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The potential of complementary and alternative medicines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

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Abstract

Abstract With more than 34 million of infected individuals, the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a perturbing pandemic that has been projected to one of the most serious significant public health concerns. Nonetheless, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly reduced Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) related morbidity and mortality. Although the quality of life of those infected has been improved, patients continue to experience physical and emotional discomforts due to the infection and/or co-infection and related treatment. The weak success of conventional biomedicine to find an effective cure for this infection has enticed patients to seek relief through the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) though this means accepting certain levels of uncertainty in the hope to alleviate their suffering. Despite the widespread use of CAM, little is known about the characteristics of HIV-infected CAM users. Based on the lacuna of high-quality data reporting the use of CAM among HIV/AIDS patients, reviewing CAM use in patients on and off antiretroviral medications (ARV) is an essential baseline step to address challenges surrounding the use, safety and efficacy of CAM therapies. It therefore remains to the clinicians' obligation to inquire about CAM use when assessing, treating, and monitoring patients to ensure the effective use of CAM alongside preventing drug toxicity, treatment failure and ARV resistance. The present review has endeavoured to explore and provide updated information on the potential of common CAM therapies that have been shown to have positive health benefits in HIV/AIDS patients.
Spatula DD 127
Review Article Spatula DD. 2013; 3(4):127-140
The potential of complementary and alternative medicines
in the management of HIV infection and related
complications
HIV infeksiyonunun ve ilişkili komplikasyonların tedavisinde
tamamlayıcı ve alternatif ilaçların potansiyeli
Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Luxcha Ragoo, Priyamka Dheeya Sreekeesoon, Shanoo
Suroowan, Zubeyr Muhammad Khedoo

SUMMARY
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)&+%,
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          &   /   1)   0/ % 
!".1)2&.+&1)&!"-)!
/&1) #)"$ %&&
 1) ! 3%& +%1)/ &
&  &        1) & & & ,    )"
*/,1)
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Key words4!"5)+!51
ÖZET
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@0:?0&??: 9  0 - 00  & 
70  & :7:0 ?  0 2 0A  0 % % 000 A:
%?::7:9::0::::0 %79 0% 9::::#1)$0:::
:8?*::&:00::9!"01)
0:::: 870 00: %7 !"-); : : 1)" 0:::   <00 0 0
%&: 0 #)"$ :9:  091)0::: 9
1)  0:: &<9  09 A 70: A870 A &0  % :: 2  A
0 % ?::7:9: )"  8 ::  A: 0 0:: 0 A
: 90  0  0 0 01) 0:: 00: %&  79 : 2
97:: !"-)!:79:0:&8? :0 0: 1) 00:
&<%&A%:?:
Anahtar kelimeler: ;<70<<>7::?70*:::
Corresponding Author:
/7


@.4B5/7B&
CDEDFG56%DHDFG
6!GFH HH-DFGGFDHGDD
I%#///&$
DFG5# $4GDJ.G F
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
128 Spatula DD
INTRODUCTION
*    #!"$
&  !".G  !".D   
&   &   0/ 
+.    
 &    !"-)!  
%&      /   
     KGL / &
&    DFGD
KDL I    &
   #)"$  %
    KL ! 
.
 #)*$  /     
     %%   &
   &% & & !"-)!
K L !& %  
 #)*$  &  )!.
 %    / &
 %  /     / 
%KHL
 %     
         
)"%%!"-)!
  /    )"  
   KML !     & 
%
   !"5      %
&    KJL  )
!"&&&DJ
HFN   %   
&  % , &    %
%   /     &
/KOL
P&  !"-)! 
&/Q%
     
 %   ,&  & 
+      KE L  1+
       1)  
'  !"-)!  KGFL  %&
        %&& &
KGGL/1)/
% &/!"-)! #IR)$
     !"-)!  
!".KGDL
!& 1)    
&!". 
 "    &
      1)
%KGL
/   1)   0/ % 
!".1)2
   &.+   &   
1) & !"-)!  /& 1)
      )"   
%    & & 
1)
Pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS
!"   %  #()$  
  GEO %&&   
   *    +
7     
()   ,% 
#()$ /   % &  
&        KG L 6
&     %
!".G  !".D R 0/  / 
  0  
!&%/
KGHL
!  Homo sapiens !"   
&   &   
, )&     &
& %  % &    
.  & '& &
  &   !"
 KGM GJL !"  & 
)!         
  #1 S $ !&
!"     1 S  
&40&
5&     5
0&  1 S  % 1OS ,
&KGOL.
!"D. /0
   %    0 
    
