Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass- Diesel Energy System for Sustainable Development at Offshore Areas in Bangladesh

Full text

Current Alternative Energy
ISSN: 2405-4631
eISSN: 2405-244X
SCIENCE
BENTHAM
S.K.A. Shezan1,2,* and H.W. Ping3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, Malaysia;
2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uttara University, Dhaka-1230,
Bangladesh; 3UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D UM, University of
Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y
Received: January 06, 2016
Revised: March 01, 2016
Accepted: March 14, 2 016
DOI:
10.2174/2405463101666160531145048
Abstract: Background The vast percentage of people of the world; particularly in the developing
countries; are living mostly in the decentralized, rural and remote areas which are geographically se-
cluded from the national grid connection. Power distribution and continuous fuel transportation
needed to produce the electrical energy for these areas pose a great challenge. Using renewable energy
resources in off grid hybrid energy might be a promising solution.
MethodV Moreover, high cost of renewable energy systems has led to its slow implementation in many
countries. Hence, it is vital to select an appropriate system size in order to reduce the cost as well as to
make the use of available resources more efficient. An off-grid hybrid energy system has been de-
signed as well as simulated to support a small community considering an average load demand of 80
kWh/d with a peak load of 8.1 kW. The simulation and optimization of operations of the system have
been done by HOMER software using the real time field data of solar radiation, wind speed and bio-
mass of that particular area. The simulation ensures that the system is economically and environmen-
tally feasible with respect to net present cost (NPC) and CO 2 emission limitations.
Results The result shows that NPC and CO2 emission can be reduced about 29.65%; equivalent to 16
tons per year as compared to conventional power plants. The NPC of the optimized system has been
found to be about USD 160,626.00, having the per unit Cost of Energy (COE) of USD 0.431/kWh.
Conclusion The analyzed hybrid energy system might be applicable for other regions of the world
where there are similar climatic conditions.
Keywords: Biomass, island, homer, optimization, renewable energy, sensitivity, simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Usage of renewable energy for electricity generation is
currently a priority research area. Remarkable efforts are
being made to expand the sources of various forms of en-
ergy, and to intensify the deployment of renewable and sus-
tainable energy slots all over the globe. The foremost reason
for intensifying the deployment of renewable energy in the
21st century, is the combined effects of fossil fuel depletion
and the ever increasing awareness of environmental degrada-
tion [1]. Thus, policy makers and researchers are paying
more attention into this research field. For an instance, the
aim of European Union countries is to replace its total en-
ergy consumption by renewable sources by at least 30% be-
fore 2020 [2]. There are several promising renewable energy
*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-
50603, Malaysia; Tel: +60169924660; E-mail: shezan.ict@gmail.com
resources such as biomass, wind, geothermal energy, solar,
hydro-electric and tidal power. Hybrid renewable energy
resources can reduce the emission of harmful gases and re-
duce the use of imported power [3, 4]. There is an abundance
of resources in Bangladesh, specifically the potential from
the huge amount of wind currents, biomass and the intense
solar radiation footprint because of its geographical position
[5]. During the last two decades, electrical energy consump-
tion in Bangladesh experienced a dramatic increase as a di-
rect result of the economic growth and industrial expansion.
It is expected that peak loads will reach 65 GW by 2027,
which will in turn demand over $100 billion worth of infra-
structure development. Therefore, for sustainable develop-
ment, it is imperative to build up policies for energy conser-
vation [6]. Up until now, fossil fuels have been used to gen-
erate most of the electrical power [7], neglecting the use of
renewable energy resources such as wind, biomass and solar
to generate electricity.
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Current Alternative Energy, 2017, 1, 20-32
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-
Diesel Energy System for Sustainable Development at Offshore Areas in
Bangladesh

Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 21
Aside from adjacent protection attempts, with extending
load interest and an unnatural climate change, course of ac-
tion makers are looking at environment-obliging kind of im-
perativeness and power advantages for keep up the world's
remained essentialness for the future time people [3]. For the
power devices advancement, the usage of integrator with the
imperativeness resources and essentialness payload space
structure is the new progress. To full fill the stack asks for
the wind and sun fueled resources can expect a vital part [8].
