Location of Solid Waste Disposal Site using Remote Sensing, GIS & MCDA Techniques in Madanapalle Municipality, Andhra Pradesh

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Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
65
Shubhasmita Sahani, Research Associate CRIDA/ICAR. Email: shubhasmita.sahani@gmail.com
Hari Shankar Prasad, Student, Project Student NRSC/ISRO. Email: hari.gis989@gmail.com
Dr. V. Raghavaswamy, Deputy Director (Training ) NRSC/ISRO, Hyderabad.
Email: raghavaswamy_v@nrsc.gov.in, vraghavswamy@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Starting from early civilization, urbanization in some or the other way has
contributed to garbage as an unavoidable by product of our various activities
(Zareena Begum, 2006)1. The only difference is the type of garbage or waste
produced and its management. Present day human interference with the
environment is leading to unbalanced interactions creating waste which is
complex in composition and quantity. Over the years, humans understood its
impact on the environment and are now trying to correct or compensate for
their actions. But, for the past few decades an unfettered increase in untreated
waste has accelerated various environmental hazardous impacts. This has raised
questions about the sustainability of the production of waste, as by products of
progress and growth. (Geoffrey B. West, 2010)2. Increasing population is largely
responsible for deteriorating the environmental conditions and the answer to
the question of sustainability in regulating is one of the important issues, which
is, solid waste generation and its management. Proper treatment of the waste is
possible, when there is an optimum Site for dumping the waste. This is necessary
for protecting the environment and ecosystem. Solid waste management is a
means to prevent, recycle and manage solid waste effectively, to protect human
health and environment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002).
Location of Solid Waste Disposal Site
using Remote Sensing, GIS and MCDA Techniques
in Madanapalle Municipality, Andhra Pradesh
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
Abstract
Cities and towns are growing rapidly because of increasing population, which is not always
contributing to the growth and prosperity of cities and towns, but also contribute to their
associated problems, like waste generation and its management. This is directly questioning
the sustainability of urbanization. On the other, the quantity of waste is increasing with
increasing population, is a serious issue which requires proper planning. A number of
processes are involved for management of solid waste, like siting, monitoring, collection,
transportation, processing and disposing. However, foremost after collection of solid waste,
a site is required for disposing and processing. The present study attempts to use Remote
Sensing and GIS coupled with MCDA method for analyzing and identifying a dumping Site for
solid waste disposal in Madanapalle Municipality in Andhra Pradesh.
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
66
The advancement of technology in Remote Sensing and GIS enables unique
capacity to provide the information about the resources of the earth through its
spectral reectance properties, synoptic view and also have capacity to monitor
resources at different time periods to understand the type and dynamics of the
object under investigation. Its correlation with others factors help to understand
natural and anthropogenic changes on the earth surface to analyze various site
suitability parameters. The conventional way to carry out the process is time
consuming. The same analysis can be done rapidly using scientically derived
data from remote sensing and integrating the same with collateral data through
Geographical Information System (GIS) and spatial (analysis) tools for a better
decision making process.
Similar kind of studies have been carried out by various individuals and groups
by using Remote Sensing and GIS technology, for sustainable management of
municipal solid waste in a growing urban environment, Pandey Prem et al. (2012).
Solid waste management and disposal in Mafraq City, Al-Ansari N. A., AlHanbali
