Sara Casalbuoni

European XFEL

Superconducting undulators constitute an important element of the European XFEL facility development program. The application of SCU technology at European XFEL paves the way to potentially enable lasing above 50 keV, opening new frontiers in scientific research and offering unprecedented capabilities in high-energy applications. A total of six mod...

In high-gain free-electron lasers (FELs) with planar undulators it is possible (in the linear regime) to independently amplify at the fundamental and at odd harmonics, a process referred to as Harmonic Lasing (HL). For the HL process preservation of the quality of the incoming high-brightness electron beam is essential. This requires suppression of...

Superconducting undulators (SCUs) can offer a much higher on-axis undulator field than state-of-the-art cryogenic permanent-magnet undulators with the same period and vacuum gap. The development of shorter-period and high-field SCUs would allow the free-electron laser and synchrotron radiation source community to reduce both the length of undulator...

The implementation and further improvements of superconducting undulators are part of the European XFEL facility development program. Within this program, a magnetic field test facility is being developed. Named SUNDAE2 (Superconducting UNDulAtor Experiment 2), it aims to perform in-vacuum magnetic field measurements of superconducting undulators (...

The FEL performance strongly correlates with the undulator field quality. The definition of mechanical tolerances for the undulator magnets allows us to achieve the wished field quality. These mechanical tolerances should be defined both on short and long-range errors. With long-range errors, we address problems like deformations of the yoke caused...

European XFEL is a x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user facility covering a nominal photon energy range from 250 eV to 25 keV. At the soft x-ray undulator beamline SASE3 and the two hard x-ray undulator beamlines SASE1 and SASE2, identical permanent magnet phase shifters are installed. In standard operation of the hard x-ray undulator beamlines the...

At the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL), the undulator systems group has started in 2020 an R&D project dedicated to the development of innovative superconducting undulator (SCU) coils. SCUs are of great interest for storage rings and free electron lasers (FEL) facilities as they enable to widen the tunability range of the generated photon...

For more than 5 years, superconducting undulators (SCUs) have been successfully delivering X-rays in storage rings. The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (XFEL) plans to demonstrate the operation of SCUs in X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). For the same geometry, SCUs can reach a higher peak field on the axis with respect to all other av...

In this article, the concept of a recently funded R&D project for the installation of a proof-of-concept cavity-based x-ray free electron laser (CBXFEL) demonstrator experiment at the European XFEL facility is presented, with the first results expected in 2024. It is composed of an x-ray cavity design in backscattering geometry with a 133 m round t...

The undulator systems at the European XFEL consist of two hard X-ray systems, SASE1 and SASE2, and one soft X-ray system, SASE3. All three systems are equipped with planar undulators using permanent neodymium magnets. These systems allow the generation of linearly polarized radiation in the horizontal plane [1]. In order to generate variable polari...

The pulsed wire method is an attractive option to measure the magnetic field in insertion devices, mainly for those with restricted access (e.g., small gaps, in-vacuum/cryogenic environments, etc.). Besides first and second field integrals, experiments have proved the feasibility of reconstructing the magnetic field profile. Undulators with a small...

European XFEL is investing in the development of superconducting undulators (SCUs) for future upgrade of its beamlines. SCUs made of NbTi, working at 2 K, with a period length of 15 mm and a vacuum gap of 5 mm allow covering a range between 54 keV and 100 keV. The effect of mechanical errors in the distribution of the undulator parameter K along th...

European XFEL is going to provide full polarization control in the soft X-ray SASE line (SASE3). For this purpose, four helical APPLE X undulators with 90 mm period are installed downstream with respect to the planar undulators of the SASE3 undulator line consisting of 21 planar undulators with 68 mm period. In this contribution, the measurement te...

At the European XFEL, we are designing a superconducting afterburner for the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It will consist of a series of five undulator modules plus a pre-series one called S-PRESSO. One module corresponds to two superconducting undulator (SCU) coils of 2m length plus one phase shifter. Such an afterburner will enable photon energies...

We propose to develop, characterize and operate a superconducting undulator (SCU) afterburner consisting of 5 undulator modules (1 module = 2 SCU coils of 2 m length and 1 phase shifter) plus a pre-series prototype at the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline of European XFEL. This afterburner will produce an output in the order of 10 ¹⁰ ph/pulse at photon ene...

