Steven L Jacques

Oregon Health and Science University | OHSU · Department of Biomedical Engineering

Laser coagulation of highly vascular biological tissue such as prostate or liver includes coupled optical and thermal processes [1]-[2] which may not be accurately modeled if temperature dependence of tissue properties are not taken into consideration. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dynamically varying blood perfusion r...

Many Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients suffer from altered cerebral blood flow and damaged cerebral vasculature. Cerebrovascular dysfunction could play an important role in this disease. However, the mechanism underlying a vascular contribution in AD is still unclear. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is a critical mechanism that maintains cerebral...

Sustained light‐dependent coral reef communities can be found at a wide range of light environments, extending from the sea level to as deep as 150 m (i.e. esophotic). How mesophotic corals thrive despite extremely limited light conditions still requires further investigation. Here, we undertook a comprehensive ecophysiological and bio‐optical stud...

Significance: Cerebral vascular reactivity is critical parameters of brain homeostasis in health and disease, but the investigational value of brain oxymetry is diminished by anesthesia and mechanical fixation of the mouse scull. Aim: We needed to reduce the physical restrictivity of hemodynamic spectroscopy to enable cancer and Alzheimers disease...

The coral-algal photosymbiosis fuels global coral-reef primary productivity, extending from sea level to as deep as 150 m (i.e., mesophotic). Currently, it is largely unknown how such mesophotic reefs thrive despite extremely limited light conditions. Here, we show that corals exhibit a plastic response to mesophotic conditions that involves a spat...

Understanding the dynamic nature of tumor hypoxia is vital for cancer therapy. The presence of oxygen within a tumor during radiation therapy increases the likelihood of local control. We used a novel interstitial diffuse optical probe to make real-time measurements of blood volume fraction and hemoglobin oxygen saturation within a tumor at a high...

The internal light field and thus light exposure of the photosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodinium sp.) in corals is strongly modulated by the optical properties of coral tissue and skeleton. While there are numerous studies documenting the light microenvironment in corals, there are only few measurements of the inherent optical properties of corals i...

This erratum corrects an error in "Modeling subdiffusive light scattering by incorporating the tissue phase function and detector numerical aperture."

The internal light field and thus light exposure of the photosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodinium sp.) in corals is strongly modulated by the optical properties of coral tissue and skeleton. While there are numerous studies documenting the light microenvironment in corals, there are only few measurements of the inherent optical properties of corals i...

Coral reefs are highly productive photosynthetic systems and coral optics studies suggest that such high efficiency is due to optimized light scattering by coral tissue and skeleton. Here, we characterize the inherent optical properties, i.e. the scattering coefficient, ms, and the anisotropy of scattering, g, of eight intact coral species using op...

Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorimetry is widely used in photobiological studies of corals, as it rapidly provides numerous photosynthetic parameters to assess coral ecophysiology. Coral optics studies have revealed the presence of light gradients in corals, which are strongly affected by light scattering in coral tissue and skeleton. We inves...

Objectives Early melanoma detection decreases morbidity and mortality. Early detection classically involves dermoscopy to identify suspicious lesions for which biopsy is indicated. Biopsy and histological examination then diagnose benign nevi, atypical nevi, or cancerous growths. With current methods, a considerable number of unnecessary biopsies a...

Optical spectral images can be used to estimate the amount of bulk absorbers in tissues, specifically oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, as well as scattering parameters. Most systems that capture spectral image data are large, heavy, and expensive. This paper presents a full end-to-end analysis of a low-cost reflectance-mode multispectral imaging system op...

Coral reefs are highly productive photosynthetic systems and coral optics studies suggest that such high efficiency is due to optimised light scattering by coral tissue and skeleton. Here, we characterise the inherent optical properties, i.e., the scattering coefficient, μ s , and the anisotropy of scattering, g , of 8 intact coral species using op...

At the time of publication, our group had performed short tandem repeat (STR) testing on the SCC22B cell line and believed that had been correctly identified. As part of a recent comprehensive process to confirm the identity of cell lines in use in our lab, we repeated STR testing on all cell lines. These results were compared to the ExPASy Cellosa...

