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Food Reviews International
ISSN: 8755-9129 (Print) 1525-6103 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lfri20
Exploring the anticancer properties of essential
oils from family Lamiaceae
Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita, Tássio Rômulo Silva Araújo Luz, José
Wilson Carvalho de Mesquita, Denise Fernandes Coutinho, Flavia Maria
Mendonça do Amaral, Maria Nilce de Sousa Ribeiro & Sonia Malik
To cite this article: Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita, Tássio Rômulo Silva Araújo Luz, José
Wilson Carvalho de Mesquita, Denise Fernandes Coutinho, Flavia Maria Mendonça do Amaral,
Maria Nilce de Sousa Ribeiro & Sonia Malik (2018): Exploring the anticancer properties of essential
oils from family Lamiaceae, Food Reviews International
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1467443
Published online: 09 May 2018.
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Exploring the anticancer properties of essential oils from
family Lamiaceae
Ludmilla Santos Silva de Mesquita
a
, Tássio Rômulo Silva Araújo Luz
a
,
José Wilson Carvalho de Mesquita
a
, Denise Fernandes Coutinho
a
,
Flavia Maria Mendonça do Amaral
a
, Maria Nilce de Sousa Ribeiro
a
, and Sonia Malik
b
a
Department of Pharmacy, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís,
Brazil;
b
Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of
Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Lamiaceae is among the largest families of flowering plants with
about 250 genera and over 7,000 species distributed around the
world. It is considered as the important source of essential oils, for
example, menthol, geraniol, eucalyptol, camphor and thymol.
Therefore, it is imperative to study these economically important
compounds under in vitro conditions for their sustainable and
enhanced production. In addition to proven biological activities,
essential oils from this family have recently been evaluated for antic-
ancer activities and considered as a source of anticancer drugs.
Mechanisms involved in the essential oils-mediated antiproliferative
activity include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair mechan-
isms. Essential oils also act in the reduction of tumors, inhibiting
metastasis and as anti-multidrug resistance molecules. The aim of
this review is to assess the anticancer properties of essential oils
obtained from different members of family Lamiaceae. The available
reports on active components of essential oils and their effect on
cancer type and cell line have been discussed. Biotechnological
studies to improve the production of essential oils have also been
highlighted. Various methods have been adopted to obtain essential
oils under in vitro conditions from different plant species of family
Lamiaceae, and their production is affected by culture conditions,
cultivation mode, utilization of nutrient media and plant growth
regulators. The literature survey suggests that essential oils obtained
from family Lamiaceae have perspective for the development of new
alternatives for disease treatment and prevention.
KEYWORDS
Bioactive compounds;
cancer; geraniol; menthol;
pharmacology; plant cell
culture; volatile compounds
Introduction
Cancer is a worldwide public health problem, which involves uncontrolled growth of cells.
The cells lose their interaction with each other, invade neighboring tissues and finally
spread to distant tissues of the body. It is one of the leading causes of death in both
developed and developing countries.
[1,2]
According to data collected by International
Agency for Research in Cancer, there were about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2
million deaths attributed to cancer in 2012.
[3]
Among all types of cancers, lung, breast,
CONTACT Sonia Malik 777soniamalik@gmail.com Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Biological and Health
Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, 65085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/lfri.
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL
https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1467443
© 2018 Taylor & Francis
colorectum, prostate, stomach, and liver are the most prevalent in both sexes, which
accounts for 55% incidence globally in 2012.
[2]
Most cancer cases (4.1 million) and deaths
(2.75 million) were recorded in Eastern Asia with large population.
[4]
About 70% new
cases of cancer are expected over the next two decades. This is largely due to the extension
of life expectancy and age of population. In addition, people are increasingly exposed to
carcinogenic risk factors, such as tobacco use, overweight/obesity, and others changes in
behavior and lifestyles.
[1,2]
The drastic epidemiological profile of cancer around all over the world requires
priorities in the allocation of resources to modify this scenario. It can be achieved with
planning and effective actions, an integrated and active system of disease surveillance,
development of research for prevention and control of the disease as well as its risk
factors.
[5]
Although considerable progress has been made in recent years in anticancer
therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and/or bone marrow transplantation),
advances in research for finding more effective and secure drugs are required.
[5–8]
Natural resources, especially of plant origin, represent important source of drugs in
the process of discovery and development of new pharmacologically active
compounds.
[9–12]
The various ecosystems of planet possess rich, diverse, and scienti-
fically unknown flora. The advances in analytical techniques and biological sciences
have enabled the studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of various plant species,
especially those of traditional popular use. These can effectively contribute to the
production of new bioactive products, semi-synthetic medicines or as prototype for
the synthesis of more active and/or selective molecules.
[13,14]
Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies have effectively contributed to the
research and development of essential drugs in the current therapeutic arsenal for
various types of cancer.
[15,16]
Taxol and camptothecin, two famous effective anticancer
agents, were discovered and developed by US National Cancer Institute during a drug
screening of thousand plants.
[17]
Thereafter, many other plant-derived compounds with
anticancer potential were discovered. During the past decade, essential oils (EOs) have
been studied for their potential to treat cancer diseases.
[18,19]
Variousmechanismsare
involved in the EOs-mediated antiproliferative activity, which include cell cycle arrest,
apoptosis, DNA repair. EOs also act in the reduction of tumors, by inhibiting metastasis
and as anti-multidrug resistance molecules.
[20]
Essential oils
EOs are a complex mixture of volatile, liquid, odorous, and flavor substances synthesized
by plants. These are also known as volatile or ethereal oil due to their vaporous feature.
Plant species producing EOs are classified as aromatic and normally can be identified by
their distinctive and characteristic aroma and odor.
[21]
There are approximately 3,000 EOs
identified from different plants species, especially from Angiospermic families such as
Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, and Zingiberaceae.