7 % & .0  /
  '    
,*&!" 
 &      #TGH
$KGEL
*  & !    
 &   %
     KGE DFL & 
 & !! , /&  
 GFN   % /&  
     
%  & &
& &7
 &    
%
&    % KGEL* 
   & !!!  /&
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 129
  &  GFN   % /&
& ,  ,
     
00  % 
 %  & 
   &
%  '   %  
7&  &&  7&
  KGEL *   &
  )!  
DD!"
& % /& 
    
%&!")!
/1 SDFF
%KGEDGL
The Management of HIV/AIDS
Antiretroviral medications
)*     &  
  %    / &
&     () 
()5    %5  
%  5   %
KDDL *     
%     &  
U&  V#))*$ 
 !"  *   
%  %% 
&  )     DFGD EJ
     )*  /. 
.KDL
*   6& #6$ 
%&  /  )* !
/   !". 
 )*  6&!"
 & !!!    1 S 
W HF-XR & !!!
/1 SWDFF-XRKD L
2 &  &   
  %  %
   )!
KDHL/!".%&
&))*&&  
  &. & ,  %
)%
% &&%
KDML 0    )"  '
&KDJDOL
) IR)   
%
  %    
       IR)
  0  & & 

KDEL
//
 /     
  % & 
   KFL   
   &
%  )*   
 KDML ! %  
  &   )* % 
. %  Y/
,Q%
KGL*
%%1)
Traditional medicines and CAM
*      
0/&0%
%  , &  
/
 &     
  *    %
% #&
$1)KDML
*    &  
1) / 1)  %    %
     
     
&  %   

 &  1)
    %   
/KDL1)
&
 /   &  
%  1)  / % 
 *  ( 1 
1  ) 
#(11)$      &
1)&KDL4
G 2& %   
      #& %
$
D.%/%
   &  % &
#&Q&%%0$
%.% /
     %  #&
&%$
 @&  /  & 
#&%.&$
H )   /  
  %     
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
130 Spatula DD
   #& 
$
* (11)   1)  
  &   & 1)
KDL*%G
Table 1: 1  1  )

Therapy Description
)
!0
0/

) 
/&
P& 1&

% 


)%
&&
%/
/
%'

/

!.0
,0
&&%%&

& I&
%
&

/%&


&+%
&%&
&%&%

6

%7-
'
,&

#$
%/
&%

,
"+&
Y,Q

& 1&Y&Q&

*Q
%1
&
/%&
=&
).%&&
&,%

Common CAM Therapies Used Among
HIV/AIDS Patients
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM)
1'*1
#*1$    
  / 1     & %
%  %  %  
 &     
KL
(    1 %
%  %  &&
!"   &  /  
 !   Radix astragali  Cordyceps
  %     *

 !"  K L )&  1 %
 YZ=.GQ  %   
    1 S   
  KHL  )  
Y)&PQ&))*%/
/  0   1 S  
  &    
&,0KML
Acupuncture, moxibustion and relaxation
response techniques
),%
*1,
 ,%    & %
%& %  & Artemisia
vulgaris     KJL
, +  %
   & , &
& %%0 .  
%& , / &  & 
%Q  ,    %
/ %& / %   
&   /.%&KOL
  % &  %&
    
-       &
/!"KEL
)/,%%
  % %  !"  
/&&
  / %   
%  / !"-)! K FL
) %& , 
+   /    %
&&
&%/.%&/
IR)K GL
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 131
Massage
*    &  
     
% /  %    
  %     
KGOL!&
    %   
 %&
1 S1OS
&       %
 K DL ! ' &  %
%       
!"&)"
K L
)&   [ &
 %   / %   .
 !"   /  
   0  K L !
%/&
    !"   /
K HL=&&Q,
+  %    %
%!"/
 K ML  .%
  / %& & % 
&   &   &
 &  %& , 
  K JL    
!"K FL
Ayurveda
)      
      /
  !  HFFF 21 !   
 /  & 
    &
 &  %  
   K OL ) %
 % % 
 &  .!" & * %
 Y)1 !!Q &  Withania
somnifera 7 Mesua ferrea #/ %$
7&  #/ %$ Elettaria
cardamomum #$ Piper nigrum #$Piper
longum#$Zingiber officinale#7$
%   ,% .&
        