Assessing the metabolic activity of a tissue, whether normal, damaged, aged, or pathologic, is useful for diagnosis and evaluating the effects of drugs. This report describes a handheld optical fiber probe that contacts the skin, applies pressure to blanch the superficial vascular plexus of the skin, then releases the pressure to allow refill of th...

To detect small-scale changes in tissue with optical techniques, small sampling volumes and, therefore, short source–detector separations are required. In this case, reflectance measurements are not adequately described by the diffusion approximation. Previous studies related subdiffusive reflectance to ? or ? , which parameterize the phase functio...

Application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for in vivo imaging of tissue and skeleton structure of intact living corals enabled the non-invasive visualization of coral tissue layers (endoderm versus ectoderm), skeletal cavities and special structures such as mesenterial filaments and mucus release from intact living corals. Coral host chroma...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive three-dimensional imaging technique with micrometer resolution allowing microstructural characterization of tissues in vivo and in real time. We present the first application of OCT for in vivo imaging of tissue and skeleton structure of intact living corals spanning a variety of morphologies and...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive three-dimensional imaging technique with micrometer resolution allowing microstructural characterization of tissues in vivo and in real time. We present the first application of OCT for in vivo imaging of tissue and skeleton structure of intact living corals spanning a variety of morphologies and...

Corals are very efficient at using solar radiation, with photosynthetic quantum efficiencies approaching theoretical limits. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms underlying such outstanding photosynthetic performance through extracting inherent optical properties of the living coral tissue and skeleton in a massive faviid coral. Using Monte C...

Background and objective: It is commonly believed that pigmented pathogens are selectively targeted by dental lasers. To test this notion optical diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) was used to obtain absorption spectra for the periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi). Materials and methods: Spectra f...

Significance To perceive speech, the brain relies on inputs from sensory cells located near the top of the spiral-shaped cochlea. This low-frequency region of the inner ear is anatomically difficult to access, and it has not previously been possible to study its mechanical response to sound in intact preparations. Here, we used optical coherence to...

Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry is widely used in photobiological studies of corals. PAM is easy to use and provides numerous photosynthetic parameters to assess coral ecophysiology. Essentially, PAM instruments measure chlorophyll a fluorescence that originates from Symbiodinium harboured within the host tissue. Recent studies of coral...

Goniometry and optical scatter imaging have been used for optical determination of particle size based upon optical scattering. Polystyrene microspheres in suspension serve as a standard for system validation purposes. The design and calibration of a digital Fourier holographic microscope (DFHM) are reported. Of crucial importance is the appropriat...

Purpose:Oscillatory dynamics in acute hypoxia have been observed, but poorly understood. They have mostly been attributed to vascular perturbations, but no link has yet been made to metabolic causes. We set out to determine the fundamental frequencies and test for coherence in tumor oxygen dynamics and spatial properties. Methods:Severe combined im...

This report describes how optical images acquired using linearly polarized light can specify the anisotropy of scattering (g) and the ratio of reduced scattering [μs′=μs(1-g)] to absorption (μa), i.e., N′=μs′/μa. A camera acquired copolarized (HH) and crosspolarized (HV) reflectance images of a tissue (skin), which yielded images based on the inten...

Terrestrial plant canopies are highly optimised photosynthetic systems. The high photosynthetic efficiency is achieved on a systems level and is the result of two mechanisms: 1) the incident irradiance is strongly diffused and redistributed by elements of the canopy and 2) the photosynthetic apparatus is photoacclimated to the local light environme...

Effect of hydration on the dermal collagen structure in human skin was investigated using second harmonic generation microscopy. Dog ears from the Mohs micrographic surgery department were procured for the study. Skin samples with subject aged between 58-90 years old were used in the study. Three dimensional Multiphoton (Two-photon and backward SHG...

Sound processing in the inner ear involves separation of the constituent frequencies along the length of the cochlea. Frequencies relevant to human speech (100 to 500 Hz) are processed in the apex region. Among mammals, the Guinea pig cochlear apex processes similar frequencies and is thus relevant for the study of speech processing in the cochlea....

Detection and removal of melanoma, before it has metastasized, dramatically improves prognosis and survival. The purpose of this chapter is to (1) summarize current methods of melanoma detection and (2) review state-of-the-art detection methods and technologies that have the potential to reduce melanoma mortality. Current strategies for the detecti...