[22,23]
The components of EOs are derived mainly from the secondary metabolites of plants with
low molecular weight and lipophilic properties like terpenes, and phenylpropanoids. The
terpenes found in EOs are particularity mono- and sesquiterpenes that have two or three
isoprene hydrocarbon chains, respectively, and may show oxygenated groups such as acid,
alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, phenol, or lactone.
[18,20–27]
The volatile phenylpropanoids
2L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
may occur in EOs and are considered aromatic compounds derived from shikimate pathway.
There are other classes of substances in EOs like diterpenes, sulfur compounds, coumarins,
fatty acids, phthalides, and short-chain hydrocarbons not derived from isoprene units, with or
without oxygen groups.
[27–31]
The chemical composition of EOs varies depending on several genetic and environmental
factors. The plant species/variety,
[32]
plant part,
[31]
growing place,
[33]
phenological or devel-
opmental stage,
[34]
extraction procedures,
[35]
environmental and living conditions
[36]
can
extensively affect the composition of EOs. In addition, the existence of chemotypes within
the same species shows intraspecific chemical variations in EOs.
[37,38]
The volatile components of EOs are synthesized in secretory structures located in
different parts of the aromatic plants: leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, or roots.
The secretory structures or glands may be present in the surface of plants or within the
plant tissues and are considered as an important characteristic with taxonomic value that
may differentiate families, genera, or even species. The glandular trichomes are found on
the surface of epidermis, and internal glands can be secretory cells, cavities, or ducts. In
some special cases, the EOs are not stored in special secretory structures and secreted by
regular parenchyma or epidermal cells.
[39–42]
Because of lipophilic nature and volatile
properties, the components of EOs are able to cross the cell membranes, walls, and cuticles
and released into the atmosphere.
[43]
The conventional techniques to extract EOs from plant species include both steam and
hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. Besides distillation, EOs can also be obtained
by expression, and EOs of most citrus fruits are generally extracted using expression
methods.
[44]
The traditional method of enfleurage, originated in the Grasse region of
France, is another method to extract EOs. This process uses fats to absorb the oil of
fresh flowers.
[45]
Several novel techniques have been developed, for example, headspace
solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME),
[46]
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE),
[47]
micro-
wave assisted extraction apparatus (MAE),
[48]
and solvent-free microwave extraction
(SFME).
[49]
The choice of extraction technique depends on extraction time, cost, effi-
ciency, environmental impact, and the purpose of usage of EOs.
[44]
EOsplayimportantecologicalrolesinplantslike defense by repelling herbivorous animals,
healing the plants wounds, and protection against microbial growth. On the other hand, EOs
released from flowers attract pollinators and volatile compounds, while expelling from fruits
(after ripening) helps to attract animals seed dispersers like birds to ensure the reproduction and
perpetuation of plant species.
[43]
In addition to the physiological functions, EOs are commer-
cially important for perfume, cosmetics, sanitary products, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Since ancient times, aromatic plants have been used in the fields of folk medicine, cosmetics, and
culinary.
[50]
Several scientific studies have proved that EOs possess important biological activ-
ities like anti-inflamatory,
[51,52]
anti-nociceptive,
[53,54]
larvicidal,
[55,56]
anti-leishmania,
[57,58]
antioxidant,
[59,60]
antimicrobial,
[61,62]
molluscicidal,
[63,64]
antiviral,
[65,66]
insect repellent,
[23]
and many others.
Because of their wide range of biological activities, EOs from aromatic and medic-
inal plants have been employed for various applications in food industries. They have
been regarded as a safe alternative as compared to synthetic food additives. In addi-
tion, they improve the quality of food without leaving residues in the product or the
environment.
[67]
During the recent years, EOs and their components are also being
employed in food industries for developing films to be used in packaging systems.
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 3
Because of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, films with EOs may improve
the shelf life of perishable food products.
[68]
In addition to proven biological activities of EOs, these aromatic compounds have been
studied in recent years for evaluating their anticancer activities.
[69]
A search in PubMed
and Science Direct databases using the uniterms “essential oil”and “anticancer”showed
1,397 and 2,626 papers, respectively, published during the last 10 years. A review by
Alonso Castro et al.
[70]
has reported 300 plant species used in folk medicine in Mexico to
treat cancer. Out of these, many plant species belong to family Asteraceae, Lamiaceae,
Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Verbenaceae. In a total of 181 plant species analyzed, only 88
showed cytotoxic effects against at least one cancer cell line.
Based on chemical structures, the components of EOs are divided into five classes, viz.,
I oxygenated monoterpenes (menthol (1), menthona (2), carvone, (3), piperitenone (4),
pulegone (5), terpinen-4-ol (6), α-thujone (7), 1,8-cineole (8), β-citronellal (9), geraniol
(10), linalool (11), camphor (12) and borneol (13)), II bicyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons
(α-pinene (14) and β-pinene (15)), III oxygenated sesquiterpenes, ((E,E)-farnesol,(16),
caryophyllene oxide (18), spathulenol (20) and γ-eudesmol (22)), IV hydrocarbons ses-
quiterpene (germacrene D (17), humulene (19), δ-cadinene (21)) and V aromatic com-
pounds (thymol (23), carvacrol (24), and methyl cinnamate (25)), as shown in Figure 1.
Considering the economical importance and rich content of EOs possessed by many
species of family Lamiaceae, the present paper is aimed to review the anticancer activities
of EOs from different plant species of this family.
Family Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae Martinov (1820) is the sixth largest family of flowering plants in the world with
about 250 genera and over 7,000 species.
[71]
The species of this family has a cosmopolitan
distribution but mainly grows in America and Mediterranean regions.
[72]
In America,
there are around 65 genera of this family, of which 48 are natives and 17 are cultivated.
They are generally found in Andean, Amazonian and eastern South America and tempe-
rate South and Central America.
[73]
The family Lamiaceae is commonly known as mint
family, but in Asian countries it is also named as chun xing ke, irumba-hare, irumbahe, or
lumbase nilcols.
[74]
The members of Lamiaceae are mainly herbs, some shurbs, few trees, and rarely climbers.