At present, the installation process of a hybrid system is very
quick and easy. As a result, there has been an increase in
interest of similar power production systems all over the
world [9], the number of renewable energy resources has
been increasing significantly. So a legitimate administration
is needed to facilitate the appropriate usage of these assets
and to enhance the practicality, and much improved quality
of mixed renewable vitality framework [10, 11]. Bangladesh
is a country with geographically horizontal and flat surface
area. The expansion of electrical matrix for the expanding
development of is quite costly and not achievable given the
current economic environment. The only feasible option
suitable for this circumstance are sources like “half and half”
renewable force plants [12, 13]. The other method for mak-
ing “half and half” power plants would be similar to PV-
wind-diesel, PV-diesel-battery and so on. The continuation
of examination with renewable vitality framework has shown
that, if the framework is streamlined legitimately, it will be a
more compelling force source as compared to other force
sources [14, 15]. Recently, Bangladesh’s first nuclear power
plant in Dhaka’s east coast is projected to add 30MW to
Dhaka’s grid by the second quarter of 2016, with the aim of
offsetting some 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions annually.
The advancements of renewable energy sources in Saudi
Arabia cannot be considered as an aristocratic model, but it
is an environmental friendly model and an improvisation in
petroleum manufacturing strategy [16, 17]. The research on
local ecology analysis concluded that the use of energy ef-
fectiveness resources and renewable energy gives significant
environ-mental benefits [18, 19]. There are some previous
works on hybrid energy systems consisting of wind energy,
fuel cell (diesel generator) and photovoltaic array for differ-
ent regions of the world [20]. A maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) system is also discussed on wind and pho-
tovoltaic energies by various scientists [21-23]. A grid-
connected hybrid generation system has been modeled and
synthesized with a control system by fellow researchers [24].
A stand-alone wind solar energy system with battery storage
has been investigated with dynamic performance analysis by
multiple research works [25]. A battery bank has been con-
sidered in few systems as a supporting storage to utilize the
extra power supply as a replacement of any renewable re-
source [26-28]. From the observation of different research
works it can be identified that the Cost of Energy (COE) and
Net Present Cost (NPC) were not so affordable and the hy-
brid energy systems was not so feasible and reliable. To
overcome these drawbacks some more modeling and optimi-
zation operation can be conducted through HOMER energy
software. In this research, a complete performance analysis
of an off-grid solar-wind-biomass-diesel-battery hybrid en-
ergy system for the remote and coastal area of northern is-
land of Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh has been developed.
Focus is given to system engineering, energy production,
system stability and reliability using Homer renewable en-
ergy software and real time data. There are various renew-
able energies such as solar resources and wind resources that
have been used as major energy source along with a back-up
energy source, which can operate with and without use of
battery to get constant power. For northern island of Bay of
Bengal area, an efficient off-grid hybrid renewable energy
has been developed by using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization
Model for Electric Renewable) energy software, developed
by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA
[29]. The northern island near the Chittagong sea coast is
enriched with wind, biomass and solar resources. Use of
renewable sources for generating electricity it is not only
feasible, but ideal in a place that is isolated from grid con-
nection. Northern off-grid island of Bangladesh near Chit-
tagong sea coast is suitable for Solar PV, wind, biomass and
battery; all of which are considered in the model. By consid-
ering the aforementioned ideas, an efficient hybrid off-grid
renewable system has been developed. There are several
input parameters such as electrical load demand, constituent
demonstrated details, cost of all components related to the
system, renewable energy resources as solar radiation data
and wind speed data, generator specification, battery specifi-
cation and converter specification, all of which have to be
supplied to Homer renewable energy software. An optimal
pattern for providing the expected electrical load demand has
been designed by the Homer renewable energy software.
Homer executes a large number of hurly simulations to de-
sign a complete hybrid renewable energy system. To observe
the impact of PV speculation cost, solar segregation, biomass
generator cost, diesel fuel cost and wind speed on the Cost of
Energy (COE), Homer has been executed with sensitivity
analysis by calculating lots of hourly data provided from
different resources [30].
