Slimane Merouani

University of Constantine 3 · Department of Chemical Engineering

This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of bubble sonochemistry utilizing a simplified model of a single acoustic bubble. The model encompasses various aspects of bubble collapse, evolution of reaction, and generation of radicals, offering valuable insights into the characteristics of acoustic cavitation such as temperature, size, and num...

This chapter delves into the topic of the saturation gas effect on sonochemistry, with a focus on the role of dissolved gases in acoustic cavitation. The study explores the contradicting effects reported in the literature, particularly between monoatomic gases like argon and di- or polyatomic gases like O2 and air. Through a combination of literatu...

The presence of volatile substrates in the bubble interior during oscillation reduced its temperature and modifies the bubble reactivity. A case study of carbon tetrachloride and methanol was discussed here based on numerical single-bubble sonochemistry results. Carbon tetrachloride sonopyrolysis enhances the yield of reactive oxygen and chlorine s...

Carbon tetrachloride stands out as one of the most frequently used and promising additives for accelerating the sono-degradation of various contaminants. This chapter is dedicated to the analysis of advancements and challenges in the sonoactivation of carbon tetrachloride, with the objective of accelerating the removal of nonvolatile pollutants und...

This chapter focuses on the thermodynamic and energetic analysis of a bubble subjected to ultrasound. Numerical investigations are conducted to examine the behavior of the bubble under varying frequencies and acoustic intensities, with a particular emphasis on the internal energy balance and energy parameters affecting bubble dynamics. The results...

The size distribution of bubbles is a crucial factor that characterizes the sonochemical reactions. The assessment of bubble population size within cavitation fields induced by sonication has led to the development of various techniques. These methods encompass both experimental and theoretical approaches, each contributing distinct advantages and...

The synergistic combination of ultrasound irradiation and chlorine has emerged as a promising advanced oxidation process (AOP). This unique approach harnesses the advantages of both ultrasonication and chlorination to enhance oxidant production and promote efficient pollutant degradation. Despite its potential, research on the ultrasound/chlorine A...

This chapter delves into the contemporary developments in utilizing ultrasound, specifically the sonochemical process, for the degradation of textile dyes in aqueous solutions. It begins by elucidating the principles of the sonochemical process. Subsequently, it provides a comprehensive summary of noteworthy studies in the field, highlighting their...

Sonochemical treatment of water and wastewater is an active realm of research. The application of this advanced oxidation process at the lab scale has led to promising findings, whereas, its harnessing cost at the large scale was considered as the main hindrance confronting the industrial application of this mechanism. This chapter envisions improv...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are harmful organic contaminants that result from the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial processes, and the need to remove these aromatic chemicals is motivated by their carcinogenic potential, environmental persistence, and chronic toxicity. In this chapter, the sonochemical degradation of these pollu...

This research presents a novel approach of integrating fins into a sonochemical phase change material (PCM) reactor to tackle the challenge of low PCM thermal conductivity, with a focus on cooling the ultrasonic reactor. Through comprehensive numerical simulations using a Fluentbased CFD code, we analyze the thermal performance of the sono-PCM syst...

In this comprehensive investigation, we evaluate the efficacy of the Fenton process in degrading basic fuchsin (BF), a resistant dye. Our primary focus is on the utilization of readily available, environmentally benign, and cost-effective reagents for the degradation process. Furthermore, we delve into various operational parameters, including the...

In this investigation, the carcinogenic and toxic dye pararosaniline, which is notoriously difficult to remove with standard wastewater treatment procedures, is broken down using the Fe2+/K2S2O8 (Fe−KPS)/hydroxylamine (HA) reaction. Different processing variables, salts, natural organic constituents, and water matrix are investigated and adjusted f...

This study investigates the influence of different reactors incorporating copper circular fins within the hydride, along with variations in the reactor coolant-specifically water, oil, and nitrogen. Employing user-defined functions in the commercial software Ansys Fluent 15, a 2D numerical model was developed to assess thermal characteristics (temp...

The impact of hydrostatic pressure, commonly known as ambient or external pressure, on the phenomenon of sonochemistry and/or sonoluminescence has been extensively investigated through a multitude of experimental and computational studies, all of which have emphasized the crucial role played by this particular parameter. Numerous previous studies h...