Their stems are often quadrangular and erect to prostate. Leaves are opposite, often decussate.
The inflorescence is normally bracteates, and the flowers have two-lipped corolla.
[73,75]
Because of this flower feature, Lamiaceae was formerly called Labiatae Jussieu (1789). The
name of this family has been changed to standardize the ending of the families with “aceae.”
According to International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne
Code), Labiatea is considered as a valid or alternative name because of its wide range of
uses.
[76]
The Tropicos database cites both Labiatae and Lamiaceae as conserved names
[74]
;
however, the Plant List database does not consider the name Labiatae.
[71]
Salvia L. is the largest genera of family Lamiaceae with 960 species
[77]
followed by
Hyptis Jacquin (400),
[78]
Scutellaria L. (360),
[79]
Stachys L. (300),
[80]
Plectranthus L’Héritier
(300),
[81]
Teucrium L. (250-340),
[82,83]
Vitex L. (250)
[84]
and Thymus L. (220).
[85]
Other
economically important genera include Mentha L., Lavandula L., Ocimum L., and
Melissa L.
4L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
Plant species of Lamiaceae are cultivated for ornamental purposes because of their beautiful
flowers. For instance, Nepeta L. (catmint), Salvia L. (sage), Phlomis L. (yellow-flowered sage),
and Ajuga L. (bugle) are used as decorative purposes.
[86]
Also possess a diversified content of
secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, as flavonoids or benzoic acids and
terpenoids such as mono, sesqui, di, and triterpenoids as well as steroids.
[87–91]
These
secondary metabolites are responsible for different biological activities, including antibacter-
ial, antifungal,
[92]
antioxidant,
[93,94]
anti-inflammatory,
[95]
antiviral
[96]
, and others.
Oxygenated monoterpenes
12 3
9
Bicyclic hydrocarbons monoterpenes Hydrocarbons sesquiterpenes
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
22
Aromatic compounds
45678
10 11 12
14 15 17 19 21
16 18 20
23 24 25
Figure 1. Main anticancer chemical substances found in essential oils of species of the family
Lamiaceae.
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 5
Pharmacological studies have shown that the EOs in plant species of family Lamiaceae
have anticancer or antimitogenic/antiproliferative activities.
[97]
The family is mainly
known because of the aromatic properties of majority of its plant species. The EOs
produced by its various members have large culinary usage as flavoring and in cosmetic,
perfume, and pharmaceutical industries as fragrances or active agents with pharmacolo-
gical activities.
[89,98]
Among Angiosperms, family Lamiaceae is considered as the most
important source of EOs with economical interest.
[72]
EOs derived from Lamiaceae have diverse composition, including mainly mono- and
sesquiterpenes as well as phenylpropanoids. Other components like fatty acid and diter-
penes have also been reported.
[98–101]
Numerous studies have been performed with EO
from Lamiaceae, showing repellent,
[102,103]
larvicidal,
[104,105]
antimicrobial,
[106]
antioxidant,
[107,108]
and anticancer activities.
[109]
Mentha L. is one of the most important genus of family Lamiaceae and comprises
about 19 species and 13 natural hybrids. These are commonly known as mint, and some
of the important species are M.xpiperita L., M. spicata L., M. pulegium L., and M.
crispa L. They are fast growing plants and have been used since ancient times as
flavoring agent in food and as medicinal and cosmetic purpose mainly because of
their aromatic properties. The EOs of Mentha show a variety of yield and composition
due to different factors related to ecotype, environment conditions as well as others
factors such as time of collection and extraction method.
[110,111]
Menthol, carvone,
pulgenone, geraniol, menthone, and α-pinene are the major components of EOs from
these plant species,
[112]
which have been reported to possess several biological activities
such as antibacterial,
[113]
antifungal,
[114]
antioxidant,
[115]
anticancer,
[116]
insecticidal, and
larvicidal.
[117,118]
Moreover, menthol, the most important monoterpene isolated from oil
of pipermint (M.xpiperita), has application in food and cosmetic industries.
[119]
Lavandula species are largely used for decorative purpose because of their purple-colored
beautiful flowers. However, the main use of this plant species is found in perfume and
medicine industries. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (formally called as Lavandula officinalis
Chaix),
[74]
commonly known as lavendule, is the most important species from this genus. It
has been used in folk medicine as antidepressive, digestive, antiflatulent, antiemetic, sedative,
diuretic, anticonvulsivant, and antimicrobial agent.
[120]
The literature studies have shown
different biological activities of EOs obtained from leaves and flowers of this plant species,
such as antibacterial,
[121]
antischistosomal,
[122]
anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
[123]
antioxidant,
and sedative.
[124]
This EO normally has monoterpenes as major components, such as
borneol and eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) in leaves
[122]
and linalool and linalyl acetate in
flowers.
[125]
Among the members of Lamiaceae, the genus Thymus stands out for having many
species either natives or cultivated for their economic importance to several industries.
This genus comprises around 250 species, and all are aromatic. Many of them are
interesting for use in culinary or as ornamental and medicinal purposes.
[126]
Their EOs
possess the aromatic monoterpenes, thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene as major compo-
nents, although others non-aromatic monterpene can be found in these oils like linalool
and geraniol.
[127,128]
T. vulgaris L. (thyme) is considered one of the most important species
of this genus, and its EOs have showed several properties like antifungal, antibacterial,
[85]
antioxidant,
[129]
anti-inflammatory,
[130]
and anticancer.
[18]
6L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
Another important member of Lamiaceae is Salvia L., one of the largest genus of this
family and commonly named as sage. Salvia species are mainly used as ornamental plants
and also in culinary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The major components
reported in EOs of Salvia are camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, linalool, and caryophyllene.
These EOs has been demonstrated several pharmacological activities.