IR)K EL
Micronutrients
     , 

%&    
%1 S!"-)!
     % KHFL * 
  %   !"  
    % /&   
%%&
& , K DL )  2GD
  1 S   
  & IR) * 
     1 
%!"
&   @ % /
!"&KHGL
Medical marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
)& MF 0/ 
Cannabis sativa%%
&
.   
*%    % 
   %  P .
% 
% %&-&   
  0 ! 
  % & % 
.
%%
0      
/&&!"-)!KHDL)
      
&!"./
      KFL 0
%%/%&
&      % 
/&KHL
Herbal therapies
!     % 
 &    
%   % !". 
%  KFL%  
&      !"-)! 
/  !".  &
&   
/0KH LI  
&&%&%
  !"-)!  0
,
   KHHL 1+  , %
%%
 %    %  &
 0 )  ) 6  
&%%.
)    %  & &
&/&&GDF
/ !" / &%   MEN  
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
132 Spatula DD
IR) KHML *   %  
&    %   
    & KFL !
 %&
 & %  & /.%&
,      
 &     0
KHHL
)       %

!"-)!     %.
)  %    
*% D KHJL *    / 
%,,KH L
Hypoxis hemerocallidea #) $ 
Azadirachta indica, Carissa
edulisXimenia americana%+
    % IR) KDML )
 Erythrina abyssinica Sarcocephalus latifolius
Psorospermum febrifugum Mangifera indica 
Warburgia salutaris/&
 & !"-)!   
KHOL Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Aloe vera
& Moringa oleifera 1 % 
YQ#,/ %$
%%Y20@Q/
  %  KGL
 
Table 2: 1     %        !"-)!  
%.)
Species Family Traditional uses Parts
used* Mode of application References
Allium sativumR Alliaceae !"-)!  1/
/ KDML
Aloe Aloaceae
/&%%

7
R
R2
R
0

 KDMHO.MFL
Azadirachta
indica )C Meliaceae 0!"-)! R2
0
%
/&%%
&
KDML
Bidens pilosa R Compositae  R 0KDMHEL
Carica papayaR Caricaceae
&
1Q&

R
R
!
0 KDMHEL
Carissa edulis
#0$" Apocynaceae
)%&,
  0 KDMHOL
Cymbopogon
citratus#1$ Poaceae
%
 R 0
* KDML
Dalbergia
melanoxylon
P\I
Papilionaceae 20'.
% R
KMFL
Erythrina
abyssinica 1 Papilionaceae 1& 22

KHOL
Garcinia
buchananii 20 Clusiaceae
1&
7,0
%

2-
0&
%%& KMFL
Garcinia huillensis
20 Clusiaceae
*%
&
7,0

2
KHEL
Harungana
madagascariensis
R@,I
Clusiaceae 1 R2
KHEL
Lannea stuhlmannii
@& Anacardiaceae
7,
0

%%&
KMFL
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 133
Mangifera indicaR Anacardiaceae
&
*%
22
R
KHOHEL
Moringa oleifera
R Moringaceae
1Y%Q

&%
R
*0&%
KGL
Moringa
stenopetalaR Moringaceae "& KMFL
Ozoroa insignis  Anacardiaceae
0%
,7
&