29 In this study, three machine learning (ML) algorithms (scaled conjugate gradient-30 SCG, multilayer perceptron-MLP, and a novel hybrid artificial neural network algorithm-31 ANN-PSO) were employed to forecast the efficiency of removing heavy metals from aqueous 32 solutions through the polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) process, with a focus on...

A new semi‐empirical technic has been established relying on the linkage between the chemistry in the bulk liquid and that taking place in the acoustic cavitation bubble. The open‐source COPASI software has been used for the optimization of number density according to the total yield of a single bubble and the fitting of the experimental yield of h...

The current research investigates the heat transfer and melting characteristics of gallium phase change material (PCM) within a large-scale cavity under the influence of a magnetic field, through employing a two-dimensional mathematical model and a simulation program based on the finite volume method. Specific UDFs were incorporated to account for...

With the purpose of enhancing the heat management in the ultrasonic reactor, the present innovative research aims at the exploration of the thermal behavior of sonochemical reactor integrated with fins and phase change material (PCM), focusing on the influence of different liquid heights (LH). The performance of this combination (i.e., sonicated wa...

The performance of solar panels in generating electrical energy is closely tied to the effectiveness of the employed cooling system. While the utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) as latent thermal units as a cooling system has been suggested for recovering solar panels’ heat, research focusing on a comprehensive comparison of various PCMs...

This study presents a numerical simulation of a packed bed reactor filled with activated carbon for hydrogen storage, incorporating phase change material (PCM) with various heat transfer enhancers. The simulations were performed using the Fluent ANSYS. The main goal is to explore the use of PCM as a heat manager (reactor coolant) and optimize its p...

The primary objective of this research is to explore the impact of nanoparticles-infused PCM (phase change material) in the context of nano-PCM-PV technology (PV: photovoltaic panel). Computational investigations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of RT25HC, a paraffin wax PCM, in conjunction with various nanoparticles (MgO, TiO 2 , ZnO a...

Due to the complex physical and chemical interactions taking place in the sonicated medium, various methods have been proposed in the literature for a better understanding of the sonochemical system. In the present paper, the performance of calorimetry, iodometry, Fricke, 4-nitrophenol, H2O2, and ascorbic acid dosimetry techniques have been evaluat...

This study delved into the potential of periodate/hydroxylamine process (PI/HA) as an efficient method for the degradation and mineralization of textile dyes. The PI/HA process generates a range of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can degrade organic pollutants. The effects of processing conditions, common minerals, organic components, includin...

Using a detailed numerical model, in the present work, the dissolution process of the different species generated by the acoustic cavitation bubble was investigated through the analysis of bubble chemistry over a range of wave frequencies from 140 to 515 kHz. It has been observed that during the first bubble collapse, at 140 and 213 kHz, significan...

One of the biggest challenges of modern technology is the production of clean energy from available resources such as wind, sun, and sea. The solar panel is considered as a potent tool for the production of green electric energy from solar irradiation. However, the performance of photovoltaic systems is related to the effectiveness of the integrate...

To keep sonochemical reactors at a constant temperature, cryothermostat systems (equipped with a pump, cooling fluids, and tubing) are commonly used. The cryothermostat serves a dual purpose, supplying both heating and cooling as needed to keep the temperature stable. However, this device is an energy consumer, especially when the sonochemical reac...

Metal foam (MF) and nano-sized particles (NSP) are regarded as patent tools for enhancing the thermal performance of phase change materials (PCM)-based latent thermal energy storage unit (LTES), but data on this issue for large-scale installations is very scarce. The current numerical study aimed at using Fluent 15.0 CFD platform to provide a large...

As an alternative to a water-based cooling system for a sonoreactor, the present work presents for the first time the use of a phase change material for the management and storage of the dissipated heat within the sonicated water. The performance of the PCM is analyzed as a function of liquid height (LH = 5.1, 10.2, 15.3, and 20.4 cm) at a frequenc...

