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Antihypercholesterolemic Effect of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc (Fabaceae) Extract on High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstract and Figures
Objective:
The present study evaluated the antihypercholesterolemic effect of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc extract by examining its effects on food consumption, weight gain, serum lipid profile, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transamianse (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and body fat in rats.
Methods:
Animals were fed with experimental high-fat diets (HFD) that contain 10% lard plus, 5% corn oil. Food intake and body weight were measured. Serum samples were analyzed for the estimation of lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters by using kits.
Results:
The consumption of ethanol and water extract of experimental plant for 5 weeks caused the decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) SGOT and SGPT significantly (p < .01), and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly (p < .01). The rat group fed with HFD has shown higher serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, SGPT, and lower HDL than in the normal control group (p < .01). Fecal excretion of cholesterol in the ethanol extract-treated groups was significantly higher than those treated with water extract. Body weight in the water extract-treated groups was significantly lower than that in the ethanol extract-treated groups.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc extracts have strong activities against hypercholesterolemia and obesity suggesting a potential usefulness of M. uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc extracts as functional ingredients.
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... High levels of lipids (or fats) like cholesterol and triglycerides are called hyperlipidaemia. Hypercholesterolemia causes the heart disease like atherosclerotic coronary heart disease that had caused premature death globally and by 2010 was a major reason of death in India (D.S. Kumar et al., 2013;Verlecar et al., 2007). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), high cholesterol levels causes one-third (33.33%) of all cardiovascular disease globally, and 10 crore 50 lakh Americans have cholesterol levels that make them susceptible to cardiovascular disease (D.S. Kumar et al., 2013;Milias et al., 2006). ...
... Hypercholesterolemia causes the heart disease like atherosclerotic coronary heart disease that had caused premature death globally and by 2010 was a major reason of death in India (D.S. Kumar et al., 2013;Verlecar et al., 2007). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), high cholesterol levels causes one-third (33.33%) of all cardiovascular disease globally, and 10 crore 50 lakh Americans have cholesterol levels that make them susceptible to cardiovascular disease (D.S. Kumar et al., 2013;Milias et al., 2006). ...
... The main objective of reducing the high level of lipids in the blood is to decrease the occurrence of stroke, coronary artery, or cardiac diseases (D.S. Kumar et al., 2013;Smith & Pekkanen, 1992). Lipid-lowering medications lead to adverse effects on the body, in hepatic issues are a major side effect among many others (Brown, 1996;D.S. Kumar et al., 2013). ...
Underutilized legumes are a significant group of crops that have particular importance in subsistence farming and the nutritional security of resource-poor communities in developing countries. Horsegram [ Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.], a lesser-known neglected legume, is one such crop that is mainly cultivated in Asian and African countries as a dual-purpose crop. This climate-resilient legume is well-known for its drought hardiness and favorable agronomic features that make it suitable for cultivating dry lands under poor soil fertility conditions. It has a nutritional value comparable to other commonly consumed pulses and serves as a cheap source of nutrition for unprivileged rural communities residing in inaccessible areas. In addition, horsegram has excellent therapeutic properties and is traditionally used to cure various conditions such as kidney stones, asthma, bronchitis, leukoderma, urinary discharges, heart diseases, and piles. Furthermore, it possesses anti-diabetic and anti-ulcer activity and can help in the dietary management of obesity due to the presence of beneficial bioactive compounds. This review summarizes the nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, medicinal properties, and the potential for horsegram to be exploited as functional/medicinal food for health benefits.
... In the present study, treatment with HG and FG seed powder showed a significant decrease in TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and HDL levels. In support of that report, Kumar et al., 2013, andGaddam et al., 2015, had reported that treatment with FG and HG has shown a significant decrease in elevated TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and increase in HDL levels [10,29]. Further studies are required to investigate the reason behind the increase in HDL levels in the present study. ...
... In the present study, treatment with HG and FG seed powder showed a significant decrease in TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and HDL levels. In support of that report, Kumar et al., 2013, andGaddam et al., 2015, had reported that treatment with FG and HG has shown a significant decrease in elevated TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and increase in HDL levels [10,29]. Further studies are required to investigate the reason behind the increase in HDL levels in the present study. ...