KHEL
Psidium
guajavaR Myrtaceae

*%
&&
R
R
0
KDMMFL
Psorospermum
Febrifugum  Clusiaceae
7,
&0

2
KHEL
Sarcocephalus
latifolius#$@)
2
Rubiaceae ,
 2
KHOL
Securidaca
longipedunculata

Polygalaceae 1&
&& R-2
KMFL
Warburgia salutaris
#2$1 Canellaceae 1& 2 KHOL
Ximenia
americanaR Olacaceae 20 R
0
%
/
/
KDML
Zingiber
officinale Zingiberaceae 
1/
/
0
KDML
R52%052%0552%055/5/
Documented Evidence of Medicinal Plants against
HIV/AIDS
α-Zam
].Z%%&MFNNigella
sativa  FN    /   M
!". (&*  
&
   & 
  0  + 5
1 S!".()
%   &  DFFF - 
+ &  #WHF -$  
!"  * +   
0%      
&  / !"   
  &    0 
//0KMGL
Azadirachta indica
In vitro  & Azadirachta indica 
,  / !".G   1OGMM
1 S  %  & 
  !".G   
+ & !" D  &
)ex vivo&
, /   /.&& 
  0 /  
%    !".
KMDL
 I  % 
& , Azadirachta indica
/ &  DF &%  /
.&%
 G      
   / 
I/%
.&   G    
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
134 Spatula DD
,  !". / /
 !!   % 0  
KML
Camellia sinensis
P    Camellia sinensis 
%  /   %  
% )% %
0/&
 %    % 
   1&   
%%,&%
 & %     
  ^._      ^.
  /& 0  .H  
%0    /0 in vivo ) 
    , 
#`$.&..& #@P1P$  #`$.
..&  % /   
%  % & % & 
 %    % 
!& in vitro   /  
  &  #@P1P$   !"
 %&  1 S  % FN  
2&/
  &   % ,   !"
%& %      /  K DL
@P1P   % .  
    %& .
!".GKM L
Honey
(  &   
   %  
&
&!"%&
   &%  /0 %
.in vivo0/%
 % %    /  
 2 %  & 
        
   %& ,   
%%* %%
 0     * 
%&
    & 
+
      
F.!"!/
    %&
OF&       5
    1 S1OS  %
   / %  1+
 & &&   /  
&%!"
 %  /   
KMHL
Hypoxis hemerocallidea
Hypoxis hemerocallidea  0/ 
)    %& 
,#a
$&%&
% / !"-)!  
)D FF&/ 
%   *   
   
Hypoxis     
KH L
Humulus lupulus
b    
/.%
 #Humulus lupulus$ b %
!".G     
 D &     .
,  !  % !".G
   %  
#I21$KMML
Panax ginseng
*  ,  Panax ginseng  % 
    1  
/   DFFF  !   
&&&&
%Q   *&& 
1 S    0     
   /  / &&
,  %   
     %&  
 &&  %    % IR)
&   *   H  &
&&  M !".G
%/    
 1 S   )&  
  && / 7 #Z"$
        &
!& IR) &   > 
&&%%1 S
OKMJL
Extracts from Lamiaceae family
@,   % #Melissa officinalis
R$  #Mentha piperita R$  &
#Salvia officinalisR$%,%
&.&
  !".G  *.  
&   ex vivo  
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 135
 , ,   
   %  /
,  .%   & 
      !  /
 %  .  
!".G /  /&
   / Lamiaceae , 
 &       & 
  /  %  
!".G  @, /  &
&#b  H!".
G     
0 $ %  &  .
  . +%
&    0  
KMO.MEL
Mangifera indica
&' 1.&,
 Mangifera indica , 
 .  % &&
!".G!".G!!!2
   ., .
  KJFL ) 
 M. indica  %0, &
*.   % & * .
!M. indica,
 .1.   
,&#6$1
DS

& /.& 1EHR ()
,  1EH. .
#)!1$ %&1EH
& ,    )!1 
 &   )!   &
&&  M. indica   
      !"-)!
KJGL
Momordica charantia
Momordica charantia  0/ 
%& KJDL  .!"  
.%   
 *  & )I.F
#Momordica ).!" I$ c  &
 .  %  KJL c  %
  %   &/   !" 
 KJ L )I.F     0
  /  %  !"  
   KJHL  )I.F  %
% .,    KJML  
    .!"  /
  % /  . &
2 Momordica charantia  / %
))*
&.KJL
Propolis
I   %  %
%Q 7 /&    % 
,  /.0/ 
   KJJL I /
   .!".G   
MMMd&-/,%
OH EON1 S&
*%
 1 S  /     
,KJOL
Citrus spp
*/ %
!".G    .  
/     !".D  &
 /% % 
!".G    
&- ) &  
     % in vitro
!".GKJEL
Punica granatum
6 &    &
 !"-)!  %
 /   
&%0!".G
 %0  /
 & # % $ %
)&/&
  !".G  %  Punica
granatum#&$',/
%0   %&  1 S 
1b1 -11H *  .!".G
%  Punica granatum %&
/.  %KOFL
! Punica granatum    
/
   ,  .
KOGL
Sutherlandia frutescens
&  %
/ Sutherlandia      
 R.  & & 
Sutherlandia     . 
&  %   & !" *
    Sutherlandia 
E&-0&-*,
Sutherlandia frutescens  /, /
   ,  /  &
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
136 Spatula DD
, &&  /  
.KH L
Terminalia chebula
P& & T. chebula
 % !".G&
KM L)&+,
T. chebula&%
/  , % 
#!1
HF
$WHX&-R!".GKODL
T. chebula
&   %  /   !"G
%KOL
Abortion of viral cell to CD4+ cell fusion by
plant metabolites
/&  /   %
!"%&
& #&.GDF$      
1 S     " 
  %   %   
%&
!"
Detarium microcarpum P  I  
)  %&&   
Caesalpiniaceae*&GH
DH    !
..0.& / 
  &.GDF  1 S   ! 
 0/  %  %  !".