A. and Dhayaah R., (2012); the land-use and land cover and solid waste disposal
site – using Remote Sensing and GIS in Sakkottai Block, Sivagangai District, Tamil
Nadu, Tamilenthi S Chandra Mohan et al., (2011); selection of landll sites for
solid waste treatment in Damaturu town using GIS Techniques, Ayo Babalola and
Ibrahim Busu, (2011); landll site selection for municipal solid waste management
using Geographic Information System and Multi Criteria Evaluation, Yahaya Sani
and Ilori Christopher, (2010); suitable site determination for urban solid waste
disposal using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques in Kottayam Municipality,
Nishanth. T, Prakash M.N Vijith. H. and Mangattuparamba, (2010); site suitability
analysis for urban development using GIS, Jain Kamal and Subbaiah Venkata Y,
(2007); using GIS in solid waste management planning: A case study for Aurangabad
India, Ahmed Shaikh Moiz (2006); and so on.
The present study analyses the site suability for the solid waste disposal in
Madanapalle Municipality of Andhra Pradesh. The Multi Criteria Decision Analysis
(MCDA) based approach in GIS environment has been used by adopting guidelines
given by Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB), Government of Andhra
Pradesh and Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI)
Guidelines of Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, Government of India,
New Delhi (1996).
2. STUDY AREA
Madanapalle town is geographically located at 13º 33’ North Latitude and 78º
30’ East Longitude. It is the ‘mandal’ headquarters in Chittoor District of Andhra
Pradesh (Figure-1). The town is located 71 km from the district headquarters of
Chittoor town. It has a population of 1.50 lakh (Census 2011). It has an extent of
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
67
14 sq km of municipal area and is covered
by 10 villages. Madanapalle has mild to
warm summers with temperatures ranging
between 30º to 35º C. The maximum
temperature is around 40º C. Winters are
cold with temperatures ranging between
7º to 15º C. Summer season extends from
March to June, followed by rainy season
from June to July and thereafter, winter
till February. It has an elevation of 695
meters (2,280 feet) above Mean Sea Level
(MSL). The region is characterized with
hills and ridges, forest, wastelands and
agricultural land on lower slopes. Horsley
hills are situated near Madanpalle at an
altitude of 1314 m. (4400 ft) above MSL.
3. METHODOLOGY
The owchart at Figure 2 shows, the methodology adopted for the analysis of the
study. Site suitability analysis is carried out based on analyzing the characteristics
of the site in the study area. The database is derived from the satellite image
of IRS LISS- IV and Cartosat -1 PAN Image of 2006. Further, the fused image
(LISS IV and PAN) and thematic database generated under the National Urban
Information System (NUIS)14 Scheme have been used. The Table-1 gives the
source and database used for the analysis from the satellite image.
Due to urbanization changes take place in land-use and such a change when
coupled with unplanned growth often leads to misuse of land. When a land is
suitable for one type of land-use but put to use for some other purpose, then,
the optimum utilization of the land is restricted. So, a proper assessment of
all parameters of land is very important to analyze. In the study, parameters
analyzed for identication of the suitable site for disposing solid waste are- land-
use, geomorphology, soil, slope and distance
from road, which contribute signicantly to
the suitability analysis. The fused image was
used to produce the land-use map of the study
area. Fused images offer the advantage of the
spectral characteristics of LISS IV images and
spatial resolution of PAN images in extraction
of land-use data very clearly. Table-2 shows,
land-use and other categories with scores /
weightage assigned.
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
Fig. 1: Madanapalli - Satellite Image
Sl. No. Source Database (layers)
1 NUIS Land-use
2 NUIS Geomorphology
3 NUIS Lithology
4 NUIS Soil
5 BHUVAN DEM (slope)
6 NUIS Road, Admin Boundaries etc
Table 1: Data from Satellite Image.