Optimizing light delivery for optogenetics is critical in order to accurately stimulate the neurons of interest while reducing nonspecific effects such as tissue heating or photodamage. Light distribution is typically predicted using the assumption of tissue homogeneity, which oversimplifies light transport in heterogeneous brain. Here, we present...

SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION OF PERIODONTOPATHOGENS WITH DENTAL LASERS David M. Harris, Lou Reinisch, Steve Jacques and Richard Darveau INTRODUCTION Current treatment options for periodontal infections include debridement of root surfaces with a surgical, mechanical and chemical armamentarium and disinfection of the periodontal sulcus with systemic and l...

Tumor acute hypoxia has a dynamic component that is also, at least partially, coherent. Using blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance imaging, we observed coherent oscillations in hemoglobin saturation dynamics in cell line xenograft models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We posit a well-established biochemical nonlinear oscillato...

Detection of blood vessels within light-scattering tissues involves detection of subtle shadows as blood absorbs light. These shadows are diffuse but measurable by a set of source-detector pairs in a spatial array of sources and detectors on the tissue surface. The measured shadows can reconstruct the internal position(s) of blood vessels. The tomo...

Light scattering by a tissue encodes the size distribution and granularity of the scattering structures in the tissue. (1) Goniometry shows how the angle of photon deflection depends on the structure size. (2) Diffuse light measurements shows that the wavelength dependence of the reduced scattering coefficient governing diffuse light propagation is...

We investigate the survival of circularly polarized light in random scattering media. The surprising persistence of this form of polarization has a known dependence on the size and refractive index of scattering particles, however a general description regarding polydisperse media is lacking. Through analysis of Mie theory, we present a means of ca...

Embodiments herein exploit the optical sectioning capability of reflectance confocal microscopy to non-invasively survey the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), noting the irregularities associated with malignancy. Methods are provided to aid a clinician in diagnosing melanoma through pattern recognition to extract pertinent diagnostic information fro...

The goal of this study was to develop and improve an infrared (IR) navigation system to deliver light dose uniformly during intracavitory PDT by tracking the movement of the light source and providing real-time feedback on the light fluence rate on the entire cavity surface area. In the current intrapleural PDT protocol, several detectors placed in...

In this study, we measure the in vivo apical-turn vibrations of the guinea pig organ of Corti in both axial and radial directions using phase-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. The apical turn in guinea pig cochlea has best frequencies around 100 - 500 Hz which are relevant for human speech. Prior measurements of vibrations in t...

We measured sound-evoked vibrations at the stereociliary side of inner and outer hair cells and their surrounding supporting cells, using optical coherence tomographyinterferometry in living anesthetized guinea pigs. Our measurements demonstrate a gradient in frequency tuning among different cell types, going from a high best frequency at the inner...

In this study, we have developed a phase-sensitive Fourier-domain optical coherence tomographysystem to simultaneously measure the in vivo inner ear vibrations in the hook area and second turn of the mouse cochlea. This technical development will enable measurement of intra-cochlear distortion products at ideal locations such as the distortion prod...

The molar entropy (ΔS) and molar enthalpy (ΔH) for the denaturation event that triggers cutaneous erythema was determined to be ΔS = 190 J/(mole K) and ΔH = 146.9 × 10³ J/mole. The experiment involved placing heated water against the skin of the forearm, for a range of temperatures and exposure times. Exposing the skin to 45°C for 22 s was at the t...

Polarization‐based optical techniques have become increasingly popular in the field of biomedical diagnosis. In the current report we exploit the directional awareness of circularly and/or elliptically polarized light backscattered from turbid tissue‐like scattering media. We apply circularly and elliptically polarized laser light which illuminates...

This paper presents a practical approach for assessing the melanin and blood content of the skin from total diffuse reflectance spectra, R(λ), where λ is wavelength. A quick spectral analysis using just three wavelengths (585 nm, 700 nm and 800 nm) is presented, based on the 1985 work of Kollias and Baquer who documented epidermal melanin of skin u...

Detection of blood vessels within light-scattering tissues involves detection of subtle shadows as blood absorbs light. These shadows are diffuse but measurable by a set of source-detector pairs in a spatial array of sources and detectors on the tissue surface. The measured shadows can reconstruct the internal position(s) of blood vessels. The tomo...