The main motto of this analysis are: to ensure the unin-
terrupted power supply to the remote and decentralized ar-
eas, to ensure environmentally safe energy system, to reduce
CO2 and other GHG emissions, to reduce the Cost of Energy
(COE) and improving the Net Present Cost (NPC).
To gain greatly privileged generating factors a trouble-
free control technique pursue power from the solar, wind or
biomass energy source can be introduced. From the simula-
tion results it can be ascertained that the developed of re-
newable energy system is feasible and reliable for real world
application. The real field data and the optimization analysis
can be applicable for the different regions of the world espe-
cially coastal areas of Bangladesh where the climate and
environment are relatively very similar.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Data Resource and Location Analysis
The daily solar radiation data, average wind speed and
biomass data have been collected for every month for a spe-
cific year from the Bangladeshi meteorological department.
An estimation of solar insulation on horizontal surface has
been done by using well known Angstrom Correlation and
the sunshine hour data of the northern Island area of Bangla-
desh, namely, the Chittagong sea coastal areas [31]. Moreo-

22 Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 Shezan a nd Ping
ver, at the department of Labor and Regulation (DLR) in
Germany, has developed a technique that has manifested its
effectiveness for Global Horizontal Insulation (GHI) (which
is an arrangement of DLR/SUNY model). Output is tested
for 16.3 km spatial resolution; the data in consideration is
from the Bangladeshi Meteorological Department that has been
collected for the northern island area of Bangladesh [32].
Fig. (1) shows the geographical position of Northern is-
land of Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh (Lat.: 22° 22' N, Long.:
91° 7.5' E) [33]. DLR method used the data collected from
the satellite for various factors such as rainfall, water vapor
and vaporizer optical depth, cloud cover, water vapor to Cal-
culate GHI. To calculate wind resources data, Bangladeshi
Meteorological Department has measured wind speed for a
specific year by maintaining the height of 30 m upwards
from the ground surface level.
Fig. (1). Geographical position of northern island of bay of bengal,
Bangladesh (Lat.:22.3667°N, Long.: 91.1250°E) [33].
Renewable energy analysis with wave energy had not
been fruitful yet, because of insufficiency of electrical power
generation. Tidal research stations were set up by Bangla-
desh Meteorological department and Bangladesh Renewable
Energy Committee for the practicability analysis of tidal
energy [31]. The result was not up to expectation, and that is
why just the wind, solar and average temperature data have
been considered for the formulation of the most efficient
hybrid renewable energy system. Fig. (2) shows the sche-
matic diagram of hybrid energy system. Fig. (3) shows the
block diagram of a complete hybrid energy system with the
operational work flow.
2.2. Hybrid Energy System Components
2.2.1. Solar Energy (Photovoltaic) System Module
The electrical energy generation as an output of a photo-
voltaic system can be estimated by a widely accepted equa-
tion as follows:
PRHrAE =
(1)
The annual average solar radiation data can be collected
from the meteorological department.
The Performance ratio, i.e. the value of losses coefficient
ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 (build in rate= 0.75), r is the ratio of
electrical power (in kWp) of a particular PV module divided
by the area of a particular module. PR (Performance Ratio)
can be considered as a very important value for estimating
the eminence of a photovoltaic installation. This factor in-
cluded with all fatalities.
Under consideration is a PV module of 250 Wp with an
area of 1.5 m2 can which can be operated with the standard
ratio under standard experiment conditions, such as radiation
of 800 W/m2, speed of wind 2 m/s with the factor “Watt-
Peak” [34]. With this it can be found that the global horizon-
tal yearly irradiation incident on a PV panels with a specific
preference (incline, lean) and direction.
Monthly average global radiation data has been taken
from Bangladesh Meteorological Department [35, 36]. From
the longitude and latitude data of the considered area can be
used to calculate the clearness index through HOMER re-
newable energy software. The synthesized 2304 hourly val-
ues for a year can be created by HOMER renewable energy
software through the utilization of the Graham algorithm.
USD 50/kW has been considered as the rate of PV component,
Fig. (2). Schematic diagram of hybrid energy systems.