Thanks to the installation of four APPLE X helical undulators, the SASE3 soft X-ray beamline at European XFEL will provide to the experimental stations the polarization control of the X-rays. The helical undulators are located downstream with respect to the already existing planar undulators. The design of the magnetic active parts and of the helic...

Superconducting Undulators (SCUs) can produce higher photon flux and cover a wider photon energy range compared to permanent magnet undulators (PMUs) with the same vacuum gap and period length. To build the know-how to implement superconducting undulators for future upgrades of the European XFEL facility, the test stand SUNDAE1 for the characteriza...

At the European XFEL, a superconducting afterburner is planned for the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It will consist of 5 undulator modules plus a pre-series module called S-PRESSO. Within each module, two superconducting undulators (SCU) 2 m long are present. Such an afterburner will enable photon energies above 30 keV. The magnetic field of the SCU...

European XFEL is a multi-beamline x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user facility driven by a superconducting accelerator with a nominal photon energy range from 250 eV to 25 keV. An afterburner undulator based on superconducting undulator technology is currently being investigated to enable extension of the photon energy range towards harder x-rays....

Learning how to reconstruct the magnetic field profile from the pulsed wire method (PWM) is of fundamental importance to characterize undulators with limited magnetic gap accessibility. This paper presents a new data processing approach to reconstruct undulator magnetic field profiles from the PWM. We study via numerical simulations the accuracy an...

European XFEL foresees a superconducting undulator (SCU) afterburner in the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It consists of six 5m-long undulator modules with a 5 mm vacuum gap, where each module contains two 2m-long coils and one phase shifter. Prior to installation, the magnetic field must be mapped appropriately. Two magnetic measurement test stands n...

The pulsed wire method is an attractive option to measure the magnetic field in insertion devices, mainly for those with restricted access (e.g., small gaps, in-vacuum/cryogenic environments, etc.). Besides first and second field integrals, experiments have proved the feasibility of reconstructing the magnetic field profile. Undulators with a small...

The pulsed wire method is an attractive option to measure the magnetic field in insertion devices, mainly for those with restricted access (e.g., small gaps, in-vacuum/cryogenic environments, etc.). Besides first and second field integrals, experiments have proved the feasibility of reconstructing the magnetic field profile. Undulators with a small...

Synchrotron radiation (SR) originated at superconducting bending magnets is known to be at the origin of several beam detrimental effects related to vacuum instabilities. One of the major challenges in the design of the vacuum beam pipes of high-energy hadron colliders is the SR coping strategy. In the case of the future circular hadron collider (F...

To produce radiation in the THz frequency range at X-ray Free Electron Lasers, undulators with large period length, high fields, and large gaps are required. These demands can be fulfilled by superconducting undulators. In this contribution , the actual requirements on the main parameters of such a superconducting undulator will be discussed and th...

We propose to develop, characterize and operate a superconducting undulator (SCU) afterburner consisting of 5 undulator modules (1 module = 2 times SCU coil of 2 m length and 1 phase shifter) at the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline of European XFEL. This afterburner has the potential to produce an output of more than 10^10 ph/pulse at photon energies abov...

At the European XFEL, a superconducting afterburner is under design for the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It will consist of 5 undulator modules. One module corresponds to two superconducting undulator (SCU) coils of 2 m length plus one phase shifter. Such an afterburner will enable photon energies above 30 keV. Superconducting (SC) phase shifters wil...

The electron linear accelerators driving modern X-ray free-electron lasers can emit intense, tunable, quasi-monochromatic terahertz (THz) transients with peak electric fields of V Å ⁻¹ and peak magnetic fields in excess of 10 T when a purpose-built, compact, superconducting THz undulator is implemented. New research avenues such as X-ray movies of...

Only since few years it has been demonstrated experimentally that NbTi based superconducting undulators (SCUs) have a higher peak field on axis for the same gap and period length in operation with electron beam with respect to permanent magnet undulators (even the ones in vacuum and cooled to cryogenic temperatures). Another advantage of NbTi based...