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the combined effect of horse gram (HG) and fenugreek (FG) seed powders in high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced pre-diabetes in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (140–200 g) of either sex were randomly divided into four groups (n=6). Group 1, normal control, received normal pellet diet; Group 2, pre-diabetic control, received HFHS diet; Group 3, prophylactic group, received HFHS diet along with HG (200 mg/kg) and FG (200 mg/kg) combination; and Group 4, therapeutic group, received HFHS diet for 9 weeks followed by HG (200 mg/kg) and FG (200 mg/kg) combination for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles, and OGTT were carried out on the 9th week in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, and at the end of the study in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 4. Results: Treatment with HFHS diet for 9 weeks has significantly increased fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles in the pre-diabetic group when compared to the normal control group indicating induction of pre-diabetes in the pre-diabetic group. In the prophylactic group, horse gram and fenugreek are given simultaneously with HFHS has significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles when compared to the pre-diabetic group. In the therapeutic group, treatment was given after induction of pre-diabetes for 28 days. In the therapeutic group, there was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles compared to the pre-diabetic group. Conclusion: HFHS diet-induced pre-diabetes or insulin resistance is an effective model to study and evaluate various new therapeutic modalities. The findings of the present study suggest that consumption of FG and HG as food supplements could reduce the risk of getting diabetes and progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes.
... Horsegram is not as popular as blackgram, greengram and redgram, but still it is one of the most nutritious legumes. It has natural qualities that work as fat burners and can reduce the LDL cholesterol and increase the HDL cholesterol (Sathiskumar et al., 2013). ...
Background: Horsegram is considered as poor man’s crop and it has high nutritive value for human being. Apart from its photo and thermo sensitive in nature, formation of tendrils with excessive vegetative growth is major constraints and reason for poor yield. The tendrils act as sink and utilize photo-assimilates for its continuous growth. Hence, a strategy is required for reduction of vegetative growth and tendril formation for yield improvement. The current study is aimed to enhancement of yield in horsegram through physiological approach. Methods: An experiment was conducted to study the impact of plant growth regulators and nutrients viz., brassinolide (1 ppm), CCC (250 ppm), nutrient consortium (K2SO4 (0.5%) + MAP (0.5%) + FeSO4 (0.5%) + boric acid (0.3%) and TNAU Horsegram Wonder (1%) on growth, physiological traits and yield of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) variety Paiyur 2 under rainfed condition during 2018 - 2020. Plant growth regulators and nutrient consortium were used as foliar spray at flowering stage (50 days after sowing) under field condition. Result: TNAU Horsegram Wonder showed supremacy to enhance photosynthetic rate, SPAD value, soluble protein and yield compared to other treatments. Early flowering and reduced number of tendrils were observed in CCC nutrient consortium and TNAU Horsegram Wonder treatments. Foliar spray of 1% TNAU Horsegram Wonder recorded highest SPAD value of 22.8 which is on par with BL nutrient consortium. Highest photosynthetic rate of 16.94 µmol m-2 s-1 and lowest number of tendrils (2.6) were registered by 1% TNAU Horsegram Wonder. Foliar application of TNAU Horsegram Wonder at flowering stage registered highest grain yield of 1090 kg ha-1 and increased yield of 23% over control with BC ratio of 2.24.
... It also contains slow metabolizable carbohydrate (starch), which has a reduced postprandial blood glucose reaction while ingested by diabetics (Chahota et al., 2020). Furthermore, a solvent extract of horse gram plants has been reported as hypolipidemic activity in lab animals fed a elevated fat diet (Kumar et al., 2013). The extract administered to rabbits with oxidative stress caused by an elevated fat diet resulted in an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as catalase (CAT), as well as an increase in lowered glutathione (GSH) accumulation (Jarukamjorn et al., 2016). ...
The Macrotyloma uniflorum seed (Horse gram) has been underutilized pulse around the world. Nevertheless, it contains most valuable nutritional and pharmacological phytochemicals. Thus, this research was performed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective potential of horse gram methanol extract. Interestingly, methanol extract of horse gram demonstrated dose dependent antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Since, at increased (100 mg mL-1) concentration the methanolic extract scavenged the DPPH radical up to 93.5% and reduced the ferric (Fe3+) into ferrous (Fe2+) up to 95%. Similarly, the methanol extract also possess considerable anticancer activities up to 75.64% at 300 mg mL-1 concentration. Furthermore, at increased concentration (300 mg mL-1), the methanol extract effectively protect (hepatoprotective) the HEK293 cells (95.71%), which exposed to 100 mM glucose (hepatotoxicity). The obtained results conclude that the horse gram methanol extract contains pharmacologically valuable phytochemicals and that regular intake of horse gram can be recommended to improve human health
... And also reduces high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. 21 EEMU also prevented oxidative stress induced by the PCM. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism for the development of PCM toxicity. ...
