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Science and Innovation in Iran: Development, Progress and Challenges
Abstract and Figures
Over the last two decades Iran has gone through major industrial transformation, in spite of major obstacles in the path of the country's development. This comprehensive book examines the Iranian government's mobilization of resources to develop science and technology, presenting an overview of the structure, dynamics, and outcomes of the government's science and technology policies. It evaluates sectors at the systems level and emphasizes the prominence of government, rather than of the market, in the innovation system of the Iranian economy. Written by authors who are in positions of leadership in the industries they discuss, this book offers an unparalleled look into Iran's current technology achievements.
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... It stipulated the conditions for the establishment of research centers, identifying biotechnology as a top national priority. This led to a marked rise in the number of public and private research centres (Soofi and Ghazinoory, 2013). ...
The Islamic Republic of Iran (hereinafter referred to as Iran) has made significant advances in research, higher
education and technology since 1990. It has a vast wealth of oil and gas (O&G) reserves, estimated as the 4th and
the 2nd largest in the world, respectively, as well as significant minerals and other natural resources. Despite this,
it has managed to avoid the so-called “natural resource curse”. The industrial sector has grown both in scope and
diversity in recent decades, making Iran the most economically diversified economy, with the lowest dependence
on O&G incomes, compared with other oil-rich countries in the Middle East. During the past two decades, Iran has
committed itself to the development of a dynamic national innovation system (NIS) and has been moving steadily
towards a knowledge- and innovation-based economy. The period of international sanctions strengthened its
resolve to achieve this goal. As a result of this commitment, the country’s human resource base is now impressive:
it has a large number of well-educated, trained and energetic Iranians both at home and among the diaspora living
abroad as scientists, entrepreneurs and business people. At present, Iran is seeking to reinforce its productive
capacity, encourage international collaboration to exchange technology and know-how, and engage more actively
in innovative activities to foster economic growth and sustainable development.
... In 2000, researchers in Iran published 1318 papers in ISI journals, while in 2007, this rate increased to 9061, showing an increase of 6.9 times. According to statistics, Iranian researchers published 21,038 research papers in 2011, accounting for 1.44% of the global scientific production, ranking 20th in global science production [27]. Also, the number of patents registered per million populations in Iran has risen from 84 in 2006 to 186 in 2016 [21], which reflect the promotion of research accountability in Iran. ...
Objectives
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and health challenges in most countries and Iran. There is a domestic need to design an innovation system for healthcare through the integration of science and related industries in the country to overcome its specific challenges and complications. The present research aims to review the existing literature and experiences in designing a national innovation system in the field of diabetes and metabolic disorders to improve the research accountability in this field based on society’s real needs.Methods
Four steps were carried out as an examination of challenges and costs of diabetes, a thorough review of relevant literature and expert opinion, investigation of the status of research responsiveness to the real needs of society In Iran and the world, examination the types, components and the requirements of innovation systems and designing the National Innovation System for diabetes and metabolic disorders in Iran.ResultsWe identified ten components for diabetes and metabolic disorders innovation system, which were classified under four categories.Conclusions
The effective communication of 10 components, which are included in this study, is an essential element that can play a vital role in the effectiveness of diabetes and metabolic disorders innovation system in order to meet the community needs. Moreover, these components were categorized by experts in four groups of policymaking, financing, research and development, and education, as the functions of the National Innovation System for diabetes and metabolic disorders in Iran.
... [2] Based on the country's development vision document, Iran should be a developed country with the first place in the fields of economy, science, and technology in the region with an Islamic and revolutionary identity, inspirational in the Muslim world and with a constructive and effective interaction in its international communication. [3] The first place of health in the region by the year 2025 is achieved by utilizing the existing knowledge and producing science and technology with the achievement of strategic goals, including gaining the first place in science, technology, and innovation in the field of health, achieving the scientific authority of the region with a global level in the postgraduate level, and the achievement of the leading position in the researches and studies conducted in the region. [4] The most important factor for success in the competition among countries is innovation. ...
Context:
The success of the health system research and technology management in the 21st century can play an important role in advancing the country toward becoming a scientific power.
Aims:
The study aimed to increase knowledge and identify factors affecting the health system research and technology, as well as to provide solutions for improving the status of health science and technology.
Materials and methods:
This was an applied and descriptive study conducted in 2018 using cross-impact analysis. The factors affecting the Iranian Health System Research and Technology Management and their influences on each other were identified using an expert panel. The key-driven factors were determined using the MICMAC software.