Coping with synchrotron radiation (SR) that originated at superconducting bending magnets is one of the major challenges in the design of the vacuum beam pipes of hadron colliders. In the case of the Future Circular hadron Collider (FCC-hh), similarly as for the LHC, a beam screen, operating at higher temperatures than the cold mass, has been desig...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km...

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the syner...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in...

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the syner...

The storage ring Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) at KIT operates in a wide energy range from 0.5 to 2.5 GeV. Initially, the ring was designed to serve as a Light Source for synchrotron radiation facility ANKA. Since then different operation modes have been implemented at KARA: in particular, the double bend achromat (DBA) lattice with non-dis...

The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Bilfinger Noell jointly develop superconducting undulators for light sources. After the R&D phase the collaboration has completed the first worldwide superconducting undulator product. The full scale superconducting undulator with 20 mm period length (SCU20) was installed in the storage ring KARA in Decembe...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km...

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCCee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in...

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e−, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes.We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synerg...

Synchrotron light sources employ undulators to produce brilliant photon beams. Most synchrotrons and all free electron lasers use undulators made by permanent magnets. Superconducting undulators can produce, for the same geometry, a higher peak magnetic field on axis with respect to permanent magnet ones, and have the additional advantage of being...

The generation of frequency-tunable, narrow-bandwidth and carrier-envelope-phase stable THz pulses with fields in the MV/cm regime that can be appropriately timed to the femtosecond X-ray pulses from free-electron-lasers is of highest scientific interest. It will enable to follow the electronic and structural dynamics stimulated by (non)linear sele...

The generation and properties of transition radiation (TR) are thoroughly treated. The spectral energy density, as described by the Ginzburg-Frank formula, is computed analytically, and the modifications caused by the finite size of the TR screen and by near-field diffraction effects are carefully analyzed. The principles of electron bunch shape re...

The Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) are collaborating to develop superconducting undulators for ANKA and low emittance light sources. The collaboration is now focusing on a superconducting undulator with a period length of 20 mm (SCU20) planned to be the so...

Since several years the Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is collaborating with its industrial partner Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) in a R&D program on superconducting undulators (SCUs). At present the collaboration is primarily working on a SCU with a period length of 20 mm (SCU20). This de...

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear e+e− collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and imp...

The available variety of commercial high temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors resulted in the development of many different HTS based applications. One promising application to realize superconducting undulators for table top free electron lasers considers meander-structured stacked HTS tapes to provide the desired sinusoidal magneti...

The Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the industrial partner Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) are collaborating since 2007 on the development of superconducting undulators both for ANKA and low emittance light sources. The first full length device with 15 mm period length has been successful...

A new cryogen-free full scale (1.5 m long) superconducting undulator with a period length of 15 mm (SCU15) has been successfully tested in the ANKA storage ring. This represents a very important milestone in the development of superconducting undulators for third and fourth generation light sources carried on by the collaboration between the Karlsr...

Superconducting undulators (SCUs) have the potential to reach higher brilliance and flux with respect to the state of the art permanent magnet insertion devices. ANKA is collaborating with the industrial partner Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) to realize NbTi conduction cooled planar devices for low emittance light sources, and is developing the instrumen...

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) will require ultra-low emittance electron and positron beams. Such emittance will be achieved by radiative damping in the CLIC damping rings that will be realized by a use of high-field short-period superconducting damping wigglers. In the course of the CLIC technical feasibility studies a full-scale damping wiggl...

The performance of superconducting insertion devices (IDs) in an electron storage ring strongly depends on their magnetic field quality. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the local field distribution and field integrals of the superconducting coils before installation in the final ID cryostat. The synchrotron radiation facility ANKA of the...

Superconducting undulators (SCUs) have the potential to reach higher brilliance and flux with respect to the state-of-the-art permanent-magnet insertion devices. Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) and the ANKA synchrotron radiation facility at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) are collaborating to realize NbTi conduction cooled planar devices for ANKA...

The beam heat load is an important input parameter needed for the cryogenic design of superconducting insertion devices. Theoretical models taking into account the different heating mechanisms of an electron beam to a cold bore predict smaller values than the ones measured with several superconducting insertion devices installed in different electr...

The ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility at KIT and Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) are pursuing a Research & Development program on superconducting undulators (SCUs). The collaboration focuses on conduction-cooled SCUs with NbTi superconductor coils and a variable vacuum gap. Since SCUs can reach higher magnetic peak fields than permanent magnet in-vacuum...

A linac based coherent radiation source in the THz to mid-IR range is proposed. The TBONE machine will de-liver pulses of radiation as short as a few fs in the frequency range from 0.1 to 150 THz with up to MW peak power. This combination of parameters will open up unprece-dented opportunities in THz and infrared applications, such as e.g. microsco...

For a proper design of the cryogenic layout of superconducting insertion devices it is necessary to take into account the heat load from the beam to the cold beam tube. In order to measure and possibly understand the beam heat load to a cold bore, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics (COLDDIAG) has been built. COLDDIAG is designed in a flexible wa...

ANKA and Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) collaborate to develop planar superconducting undulators for ANKA and low emittance light sources. We report here on the results of the training and magnetic field measurements on short mockup coils with 15- and 20-mm period length performed in the test facility CASPER I, that have qualified the wire and different...

The beam heat load is a fundamental input parameter for the design of superconducting wigglers since it is needed to specify the cooling power. In this presentation I will review the possible beam heat load sources and the measurements of beam heat load performed and planned onto the cold vacuum chambers installed at different synchrotron light sou...

Recent intensive development of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials resulted in the availability of various commercial HTS tapes, in particular coated conductors. Technological progress in this field and up-coming market will reduce the costs of the tape. One very promising application for free electron laser technology considers a new...

Within the program to develop superconducting insertion devices at ANKA, work is ongoing to build a cryogen-free superconducting switch. This can be applied to switch the period length and to switch different correction coils. The superconducting switch allows reducing the number of power supplies and consequently the thermal load to the device. In...

Understanding the heat load from an electron beam on a cold beam tube (liner) is an open issue of great interest for the cryogenic layout of superconducting insertion devices. COLDDIAG, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics was designed and built especially for this purpose. The instrumentation comprises temperature sensors, pressure gauges, mass s...

During the last years improvements in magnetic field measurement technology of conventional, i.e. permanent magnet based insertion devices (IDs), made significant progress and pushed the capabilities of synchrotron light sources. For superconducting IDs similar developments are now needed to perform precise measurements of local magnetic fields and...

Superconducting insertion devices (IDs) are very attractive for synchrotron light sources since they offer the possibility to enhance the tuning range and functionality significantly by period length switching. Period length switching can be realized by reversing the current in a separately powered subset of the superconducting windings. So far, th...

Superconductive insertion devices (IDs) allow higher fields for a given gap and period length compared to the classical permanent magnet IDs. This technological concept enables an increase in the brilliance and/or the photon energy. The workhorse for superconducting magnets are multifilament NbTi wires, which are nowadays also used for superconduct...

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One of the still open issues for the development of superconductive insertion devices is the understanding of the heat intake from the electron beam. With the aim of measuring the beam heat load to a cold bore and the hope to gain a deeper understanding in the underlying mechanisms, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics (COLDDIAG) was built. It is...

Since in an undulator the photons add up coherently over the whole undulator length even small magnetic field errors can disturb the superposition of photons and reduce the intensity of the generated photon beam. Therefore, as in any other undulator, the magnetic field has to be measured with high accuracy. Precise measurements of the magnetic prop...

One of the key components of a superconducting insertion device is the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber. In order to reach the UHV specifications of the ANKA storage ring, it is very important to control the surface chemical composition and find proper cleaning procedures. To keep the geometric and resistive wall losses caused by the electron beam o...

In this contribution we report on the spectra calculated from the field measurements performed in a liquid helium bath of 1.5 m superconducting undulator coils. The coils are foreseen for a superconducting undulator demonstra-tor with a period length of 15 mm planned to be tested in ANKA (ANgstrom source KArlsruhe). The spectral per-formance of the...

A superconducting undulator is installed in the ANKA (ANgstrom source KArlsruhe) storage ring since March 2005. The beam heat load and pressure on the cold bore have been analysed in the first two years of operation, dur-ing which the undulator was operated mainly with open gap. We report here on a larger statistics of beam heat load and pressure d...