Objectives: The present study is planned to investigate the hepato-and nephroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum (EEMU) on paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepato-and nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Hepato-and nephroprotective effects of EEMU were studied against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. The rats were divided in to seven groups' viz., control, EEMU 400 mg/kg, PCM, PCM + Vitamin C 200 mg/kg, PCM + EEMU 100 mg/kg, PCM + EEMU 200 mg/kg and PCM + EEMU 400 mg/kg. The animal in groups III to VII were administered with PCM (750 mg/kg) once daily for seven days to induce hepato-and nephrotoxicity. EEMU and Vitamin C were administered once daily per orally for 7 days. On day 8, the animals were anaesthetized and blood samples were collected and used for estimation of biochemical parameters. Later the animals were sacrificed and liver and kidney were collected from all the animals for antioxidant assay and histopathological analysis. Results: The animals administered with EEMU (400 mg/kg) didn't show any significant changes in the biochemical parameters and histological features. The animals administered with PCM showed a significant increase in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and urea compared with that of the control group. Whereas the animals administered with Vitamin C and EEMU (at 200 and 400 mg/kg) prevented PCM-induced changes in biochemical parameters and histological features. In the antioxidant assay, the animals administered with EEMU, PCM + Vitamin C and PCM + EEMU 400 mg/kg, didn't show any significant changes in the levels of reduced glutathione when compared with that of the control group. Conclusion: EEMU exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect at the dose levels of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. EEMU did not show any significant nephroprotective effect at the same dose levels on PCM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are packed with protein, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The consumption of such nutritionally dense legumes together with cereal-based food may promote global food and nutritional security. However, such species are deficient in a few or several desirable domestication traits thereby reducing their agronomic value, requiring further genetic enhancement for developing productive, nutritionally dense, and climate resilient cultivars. This review article considers 13 underutilized pulses and focuses on their germplasm holdings, diversity, crop-wild-crop gene flow, genome sequencing, syntenic relationships, the potential for breeding and transgenic manipulation, and the genetics of agronomic and stress tolerance traits. Recent progress has shown the potential for crop improvement and food security, for example, the genetic basis of stem determinacy and fragrance in moth bean and rice bean, multiple abiotic stress tolerant traits in horse gram and tepary bean, bruchid resistance in lima bean, low neurotoxin in grass pea, and photoperiod induced flowering and anthocyanin accumulation in adzuki bean have been investigated. Advances in introgression breeding to develop elite genetic stocks of grass pea with low β-ODAP (neurotoxin compound), resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in black gram using rice bean, and abiotic stress adaptation in common bean, using genes from tepary bean have been carried out. This highlights their potential in wider breeding programs to introduce such traits in locally adapted cultivars. The potential of de-domestication or feralization in the evolution of new variants in these crops are also highlighted.
Horsegram is an important crop that has significant role in sustainable farming and nutritional security in developing countries. The nutritional values of the legume are comparable to other pulses and provide cheap source of various nutrition. It has good therapeutic properties and has been traditionally used to cure kidney stones, asthma, inflammation, pain, bronchitis, leucoderma, urinary discharges, heart diseases, piles, etc. The nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factor and nutraceutical and medicinal properties of horsegram have been summarized in this chapter.
Organic mulching is mainly seen as one of the major water saving
techniques, because it can slow down the water consumption rate by limiting evaporation
losses from both above and below the soil surface and assure the minimal water consumption
and also decreased soil erosion in rainy season. However, mulching, especially organic
mulching has the ability to enhance the soil's physical characteristics, chemical environment
and biological activity.