Hatiya
Hatiya Island
Wind Turbine
AC Load
AC/DC
Converter
Diesel Generator
AC DC Battery
Biomass Generator
Solar PV

Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 23
Fig. (3). Block diagram of a complete hybrid energy system.
Fig. (4). Monthly average solar radiation with hourly fluctuation.
Fig. (5). Global Horizontal Radiation for Hatiya Island, Bangladesh.
taking into consideration the mechanism for coastal areas of
Bangladesh. The life span of the system has been predicted
as 2 decades. There are 3 types of module that has been con-
sidered for PV modules: 5 kW, 18 kW and 30 kW. Table 1
shows the factors of PV module related with the simulation.
Figs. (4 and 5) shows yearly solar radiation profile data and
global horizontal radiation data for northern island of Bay of
Bengal respectively. In these two figures the meteorological
data have been represented properly. Fig. (6) shows the cost
curve of solar representing module. The cost curve has been
drawn according to the current market price, power genera-
tion process and other costs.
Measure Solar
Irradiation,
Available
Biomass &
Average Wind
Speed
System Design
With Proper
Control System
System
Mechanism
Installation
Operation &
Maintenance
Estimate
Required
Electrical
Power Demand
DView
Hourly Monthly DMap Profile PDF CDF DC Variable: Scaled data
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Scaled data Daily Profile
Scaled data (kW/m )
3
Hour
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
0612 18 24
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0.8
0.4
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1.2
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1.2
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6
5
4
3
2
1
0Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Daily Radiation Cleamess Index
Cleamess Index
Daily Radiation (kW/m2/d)

24 Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 Shezan a nd Ping
Table 1. Photovoltaic array expense assumption and proce-
dural factors.
Factor Value
Net cost
Substitution cost
Maintenance and operation cost
Life span
Derating factor
Tracking system
50 $/kW
40 $/kW
1 $/kW
20 Years
80 %
N/A
2.2.2. Wind Energy (Wind Turbines) System
A rotor combining of two or more blades mechanically
joined to an electrical generator can generate electricity from
wind’s kinetic energy; can be captured by the wind turbines.
From the following equation, it can be found that the me-
chanical power generated from wind speed using the wind
turbine is [35]:
3
5.0 vACPpm

=
(2)
The highest value of the power coefficient has been pre-
ferred to be as 0.59 theoretically. It is dependent on two vari-
ables, the tip speed ratio (TSR) and the pitch angle. The pitch
angle refers to the angle in which the turbine blades are
aligned with respect to its longitudinal axis. The linear speed
of the rotor to the wind speed has been addressed by TSR.
v
R
TSR


==
(3)
Fig. (7) [37] shows a typical “CP Vs. ” curve for a wind
turbine. For the realistic designing of wind turbines, two
different conditions have been implemented; one with a
range of 0.4 to 0.5 for the speedy wind turbines and the
range of 0.2 to 0.4 for relatively slower wind turbines. The
output power of a wind turbine versus rotor Speed has been
illustrated in Fig. (8) [37] while wind speed has been
changed from v1 to v4. Fig. (8) shows that the highest power
can be captured while speed is v1, at rotor speed 1, while
speed increases from v1 to v4 along with the maximum
power point tracking system. Tracking rotor speed is also
increases from 1 to 4.
There is a minor difference between the global radiation
data and average artificial wind speed data generator of
HOMER [34]. The measurement of the distribution of wind
speed throughout the year is called the Weibull value which
is addressed as k. The value of k has been taken as 2 for this
analysis. The measurement of the arbitrariness of the wind
has been conducted by the auto-correlation parameter. From
the observation of the higher values of the wind speed in 1
hour leans, it is cleared that the wind speed leans of 1 hour is
firmly depended on the wind speed of the past hour. The
irresolution of the wind speed leans in a more arbitrary way
from time to time has been indicated by the lower values.
The rate of autocorrelation parameter has been taken as 0.85.
How firmly the wind speed confides on the time of the day
can be identified by the diurnal pattern strength. The value of
diurnal pattern strength has been taken as 0.25 for this analy-
sis. The time of day leans to be the windiest on a standard all
Fig. (6). Cost curve of PV array.