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68
Slope: Topographic parameter such as slope is very important for site suitability.
Thus, DEM was downloaded, from the NRSC Geo-Portal “Bhuvan” and the slope
data is derived by using the surface analysis tool available in Arc GIS software.
The slope map was prepared with inclination upto 30° (where upto 10° is given
highest weightage for site suitability), Table-2.
Lithology: The lithological data was interpreted from the satellite data by
analyzing the image interpretation elements, such as, image tone, texture,
etc. Geological details and structural features enabled to generate the basic
geological layers of dyke and rock types. The layer was used for eld validation
and the nal lithological layer was generated.
Fig. 2: Methodology
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy

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69
Geomorphology: In the study area the geomorphological features like uvial
(ood) plain, pediment, pediplain, inselburg landform were interpreted from
image and the layers were generated and veried during eld work.
S
oil: It is an indicator of fertility which is based on the type of soil, hence, a set
of decisions were arrived for site suitability. Image enhancement technique like
contrast stretching is applied to enhance the contrast among the various soil
mapping units. After preparing the land-use layer, the soil map was prepared by
pre-eld interpretation. Ground truth collection / verication helped in post-
eld analysis. The soil depth and texture were collected in the eld (Table 3).
Table 2: Weightage for Different Land-use Categories.
Source: NUIS Scheme.
Sl. No. Category Layers Class Scores Category Scores Weightage
1 Landuse / Cover Residential Area 1
32
R
Industrial Area 1
Mixed Build UP 1 R
Commercial Area 1 R
Recreational Area 1 R
Public /Semipublic 2 R
Communication 1 R
Public Utility & Facility 2 R
Vacant Land 3
Agriculture Land 1 R
Water Body 1 R
Forest Land 1 R
Waste Land 3
2 Soil Alluvial Soil 1 22 22
Black Soil 1 22
Mixed Soil 2 44
Red Soil 3 66
3 Slope 0° -10° 3 5 15
10°-20° 2 10
20°-30° 1 5
4 Geomorphology Flood Plain 1 7 7
Pediment 3 21
Pedi plain 2 14
Residual Hill 1 7
Pediment Inselburg Complex 3 21
5 Lithology Basic Dyke 3 6 18
Gneissic 2 12
Granite 1 6
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
70
Geomorphological and lithological layers data were also used for soil interpretation.
It has been noticed that in the study area, basically, there are four types of soils,
namely, Black Soil, Alluvial Soil, Red Soil and Mixed Black and Red Soil.
Land-use: It is an important indicator for identication of location and spatial
distribution of urban and non-urban categories. Important Land-use layers include
residential, public utility, recreational and so on. The non-urban features include
agriculture, water bodies, wasteland and vacant areas. Madanapalle town is
largely surrounded by non-urbanized features.
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The data was analyzed based on suitability criteria for identication of solid
waste disposal site and thereafter given the scores / weightages of land
suitability in order to apply the MCDA technique. Table-4 shows the suitability
score / weightage.
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
Soil
Sl.
No. Factor Layer Class
Score Category
Score Weightage
1.
Soil
Type
22
Alluvial Soil 1 22
Black Soil 1 22
Mixed Soil 2 44
Red Soil 3 66
2. Texture
Rocky 2 44
- Clay 3 66
Fine 1 22
Sandy Skeletal 1 22
Loamy Skeletad 1 22
Clayey Skeletal 3 66
Loamy 1 22
3. Depth
Very Shallow (<25cm) 3 66
- Shallow (25-50) 3 66
Moderately Deep ( 5 0 - 100cm) 1 22
Deep ( 1 0 0 - 150cm) 1 22
- Very Deep (>150) 1 22
Table 3: Soil Depth and Texture
(Source: NUIS Scheme)

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71
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a
technique which helps in structuring the multi-
faceted decisions and evaluating the alternatives
(Yahaya Sani and Ilori Christopher, 2010). As
decision increases in complexity and importance,
so does the need to formalize the decision by
using available information, and to document
the rationale (Randal Greene, 2011)16. In
general, decision analysis uses a set of systematic
procedures for analyzing complex decision
problems. The basic approach is to divide the
decision problem into smaller, understandable
parts, analyze each of them, and integrate these parts in a logical manner to produce
a meaningful solution (Malczewski Jacek, 2006). The site suitability analysis for
solid waste disposal considers several parameters and as interaction between all the
parameters is very complex, the MCDA approach is applied to derive at appropriate
decisions. The formula (given by: Luis Carlos Berrocal, 2012) considered for the
analysis is:
S = Σwixi x Πcj
Where:
S — is the composite suitability score
Xi — factor scores (cells)
wi — weights assigned to each factor
cj — constraints (or Boolean factors)
Σ — Sum of weighted factors
Π — Product of constraints (1-suitable, 0-unsuitable)
Based on the land-use type and the scores, it is understood that, wasteland,
vacant land or open land are the land-uses type which can be considered for
arriving at the location of solid waste disposal site. Further, these land-uses are
analyzed by overlaying other data layers, like soil, geomorphology, lithology,
slope and transportation (Table-4).
Based on the type, texture and depth of the soil, it has been determined that, the
red soil with depth upto 50 cm is to be considered as suitable for the solid waste
disposal site, whereas, the alluvial and black soil are considered unsuitable, as these
are highly fertile for agriculture use. Choosing such soils may not be at optimum
utilization of the land. A steep to very steep slope, during the time of rain induces
the movement of water from higher slopes to the lower slopes and in that situation,
the waste will move with ow of water and would spread to the low lying areas, such
as, agricultural and residential areas. Therefore, it is always preferable to select the
solid waste disposal site in an area with a comparatively very low slope or a at area.
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
S.No. LAYER WEIGHTAGE
1. Waste Land 32
2. Vacant Land 28
3. Soil 22
4. Geomorphology 7
5. Lithology 6
6. Slope 5
Total Weightage= 100
Table 4: Weightage of Different Data Layers.