[131,132]
S. officinalis
L. is one the most important species from this genus, which have been used worldwide as
food condiment, tea beverage and to treat several diseases in folk medicine. The EOs from
its leaves have mono- (1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor) and sesquiterpenes
(β-caryophyllene, α-humulene) as main components and show a wide range of biological
activities, including anticancer effect.
[133,134]
EOs in Lamiaceae plants are produced and stored in glandular trichomes, which is a
reliable character with taxonomic value for this family. The glandular trichomes in this
family show high variation in morphology, for example, peltate and capitate types.
Generally, peltate have one basal cell, one shalk cell, and four to eight secretory cells in
the head of trichome, while capitate have one basal cell, one to several shalk cells, and one
to two disc-shape secretory cells also in the top.
[135,136]
In some species, variations can be
described as digitiform and conoidal glandular trichomes.
[137]
Lamiaceae also has in the
indumentum of its aerial parts non-glandular trichomes that provide features to distin-
guish several genera.
[138]
Figure 2 depicts some glandular trichomes from different plant
species of Lamiaceae collected at São Luís, state of Maranhão, northeast of Brazil.
Pharmacology
The relevance of Lamiaceae species due to abundance of EOs and their popular use in
treatment of cancer has stimulated studies to prove its pharmacological potential. Table 1
shows the plant species, parts used for extracting EOs, major constituents, type of cancer,
and cell line studied. In vitro studies have carried out mainly in genera Salvia, Ocimum,
Satureja, Teucrium, and Mentha. The plant species used to obtain EOs have mostly
procured from India, Iran, Lebanon, Brazil, and Greece (countries showing abundance
of plant species from family Lamiaceae).
[72]
In most of the plant species studied, EOs were
found to be rich in mono- and sesquiterpenes, particularly in camphor (from Ocimum and
Salvia), thymol (from Monarda, Ocimum, Origanum, Satureja and Thymus), carvacrol
(from Ocimum, Origanum, Satureja, Teucrium, and Thymus), caryophyllene oxide (from
Cantinoa, Salvia, and Teucrium), linalool (Hyssopus, Lavandula, Ocimum, and Origanum)
and 1,8-cineole (from Rosmarinus and Salvia).
Melanoma is one of the most studied cancers type, which can be justified by its high
incidence in both sexes and different age groups in several regions of the world.
[5]
Malignant melanoma of skin accounted for about 232,000 new cases in 2012.
[4]
It is the
most rapidly increasing cancer in fair-skinned populations.
[139]
This cancer is aggressive,
often treatment-refractory, and presents high possibility of metastasis. It is possible to
perform an effective treatment when melanoma is detected at an early stage but treatment
becomes very difficult at later stages as it quickly metastasizes. Therefore, there is a need
for continuous search for new anticancer agents that are effective and non-toxic to normal
cells. Natural products, especially plant-derived EOs and their components, have been
evaluated for the treatment of cancer.
[20,140,141]
EOs perform anti-proliferative action on
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 7
Figure 2. Glandular trichomes of leaves from Lamiaceae species. A-E Plectranthus barbatus Andrews. F-
GPlectranthus amboinucus (Lour.) Spreng. I-J Ocimum basilicum L. K-L Ocimum gratissimum L. M-O
Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. P-S Mentha sp. A-B Peltate trichomes. C-J, L-O and S Capitate trichomes. K
and P-R Digiform trichomes. Scale bars: 50 µm.
8L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
Table 1. Essential oils with anticancer activity from family Lamiaceae.
Plant Species Plant part
Major
constituents Cancer type (Cell Line Used) Reference
Agastache rugosa O.
Kuntze
Flowers Estragole Lung (A549), hepatocellular (Hep3B), gastric
(KATO 111) and breast (MCF7)
[184]
Anisomeles indica Kuntze Leaves Farnesyl
acetone
Hepatocellular (HepG2), leukemia (K562) and
lung (A549)
[185]
Cantinoa stricta (Benth.)
Harley & J.F.B. Pastore
Flowers Caryophyllene
oxide and cis-
pinane
Glioma (U251), melanoma (UACC-62), breast
(MCF-7), lung (NC), prostate (PC-3) and leukemia
(K562)
[186]
Leaves Caryophyllene
oxide and cis-
pinane
Glioma (U251), melanoma (UACC-62), breast
(MCF-7), lung (NC), prostate (PC-3) and
leukemia (K562)
Hyssopus officinalis
subsp. aristatus
Aerial parts Linalool Melanoma (A375), breast (MDA-MB 231) and
colon (HCT116)
[163]
Lavandula angustifolia
Mill.
Commercial
source
Linalool and
linalyl acetate
Prostate (PC-3 and DU145) [164]
Leaves Linalool Cervical (Hela) and lung (A549) [148]
Lavandula stoechas L. Commercial
source
Not reported Lung (A549), prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) [187]
Lavandula stoechas ssp.
stoechas
Leaves Pulegone Colon (COL-2) and prostate (LNCaP) [188]
Lycopus lucidus var.
hirtus Regel
Aerial parts α-Humulene Hepatocellular (Bel-7402 and HepG2), breast
(MDA-MB-435S and ZR-75–30), cervical (HeLa)
and renal (ACHN)
[62]
Marrubium vulgare L. Aerial parts γ-Eudesmol Cervical (HeLa) [189]
Melissa officinalis L. Leaves Geranial Lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), colon (Caco-2),
leukemia (HL-60 and K562) and mouse
melanoma (B16F10)
[190]
Mentha aquatica L. Aerial parts Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [191]
Mentha arvensis L. Leaves Menthol Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [161]
Mentha crispa L. Aerial parts Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [192]
Mentha longifolia (L.)
Huds
Aerial parts Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [192]
Leaves Piperitenone
oxide
Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [158]
Mentha piperita L. Aerial parts Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [191]
Leaves Menthol Cervical (HeLa) and lung (A549) [148]
Menthone Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [158]
Mentha pulegium L. Aerial parts Not reported Ovarian (SK-OV-3), cervix (HeLa) and lung (A549) [192]
Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [191]
Leaves Pulegone Cervical (HeLa) and lung (A549) [148]
Mentha spicata L. Aerial parts Not reported Cervix (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep2) [191]
Commercial
source
Not reported Prostate (PC-3) [187]
Leaves Not reported Mouth epidermal (KB) and murine leukemia
(P388)
[157]
Carvone Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [158]
Monarda citriodora Cerv.
ex Lag.
