeated sprint ability
test
Repeat-effort
endurance
James et al., 2018 No Mean sprint time Whole body Yes Mixed martial arts
(effort-relief interval
adjustments could
make the test apply to
other sports)
Taekwondo anaerobic
test
Anaerobic power and
capacity
Sant’Ana et al., 2014 Yes Number of repetitions,
test time and kick force
Whole body Yes Taekwondo
Specific jiu-jitsu
anaerobic performance
test
Repeat-effort
endurance and
anaerobic capacity
Villar et al., 2016 Yes Number of repetitions Whole body Yes Jiu-jitsu
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Barley et al. Assessing Endurance in Combat Sports
is generally understood that utilizing sports-specific assessments
is ideal (Müller et al., 2000), developing a sports-specific and
scientifically valid assessment of endurance for all combat sport
athletes is difficult. This is due to the high degree of variation in
the physiological demands, sports-specific skills and competitive
approaches both between and within combat sports (Franchini
et al., 2011;Chaabène et al., 2012).
The variation between and within combat sports complicates
the assessment of endurance in such athletes. As a result,
researchers examining endurance capacity in combat sport
athletes have utilized a range of assessment methods. These
include circuits of activities conducted in a manner that reflect
the required physical and physiological load of the specific
sport, and in many cases, including sports-specific skills such as
strikes and throws to mimic the performance aspects required
(Smith et al., 2000;Hall and Lane, 2001;Franchini et al., 2005,
2007, 2011;Artioli et al., 2010;Chaabène et al., 2012;Villar
et al., 2016;Sant’Ana et al., 2017) (Table 1). In locomotion
sports such as cycling or running, the goal of any assessment
is to evaluate such locomotion as this is the context in which
competitive performance occurs. But in sports such as combat
sports, where locomotion is not the sole objective, there are
many goals and measures of possible performance. Specifically,
the ability to continually attack and defend effectively against
an opponent during later rounds is essential to victory (Miarka
et al., 2015b). The ability to continue to execute sports-specific
skills over longer periods of time despite fatigue has been
assessed in judo (Franchini et al., 2011), karate (Chaabène et al.,
2012), boxing (Smith et al., 2000), taekwondo (Sant’Ana et al.,
2014) and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (Villar et al., 2016) (Table 1).
These tests all involve the repeated execution of one or more
sports-specific skill for an allocated time or until volitional
fatigue, with varying measurements recorded. Simulation-style
tests such as these provide valuable information on the fatigue
induced by such sports-specific drills. There remain however
many combat sports that do not have sports-specific performance
tests available, and future research should aim to address this
gap in available methodology. While it is important to consider
that the potential limitations of such testing methods have not
been completely explored, these include aspects related to the
precision of in situ aerobic capacity measurement, lactate and
ventilatory threshold identification and more general instances of
measurement and repeatability of test performance. The special
judo fitness test has undergone reliability testing as well as
physiological examination (Franchini et al., 2009, 2011). Indeed,
ventilatory gas analysis identified that 28.2 ±2.9% of energy
requirement were aerobic during this test (Franchini et al., 2011).
An issue with this and many other performance based tests is that
they are unable to assess important physiological characteristics
such as thresholds, efficiency of motion or others likely to
be relevant to performance. Regardless, typical tests of repeat-
ability are derived from locomotion tasks, such as repeated-sprint
ability, where the relationship between fatigue and changes in
biomechanics is better understood (Morin et al., 2006). However,
in combat sports the changes in technical ability resulting from
fatigue and how important such changes are to competitive
success are not clear. Given the highly technical nature of combat
sports it is plausible that fatigue-induced reductions in skill would
have an even greater impact on competitive success than in
locomotion based sports. Current sports-specific protocols do not
comprehensively monitor impairments in skill which could result
in missing important information that would plausibly have a
substantial influence on performance during real competition.
To better understand this future research should investigate
the specific kinematic changes in combat sports techniques
resulting from fatigue.