Results:
The input, stake, target, resultant, excluded, and regulating factors were identified. The degree of fill rate the matrix was 58.9%. Financial annex of the health scientific map (S = 206), roadmap (S = 206), governmental laws and regulations (S = 198), and sufficient governmental budget allocation (S = 194) earned the highest potential influence scores by 2025. Furthermore, scientific authority (S = 216), international communication (187), university relationship with industries (S = 187), and competitive infrastructure (S = 178) obtained the highest potential dependence scores by 2025.
Conclusions:
The success of the Iranian Health System Research and Technology Management by 2025 requires the development of the financial annex of the comprehensive scientific health map, the development of the road map, and the allocation of sufficient governmental budget for health research. Policy-making in health system research and technology management requires more attention to these factors and the dynamics of relationships among factors in the model.
... B ased on the Iranian vision 2025, Iran is a developed country occupying the first regional status in the economic, scientific, and technology domains with Islamic and revolutionary identity in the Islamic world and effective constructive interaction in international relations. [1] To fulfil the above objective, a road map titled "The comprehensive scientific map of Iran" was introduced by the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution [2] which incorporates a dynamic-futuristic complex including the principles, objectives, policies, structures, and requirements of strategic development of science and technology to achieve the prospect objectives of the country. The Iranian National Health Scientific Map (INHSM) was compiled and introduced in December 2010. ...
CONTEXT
Iranian National Health Scientific Map is a national plan the implementation of which remarkably influences the progress of the country, though it is facing challenges in its implementation phase.
AIMS
The present study has been conducted with the main aim of identifying the challenges facing the comprehensive scientific health map of Iran.
SETTING AND DESIGN
This is an applied and qualitative study.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The study was done in 2017 with the content analysis approach among experts of research and technology management. Some 18 people were selected and were deeply interviewed, meanwhile observing the credibility of research.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Data analysis was performed based on content analysis and using ATLAS.ti software.
RESULTS
Data analysis resulted in the identification of 427 codes, 84 subthemes, and 12 themes. Twelve themes were specified including policy-making, management, university autonomy, quantitative development, consideration of science production chain, designing and monitoring of science map, finance, qualitative assessment, human resources, research ethics, as well as allocating attention to the infrastructure and communication.
CONCLUSION
The scientific map of health challenges are indicative of the need for modification of the scientific map and adhering to solutions in line with the removal of the identified challenges. Today, paying attention to the solutions capable of meeting such challenges is a must.
... For example, national assessment frameworks, such as the Research Assessment Exercise in the United Kingdom and the Excellence in Research for Australia, contain scientometrics data in their evaluations (Leiss & Gregory, 2016). In addition to assessment frameworks, national policies related to S&T, such as the Twenty-Year Vision Document (also commonly called the Vision 2025) (Madarshahi, 2012) and the National Master Plan for Science and Education (also commonly called the Comprehensive Scientific Roadmap of Iran or simply the Scientific Roadmap) (Soofi & Ghazinoory, 2013), contain bibliometric indicators for planning S&T. ...
Developing countries may pay attention to bibliometric indicators in accordance with their scientific development plans. Bibliometrics research topics and bibliometric indicators have grown dramatically in Iran since 2000 as a part of the postwar reconstruction programs. This paper aims to highlight how scientometrics may attract attention in developing countries such as Iran in response to national movements in education and science. An in-depth review on available guidelines for promotion of innovation, science, and technology in Iran was done followed by a review on previous research in this topic. Further data were gathered from Scopus and other sources. The findings show a considerable growth in research output of Iran in recent years and expansion of bibliometrics studies and jobs accordingly. Combined with research output measures, more attention was found in academia about cross-section development of science and technology in Iran. The demand in society has led to the foundation of scientometrics programs in Iranian universities as well as scientometrics departments in central libraries and research deputies in major academic institutions. The changing image of science and research in Iran has a relation with the growth of scientometrics academic and professional departments. The lessons taught from this mutual collaboration can be used in other developing nations.
The report examines three countries with which Russia has the potential and opportunities to expand S&T cooperation: Iran, India, and Bangladesh. Each of these countries is analyzed in three dimensions. The first provides an overview of the socio-economic situation of each country in the respective region, and the main indicators of its innovation development. The second describes the S&T regulatory systems and gives an overview of each country's science resources and outputs. The third one is devoted to specific areas of technological development. The conclusion presents a SWOT-analysis of S&T sectors of each country and suggests potential areas for Russia to cooperate with these countries.