Urolithiasis is a common problem worldwide manifested with recurrent intermittent pain episodes, which today is increasing due to changes in lifestyle patterns, including sedentary and consumption of protein, fat, and fiber-free foods, as well as stress. Today, the role of nutrition in the formation of kidney stones as well as in its prevention is recognized as a key factor. Dolichos Biflorus is one of the most famous plants that are known as a useful food in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. In this review study, electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Web of science and Persian medicinal books such as Al- Hawi, Al-Shamel fi-Alsenaat Altebbiah, Makhzan-al-Advia, and Tohfat al Momenin were searched to identify all the studies reporting the effects of Dolichos Biflorus on kidney stones. Dolichos Biflorus seeds contain effective substances in preventing kidney stones formation. These substances include Citrate, Magnesium, Potassium, and Vitamin B6. A protein has been identified in Dolichos Biflorus grain that has antiseptic and inhibitory stone formation properties. In several studies, the effect of Dolichos Biflorus extract on the dissolution of kidney stones and their prevention has been investigated. Dolichos Biflorus seeds can be used as a useful and effective food in patients with kidney stones, in addition to its nutritional role, as a harmless drug to prevent stone production.
Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam (Verdc.)] is an undervalued and under studied legume though is a good source of proteins, carbohydrates and energy. Drought is an abiotic stress that effects plant development and ecosystem sustainability. Drought is expected to become more common in the future as a result of climate change. Horsegram is known to to withstand drought, salt and heavy metal stress. In the past few decades application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to explore complex traits has risen in popularity. Considering the above mentioned factors drought tolerance ability of horsegram germplasm was investigated in 96 diverse horsegram lines with GWAS by exploring 20241 SNPs. Highest number of SNPs were found to be located in intergenic regions (43.8%) followed by intronic (21.6%). In this investigation three drought tolerant representing parameters were selected for QTL identification. In the present study, we identified different SNPs associated with QTLs governing these traits, which involved in drought stress response of horsegram plant. Seven QTLs were found to be associated with relative water content in horsegram whereas for root volume and root length 4 and 8 QTLs were found respectively. By using horsegram database of Kazusa DNA research institute Japan, we identify the genes present on these marker sites which were found to be involved in many biochemical pathways related to plant abiotic stresses. Many of these genes were previously characterized and few uncharacterized genes were also found controlling these traits.These findings will help in identifying new mechanisms responsible for plant drought stress tolerance in future.
If, following the solvent extraction of a hydrocarbon from a plant, it is not known whether it is one or the other, a method of distinguishing the two is described by HENDRICKS, WILDMAN and JONES (1946). The technique involves the infra-red absorption spectra of the two isomers. At about 12 mp. the relative absorption coefficient of rubber is 42% greater than for gutta. ScHLESINGER and LEPER (1951) describe two procedures for separation of the rubber and gutta hydrocarbons from large quantities of crude chicle. In one, the chicle is extracted with benzene which dissolves both isomers. An excess absolute ethyl acetate is added and the mixture stored at 5° C overnight. The gutta precipitates out and the rubber remains in solution. The other method is as follows: (1) Ten grams of chicle are extracted with acetone for 24 hours in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. (2) The insoluble material in the thimble is allowed to .. it dry, then immersed in 150 ml. of cold Skellysolve B in a refrigerator at 10° C and· allowed to stand for 48 hours with occasional agitation. (3) The thimble is then removed from the solvent and the enclosed residue washed several times with fresh, cold Skellysolve B. (4) An excess of acetone and a few drops of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium iodide are added to the combined Skellysolve B extract and washings and allowed to stand overnight in a refrigerator.
The present study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. leaves extracts in high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. were administered in doses of 400mg/kg /day p.o. each for 10 days. Simultaneous administration of Cinnamomum tamala Nees. leaves extracts significantly(p<0.001) prevent the rise in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C,VLDL-C and Atherogenic index whereas significant (p<0.01) increases in the level of HDL-C.
Alpha glucosidase in vitro inhibitory activity and hypoglycemic effect by oral administration in rats of Piper trioicum ethanol extracts have been investigated. Piper trioicum extract showed in vitro inhibitory activity of intestinal alpha glucosiadse enzyme maltase. Analysis of data confirms that alpha glucosidase inhibition activity was maximum at 500 mcg/ml of Piper trioicum. The purpose of study was to know whether Piper trioicum extract could reduce intestinal absorption of monosaccharides by inhibiting disaccharide hydrolysis. The post prandial elevation in blood glucose level at 60 and 120 min after administration of maltose with Piper trioicum extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses) showed significant suppression compared to control group. These results suggest that the Piper trioicum extract has potent alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity and would be effective in suppression of elevation in blood glucose after oral administration of maltose to rats.