The generation of photoacoustic signals for imaging objects embedded within tissues is dependent on how well light can penetrate to and deposit energy within an object, such as a blood vessel. This report couples a 3D Monte Carlo simulation of light transport to stress wave generation to predict the acoustic signals received by a detector at the ti...

In this work, we compare two methods of measuring blood oxygen saturation in tumors in-vivo. To achieve this, two fiber optics were coupled to a broadband, visible light source and a portable, table-top spectrometer respectively. Hemoglobin saturation is extracted via least-squares fitting. This methodology is complemented by a pilot photoacoustic...

The detection of sound by the mammalian hearing organ involves a complex mechanical interplay among different cell types. The inner hair cells, which are the primary sensory receptors, are stimulated by the structural vibrations of the entire organ of Corti. The outer hair cells are thought to modulate these sound-evoked vibrations to enhance heari...

Predicting the distribution of light inside any turbid media, such as biological tissue, requires detailed information about the optical properties of the medium, including the absorption and scattering coefficients and the anisotropy factor. Particularly, in biophotonic applications where photons directly interact with the tissue, this information...

Purpose: Adaptive radiotherapy requires a knowledge of the changing local tumor oxygen concentrations for times on the order of the treatment time, a time scale far shorter than cell death and proliferation. This knowledge will be needed to guide hypofractionated radiotherapy. Methods: A diffuse optical probe system was developed to spatially avera...

Colors observed in clinical dermoscopy are critical to diagnosis but the mechanisms that lead to the spectral components of diffuse reflectance are more than meets the eye: combinations of the absorption and scattering spectra of the biomolecules as well as the "structural color" effect of skin anatomy. We modeled diffuse remittance from skin based...

Screening cancer in excision margins with confocal microscopy may potentially save time and cost over the gold standard histopathology (H and E). However, diagnostic accuracy requires sufficient contrast and resolution to reveal pathological traits in a growing set of tumor types. Reflectance mode images structural details due to microscopic refrac...

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is best known and widely used for fluorescence imaging. However, any commercial CLSM can be operated in reflectance mode by setting the microscope's detector to accept the excitation laser wavelength. In this mode, the images are based on the scattering properties of the cell or tissue. This chapter discuss...

A review of reported tissue optical properties summarizes the wavelength-dependent behavior of scattering and absorption. Formulae are presented for generating the optical properties of a generic tissue with variable amounts of absorbing chromophores (blood, water, melanin, fat, yellow pigments) and a variable balance between small-scale scatterers...

For developing advanced query formulation methods for general multimedia data, we describe the issues related to video data. We distinguish between the requirements for image retrieval and video retrieval by identifying queryable attributes unique to video data, namely audio, temporal structure, motion, and events. Our approach is based on visual q...

A major reason we can perceive faint sounds and communicate in noisy environments is that the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti enhance the sound-evoked motions inside the cochlea. To understand how the organ of Corti works, we have built and tested the phase-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (PSFDOCT) system. This system h...

Optical interferometry using Fourier domain OCT (FD-OCT) can image structures using vibration as the contrast mechanism. An A-scan measurement of light reflected from a tissue at a position x,y yields an intensity spectrum, I(λ), which is sequentially acquired over a short time period, 88 ms, to yield 1000 spectra at equally spaced time points, I(λ...

We present an optical vibrometer based on delay-encoded, dual-beamlet phase-sensitive Fourier domain interferometric system to provide depth-resolved subnanometer scale vibration information from scattering biological specimens. System characterization, calibration, and preliminary vibrometry with biological specimens were performed. The proposed s...

Different techniques have been developed to determine the optical properties of turbid media, which include collimated transmission, diffuse reflectance, adding-doubling and goniometry. While goniometry can be used to determine the anisotropy of scattering (g), other techniques are used to measure the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering c...

Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation is critically important for the management of many lifethreatening conditions. Non-invasive monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation with a photoacoustic technique offers advantages over current invasive and non-invasive methods. We introduce a Monte Carlo XYZ-PA to model the energy deposition in...

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is converted to protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) within mitochondria, causing the assumption that ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) results in mitochondrial damage and therefore an apoptotic response. Mitochondria within apoptosing cells swell, forming pores in their outer mitochondrial membranes which release cytochrome-c,...