The melting/solidification of PCM “phase change material” (C19-C20) and cooling/heating of air (HTF “heat transfer fluid”) have been analyzed under the variation of temperature, by an increment of 2 K, on the external side of the heat exchanger (Tw). Aluminium foam (20%, v/v) was used to improve the thermal conductivity of the adopted PCM (C19-C20)...

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the application of UV/chlorine advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. However, few studies have investigated this process in a strongly basic medium (pH > 10), which is a common characteristic of many industrial effluents. In addition, the use of artificial UV lamps in these proces...

An Ansys Fluent–based model was constructed for simulating hydrogen storage and discharge from a large-scale metal hydride (MH) heat exchanger. The model's validity was initially verified in light of specific experimental data. Mass and heat transport processes inside the fixed bed during the absorption and desorption cycles were simulated for vari...

The high-energy phenomena caused by power ultrasound propagation in aqueous solutions have attracted scientists to exploit ultrasound as a clean technology for hydrogen production. Particularly, when methanol aqueous solution is sonicated, the production rate of hydrogen increased by several orders of magnitude. Thia chapter aims at providing an em...

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations is used to simulate the industrial-scale hydrogen storage in activated carbon (AC: AX-21) bottle surrounded by a layer of metal foam (MF)-phase change material (PCM: RT 22 HC) latent thermal unit. The aim is to boost the recuper-ation (storage) o...

As a plausible solution for the issue of heat management during hydrogen adsorption on the activated carbon bed, in the present paper, the effects of different metal oxides nanoparticles (MgO, TiO 2 , CuO, or ZnO), scattered into a phase change material (PCM), have been investigated over the adsorption and dormancy phases in a large-scale bottle. T...

This study aims principally to assess numerically the impact of methanol mass transport (i.e., evaporation/condensation across the acoustic bubble wall) on the thermodynamics and chemical effects (methanol conversion, hydrogen and oxygenated reactive species production) of acoustic cavitation in sono-irradiated aqueous solution. This effect was rev...

In a cylindrical shell and multi-tube heat exchanger (of large configuration), the incorporation of four distinct nanoparticles (Al 2 O 3 , MgO, SiO 2 , and SnO 2) at various concentrations (0%-5%, v/v) into PCM (RT82) was investigated during the solidification process. A numerical model was developed and validated through experimental and theoreti...

The photoactivated periodate (UV/IO4-) process is used to investigate the degradation of acid orange 10 (AO10) dye. The photodecomposition of periodate ions produces highly reactive radicals (i.e., • OH, IO3 • , and IO4 •) that accelerate dye degradation. Increasing the initial concentration of periodate to 3 mM enhances the dye removal rate, but o...

Recently, several experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of enhancing the sonochemical production of hydrogen via methanol pyrolysis within acoustic cavitation bubbles (i.e. sonolysis of aqueous methanol solution). This review includes both the experimental and theoretical achievements in the field of hydrogen produc...

The sonolysis of certain substrates in water has proved its effectiveness for the enhancement of the sonochemical production of hydrogen. In this study, the sonolysis of methane has been investigated for the first time in a single acoustic bubble (microreactor) over a frequency from 140 to 515 kHz. The obtained findings have been compared to those...

Acoustic cavitation-induced sonochemistry is employed for a variety of industrial and laboratory-scale physical and chemical applications, including cleaning, nanomaterial synthesis, and destruction of water contaminants. In acoustic bubbles, CCl4 pyrolysis can totally alter the bubble sonochemistry as well as the active bubble-size population. The...

Due to the multiple advantages of activated carbon (e.g. high specific surface area, safety and low cost) toward hydrogen storage, the subject of heat management in H 2-storage tanks has become a research focus in recent years. In this work, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (implemented in Fluent software), the performance of a hydr...

Herein, we present an original report on chlorine activation by ultrasound (US: 600 kHz, 120 W) for intensifying the sonochemical treatment of hazardous organic materials. The coupling of US/chlorine produced synergy via the involvement of reactive chlorine species (RCSs: Cl•, ClO• and Cl2•−), resulting from the sono-activation of chlorine. The deg...

Power ultrasonics (> 100 kHz), through acoustic cavitation, efficiently splits water to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS: ·OH, O, HO2·, O3 and H2O2). As a result, water sonolysis is considered as an alternative advanced oxidation process for water treatment. In this process, the type of dissolved gases plays a crucial role in controlling the r...