Fig. (7). Power co-efficient vs. tip speed ratio [37].
Cp max
b
= 0
l
opt
Tip speed ratio
l
Power coefficient
Cp

Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 25
through the year can be addressed by the term hour of peak
wind speed. The value of the hour of peak wind speed has
been taken as 15 for this analysis [38]. AXLS BWC EXCEL-
S 10 kW wind turbine has been considered for this off-grid
hybrid renewable energy system [38]. Table 2 represents the
financial and methodological factors for preferred wind tur-
bine. Figs. (9 and 10) show average wind speed of every
month for a specific year for the northern island of Bangla-
desh, average Hourly Wind Speed profile data and average
monthly wind Speed data respectively. Figs. (11 and 12)
show the cost curve and power output curve of a wind tur-
bine respectively. The power output curve and cost curve of
wind turbine have been drawn according the current market
price and current circumstances.
Table 2. Financial and procedural factors of wind turbine.
Factors Value
Rated wind speed
Starting wind speed
Cut-off wind speed
Rated power
Net cost
Substitution cost
Lifetime
Maintenance and operation expense
8 m/s
3 m/s
10 KW
15 m/s
60 $/kW
50 $/kW
15 Years
1 $/kW
2.2.3. Specification of Diesel Generator Module
The fuel used in HOMER is modeled by a linear curve
characterized by a slope and intercept at no load. Table 3
shows the assumptions of cost for a diesel generator and the
other factor related with power generation and range of ca-
pacity [39]. Fig. (13) shows the cost curve of a diesel genera-
tor. The cost has been generated by the power generation
costs according to the fuel price.
Table 3. Procedural parameters wi th cost conjecture for die-
sel generators.
Factors Value
Net cost
Substitution cost
Maintenance and operation expense
Lifetime
Least load quotient
Fuel curve slope
Fuel curve intercept
Fuel cost
60 $/kW
50 $/kW
0.022 $/kW
900000 Minutes (15,000 Hours)
30 %
0.441/h/kW output
0.062/h/kW rated
1 $/liter
Fig. (8). Output power vs. rotor speed of different speeds [31].
Fig. (9). Average wind speed of every month of Hatiya Island.
Locus of Pmax
Vm/s
4
Vm/s
3
Vm/s
2
Vm/s
2
w1w2w3w4
Rotor Speed (Wm)
Mechanical Output Power
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26 Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 Shezan a nd Ping
Fig. (10). Average hourly wind speed profile data.
Fig. (11). Cost curve of wind turbine.
Fig. (12). Power output curve of wind turbine.
Fig. (13). Cost curve of diesel generator.
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Hour

Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 27
2.2.4. Specification of Biomass Generator Module
The fuel used in HOMER is modeled by a linear curve
characterized by a slope and intercept at no load. Table 4
shows the assumptions of cost for a biomass generator and
the other factor related with power generation and range of
capacity [39]. Fig. (14) shows the cost curve of a biomass
generator.
Table 4. Procedural parameters with cost conjecture for
biomass generators.
Factors Value
Net cost
Substitution cost
Maintenance and operation expense
Lifetime
Least Load quotient
Gas curve slope
Gas curve intercept
70 $/kW
60 $/kW
0.025 $/kW
900000 Minutes (15,000 Hours)
30 %
0.5/h/kW output
1/h/kW rated
2.2.5. Battery Module
In that off-grid hybrid renewable energy system, the
Hoppecke 6OPzS 300 storage batteries have been utilized
[38]. There are five stipulations which are: life time, initial
state of charge, battery per string, substitution and principal
cost; all of which have been shown in Table 5. Fig. (15)
shows the cost curve of battery module according to the rela-
tion between the cost and the capacity of a battery module.
Table 5. Procedural parameters with cost assumptions for
battery.
Parameter Value
Lifetime
Initial State of charge
Battery per string
Principal cost
Substitution cost
1 decade
100 %
1 (2 V bus)
70 $/kW
60 $/kW
Fig. (16) shows the depth of discharge according to the
life time and cycles of failures for a battery module. Fig. (17)
shows the discharge current of a battery module according to
its power capacity.