 &  , 
&     & 
 %&&   P& 
   % !" 
in vitro%%0&%  
&)%
& &    1.( /
%  !" %&   
!"
Castanospermum austral ) 1 %&& 
 Fabaceae      &
0  /     
%&%/1 S &.GDF
& / &  In vitro
 /   % /
7&
/0,KO L
Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase and
replication
)   !"  1 S  !"
  %  & 
()  %  Oenothera erythrosepala
2%%&&Onagraceae
&  2
% !" %   Ipomoea
cairica#R$/convolvulaceae
  % & /  
%!"
Calophyllum lanigerum+
  )   
/%()
 !"   * 1 %
 Scutellaria baicalensis P& &
%  %   % 
!"
Papaver somniferum R   0
%/%!"
in vitro Rosa woodsii R  Prosopis
glandulosa *   /&   /
 Phoradendron juniperinum ) P Hyptis
capitata C+    /  
 .!"  Lomatium suksdorfii 
Angelica morii    
% 0 /   
%&!"
KO L
Side-Effects Associated with CAM
1
%  /)"
/ & !".   
  &/&1) 
%KOHL!
% /  & & /
      &
!"-)!   /  % 
& %    
   %   & &
%.&   / %
%7
/&KOML
R%0
     
/    %   &
 % /    /
     %  )" 
 0    
     , 
 0   &
   %
. *    , 
   %. &
!"
*0%.
 &  KOJL 
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 137
  %7  1=I)  
I.&    
        

)% %  % /
/)"/0*
)  #Hypoxis hemerocallidea$ 
  % /  % )"
%   ) 
     
     )"
 *   CQ 
#Hypericum perforatum$  % /  /
   +  
 + &  
  )"& KOOLP
 #Allium sativum$  % !"-)!
       
 %  % @& &
  %    1=I HF
7% /% /
/+%
HFN KOEL 0  Echinacea  
&%1=I HF7in vitro%
KEFL
"&  0
% !"-)!      % 
KEGL%/
 )"   " 1  %
/&&
 0 1=I 7/
1=I    % ) #1=I)$ ! 
% %   . 
      DFN 
!"-)!  & &   
1&&OFFGFFF&KEDL
2 % &  
 - &  % 
0  ,
!"G].DH.,  
  &  & %  
7#&1=I) $  
%  ,   
!  &    &.
%7&7% 
  !"-)!  /&
)* & &    &
QKEL
CONCLUSION
*   ))*  &
 )!  %  
)&  +      
%     ,
      
    *  
0
 &    1)  &
        &
 &  1)   %
/   %   !"-)!
%%&
 &  %  1 S 
) 1)     % !"
%   )"  
        )" 
1)  /    & !
3%&+
% 1)  / & & 
&       
  & & &
,)"
REFERENCES
G 6 6   & P @& * @7 )
>%&1!"%(%>
DFFeDFGF421I%DFG5
G4HOO
D 6!"-)!%MFDFG
  )  , ) @&   @  @
>0/ ) )!.
&4 !&  , &  
))C@%@DFFO5 4GM
" PC%
& / !"-)!  ) )! 1 DFFD5
G #H$4HEE.MFM
H I 1 %%  ! Z  1& 
 )   I  .  
   &.    !".
421!
DFGD5GD4DEM
M 20P1P2P0.R!"-)!4
*    1   &  
P%@C )1DFFM5GD#M$4HM.
JM
J C1I0&P"
C 1    F =   !  
I!"&I!'&)I
DFG5DFG4 MJD
O ()&"IR/)>)*'P&
   >/&  ) % !"-)! &
I@!@2
1)DFFO5H#D$4DDG.H
E > 1  2  "  ! 
@@ 0 )   R&.     
   
