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Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8669
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply
chain
M.Srikanth1, R.N.V.Jagan Mohan2, M.Chandra Naik3
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering1,2,3, GIET University, Odisha1,3, S.R.K.R.Engineering College2,
Email:
1
srikanth.mandela@giet.edu,
2
mohanrnvj@gmail.com
3
srichandra2007@gmail.com
Abstract: Andhra Pradesh is one of the leading agricultural states in India, with a diverse range
of crops, including rice, cotton, sugarcane, and fruits and vegetables. However, like many other
regions, Andhra Pradesh faces several challenges related to the agricultural supply chain, like
fragmentation of land, a lack of storage and processing facilities, an inefficient supply chain, and
a lack of transparency. As a result, we proposed using consensus algorithms to create a
blockchain-based query processing system that will provide a secure supply chain for smart
agriculture. Can provide transparency, accountability, improved traceability and food safety, a
reduction of fraud and counterfeiting, and improved efficiency and cost reduction. Which can help
make sure that agricultural products are safe, secure, and of high quality. It has the potential to
bring about significant positive outcomes in terms of transparency, traceability, market access,
and efficiency, among others. It can change how we grow and eat food and help us build a more
resilient and sustainable agricultural system.
Keywords: supply chain, query processing, block chain, Consensus algorithm, Smart Contract
Introduction: Precision agriculture, sometimes known as "smart agriculture," makes use of
cutting-edge instruments like sensors, drones, and artificial intelligence to increase
productivity, decrease waste, and lengthen the lifespan of crops. However, it is becoming
more difficult to ensure the safety and quality of food produced today due to the increasing
complexity of the agricultural supply chain. There has been a rise in demand for transparent
and safe methods of tracing the provenance and authenticity of such goods. One potential
solution to this issue is blockchain technology, which enables transparent and secure item
tracking from the farm to the customer. In smart agriculture, a blockchain-based query
processing system allows farmers and other parties in the supply chain to confirm the
authenticity and origin of their products. Productivity and efficiency are increased, and the
possibility of fraud and counterfeiting is reduced. The use of blockchain technology in
agriculture has the potential to increase safety, reduce negative impacts on the environment,
and boost profits for everyone involved. Using consensus methods, many parties can confirm
that the data and transactions recorded in a blockchain are legitimate. Stakeholders can trust
that data seen or added to the blockchain has been verified by the network of participants via
a consensus method. The query processing system allows stakeholders to access transaction
data from the blockchain based on a set of criteria. This can make keeping tabs on the flow of
goods from manufacturer to consumer easy and safe. By recording transactions and storing
them in a distributed ledger using blockchain technology, the risk of a centralized server
failing or an unauthorized third party getting access to the ledger's contents is eliminated. By
making the supply chain more open and secure, the system can, among other things, boost
consumer confidence, reduce food waste, and enhance food safety. It's important to remember
that many factors—such as the consensual approach taken, the level of buy-in from
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8670
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
stakeholders, and the existence or lack of protections against, for instance, cyberattacks—will
determine the system's efficacy.
1. Related Work: With consensus algorithms and a blockchain-based query processing system,
smart agriculture can have a safe and open supply chain. Using a blockchain makes sure that
all transactions are permanent and can be checked, which builds trust and confidence among
stakeholders and customers. The consensus method is the only way to make sure that no
malicious or fraudulent activity happens. It does this by requiring many network participants
to validate each transaction. This contributes to the system's integrity and adds another degree
of protection. An efficient method for creating a safe and transparent supply chain in smart
agriculture is to use consensus algorithms in a blockchain-based query processing system. It
has the ability to enhance supply chain effectiveness, boost stakeholder and customer
confidence, and advance sustainable and ethical farming methods.
Figure: Using Blockchain and the Internet of Things to Control the Food Supply Chain: A Case Study
in Interoperability in Enterprise Blockchain
2. Proposed Work: A secure supply chain in smart agriculture based on a blockchain-based
query processing system offers several benefits that justify its implementation.
A. Transparency and accountability: A blockchain-based system provides a transparent and
secure record of all transactions, from the farmer to the end consumer. Each stakeholder
in the supply chain has visibility into the movement of goods and can track the product's
journey from farm to table. Because the blockchain can't be changed, it leaves an audit
trail that can be used to find out who is responsible for any problems or mistakes.
B. Improved traceability and food safety: A secure supply chain based on blockchain
technology can enable stakeholders to quickly and accurately trace the origin and
movement of agricultural products. In the event of a food safety concern, the supply chain
can be traced back to the farm of origin, allowing for targeted recalls and reducing the risk
of widespread outbreaks.
C. Reduction of fraud and counterfeiting: Counterfeit agricultural products are a significant
issue in many parts of the world, resulting in economic losses and potential health risks
to consumers. By using a blockchain-based system, stakeholders can ensure that products
are authentic and the supply chain is secure, reducing the risk of fraudulent activities.