Leaves Thymol Prostate (PC-3), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7),
lung (A549) and leukemia (HL-60)
[159]
Nepeta sintenisii Bornm Aerial parts 4aα,7α,7aβ-
Nepetalactone
Ovarian (A2780), cervical (HeLa), colon (LS180)
and breast (MCF-7)
[161]
Nepeta ucranica L. Aerial parts Germacrene D Ovarian (A2780) and breast (MCF-7) [165]
Ocimum americanum L. Leaves Not reported Mouth epidermal (KB) and murine leukemia
(P388)
[157]
Ocimum basilicum L. Leaves Linalool Ascites carcinoma (Ehrlich) [142]
Methyl
cinnamate and
linalool
Cervical (HeLa) and laryngeal epithelial (HEp-2) [143]
Whole plant α-Terpineol Prostate (LNCaP and PC-3) and glioblastoma (SF-
767 and SF-763)
[144]
Ocimum canum Sims Leaves Camphor Breast (MCF-7) [193]
(Continued)
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 9
Table 1. (Continued).
Plant Species Plant part
Major
constituents Cancer type (Cell Line Used) Reference
Ocimum
kilimandscharicum
Gürke
Leaves Camphor Glioma (U251), melanoma (UACC-62), breast
(MCF-7), ovarian expressing phenotype multiple
drug resistance (NCI-ADR/RES), renal (786–0),
lung (NCI-H460), prostate (PC-3), ovarian (OVCAR-
03), leukemia (K562) and colon (HT29)
[194]
Ocimum sanctum L. Leaves Not reported Mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine
leukemia (P388)
[157]
Ocimum viride Willd. Whole plant Thymol Colon (COLO 205) [8]
Origanum dictamnus L. Aerial parts Carvacrol Cervical (HeLa) and laryngeal (Hep-2) [195]
Origanum majorana L. Aerial parts Terpinen-4-ol
and thymol
Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [196]
Terpinen-4-ol Laryngeal (Hep-2) and colon (HT29) [197]
Origanum onites L. Whole plant Linalool and
carvacrol
Hepatocellular (HepG2) [25]
Pistacia palaestina Boiss. Flowers β-Pinene Melanoma (C32) and adenocarcinoma (ACHN) [150]
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaves 1,8-Cineole Ovarian (SK-OV-3 and HO-8910) and
hepatocellular (Bel-7402)
[147]
Hepatocellular (HepG2) [146]
Breast (MCF-7) and prostate (LNCaP) [145]
Lung (A549) [198]
Salvia aurea L. Aerial parts Caryophyllene
oxide
Melanoma (M14, A2058 and A375) [141]
Salvia bracteata Banks &
Sol.
Aerial parts Caryophyllene
oxide
Melanoma (M14) [152]
Salvia judaica Boiss. Aerial parts Caryophyllene
oxide
Melanoma (M14, A2058 and A375) [141]
Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl Aerial parts Camphor Leukemia (HL-60 and K562), breast (MCF-7) and
ovarian (A2780)
[149]
Leaves Camphor Cervical (HeLa) and lung (A549) [148]
Salvia officinalis L. Aerial parts α-Thujone, β-
thujone and
1,8-cineole
Leukemia (HL-60 and K562), breast (MCF-7) and
ovarian (A2780)
[149]
α-Thujone,
camphor,
borneol,
sclareol
Melanoma (A375, M14 and A2058) [133]
α-Thujone and
1,8-cineole
Lung (A549 and NCI-H226) [199]
Leaves 1,8-Cineole Melanoma (C32) and adenocarcinoma (ACHN) [150]
Salvia pisidica Boiss. &
Heldr. ex Benth.
Cultivated
aerial parts
Camphor and
1,8-cineole
Hepatocellular (HepG2 and H1299) [25]
Wild aerial
parts
Camphor,
sabinol and
sabinyl acetate
Hepatocellular (HepG2 and H1299) [25]
Salvia reuteriana Boiss. Aerial parts Labdane
diterpenoids
Cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) [200]
Salvia rubifolia Boiss. Aerial parts ɣ-Muurolene Melanoma (M14) [152]
Salvia sclarea L. Aerial parts Linalyl acetate Leukemia (HL-60 and K562), breast (MCF-7) and
ovarian (A2780)
[149]
Leaves Not reported Cervical (HeLa) [151]
Salvia verbenaca L. Cultivated
and wild
aerial parts
Hexadecanoic
acid
Melanoma (M14) [101]
Salvia viscosa Jacq. Aerial parts Caryophyllene
oxide
Melanoma (M14, A2058 and A375) [141]
Satureja bachtiarica
Bunge
Leaves Phenol and
thymol
Breast (MDA-MB-231) and ovary (SKOV3) [201]
Satureja hortensis L. Leaves and
flowers
Carvacrol Leukemia (K562) [97]
(Continued)
10 L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
various cancer cell lines through diverse pathways and can be used in combination with
cancer therapy to decrease the side effects of drugs.
[19,20]
According to literature reports mentioned in Table 1, several cell lines have been
checked to investigate the anticancer activity as a function of EOs under analyses. A
study with Ocimum basilicum (one of the most studied species for popular use) showed
that linalool is the major component of EOs and demonstrated its antitumor potential in a
model with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.
[142]
Kathirvel and Ravi
[143]
showed that O.
Table 1. (Continued).
Plant Species Plant part
Major
constituents Cancer type (Cell Line Used) Reference
Satureja intermedia C.A.
Mey.