The performance of superconducting insertion devices (IDs) depends strongly on the magnetic field quality. Before installing IDs in synchrotron light sources the characterization and precise measurements of their magnetic properties are of fundamental importance. Improvements in magnetic field measurement technology of conventional, i.e. permanent...

Superconductive insertion devices can reach, for the same gap and period length, higher fields with respect to permanent magnet insertion devices. One of the still open issues for the development of superconductive insertion devices, is the understanding of the heat intake from the electron beam. COLDDIAG, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics was...

Superconducting insertion devices (IDs) have higher fields for a given gap and period length compared with the state-of-the-art technology of permanent magnet IDs. One of the still open issues for the development of superconducting insertion devices is the understanding of the heat intake from the electron beam. With the aim of measuring the beam h...

In this contribution we report the results of the training and of the local field measurements performed in a liquid helium bath of the ANKA superconducting undulator. The period length is 15 mm and the coils are 1.5 m long. The key specifications of the system are an undulator parameter K higher than 2 (for a magnetic gap of 5 mm) and a phase erro...

Accurate magnetic field measurements are a prerequisite for the characterization and optimization of undulators. The precision for measuring the magnetic properties of conventional, i.e., permanent magnet based insertion devices, has undergone tremendous improvements over the past 10 to 15 years initiating a new era in synchrotron light sources wor...

Superconducting insertion devices (IDs) are very attractive for synchrotron light sources since they offer the possibility to enhance the tuning range and functionality significantly by period length switching. Period length switching can be achieved by employing two or more individually powerable subsets of superconducting coils and reverse the cu...

One of the still open issues for the development of superconducting insertion devices is the understanding of the heat load induced by the beam passage. With the aim of measuring the beam heat load to a cold bore and in order to gain a deeper understanding in the beam heat load mechanisms, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics is under construction...

Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) is completing the fabrication of a 1.5 m long superconducting insertion device for the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The unit is planned to be installed in the ANKA storage ring at the end of 2010 to become the light source of the new beamline NANO for high resolution X-ray diffraction. The period length of the d...

In order to produce synchrotron radiation of the highest brilliance, third generation synchrotron sources make use of insertion devices (IDs). The state of the art available today for IDs is the permanent magnet technology with magnet blocks placed inside the vacuum (IVU) of the storage ring. Following an initial proposal at SPring-8 [11. Hara , T....

The performance of superconducting insertion devices (IDs) depends strongly on their magnetic field quality. It is of fundamental importance to characterize the magnetic properties of IDs accurately before installation in synchrotron light sources. Measurements of the field properties of conventional, i.e. permanent magnet based IDs made huge progr...

The tunability of an insertion device can be increased by period length switching, which in superconducting insertion devices (IDs) can be achieved by reversing the current in a separately powered subsets of the superconducting windings. The feasibility of this concept has been experimentally proven. We study here different possibilities to tailor...

One of the still open issues for the development of superconducting insertion devices is the understanding of the beam heat load. With the aim of measuring the beam heat load to a cold bore and the hope to gain a deeper understanding in the beam heat load mechanisms, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics is under construction. The following diagnos...

Superconducting insertion devices (IDs) are very attractive for synchrotron light sources since they allow increasing the flux and/or the photon energy with respect to permanent magnet IDs. Babcock Noell GmbH (BNG) is completing the fabrication of a 1.5 m long unit for ANKA at the Research Center in Karlsruhe (FZK). The period length of the device...

Preliminary studies performed with the cold bore super-conducting undulator installed in the ANKA storage ring suggest that the beam heat load is mainly due to the elec-tron wall bombardment. Electron bombardment can both heat the cold vacuum chamber and induce an increase in the pressure because of gas desorption. In this contribution we compare t...

Superconducting undulators show a larger magnetic field strength for the same gap and period length, as compared to permanent magnet devices, which allows to generate X‐ray beams of higher brilliance and with harder spectrum. The worldwide first short period length superconducting undulator is in operation since 2005 at the synchrotron light source...

Superconducting undulators show, with respect to permanent magnet undulators, a larger magnetic field strength for the same gap and period length, being able to generate a harder X-ray spectrum and higher brilliance X-ray beams. The worldwide first short period length superconducting undulator is in operation since 2005 at the synchrotron light sou...