2.2.6. Temperature
The Scaled average temperature of northern Islands of
Bangladesh is 27.2°C. For the HOMER Energy Model of a
PV-wind-biomass-Diesel-Battery renewable energy system
the monthly temperature is required to calculate the feasibil-
ity. Fig. (18) shows the monthly average temperature of
northern islands of Bangladesh.
Fig. (14). Cost curve of biomass generator.
Fig. (15). Cost curve of battery.
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28 Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 Shezan a nd Ping
Fig. (16). Depth of discharge with the lifetime and cycles of failure.
Fig. (17). Discharge current with the capacity storage.
Fig. (18). Monthly temperature data in PDF mode of northern Islands of Bangladesh.
2.2.7. Converter Specification
The converter is one kind of device that can convert elec-
trical power from ac to dc in a process called rectification
and from dc to ac in a process called inversion. There are
two types of converters such as rotary (rectifier or inverter)
and a solid-state type that can be sampled by Homer renew-
able energy software. The verdict variable refers to the con-
verter size that delegate to the inverter capacity; by inverting
dc power with the device, it can generate the utmost amount
of ac power. We used a 3 kW Converter for our hybrid Sys-
tem. The life time is 20 years and the efficiency for inverter
and rectifier is 90% and 85% respectively, as shown in the
following table. Table 6 shows the structural parameters for
converter. Fig. (19) shows the cost curve of converter with
sizing capacity and cost [40].
Table 6. Procedural parameters with cost assumptions for
converter.
Parameter Value
Lifetime
Inverter efficiency
Rectifier efficiency
Principal cost
Substitution cost
20 years
90 %
85 %
210 $/kW
50 $/kW
Fig. (19). Cost curve of converter with the replacement and mainte-
nance cost.
Fig. (20). An integrate off-grid hybrid renewable energy system.
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Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 29
Fig. (21). Monthly average load demand profile at hourly sequence for a specific residence of northern island of Bangladesh.
Fig. (22). Simulation outcomes in considering an off-grid hybrid PV-diesel-biomass-wind-battery energy model.
3. A MODELED OFF-GRID HYBRID RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEM
Solar energy (Photovoltaic), wind energy (wind turbine)
and biomass energy have been used with a diesel generator
in this analysis. An electrical primary load demand, renew-
able energy resources such as wind resource and solar re-
source and other mechanisms as like as PV (photovoltaic)
array, battery storage, wind turbines and converters consti-
tute an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system. Fig. (20)
shows the model of a complete hybrid renewable energy
system.
A community of 6 shops and 78 households has been
considered in accordance with average load demand of that
area in this analysis. 1 fan (Star standard ceiling fan, 50W), 4
energy savings bulbs (Philips tornado bulb, 20W each), 1
television (Sony bravia, 50W) and a table lamp (Emen
69076, 5 W) for each family and 3 energy savings bulbs (20
W each), 1 fan (Star standard ceiling fan, 50W) and a table
fan (DF23C, 25W) for every shop and total 3 refrigerators
(160 W each) have been calculated and considered for the
load demand analysis [41]. Fig. (21) shows the monthly av-
erage load demand for each month of a year. The load de-
mand can be varied in terms of earth temperature, humidity,
and rainfall and changing of weather. The load demand can
be classified by two groups such as pick hour and another
one is off-peak hour. The use of power can be varied house
to house, shop to shop and people to people under different
circumstances. Load demand data had been amalgamated
through the specification of emblematic daily load demand
Hourly Monthly DMap Profile PDF CDF DC Variable: Baseline data
DView
5
3
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0 6 12 18 24 0 6 12 18 24
0 6 12 18 24
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Hour
Baseline date Daily Profile

30 Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 Shezan a nd Ping
profile data and after that, some parameters has been added
such as, daily 11% arbitrariness and every hour 16% noise.
Because hourly load demand profile data could not be found
out. Yearly peak loads up to 8.1 kW and primary load de-
mand up to 80 kWh/d has been balanced by the arbitrariness
and noise [42].