Aerial parts Thymol Esophageal squamous cell (KYSE30) and bladder
(5637)
[156]
Satureja khuzistanica L. Aerial parts Carvacrol Colon (SW480), breast (MCF-7) and
choriocarcinoma (JET3)
[202]
Satureja montana L. Aerial parts Carvacrol Lung (A549) [203]
Leaves Thymol Cervical (HeLa) and lung (A549) [148]
Leaves and
flowers
α-Terpineol Leukemia (K562) [97]
Satureja parnassica
Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss.
Aerial parts Carvacrol and
thymol
Breast (MCF-7), lung (A549) and hepatocellular
(HepG2 and Hep3B)
[155]
Satureja thymbra L. Leaves α-Pinene and
p-cymene
Melanoma (C32) and adenocarcinoma (ACHN) [150]
Carvacrol and
thymol
Breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), hepatocellular
(HepG2 and Hep3B)
[155]
Sideritis perfoliata L. Leaves β-Phellandrene Melanoma (C32) and adenocarcinoma (ACHN) [150]
Tetradenia riparia
(Hochst.) Codd
Leaves E,E-farnesol Murine melanoma (B16F10), colon (HT29),
glioblastoma (MO59J, U343 and U251), cervical
(HeLa), breast (MCF-7) and hepatocellular
(HepG2)
[160]
Teucrium brevifolium
Schreb.
Aerial parts Spathulenol
and δ-cadinene
Colon (Caco-2), melanoma (C32) and lung (Cor-
L23)
[154]
Teucrium flavum L. Aerial parts Caryophyllene
and 4-vinyl
guaiacol
Colon (Caco-2), melanoma (C32) and lung (Cor-
L23)
[154]
Teucrium montbretii
subsp.
heliotropiifolium
(Barbey) P.H.Davis
Aerial parts Carvacrol and
caryophyllene
oxide
Colon (Caco-2), melanoma (C32) and lung (Cor-
L23)
[154]
Teucrium polium subsp.
capitatum (L.) Arcang.
Aerial parts Carvacrol and
caryophyllene
Colon (Caco-2), melanoma (C32) and lung (Cor-
L23)
[154]
Thymus algeriensis Boiss.
and Reut
Aerial parts Thymol Breast (MCF-7), non-small cell lung (NCI-H460),
colon (HCT-15), cervical (HeLa) and hepatocellular
(HepG2)
[129]
Thymus broussonettii
Boiss
Leaves and
stems
Carvacrol Ovarian (IGR-OV1) [204]
Thymus lanceolatus Desf. Aerial parts Thymol Leukemia (HL-60), breast (MCF-7), hepatocellular
(HepG2), colon (Caco-2) and cervical (HeLa)
[205]
Thymus serpyllum L. Aerial parts Thymol Breast (MCF-7), non-small cell lung (NCI-H460),
colon (HCT-15), cervical (HeLa) and hepatocellular
(HepG2).
[129]
Thymus vulgaris L. Aerial parts Thymol Oral cavity squamous cell (UM-SCC1) [206]
Thymol Breast (MCF-7), non-small cell lung (NCI-H460),
colon (HCT-15), cervical (HeLa) and hepatocellular
(HepG2)
[129]
Commercial
source
Not reported Lung (A549), prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) [187]
Zataria multiflora Boiss. Leaves Phenol and
thymol
Breast (MDA-MB-231) and ovary (SKOV3) [201]
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 11
basilicum oil rich in methyl cinnamate and linalool has antitumor potential against human
cervical cancer (HeLa) and human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma (HEp-2) cell lines. The
dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative activities of O. basilicum EO have been
atributed to the high content of monoterpenes (α-terpinol-59.78%).
[144]
The Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) EOs mainly consist of monoterpenes (1,8-
cineol - 38.5%) and exhibited antiproliferative activity against breast cancer and
hormone-dependent prostate carcinoma cells lines.
[145]
Studies carried out with
supercritical rosemary extracts demonstrated that substances comprising the volatile
oil fraction (1,8-cineol, camphor, borneol, verbenone and bornyl acetate) might
synergize with carnosic acid and inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma
cells.
[146]
Wang et al.
[147]
assessed the comparative anticancer activities of R. offici-
nalis EOs and three of its main components (1,8-cineole, α-pinene and β-pinene).
They found that rosemary EOs exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activities toward
ovarian (SK-OV-3 and HO-8910) and hepatocellular (Bel-7402) cancer cell lines
with highest activity poseessed by α-pinene followed by β-pinene and 1,8-cineole.
Studies with Salvia lavandulifolia EO rich in camphor showed low anticancer potential
against human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. It is worth
noting that S. lavandulifolia presented a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
)
value of 131.50 μg/mL for human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5), which was higher
than the values observed in tumor cell lines studied.
[148]
In a previous study, Foray
et al.
[149]
also detected camphor as main volatile constituent in S. lavandulifolia and
reported its cytotoxicity on tumor cells using cultures of different human tumor cell
lines. In the same study, α-thujone was identified as predominant component in S.
officinalis EO, which was less active on the cell inhibition than S. lavandulifolia. Loizzo
et al.
[150]
demonstrated that S. officinalis EO inhibited renal adenocarcinoma cell growth.
But 1,8-cineole, the most abundant constituent in S. officinalis EO, was inactive against the
cell lines used in this study. However, the sesquiterpene fraction characterized by the
presence of α-humulene could be responsible for anticancer action, because this com-
pound demonstrated a strong cytotoxic activity on the human prostate carcinoma
(LNCaP) cells. Russo et al.
[133]
found α-thujone, camphor, borneol, γ-muurolene, and
sclareol in S. officinalis samples grown under different environmental conditions and the
percentages of these compounds varied depending on environmental factors. They also
studied their effect as growth inhibition and pro-apoptotic when evaluated in human
melanoma cell lines, A375, M14, and A2058. A study by Foray et al.