)!DFFG5GH# $4DMD.O
GF         %
!"-)!PCDFF 5G#$
Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
138 Spatula DD
GG 6/. )   & P 1
))*
!"./)!1DFFJ5GE#H$4HOE.E
GD I7>I7(&)C
1 R )     
    % !"  
>/7.(  )4 ) R&  ) C
*1)DFGG5O# $4J. H
G   >& 1 1& 1R> ) ! ) >
)/   [   
/      &
/!"-)!C)1
DFGF5GM#GG$4GGJG.M
G  ))21)!H
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2CI%&RDFFG
G
GH 2 *% !"4 +
!")!#)0$DFGG54GDH.$
GM 6!"-)!6f\)DFG
GJ R&C2%0 )PP 2&)(C
    4    
%&!"21DFG5GG4G O
GO RR/fR/C&
  & / !"-)! 1%
DFGF5#G$41FFJHFD
GE 6 ! 6  &&  !"-)! 
!"-)!DFFH
DF %& CR >0 1R* 6  && 
!"-)!"DFGF5GD#$4DFD.M
DG ()!%!"DFFO
DD        &
)C!"@DFFD5#D$4GM.GJ
D 6 1 &     
&&&!"DFG
D  0 *C P0      g
1!DFFO5 J#GD$4GHOF.M
DH 2 *      !
"4     &   / 
%&*/DFFE5
JMG.EF
DM (& C C/ ) > C  1 20 @)
1 1    & !  
&&/!"-)!%
>C@DFGG5GH#D$4HFG.E
DJ , 2   &     
     1 !
DFFF5FD4EM.GGM
DO  ) &  > @ 1 R R 
) 1   
%!".!
C)+!DFF5#D$4GHJ.MH
DE 2&)1>>1
&!".&
.!C
*)!DFFH5GM#D$4GGD.M
F 2((7*P&11
P *   %     
+    !".   
C!1DFGG5H#G$4 O.H
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,   & / !"  &
    %   R0
Z%4   !"  & )!
*DFG5GF#G$4GD
D (1 1 )
1)!&4Q!
(gDFFO
 =&  1& > I >  == Z& I
Z& ZC   1 %   4 )
 /  7   
DFGD5GM#M$4 EJ.HFJ
  &C ZR= b RR& =)&
11 S
OFJ!"-)!C2
@&&DFGF5#E$4O.M
H &CZR=1
!"-)!1C2@DFGF54ODO.G
M Z  R = & C R  R b * 1
%   & !"   )!@ 
21)DFGD5DFGD4EHFJHJ
J I0C@C>&> 21 &>@1  *
  ,%     
4  7 .  %
   21 1 )  DFGG5
GG4GD 
O (1 1 )
,+4)!DFG
E  " @%  60 >(  * @.2
&&& 
& / !" C ) ( )! 1 DFG5 D #G
$4GH.DO
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! " #!"$   /
  ,% ) C 
)1DFGF5H#D$4J. F
G %/ I ) / %  
,      / !" C
)*DFFE5GH#G$4GE
D I/
!"-)!(DFFO5DD#HF$4H. G
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  &   !".G  
4        &
        /
  C ) 1  DFF 5
GF#M$4GFE.H
1 *  (  >@ 6 @* P C
*0    =&    %
!"./0
!"DFGF5GG#M$4JE.OO
H I1P&&C*
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M 2 1)   !" ! C ) (
)!1DFG5D #G$4GDJ. 
J 1 )  ) .%   
 &   4 ) /  .
C)1DFFE5GH#H$4HE.MFF
O 0' I> ( (> "0 I % I>
1&&      
).// C @ DFGD5 G #D$4 D .
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'& > !   )1 !!. 
)!"!C@,2DFFO5
M#G$4 J.HG
HF /72@>CR%P77)R/IC
 >C      !
" * G   /  4 )
Mahomoodally, Ragoo, Sreekeesoon, Suroowan, Khedoo
Spatula DD 139
7   ) !  DFFJ5
GMJ#D$4G O.H 
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*!%/(!
!"!4/I0C2DFFJ5GF#D $4 DJ.
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HD R& @@ P )& ( *    %
 & %     /
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H )%!C1)2"7 I 
 1%   !".  4 
7 %   (& DFFJ5
MO#J$4HGH.DG
H  @11>!)%
    !"4 ,   )
/&(CDFFH5 4GE
HH 6066&%'66*%
!"-)!)%DFGF5#G$4
HM P%P()!DFGD
HJ I7> I7 (& )C
1 R )     
  )  % !"  
0/7  )4 &  ) C *
1)DFGG5O# $4J. H
HO R  *% C 6% 1 >0.2% 1
R200.>%/0I    
%       
!"-)!     & C
@DFGF5GF#G$4 .H
HE >& I R"  > C 11   
    &  !"-)!
*7420%
C@%@DFFJ54DE
MF 1% >1 %  ) %  
   & !"-)!   
>  1 & (% C @%
@DFGF5M4DH
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@%,!"(&
C%DFG5#$4EE.GF
MD )/  7&/ I( ! I !  .!" 
   )7 
#$  , ) C I I DFGG5
H#D$4GH.E
M C ( >  P%  2 > > >2