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
72
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
Here, the slope upto 10% is considered as suitable for identication of solid waste
disposal Site. Similarly, with respect to lithology and geomorphology, pediment and
inselburg landforms are considered as highly suitable for the disposal site.
As, in all similar type of studies, for understanding the environmental impact, the
APPCB Guidelines and available data were used and for analysis the availability of
the appropriate databases is very crucial. The data layers which were considered
unsuitable for the solid waste site as per the APPCB guidelines are:
1. Forest Area
2. Water Bodies
3. Residential Area
4. Agriculture Area
5. Recreational Area
Before the data was considered for processing with MCDA technique, the layers,
which are strictly considered as unsuitable, like recreational, residential, forest,
vegetation and water bodies have been prepared as the restricted layer. These
layers were also considered based on APPCB Guidelines. Similarly, in case of soil,
lithology, slope and geomorphology, the restricted layers having Red Soil with 50
Fig. 3: The Restricted Sites for Solid Waste
Disposal Fig. 4: Suitable Sites for Solid Waste Disposal
Note: Unsuitable layer consist of recreational, forest,
residential and water body data layers with proximal
region, according to the APPCB Guidelines.

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
73
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
cm depth, 10% slope area, lithology and
geomorphology (Table-4) were prepared.
The Figure-3 shows, the layers where
Code-1 means the area is less suitable,
whereas, the area in green or with Code-3
is highly suitable for solid waste disposal
sites. The unrestricted or suitable layers
include vacant land and wasteland.
The Figures 4, show, the ‘Model Builder
Environment’ for the analysis. The ‘Model
Builder’ was used to do the analysis by
using various geo-spatial tools like, ‘clip’,
‘select’, ‘conversion’, ‘raster calculator’,
‘raster overlay’, reclassication and so
on from Arc GIS 10.1.
The suitable layer and unsuitable layer
were then derived by assigning the
weightages land criteria and nally both
were analyzed by using the Multiplication
Time Tool, available in Arc GIS 10.1.
A
fter, the suitability analysis (classied as
highly suitable, moderately suitable and
less or low suitable) the road buffer is
overlaid with the suitability layer and nally the suitability based on the proximity
to the proposed site was considered as the highly suitable site. For disposing the
solid waste material, road transport is considered as one of the major criteria for
the site selection. Figure 5 shows, the raster output of the suitable sites.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The study enabled to arrive at selection of sites for the solid waste disposal in
Madanapalle town of Chittoor district, of Andhra Pradesh. The selection of the
sites is based on the, ‘Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)’ method, wherein
thematic details on geo-morphology, lithology, soil, slope, land-use and roads
were considered. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) Guidelines
were referred for overlying and the criteria score and weightages were assigned
to the database. The site suitability has been carried in Raster format by adopting
the ‘Weighted Overlay’ method by using the Arc GIS software. The analysis of the
study indicated that the major extent of the study area is urbanized and from
the remaining available area three sites (which fullled the criteria adopted for
site suitability analysis) were found suitable. They cover a total area of 0.40 sq
km or 40 ha. Each of the three sites are located in the north-east and south-east
of Madanapalle town in Basnikonda village, outside the Municipal limits.
Fig. 7: Suitable Sites for Solid Waste Disposal.

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 11 x 2, April - June 2014
74
Shubhasmita Sahani, Hari Shankar Prasad, and V. Raghavaswamy
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WEBSITE
http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9SGYq5omoo, (accessed for, Luis Carlos Berrocal, (2012),
Sample Project: Site Suitability Analysis).