[149]
with S. sclarea
shows predominance of linalyl acetate and linalool as well as the strong activity of this EO
in cultures of different human tumor cell lines, equivalent to that of doxorubicin. In vitro
assay with S. sclarea EO showed the ability to inhibit growth of HeLa cells after 24 hours
of treatment in dose-dependent manner.
[151]
Studies carried out in EOs obtained from native and cultivated samples of S. verbenaca
depicted hexadecanoic acid as main constituent with expressive toxicity in a model of
melanoma (M14 cells).
[101]
Caryophyllene oxide was found to be a major constituent in S.
aurea, S. judaica, S. viscosa
[133]
, and S. bracteata.
[152]
It has been evaluated in vitro in a
human melanoma model using M14 cells and caspase-3 activity,
[133]
which suggested the
potential of EO in induction of apoptosis. The EOs of Dracocephalum surmandinum
exhibited cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and erythromyelo-
blastoid leukemia cell lines (K562) with IC50 values of 14 and 16 μg/mL, respectively. The
12 L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
main constituents of Eos, Perilla aldehyde and limonene, have been reported to inhibit cell
growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC50 values ranged from 0.25 to
5.0 mmol/L.
[153]
In genus Teucrium, spathulenol and δ-cadinene have been reported as major con-
stituents of EOs in T. brevifolium, caryophyllene and 4-vinyl guaiacol in T. flavum,
carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide in T. montbretii ssp. heliotropiifolium, carvacrol and
caryophyllene in T. polium ssp. capitatum. A cytotoxic potential was demonstrated in a
model with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CACO-2), amelanotic melanoma (C-32), and
large lung carcinoma (COR-123) cells. Cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in all cell
lines tested, namely CACO-2 (T. brevifolium <T. montbretii ssp. heliotropiifolium <T.
polium ssp. capitatum), C-32 (T. montbretii ssp. heliotropiifolium <T. polium ssp.
capitatum), and COR-123 (T. montbretii ssp. heliotropiifolium <T. flavum (=T. polium
ssp. capitatum)<T. brevifolium).
[154]
Thymol, an EO component found in different species of Satureja viz., S. thymbra, S.
intermedia, S. montana, and S. parnassica, has evidenced the potential of EO from
these plant species in treating different types of cancer, such as melanoma, adenocar-
cinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma and hepato-
cellular carcinoma, human oesophagus squamous cell carcinoma and human bladder
carcinoma.
[148,150,155,156]
S. khuzistanica EO was characterized by a high amount of
carvacrol (92.87%) and significantly reduced cell viability of human colon cancer
(SW480), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and choriocarcinoma (JET 3) cells in a
dose-dependent manner.
EO extracted by distillation from Mentha spicata showed cytotoxicity in human mouth
epidermal carcinoma and murine leukemia model.
[157]
In another study by Hussain et al.
[158]
in different species of Mentha obtained at different harvesting times showed menthol,
piperitenone oxide, and menthone as major components in M. arvensis, M. longifolia,and
M. piperita, respectively. They also investigated cytotoxicity of these compounds in breast
cancer and hormone-dependent prostate carcinoma and reported that both chemical com-
position and cytotoxicity vary depending on the period of collection of the plant samples.
Nikoli’cetal.
[148]
performed studies with M. piperita and M. pulegium showing menthol and
pulegone as major constituents of EO in these species, respectively. They noted the low
cytotoxic potential of these oils in models of human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), lung
adenocarcinoma (A549), and human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5).
It is important to analyze the safety of plant species widely used in popular practice. A study
performed by Pathania et al.
[159]
for evaluating the chemotherapeutic potential of Monarda
citriodora demonstrated that its EO and thymol inhibited the cell viability of various human
cancer celllines (including prostate cancer (PC-3), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7),
lung cancer (A549), and premyelocytic leukemia (HL-60)) in a concentration-dependent
manner and found to be non toxic in normal breast epithelial fR2 cells. The IC
50
values
were between 17 and 74 μg/ml and 10 and 45 μg/ml for EO and thymol, respectively. Thymol
exhibited higher cytotoxicity than EO in all the cell lines mentioned above except in human
leukaemia HL-60 cells. This could be due to the synergism between thymol and other
constituents in EO.
Oliveira et al.
[160]
in a study with EO of Tetradenia riparia identified (E,E)-farnesol and
aromadendrene oxide as major compounds and evaluated their antiproliferative effect in
different tumor cell lines (murine melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, cervical
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 13
adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma). They reported
IC
50
values greater than 30 μg/mL for all cell lines tested and more cytotoxic to normal
line (Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts).
Shakeri et al.
[161]
reported 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone as the major constituent of
Nepeta sintenisii essential oil, demonstrating dose-dependent cytotoxicity against tumor
cell lines (ovarian, colon, and breast cancer) but also found toxicity, although low (IC
50
219 μg/mL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells used as a normal cell line.
It is worth emphasizing that although several studies have reported cytotoxic potential
of the EO from plant species of Lamiaceae, according to American National Center
Institute, only extracts with IC
50
values <30 μg/mL against tumor cells should be the
targets in investigation of new anticancer agents.
[162]
In this perspective, interesting results were obtained with EO of Hyssopus officinalis
(linalool),
[163]
Lavandula angustifolia,
[164]
M. citriodora (thymol),
[165]
N. sintenisii
(4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone),
[161]
Nepeta ucrainica (germacrene D),
[165]
O. basilicum
(α-terpineol),
[144]
S. verbenaca (hexadecanoic acid),
[101]
S. aurea, S. judaica and S.
viscosa (caryophyllene oxide).
[141]
In vitro culture and EOs production in family Lamiaceae
In vitro culture is one of the important strategies for rapid mass propagation and
conservation of elite germplasm under controlled conditions.
[10,166–172]
It can be used
for large-scale multiplication of EOs bearing plants without their overexploitation from
natural resources. In vitro cultures also offer an alternative for enhanced production of
EOs from several plant species. For instance, in Zataria multiflora, EOs from in vitro
propagated plants were observed to contain higher amount of carvacrol, thymol, carvacrol
methyl ether and γ-terpinene as compared to wild grown plants.