The book is intended for specialists in innovation policy, country specialists, decision-makers, and students.
В докладе рассматриваются три страны, с которыми у России есть потенциал и возможности расширения научно-технологической кооперации: Иран, Индия и Бангладеш. Каждая из этих стран анализируется в трех проекциях. Первая представляет собой обзор социально-экономического положения страны в соответствующем регионе, ее позиции по основным параметрам инновационного развития. Вторая содержит описание систем регулирования научно-технологической сферы и подробную оценку ресурсов и результатов науки каждой из стран. Третья посвящена отдельным направлениям технологического развития. В заключении представлен SWOT-анализ научно-технологических сфер каждой из стран и показаны возможные интересы России в кооперации с этими странами.
Книга предназначена специалистов в области инновационной деятельности, специалистов-страноведов, лиц, принимающих решения, студентов.
The research article analyzes how science in Iranian universities has evolved during years of sanctions, and what Russian universities can learn from this experience. The study focuses on the periods, goals and outcomes of the state science policy in Iran towards universities. The author has developed the typology of sanctions affecting scientific research in universities and systematized measures used to overcome them. This typology is applicable to Russian universities as well. The practices of Iranian universities aimed at overcoming sanctions have been verified and clarified using the data from an expert survey conducted among researchers of Iranian origin working in Russian universities.
The analysis has shown that the government policy was oriented towards achieving quantitative goals, related mostly to publication activity and the inclusion of universities in international rankings. Later the emphasis shifted to strengthening the practical impact of university science, as well as to the development of international cooperation. Universities were able to increase the publication output, but barely contributed to economic growth. Sanctions are the limiting factor, especially since universities had to find by themselves the ways to overcome them. Iranian academic diaspora, especially in the United States, played an important role in this process, and Iranian universities manage to remain included in international scientific cooperation.
The article may be of interest to researchers studying the problems of scientific development under sanctions, as well as to university managers dealing with international scientific cooperation.
İqtisadi sistemin transformasiyası iqtisadi və sosial inkişafın nisbəti məsələsini, keçid dövründə meydana çıxan sosial problemlərin mahiyyəti və onların həlli yolları, sosial siyasət kimi məsələləri ön plana çəkir. Məlum olduğu kimi, cəmiyyət sosial qruplardan təşkil olunmuşdur. Sosial qrupların müxtəlif maraqları vardır – bunlar bəzən oxşar, bəzən isə uyğun olmayan, hətta barışmaz da olur.Buna baxmayaraq, sosial qrupların qarşılıqlı əlaqələri labüddür. Belə qarşılıqlı əlaqələrin konkret formaları müxtəlifdir: münaqişə, partnyorluq, ittifaq, qarşılıqlı güzəşt, düşmənçilik, təzyiq, tətillər, vətəndaş müharibəsi, vətəndaş həmrəyliyi, vətəndaş itaətsizliyi, zorakılıq, hədə və s. formalar. Ümümilikdə isə bunlar siyasət adlandırılır. Əgər sosial qruplar iqtisadiyyatla əlaqədar üzləşirlərsə (yaxud əməkdaşlıq edirlərsə), bu, iqtisadi siyasətdir. Əgər bu üzləşmə təbii mühitin vəziyyəti və istifadəsi səbəbindəndirsə, bu, ekoloji siyasətdir. Demoqrafik, mədəni, maarif və s. siyasətlər də mövcuddur
Persian civilization had its rich culture since the pre-Islamic era. It left its impacts on those areas where the Persian language had adopted like contemporary India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Tajikistan, and the Central Asian States. Its pre and post-Islamic educational system-generated hundreds of scholars which are well-nominated all over the world along with their inventions, philosophies, literature, and poetry. This article highlights an educational system in the Persian civilization since 2500 BC. Educational institutions before the conquest of Islam and post-Islamic changing patterns in it are going to be discussed in this article. There is also a focus upon educational institutions in modern Iran before the Islamic Revolution of 1979 that became the reason for the end of Pehlavi dynasty. Its hypothesis is that the present socio-economic and political development in Iran is a reason to strengthen the educational system that is protecting Persian civilization for centuries. The research is based on theoretically and historically descriptive, analytical, comparative, and qualitative and methods. The data is collected from books, research journals, newspapers, internet interviews, results of different dissertations, and personal visits to Iran in which attending several seminars, workshops, and training classes including visiting several universities and Research Centers in Qom and Tehran
the decisionmaking
environments in the world. Medical higher education is one of the subsets of science and technology
systems in which future-oriented policy making is particularly important because of the changing environment
of health systems and the need to respond to this changes.