The scattering anisotropy, g, of tissue can be a powerful metric of tissue structure, and is most directly measured via goniometry and fitting to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. We present a method based on an independent attenuation measurement of the scattering coefficient along with Monte Carlo simulations to account for multiple scatterin...

Phase contrast microscopy has become ubiquitous in the field of biology, particularly in qualitative investigations of cellular morphology. However, the use of quantitative phase retrieval methods and their connection to cellular refractive index and dry mass density remain under utilized. This is due in part to the restriction of phase and cellula...

We describe a novel application of spectral-domain phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (SD PS-OCT) to detect the tiny motions of the middle ear structures, such as the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain, and their morphological features for differential diagnosis of CHL. This technique has the potential to provide meaningful vibration o...

For rapid, intra-operative pathological margin assessment to guide staged cancer excisions, multimodal confocal mosaic scan image wide surgical margins (approximately 1 cm) with sub-cellular resolution and mimic the appearance of conventional hematoxylin and eosin histopathology (H&E). The goal of this work is to combine three confocal imaging mode...

The strong optical scattering of skin tissue makes it very difficult for optical coherence tomography (OCT) to achieve deep imaging in skin. Significant optical clearing of in vivo rat skin sites was achieved within 15 min by topical application of an optical clearing agent PEG-400, a chemical enhancer (thiazone or propanediol), and physical massag...

A reflectance confocal scanning laser microscope (rCSLM) operating at 488-nm wavelength imaged three types of optical phantoms: (1) 100-nm-dia. polystyrene microspheres in gel at 2% volume fraction, (2) solid polyurethane phantoms (INO BiomimicTM), and (3) common reflectance standards (SpectralonTM). The noninvasive method measured the exponential...

Purpose: To demonstrate the application of in-vivo diffuse optical transmission spectroscopy in quantifying oxygen saturation in interstitial tissue, and to use this technique to examine reoxygenation dynamics in real-time as tumors responds to radiotherapy. Methods: Two 200 micron core fiber optics were threaded through two 21 gauge hypodermic nee...

Purpose: To demonstrate a novel interstitial optical fiber spectroscopic system, based on diffuse optical spectroscopies with spectral fitting, for the simultaneous monitoring of tumor blood volume and oxygen tension. The technique provides real-time, minimally-invasive and quantification of tissue micro-vascular hemodynamics. Methods: An optical f...

Purpose: To develop a dynamic model that explains oxygen dynamics between the microvascular perfusion and the hypoxic cell population inside a tumor. Methods: Bussink et al (Radiat Res 153(4), p.398 (2000)) observed fast oxygen dynamics, faster than cell-death. Based on a simplified three-compartment-model: the microvasculature, well-oxygenated, an...

Experimental validation of a Monte Carlo code for correcting the effect of optical properties on fluorescence measurements is presented. The error for predicting true concentration was 4% and 10% for absorbing-only and turbid samples, respectively.

Central sulcus substantially affects NIRS/NIRI spatial sensitivity and LLLT fluence rate in the study of light transport within a high-resolution 3D anatomical head structure, allowing deeper penetration of light than previous models predicted.

Mammalian hearing is refined by amplification of the sound-evoked vibration of the cochlear partition. This amplification is at least partly due to forces produced by protein motors residing in the cylindrical body of the outer hair cell. To transmit power to the cochlear partition, it is required that the outer hair cells dynamically change their...

We report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to determine spatially localized optical attenuation coefficients of human axillary lymph nodes and their use to generate parametric images of lymphoid tissue. 3D-OCT images were obtained from excised lymph nodes and optical attenuation coefficients were extracted assuming a single scattering...

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease resulting from genetic and environmental alterations of cutaneous immune responses responsible for skin homeostasis. While numerous therapeutic targets involved in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis have been identified, the in vivo dynamics of psoriasis remains under investigated. To elucidate the s...

Port-wine Stain (PWS) is a vascular malformation characterized by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries. The flash-lamp pumped pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment has been the mainstay of PWS for the last decade. Despite the success of the PDL in significantly fading the PWS, the overall cure rate is less than 10%. The precise efficacy of an indiv...