[166,173]
Content and composition of EOs varies depending on the type and growing stage of
plant material.
[174,175]
The composition of hydrodistilled essential oil from aerial and
underground parts as well as tissue culture raised shoot and adventitious root of
different Caryopteris species as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
revealed the highest EOs yield (1.8% V/DW) in Caryopteris xclandonensis.
[174]
Aerial
parts were characterized mainly by the presence of limonene and cedrol (11.9–16.0 and
10.7–10.9%, respectively), whereas 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl)-phenol (12.9–26.2%) was the
main component of volatile fractions of the in vivo roots in all the species. 1,8-Cineole
(24.8–34.2%) and 1-octen-3-ol (19.7–31.5%) has been reported to be the dominating
volatile constituent of the EOs obtained from in vitro shoots and adventitious root
cultures, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative variations in EOs obtained from
wild and micropropagated plants have also been reported in Z. multiflora. In vitro
propagated plants produced essential oil richer in oxygenated sesquiterpenes than wild
grown plants.
[173]
It is quite possible to stimulate quantitative and qualitative modifications on the
production of plant secondary metabolites by manipulating nutrient medium and culture
conditions.
[176]
There are different factors affecting the production of secondary metabo-
lites from plant cells under in vitro conditions. Some of these are discussed in the
following sections.
14 L. S. S. D. MESQUITA ET AL.
Plant growth regulators
The type and concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) used in culture medium
influence the plant growth and composition of secondary compounds including vola-
tiles oils in different plant species. Santos-Gomes and Fernandes-Ferreira
[177]
reported
the highest shoot biomass growth and essential oils accumulation with kinetin (2.0 mg/
L) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.05 mg/L) in S. officinalis.InLavandula
pedunculata, best propagation rates have been achieved on medium supplemented
with 6-benzylaminopurine (0.25 mg/L). The trichomes and essential oils of the in
vitro raised L. pedunculata plants were found to be similar when compared to wild
plants. Two chemotypes, 1,8-cineole/camphor and fenchone type, were characterized.
The composition of monoterpenes was observed to differ depending on the type of
auxininthemediuminAgastache rugosa.
[178]
Pulegone was the single major com-
pound on the growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog (MS)
[179]
medium with a
small proportion of limonene. In the presence of PGRs in the medium, the hydro-
carbon monoterpene fraction increased to 20–50% in in vitro cultures. The emission of
limonene was reported to be lower than α-pinene in the presence of picloram (0.4
μM).
[180]
Another study by Affonso et al.
[180]
in T. vulgaris L. showed that plants
growing in medium containing indole-3-acetic acid (1.0 μM) increased volatile com-
pounds such as thymol by 315%.
Cultivation mode and culture conditions
Plant cells cultured on different cultivation media show variation in secondary compounds
production due to different physiological and biochemical environment. Cultivation mode
strongly influenced the production and transport of low molecular weight volatile com-
pounds in Lavandula vera when cultured under three different cultivation modes, that is,
shake flask as a free suspension, two-phase systems in the presence of XAD-4 resin, and in
stirred tank 3-L bioreactors.
[181]
In Salvia miltiorrhiza, EOs composition has been observed to depend on the morphol-
ogy, physiological status, and culture conditions. Comparison of EOs obtained from root,
callus, and hairy roots showed that ethyl hexadecanoate was the main component in root
oil, while callus and hairy root cultures possessed 2,5-hexanedione as the major compo-
nent in this plant species.
[30]
Qualitative and quantitative comparison of root, callus, and
hairy roots showed several common constituents. Four compounds (4-methyl-3-penten2-
one, 2,5-hexanedione, ethyl hexadecanoate and (4aS-trans)1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-
1,1,4a-trimethyl-7(1-methylethyl)-phenanthrene) were identified in the root oil. Three
compounds —4methyl-3-penten- 2-one, 2,5hexanedione and hexachloroethane —and
six compounds —2,5-hexanedione, 3-(1ethoxy-ethoxy)-butan-1-ol, 1-methoxy2-propa-
none, borneol, octadecanal, and (4aS-trans)-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,1,4a-tri-
methyl-7-(1methylethyl)-phenanthrene —have been identified in callus and hairy root
oil, respectively. Callus and hairy root oil exhibited higher antioxidant activity than EO
from root.
[30]
EOs in Mentha species and T. vulgaris were found to enhance in in vitro cultures grown
under ultra high CO
2
levels than in ambient air.
[182]
Thymol in thyme plants grown on
basal medium with sucrose was reported to be 317-fold higher at 10,000 μmol/mol CO
2
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 15
than plants grown at ambient conditions. Thymol levels in T. vulgaris plants grown on
basal medium with CO
2
and sucrose were observed to be 3.9-fold higher as compared to
shoots grown on basal medium with same levels of CO
2
but without sucrose.
[182]
Biotransformation
Biotransformation using an exogenous supply of biosynthetic precursors is one of the
strategies used to improve the accumulation of secondary metabolites in many plant
species. In family Lamiaceae, feeding cis-farnesol to cell suspension cultures of
Pogostemon cablin resulted in the increased production of patchouli alcohol from
19.5 mg/L to 25.5 mg/L.
[183]
Conclusions
From the above literature, it can be concluded that EOs from members of family
Lamiaceae possess anticancer properties and may act as an alternative to discover new
anticancer drugs. Therefore, it is important to perform scientific studies in order to prove
the effectiveness of these drugs in in vitro and in vivo models. It is also necessary to study
anti-proliferative action of these EOs on various cancer cell lines through diverse pathways
so as to use them in combination with cancer therapy in order to decrease the side effects
of drugs. To ensure the enhanced production of EOs with active components of interest,
various biotechnological techniques like two-phase culture system, biotransformation, and
genetic modification could be used.
Funding
Authors would like to acknowledge Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico
e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) for financial support.
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