The solar flux distribution on the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) absorber tube is extremely non-uniform, which causes non-uniform temperature distribution outside the absorber tube. Therefore, it generates high thermal stress which causes creep and fatigue damage. This presents a challenge to the efficiency and reliability of parabolic trough re...

An advanced ANSYS FLUENT-based model was developed for hydrogen recovery from a multi-tubular fixed-bed metal hydride (MH) reactor of large-scale design. The model was firstly validated by comparing its results to specific experimental data. Mass and heat transport processes inside the fixed bed were investigated at various pressures and thermochem...

In this study, the solubility of ascorbic acid (AA) in eight pure solvents, including water, ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran, was measured over the temperature range from 293 K to 313 K. The correlation of the measured solubility data of AA was performed using three non-ideal solution models,...

An alternative semi-empirical technique is developed to determine the number density of active cavitation bubbles (N) formed in sonicated solutions. This was achieved by relating the acoustic power supplied to the solution (i.e. determined experimentally) to the released heat by a single bubble. The energy dissipation via heat exchange is obtained...

In the last decades, great interest has been focused on developing innovative, efficient and eco-friendly methods for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2). The use of ultrasound (sonochemistry) has appeared as one of these techniques, thanks to its operational simplicity (working at ambient conditions), safety and being environ- mentally benign...

One of the likely methods for enhancing heat transfer in a latent thermal energy storage system is the conception of a thermal unit. In this work, the orientation of oval tubes (horizontal, vertical, and oblique) in phase change material (PCM, RT35)-based shell-tube heat exchanger was 2 analyzed with respect to the metal foam type (MF: Graphite, Co...

This research aims at optimizing the effects of processing conditions, salts, natural organic materials, and water matrices quality on the effectiveness of the Fe(II)/K2S2O8(KPS)/hydroxylamine process in the degradation of pararosaniline, a toxic and carcinogenic dye. Assisting the Fe(II)/KPS treatment with protonated hydroxylamine (H3NOH+) increas...

A comprehensive numerical investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of ultrasound frequency (213-1000 kHz), ultrasonic intensity (0.7-1.5 W/cm 2) and medium temperature (293.15-333.15 K) on the production of hydrogen from methanol decomposition inside acoustic bubbles (methanol sono-conversion). The adopted model was firstly compared with s...

The present study combines, for the first time, experimental degradation findings and numerical simulation results of CCl4 sonochemistry for (i) understanding the right mechanism by which CCl4 improves Safranin O (SO) sono-bleaching (1.7 MHz, 15 W) and (ii) stating the impact of operational conditions on reactive species dis- tribution toward the...

Phase change materials (PCMs) have recently been coupled with metal hydride storage tanks (MHSTs) to store adsorption heat and subsequently deliver it for hydrogen desorption through melting and solidification cycles. This method might reduce process costs by eliminating the use of HTF (i.e. heat transfer fluid). However, thermodynamics and kineti...

Integrating metal hydride (MH) for hydrogen storage with phase change materials (PCMs) received increasing attention today to ensure effective thermal management in MH-storage reactors and reduce the operating cost of the process. This study revealed the first coupling approach (at large scale) of hydrogen storage in LaNi5 alloys with heat recovery...

To anticipate emulsion breakdown in the ELM process, the Box–Behnken design was used with an artificial neural network (ANN) and a metaheuristic approach, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and response surface methodology (RSM). Membrane stability testing began with an experimental component to collect data. The following parameters were use...

With the objective of establishing an overview of the limits of hydroxylamine-induced acceleration of the Fenton process, the impact of a wide range of processing conditions and water matrix compositions (water quality) on the degradation of persistent textile dyes is revealed in this study. The co-use of Fenton reagents and hydroxylamine in its pr...

Although heat management during hydrogen adsorption/desorption in metal hydride (MH) reactor using phase change material (PCMs)-based energy storage system has been researched in the last years, very limited data on large-scale applications is found. In this work, a 2D transient numerical model has been developed on Fluent 15.0 CFD platform to asse...