Repeat-effort ability is regarded as essential in a wide range
of sports outside of those centered on combat. As a result there
is a substantial body of literature that examines the repeat-effort
ability of athletes (Bishop et al., 2001). While assessments of
repeat-effort ability will have a similar basic structure, they can
vary in a range of ways, including the duration of efforts, the
recovery duration and number provided, and the modality of
exercise (Bishop et al., 2001;Aziz et al., 2007). Previously reported
testing protocols have involved repeated sprints on foot (Zagatto
et al., 2009;James et al., 2018), on a cycle ergometer (Bishop
et al., 2001), upper-body ergometer (Mendes et al., 2013), or
pushing a sled (Barley et al., 2018b). Generic running tests such
as the 30–15 intermittent fitness test are common examples of
repeat-effort running tests commonly used in the field (Aziz et al.,
2000;Buchheit, 2008;James et al., 2018), although the work-rest
ratios are unlikely to be reflective of combat sports competitions.
Many repeat-effort assessments however, only measure the high-
intensity component (i.e., the sprint duration) while neglecting
the low-intensity recovery portion, which potentially results in
missing important information (Balsom et al., 1992;Spencer
et al., 2005;Barley et al., 2018b;James et al., 2018). For example,
when assessing repeated sprints on a cycle ergometer it is
common for the tester to require the athlete to maintain at least
60 rpm during the recovery period. Yet it is very often unreported
whether this protocol factor was adhered to and thus, although
seeking to standardize recovery, the potential insight for the
efficacy of an athlete’s recovery process is lost.
Combat sports athletes require the ability for continual
movement about the competitive arena for positioning an
opponent and an ability for sustained upper-body isometric
and dynamic contractions. While some of the repeat-effort
data collected using common methods could elucidate this
performance aspect, it is important to consider that sustained
upper body isometric and dynamic contractions are not reflected
easily in most repeat-effort testing as the methods used do
not require significant strength, and therefore would not likely
translate to combat sports. Previous research has tried to
mitigate this issue with varying degrees of ecological validity by
requiring athletes (judokas) to perform a series of unopposed
throws of an opponent in their weight category between
brief sprints (Franchini et al., 2011) or, alternatively, to push
a weight sled (body mass relative) maximally for a specific
distance (Barley et al., 2018b). However, these methods require
further investigation to determine their applicability to their
respective sports considering the aforementioned limitations of
such protocols. Additionally, it is also important to consider
if factors such as the level of competition or biological
sex will influence the best practices for assessing physical
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Barley et al. Assessing Endurance in Combat Sports
capacities in combat athletes, which should be a topic of
future research.
ASSESSING ENDURANCE IN COMBAT
SPORTS ATHLETES FROM A
PHYSIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Repeat-effort ability is maintained by a complicated relationship
between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, with the anaerobic
system being mostly important in high-intensity performance
and the aerobic system being important to recovery between
efforts (Bishop et al., 2011;Girard et al., 2011). The initial high-
intensity effort will be heavily reliant on anaerobic metabolism
with increasing aerobic contribution as more efforts are
completed (Girard et al., 2011). However, even in the final
efforts of repeat-sprint protocols the majority of energy can
still be yielded anaerobically, though to a lesser extent (Girard
et al., 2011). A study by McGawley and Bishop (McGawley and
Bishop, 2015) observed significant aerobic contribution in the
final sprint of a 5 ×6-s maximal sprint protocol. As such,
the high-intensity components of repeat-effort sports will be
significantly influenced by an athlete’s anaerobic capacity even as
the competition duration extends (Girard et al., 2011). Indeed,
repeat-effort performance is likely to be heavily influenced
by the accumulation of metabolic by-products, limitations in
energy supply and neural fatigue (Girard et al., 2011). This is
supported by studies that observe significant increases in blood
metabolites during combat sports competitions (Bouhlel et al.,
2006;Hanon et al., 2015) and the maximal cardiac response
associated with combat sports competitions (Crisafulli et al.,
2009;Hausen et al., 2017). As a result, common assessments of
anaerobic capacity such as a Wingate or maximal accumulated
oxygen deficit (MAOD) assessment will likely have important
implications to combat sports endurance ability (Vandewalle
et al., 1987;Faude et al., 2009;Bishop et al., 2011). The
relationship between anaerobic capacity and competitive level in
combat sports athletes has been observed in previous research
(James et al., 2016b). However, the ability to recover from