Since the formation of the ministry of health and medical education in Iran, some efforts have been made for
medical education policy making, which has often been reactive and has not been properly implemented. The
program and a multilevel system. This paper examines the dimensions and patterns of higher education and
policy-making experiences of higher education in Iran.
Keywords: Medical Education, Policy Making, Future Oriented Policy Making
1. Assistant Prof., Endocrinology and Metabolism
International circumstances, Iran's special context and its legal system have often been blamed for the relative lack of attention on the part of Iranian scientists towards Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). In spite of these odds, however, the Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council (INIC) launched a programme to overcome existing shortcomings and encourage nanotechnology researchers to protect their inventions in the country and particularly, overseas. The efficiency and effectiveness of this programme are analysed in this paper. In a country without a national IP policy, successful implementation of this programme could pave the way for extending the same mechanism to other technological fields, although it is unlikely that the deficiencies of Iran's national innovation system could be completely resolved by such sectoral policies.
The aim of this
paper is to assess the impact of information technology (IT) on the productivity and efficiency of manufacturing industries in Iran.
So, the data will be collected from 23 Iranian manufacturing industries during “2002–2006” and the methods such as DEA and panel data used to study the
subject. Results obtained by the above two methods represent that IT has a positive and statistically significant effect on the productivity of manufacturing industries. It will be more in high IT-intensive industries than the other industries. But, there is no significant
difference between the growth of labor productivity in IT-producing and IT-using industries.
Pharmaceutical recombinant proteins are widely used in human healthcare. At present, several protein expression systems are available to generate therapeutic proteins. These conventional systems have distinct advantages and disadvantages in protein yielding; in terms of ease of manipulation, the time required from gene transformation to protein purification, cost of production and scaling-up capitalization, proper folding and stability of active proteins. Depending on the research goal and priorities, a special system may be selected for protein expression. However, considering the limited variety of organisms currently used and their usage restrictions, there are still much more pharmaceutical proteins waiting to be economically and efficiently produced. Distinguished biological and technical features of microalgae Dunaliella such as inexpensive medium requirement, fast growth rate, the ease of manipulation, easy scaling up procedure, facility of milking in bioreactors and the ability of post-translational modifications make this microorganism an attractive candidate for molecular farming.
The aerospace industry is witnessing various advances particularly in the Middle East. Egypt is not an aerospace industry, but the country's Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) a pan-Arab body nationalized by Egypt in 1979 and managed by the Ministry of Industry does supervises nine complexes. The Iranian aerospace industry has launched Explorer 1, a research rocket capable of delivering an indigenous satellite to space. The Islamic Republic has also been active at the international level It is a member of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization and cooperates with the U N Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, especially its Regional Program on Space Technology Applications there are joint plans for a Center for Informed Space-based Disaster Management. The Turks have also been cooperating with other countries as Turkey also has telecommunications satellites in orbit since the mid-1990s.
'This ambitious book draws upon a wide variety of literature in developing a comprehensive theory of entrepreneurship, ranging from the discovery of entrepreneurial activities, to industry differences in entrepreneurial activity, to the organizing process. It represents a major contribution to the field.' - Arnold C. Cooper, Purdue University, US. 'Professor Scott Shane provides a deep and comprehensive discussion of the individual-opportunity nexus in entrepreneurship. Eschewing the usual approaches of either focusing exclusively on the individuals and their motivations and actions or focusing exclusively, almost always ex-post, on the economic potential of opportunities, Scott Shane fixes his gaze squarely on the nexus of the individual and the opportunity. It is this nexus that I believe is the building block for a better understanding of the entrepreneurial phenomenon.' - From the foreword by Sankaran Venkataraman. In the first exhaustive treatment of the field in 20 years, Scott Shane extends the analysis of entrepreneurship by offering an overarching conceptual framework that explains the different parts of the entrepreneurial process - the opportunities, the people who pursue them, the skills and strategies used to organize and exploit opportunities, and the environmental conditions favorable to them - in a coherent way.