>0   I !    I %
& %  & !". /  I
!**&DFFH5EE#GF$4JME.J 
M  1%>1% @   
  / .!"    
!C22DFGF5
G#M$4J .EG
MH  ) Z 0 ( ) P ) 
     /     !"
g!CI2DFGD5G#H$4DFH.GF
MM &f & Z RC>Z&=* b  
. !".G &     
)DFF 5M #$4GOE.E 
MJ &  >&  R  > *P 1 => > 
&& /   1  * 1  
! "  G.  1 &
R%!DFFH5GD# $4 EJ.HFG
MO P P 1 "70 (02!
I0 I   )+ ,  & 
 %    .!".G  %
&&DFFO5H4DJ
ME 1%>1% @   
  / .!"    
!C22DFGF5
G#M$4J .EG
JF &P=1Z&bC&1P&C
 & ).!".G )& &&
&DFGG5GM#H$4 DM .
JJ
JG 7 I &  70  &  R
, *   .  !
!DFFM5M#E$4G EM.HFH
JD I )      
 / e /
C2DFGF5M#D$4 .HG
J * "  >C *0 C2  CP 0
C4)
  !"  ! C I *  DFGG5
#$4GMMF.MM
J  (   &4   #2
$)DFFJ5GD# $4MF.
JH >   >" =&/ I  )
0>I)
!CIDFGF5G#D$4EH.GFF
JM 1f1RRR@*2#$
/7&
&C(DFF5 G# $4GFOO.
E
JJ  C I    4  / C
@DFFJ5GG#G$4G.G 
JO P00P0R0&CII>).
!".G 1 S&
C@DFFH5GFD#D$4GHO.M
JE 2 R &  R  77 P ' )
1@!".G
 I 
DFF5ME#GF$4EGF.
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Complementary and alternative medicines against HIV infection
140 Spatula DD
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... Previous reports on patients infected with HIV showed that consumption of honey helps to boost their immunity through the increase of lymphocytes proliferation, and generally improves their haematological and biochemical status (e.g., erythrocytes, haemoglobin, platelets, neutrophils, copper, and proteins levels) [58][59][60]. Meanwhile, another study also showed that consumption of honey in HIV positive subjects not only increases CD4 T lymphocytes counts but also decreases the viral load [61]. ...
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Herbal medicine use is becoming very popular in many countries especially in the western world, where public health safety has become a concern, especially its concomitant use with orthodox medicine. The devastating impact of HIV/AIDS pandemic coupled with the severe shortage of health personnel has compelled patients to develop coping mechanisms by adopting alternative sources of primary health care, one of which has been the use of herbal therapies. An integration of herbal medicine into the current medical curriculum will enable future physicians to communicate better with their patients on this evolving healthcare system. This review briefly examines the role of herbal medicine in HIV/AIDS treatment and management. It is hoped that this review will provide important and relevant information that will help policy makers to put in place control measures against the abuse of herbal therapy.
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With the advancement of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a chronic disease. Women with HIV are now living through menopause. Unfortunately, routine therapies for menopause may have harmful drug interactions with ART. Through the case study of a 52-year-old woman infected with HIV, this article addresses current treatments in menopause in the general population, examines the need for addressing specific considerations in the HIV-positive population, and offers recommendations based on the reviewed literature.