4. SIMULATION, OPTIMIZATION RESU LTS AND
DISCUSSION
For the assessment of the performances of different hy-
brid renewable energy systems in this research, HOMER
simulation mechanisms have been used to perpetrate optimal
systems performance analysis. The optimized outcomes for a
specific group of sensitivity parameters akin to average wind
speed, global horizontal solar radiation, biomass resource,
highest yearly capacity shortage, diesel cost, and renewable
fraction are represented emphatically in that optimization
software. An optimal hybrid renewable energy system can be
designed by HOMER renewable energy software through a
large number of hourly simulations. Various values for wind
speed, solar radiation, diesel cost and least renewable frac-
tion have been contemplated to conduct simulations and
these values assures a much more robust analysis. Fig. (22)
shows Simulation outcomes in considering an off-grid hy-
brid PV-diesel-biomass-wind-battery hybrid energy model
with an average solar radiation of 6.09 kWh/m2/d, diesel cost
of 0.4$/L, highest capacity shortage of 0.03% USD has been
considered as the currency for all costs related with that hy-
brid system. Fig. (23) shows the overview of the simulation
results. Fig. (24) shows the electrical energy generated with
practicability from the off-grid hybrid PV-diesel-biomass-
wind-battery system. At the same time, with a base NPC of
USD 160,226 and base COE of USD 0.431/kWh, an off-grid
hybrid PV, wind turbine, diesel generator and battery hybrid
system is efficiently more feasible and this is observed by
the sensitivity analysis.
CONCLUSION
The hindrance of transportation of fossil fuel supply to
the remote territories alongside its awful effect on environ-
ment makes it economically unsuitable, with the only re-
maining option being to seek renewable sources based on
half breed framework for zap of rustic or off-network
groups. This study proposes a PV-wind-biomass-diesel-
battery hybrid energy system for providing the power supply
to an off-grid community in northern islands near the Bay of
Bengal of Bangladesh. A detailed simulation has been per-
formed by HOMER considering manufacturing cost and
efficiency for the proposed optimized hybrid energy system.
The result shows that the COE of the optimized system is
about USD 0.431/kWh and the NPC of the optimized system
is about USD 160,626.00. The total sensitivity analysis,
Fig. (23). Overview of simulation results.
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Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid PV-Wind-Biomass-Diesel Current Alternative Energy, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 1 31
optimization and simulation process has been conducted
through HOMER renewable energy software. The proposed
hybrid system also ensures the reduction of CO2 emission
about 1600 tons per annum which indicates a significant
environmentally friendly effort. From the simulation results
it is clearly indicated that the proposed hybrid energy system
is economically and environmentally feasible in comparison
with other conventional power generation systems. As the
generator can decrease the issue would bear sienna wind
turbines or in PV board. This framework can give enhanced
execution in correlation with alternate framework; further-
more we attempted to lessen the expense of force era, con-
trasted with the routine mixture vitality frameworks. Sooner
rather than later, some more helpful renewable vitality mod-
els and legitimate control frameworks can be presented for
the “half and half” vitality framework for the remote zones
of the world. From the analysis and simulation results it can
be said that the proposed hybrid energy system will be appli-
cable all over the world where the environment and other
situation are similar. Other countries like Malaysia, Austra-
lia, Singapore and would be very potential zone for this hy-
brid energy system.
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Nomenclature
A = Net area of solar module (m)
A = Flounced area (m2) (the wind turbines power
coefficient)
E = Electrical energy (kWh)
H = Yearly standard global solar radiation
PR = Performance Ratio
R = Radius of the turbine blade (m)
r = Solar module ratio (%)
v = Wind speed (m/s)
Greeks

= Air concreteness (Kg/m3)
 = Wind velocity (m/s) t
 = Specific turbine rotor speed (rad/s)
Subscripts
HOMER = Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable
NREL = National Renewable Energy Laboratory
PV = Photovoltaic
RES = Renewable Energy System
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or
otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been carried out by the financial support
of the HIR-MOHE project of University of Malaya. The pro-
ject title is “Hybrid Solar Energy Research Suitable for Rural
Electrification”. The project number is UM.C/HIR/MOHE/
ENG/22.
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