such high-intensity efforts during the low-intensity components
will be driven primarily by the aerobic system to buffer
hydrogen ion concentration and enhance phosphocreatine (PCr)
regeneration (Balsom et al., 1992;Girard et al., 2011). This
has been confirmed by previous research investigating the
energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation
(Campos et al., 2012). As such, greater aerobic fitness will likely
improve repeat-effort ability in combat sports competitions by
increasing oxygen availability, improving lactate removal and
enhancing PCr regeneration (Tomlin and Wenger, 2001;Bishop
et al., 2011). Increased aerobic fitness will also induce many
physiological adaptations which could aid in combat sports
endurance such as increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity,
faster oxygen uptake kinetics, accelerated post-effort muscle re-
oxygenation rate, improved lactate and ventilatory thresholds
and a greater VO2max (Bishop et al., 2011). However, it is
important to remember that the relationship between maximal
aerobic capacity and combat sports competitive level, or even
repeat-effort performance in general does not appear to be linear
(Bishop et al., 2011;Girard et al., 2011;Bridge et al., 2014;
James et al., 2016b). We postulate that at the higher levels of
combat sport competition there is a diminishing rate of return
in the gross markers of aerobic capacity and adaptation. In fact,
previous research has found sports-specific aerobic training in
judo athletes to not improve VO2max but to significantly affect
ventilation thresholds, heart rate and VO2recovery (Bonato
et al., 2015). As such, other markers of aerobic fitness such as
metabolic thresholds, economy, oxygen kinetics and the power
output associated with VO2max could more closely relate with
fatigue development during repeat-effort exercise as observed
in combat sports (Faude et al., 2009;Bishop et al., 2011). Due
to the aforementioned differences between intermittent and
continuous exercise, the ecological validity would increase if
practitioners were to evaluate such factors during intermittent
exercise protocols (Drust et al., 2000;Koralsztein and Billat, 2000)
particularly with world class athletes. Further research is required
to better understand exactly which markers of both anaerobic and
aerobic fitness best relate to combat sports endurance.
CONCLUSION
Combat sports are popular, physically demanding sports with a
diverse competitive cohort around the globe. With a developing
body of research, it is important to critically examine the current
practices and how these may be best applied by the practitioner
in the monitoring of athlete adaption process. Such a body
evidence will not only help inform the assessment of endurance
in combat sports athletes, but also the development of physical
capacities which is a topic that needs further investigation. The
current assessments of characteristics important for competitive
combat sports performance, particularly those involved with
endurance require further evaluation to determine their efficacy.
This is important as many of the current methods may not
be accurately assessing endurance ability or may lack the
sensitivity to detect any changes. Endurance is a complicated
characteristic comprised of many factors and as such cannot
be comprehensively evaluated with a single test. A combination
of assessments designed to simulate aspects of performance (in
particular, repeat-effort ability) and others designed to better
understand the underlying physiology will provide the most
complete picture of combat sport endurance ability. However,
while there is research investigating what physiological markers
are important for combat sport athletes further research is needed
to understand the relevant importance of variables such as
metabolic thresholds and oxygen kinematics. When designing
a test to simulate combat sport-specific endurance there are
many things to consider, including how to induce a comparable
physical and physiological load to competition alongside
carefully choosing what activities will be included in the testing
with respect to their ecological and scientific validity. Future
research should investigate the potential impact that fatigue
may have on combat sports-specific techniques and how such
changes may influence assessments of endurance. Developing
a better understanding the issues presented throughout this
Frontiers in Physiology | www.frontiersin.org 6March 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 205
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Barley et al. Assessing Endurance in Combat Sports
review will improve researchers’ ability to accurately assess
characteristics relevant to combat sports performance, alongside
allowing coaching staff to make appropriate training decisions
and more effectively monitor the impact of such decisions.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
OB and SG conceptualized the review topic and design. All other
authors contributed to the crafting and editing of the manuscript.
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Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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