An efficient optimization technique based on the combination of a metaheuristic and an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm has been devised. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to estimate the removal of two textile dyes from wastewater (Reactive green 12, RG12, and Toluidine blue, TB) using two unique oxidation processes: Fe(II)/chlor...

For the object of reducing heat consumption in hydrogen metal hydride (MH) storage units during the discharging cycle, the nano-PCM (i.e. phase change material containing nano-oxides) strategy is adopted herein, for the first time, for accelerating the release of the latent heat (LH) stocked in the PCM to the MH. The process was assessed in a large...

Power ultrasonic (> 100 kHz) splits water into free radicals and hydrogen. As a result, water sonochemistry is considered as an alternative clean and fossil-fuel-free hydrogen production technique. In this research work, the impact of rare gases (Xe, Ar, and He) on the sonochemical production of hydrogen as well as the population of active bubbl...

In sonochemistry, pyrolysis of CCl4 inside an acoustic bubble plays various roles (e.g., removing CCl4, producing reactive chlorine species, speeding •OH radical generation, and enhancing water-contaminant destruction). The kind of gas saturating the reaction media is critical in regulating CCl4 sono-pyrolysis and its outcomes. The effect of three...

In this work, after exploring the first report on the synergism of combining ultrasound (US: 600 kHz) and chlorine toward the degradation of Allura Red AC (ARAC) textile dye, as a contaminant model, the impact of various mineral water constituents (Cl–, SO42–, NO3–, HCO3– and NO2–) and natural organic matter, i.e., humic acid (HA), on the performan...

Throughout the last two decades, there has been a lot of interest in using ultrasonic as an alternate advanced oxidation method for the degradation of textile dyes in wastewater. This technique effectively destroys pollutants by reactive ∙OH radical and/or pyrolysis in various reaction zones. The addition of CCl4 increased dye sonolytic degradation...

An energetic assessment of the impacts of the different internal bubble energy parameters, namely PV work, heat transfer, mass transport, and reaction heat, is performed for various acoustical conditions using different cavitation process scenarios. Through analyzing the two phases of the bubble lifetime, that is, rarefaction and collapse cycles, i...

In present chapter, a brief discussion was conducted in order to reveal the energetic effect of the different energy parameters (PV work, mass transport, reaction heat and heat exchange) in a multibubble system. Additionally, the overall energetic variation of this bubble's population was visualized. Interesting observations have been inferred from...

The present paper introduces a novel semi-empirical technique for the determination of active bubbles’ number in sonicated solutions. This method links the chemistry of a single bubble to that taking place over the whole sonochemical reactor (solution). The probe compound is CCl4, where its eliminated amount within a single bubble (though pyrolysis...

Due to the scarcity of data on the industrial use of energy storage technology based on material phase change (PCM), a complete computational assessment is done in this work, where a nano-PCM technique is used to enhance the thermal energy storage in a big-scale shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Four high thermal conductive nano-oxides (i.e., Al2O3, M...

A number of theoretical and experimental works showed the possibility of increasing the sonochemical production of hydrogen through the pyrolysis of methanol within the acoustic cavitation (i.e. sonolysis of aqueous methanol solution). In this study, numerical simulations have been conducted in order to reveal, for the first time, the effect of met...

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) has a versatile role in sonochemistry, e.g., self�degradation, accelerator of ● OH radical production, and reactive chorine radical generator. These example aspects arise from the pyrolysis of CCl 4 inside acoustic bubbles. A model of CCl 4 sono-pyrolysis inside an acoustic bubble is used to provide a novel mechanistic...

In the current study, the melting process of phase change material (PCM) embedded with nanoparticles and metal foams (MF) in a large scale shell-and-tube based latent thermal energy storage unit (LTES) has been numerically studied. Initially, the developed model was validated with experimental data. Then, the effect of Al2O3 (5%) nanoparticles addi...

UV/periodate (IO ⁻ 4 ) process is one of the recent advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that have been efficiently applied to degrade various persistent organic pollutants and lower chemical oxygen demand in industrial wastewater. The photo-irradiation of periodate (λ < 400 nm) in aqueous solutions can produce several reactive radicals and non-radi...