D. In order to cut costs and increase productivity, a blockchain-based system should be
used in the supply chain. When blockchain technology is used to manage the supply
chain, for example, it can get rid of the need for middlemen, which saves money and
makes things run more smoothly.
2.1 Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can offer
transparency and accountability: There is complete visibility into the supply chain thanks
to the blockchain, from seed to shelf. This creates an immutable record of the procedure that
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8671
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
is accessible to all parties in the supply chain. Everyone in the supply chain has access to the
same information thanks to the transparency of the blockchain, reducing the likelihood of
arguments and misunderstandings. When everyone understands what's expected of them, it's
much simpler to establish mutual trust. A culture of responsibility and accountability can
flourish when everyone in the system is held accountable for their own actions, as is the case
with blockchain technology. The blockchain can be used to pinpoint the source of a supply
chain problem and put effective, efficient solutions in place. Because of their distributed
nature and high level of security, blockchains make it very difficult for unauthorized users to
alter data or perpetrate fraud. This makes it a reliable means of protecting against
counterfeiting and other forms of supply chain fraud. Thanks to the blockchain, everyone
involved in the supply chain can access real-time data on its health. We can increase output
and cut down on wait times if we do this. Transparency, accountability, security, and
traceability are just some of the benefits that blockchain technology may bring to the
agricultural supply chain. Farmers and customers alike will reap the rewards of enhanced
food safety, decreased food waste, and more efficient chain management.
Figure: Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can offer
transparency and accountability
2.2 Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can improve
traceability and food safety: Complete visibility into the supply chain thanks to the
blockchain's recording of each step, from sowing to harvesting, packaging, and shipment.
There will be a permanent record of the process's history that can be accessed by all parties
involved in the supply chain. This information makes it much easier to trace the origin of a
product and identify any bottlenecks in the production process. Using blockchain technology,
a digital ledger may be constructed to record data like storage conditions, pesticide and
fertilizer use, and more to ensure the safety and quality of food. By storing this information
on the distributed ledger, we can more easily separate potentially hazardous foods and
prevent widespread food poisoning. Due to the immutability of the blockchain, supply chain
participants may be confident that they are viewing the same information. When everyone is
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8672
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
on the same page, trusting relationships may be formed more easily. Blockchain technology
encourages a culture of responsibility and accountability because it makes everyone in the
system responsible for their own actions. The blockchain can be used to determine where a
problem occurred in the supply chain and how to fix it rapidly and effectively. The
blockchain facilitates the instantaneous sharing of supply chain data among all involved
parties. Doing so will increase output and cut down on waiting times. By increasing visibility,
improving food safety, minimizing waste, and increasing production, blockchain technology
has the potential to significantly impact the agricultural supply chain. The public's health and
the quality of the food we consume will greatly benefit from blockchain technology's
potential to build a more transparent and responsible supply chain.
Figure: Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can improve
traceability and food safety
2.3 Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can reduce
fraud and counterfeiting: Data on agricultural products is collected using high-tech sensors
and equipment, from the farm to the supermarket. Information on everything from production
to shipping, warehousing, and retail availability is here. An immutable, transparent, and
unalterable ledger may now be used to record and verify all of these supply chain transactions
and activities. Members of the supply chain can view this file. Each link in the supply chain
will be able to independently confirm the legitimacy of the products and transactions. The
blockchain ledger's data cannot be altered or deleted since it is encrypted. Due to the
impossibility of forging or manipulating data stored on the blockchain, fraud and
counterfeiting are less likely to occur. Due to the immutable and immutably secure nature of
the blockchain ledger, problems in the supply chain can be isolated to their root cause. By
identifying issues before they cause major interruptions, we can keep our supply chain
operating smoothly. Smart farming can benefit from blockchain technology since it provides
an immutable record of all supply chain transactions and operations. Because of this, forgery
and fraud are less likely to occur. All participants in the ecosystem will be able to confirm the
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8673
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
legality of the goods and transactions being conducted. The agricultural supply chain might
benefit from this as it could improve efficiency, security, and dependability.
Figure: Using blockchain technology, a secure supply chain in smart agriculture can reduce fraud
and counterfeiting
2.4 A secure supply chain in smart agriculture can improve efficiency and reduce costs by
utilising blockchain technology: Smart sensors and IoT devices are used to automatically
collect data about agricultural products from the farm to the store. Information on everything
from production to shipping, warehousing, and retail availability is here. By eliminating the
need to manually enter in information, these gadgets automate the data collection process,
reducing both time spent and the likelihood of human error. By implementing blockchain
technology, supply chains may become more transparent and accountable. Errors and
miscommunication can be reduced if all members of the supply chain have access to the same
data. This may allow for quicker decision-making and better communication between
stakeholders, both of which have the potential to boost output while cutting costs. Inventory
management can benefit substantially from blockchain technology's real-time supply chain
transparency. Time and money spent on inventory tracking can be dramatically reduced if
everyone has access to the same information. Savings might accrue over time as less money
is spent on stockpiling and other contingency plans. Blockchain technology has the potential
to increase productivity in the supply chain. Through the use of smart contracts, for instance,
human intervention in the form of payment and verification is rendered unnecessary. The use
of technology may increase output while minimizing overhead. Through the application of
blockchain technology, provenance and traceability in the supply chain may be established.