The cationic dye safranin-O was removed from an aqueous solution using the Emulsion Liquid membrane (ELM) method. The ELM system consists of a diluent (hexane) and a surfactant (Span 80). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution was used as an internal aqueous phase. The key parameters regulating the safranin-O dye removal were investigated. Twenty-nine (29)...

The thermal analysis of melting process of phase change material in rectangular latent thermal energy storage unit is presented herein. To resolve the low heat transfer rate due to the low thermal conductivity of pure paraffin (the phase change material of this study), the nano-paraffin approach has been numerically investigated. Four nano-metal ox...

It is known that the evaporation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) into the acoustic cavitation during water sonolysis results in the generation of many reactive species (e.g. chlorinated elements), probable reduction of bubble temperature and the scavenging of hydrogen atom by its reaction with CCl4. Consequently, the chemistry of bubbles (sono-activ...

In spite of the great number of experimental works conducted on CCl4 sono-degradation, several controversies are observed, these including the main species generated upon CCl4 decomposition and the mechanism by which CCl4 accelerated the sonolytic removal of nonvolatile contaminates. In this paper, a new mechanism of carbon tetrachloride pyrolysis...

Several experimental and computational works have been focused on the production of hydrogen by using ultrasonic irradiation. However, the effects of the different ultrasonic conditions have been analyzed by considering a single value for the ambient bubble radius R0 (mean value), which is not the true case as the size of active bubbles in sonicati...

Numerical simulations have been performed on a range of ambient bubble radii, in order to reveal the effect of mass transport, heat exchange and chemical reactions heat on the chemical bubble yield of single acoustic bubble. The results of each of these energy mechanisms were compared to a normal model in which all these processes (mass transport,...

The effect of static pressure (P∞) on.bubble.sonochemistry (i.e. hydrogen and reactive species production) is investigated on a range of ambient bubble sizes (R0) for argon-saturated water. The used ambient pressure ranges from 0.3 to 2 atm, where its impact is shown for frequencies of 355, 500 and 1000.kHz. It is found that for each ambient pressu...

The present study treats the effects of mass transport, heat transfer and chemical reactions heat on the bubble dynamics by spanning a range of ambient bubble radii. The thermodynamic behavior of the acoustic bubble was shown for three wave frequencies, 355, 515 and 1000 kHz. The used acoustic amplitude ranges from 1 to 3 atm. It has been demonstra...

Owing to the stability and resistance to biodegradation of synthetic dyes, their elimination from industrial wastewater is a very difficult task. This problem has triggered environmental engineers and scientists to search for innovative solutions. Over the last two decades, considerable attention has been paid to the use of ultrasound as an alterna...

Sonolysis and ozonation are two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that are actually well documented and their mechanisms are well established. Recently, the combination of these two processes, that is sonolytic ozonation [ultrasound (US)/O3], has been successfully applied to improve the degradation of several water contaminants, as compared to ea...

Both sonolysis and heat-activated persulfate (HAPS) are effective advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the destruction of organic pollutants in wastewater. Although ultrasound can activate persulfate at ambient temperature, the synergy between ultrasound and HAPS was poorly investigated, especially when megahertz frequency ultrasound is used. Th...

Acoustic cavitation is the central event of the sonochemical process, which is one of the most recent advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. Even though the liquid compressibility effect on acoustic cavitation has already been investigated by certain studies, their results are still limited to the radial dynamics and the thermodynamic be...

Acoustic cavitation is the central event of water sonolysis, which generates several radical and nonradical species such as H•, •OH, H2, and H2O2. In addition to these species, production of HNO2 and HNO3 was demonstrated in N2-containing aqueous solutions. These species were usually liberated as nitrite and nitrate ions. The mechanism by which NO2...

Injecting of soluble gases in water under sonication is an important tool for improving the efficiency of the sonochemical treatment of water. Among several used gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) has shown a special effect. Instead other gases, dissolving pure N2O in solutions suppresses all sonochemical effects. However, when low amount of this gas is in...

The mechanism by which seawater salts affect the sonochemical activity is until now under debate. In this work, a theoretical approach based on single bubble sonochemistry model has been adopted for examining the effect of seawater salinity on the acoustic generation of free radicals. The model combines the fluctuation dynamics of single acoustic b...