Customers will have more faith in the products they purchase, and the likelihood of fraud and
counterfeiting will decrease. As a result, product prices may rise, and supply chain efficiency
may suffer. By using blockchain technology to establish a trustworthy supply chain, smart
agriculture can increase output while decreasing overhead costs. By automating data
collection, making processes more transparent and responsible, enhancing inventory
management, speeding up operations, and facilitating traceability, blockchain technology can
help make the supply chain more efficient and cost-effective.
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8674
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
Figure: A secure supply chain in smart agriculture can improve efficiency and reduce costs by
utilising blockchain technology
2.5 Secure supply chain in smart agriculture based on a blockchain-based query
processing system using consensus algorithms:
We can use the following equations to model a safe supply chain in smart agriculture that is based
on a blockchain-based query processing system and uses consensus algorithms:
1. Transaction model:
Each transaction in the system can be shown as a tuple T = (s, r, a, t), where:
s is the sender of the transaction (a smart agriculture stakeholder).
r is the receiver of the transaction (another stakeholder in the supply chain).
a is the amount of the transaction (in a specified currency or other agreed-upon unit).
This is the timestamp of the transaction (when it was created).
2. Blockchain model:
The blockchain can be represented as a linked list of blocks, where each block B_i is defined by
the following tuple: B_i = (Tx_i, h_i, N_i), where:
Tx_i is the list of transactions in the block.
h_i is the hash of the previous block B_(i-1).
N_i is the nonce value used to validate the block (in the case of a PoW consensus
algorithm).
3. Consensus algorithm:
The consensus algorithm can be represented by an equation that describes the difficulty of the
mining process required to validate a block. For example, in a PoW consensus algorithm, the
difficulty D of mining a block can be modelled as:
D = 2^(n - b)
where:
n is the number of bits in the hash value.
b is the target number of leading zeros in the hash value (set by the network).
This equation shows that as the target number of leading zeros b increases, the difficulty D of
mining a block increases exponentially. This makes it harder for bad actors to change the
blockchain because they have to use more computing power to verify blocks.
4. Query processing system:
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8675
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
The query processing system can be modelled as a set of functions that allow stakeholders to
retrieve transaction data from the blockchain based on specific search criteria. For example, the
function GetTransactions(s, r, a) could be defined to return a list of all transactions that match the
specified sender s, receiver r, and amount a.
These mathematical models can be used to design and analyse the performance, security, and
scalability of a blockchain-based query processing system for a secure supply chain in smart
agriculture. However, it is important to note that the specific equations used will depend on the
consensus algorithm, data model, and other design choices made for the system.
3. Experimental results: The blockchain is used to record and oversee transactions in smart
agriculture, guaranteeing the integrity of the supply chain. Each agricultural product recorded
in the blockchain will have a data structure conforming to the product structure. Each item's
supply chain data is kept in its own row of the product array. A farmer can update the supply
chain with details about a new product, including its amount, origin, and quality, using the
addProduct function. The getProduct operation allows you to request product details from the
logistics network. This revision The owner of a product has the ability to change the available
stock through the use of the ProductQuantity function. By consulting the product's provenance
and quality records stored on the blockchain, the verifyProductAuthenticity function may
ensure the genuineness of a product. You can query the supply chain for all items originating
from a specific location using the getProductsByOrigin API function. Secure supply chains in
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8676
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
smart agriculture can be implemented with the use of a blockchain-based query processing
system. Increase openness and responsibility to better monitor the flow of agricultural goods
and spot any problems that may arise.
Predicted probabilities for the positive class are shown as predicted probabilities, and predicted
binary labels are shown as predicted labels using a 0.5 threshold for accuracy. The code then
uses the confusion_matrix() method to compute the confusion matrix and display the results.
The functions precision_score() and recall_score() are utilized to compute and display the
accuracy and recall, respectively. The ROC curve is plotted with matplotlib and the roc_curve()
and roc_auc_score() tools from Scikit-Learn.
4. Conclusion: A blockchain-based query processing system could help secure an immutable
and transparent supply chain for precision agriculture through the use of consensus
algorithms. With the permanence and verifiability of blockchain transactions, consumers and
other stakeholders can have more faith in a system. The consensus technique is essential
because it necessitates the validation of all transactions by a sizable number of network
nodes, which helps to prevent fraudulent or other malicious activity. Keeping the system
together in this fashion increases security. A blockchain-based query processing system
utilizing consensus algorithms can help build a reliable and transparent supply chain for smart
agriculture. It could lead to a more efficient supply chain, more support from customers and
stakeholders, and the adoption of environmentally friendly farming practices.
Blockchain-based consensus for a secure smart agriculture supply chain
Section: Research Paper
8677
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
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Section: Research Paper
8678
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12(Special Issue 4), 8669-8678
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