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Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014, pg. 89-93
© 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 89
Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing
A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology
ISSN 2320–088X
IJCSMC, Vol. 3, Issue. 3, March 2014, pg.89 – 93
SURVEY ARTICLE
A Survey on Quality of Service for
Optimized Linked State Routing
protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network
Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya1, Sandip Chauhan2
Department of Computer Science Engineering1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering2
Kalol institute of technology and research centre & Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India1,2
jalpeshpatel36@gmail.com 1, sandymba2006@gmail.com 2
Abstract — A wireless Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) is a special type of wireless network that
does not have wired infrastructure to support communications between different nodes. Addressing
Quality of Service (QoS) support in the Internet has been widely investigated. But, such efforts are
unsuitable for MANETs which introduce bandwidth constraints and dynamic network topology. In
MANET, routing protocols have a significant role in terms of the performance because they determine
the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes where all nodes are free to move about
arbitrarily and where all the nodes configure themselves. In MANET, each node acts both as a router
and as a host &even the topology of network may also change rapidly. In this paper we have done the
study of OLSR routing protocol from various reputed papers. The key concept used in the protocol is
that of Multi-Point Relays (MPRs) which are selected nodes that forward broadcast messages during the
flooding process. The objective is to make observations about how the network performance with
OLSR routing protocol can be enhance.
Keywords— MANET, OLSR, MPR, Quality of Service
I. INTRODUCTION
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a
temporary/short-lived network without any fixed infrastructure. The wireless network can be classified into
two types: Infrastructure or Infrastructure less.
In Infrastructured wireless networks, the mobile node can move while communicating, the base
stations are fixed and as the node goes out of the range of a base station, it gets into the range of another base
station. An example of this type of network is the cellular network infrastructure.The figure 1, given below,
depicts the infrastructured wireless network.
Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014, pg. 89-93
© 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 90
Figure 1: Infrastructured wireless
Networks
In Infrastructureless or Adhoc wireless network, the mobile node can move while communicating,
there are no fixed base stations and all the nodes in the network act as routers. The mobile nodes in the Ad Hoc
network dynamically establish routing among themselves to form their own network „on the fly‟. Devices like
laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) that communicate directly with each other are examples of
nodes in an ad hoc network.This type of network can be shown as in figure 2.
Figure 2: Infrastructureless
Networks
II. CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPLEXITIES OF MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS
The specific characteristics and complexities, which are summarized in Table 1, impose many design
challenges to the network protocols. In addition, these networks are faced with the traditional problems
inherent to wireless communications such as lower reliability than wired media, limited physical security, time-
varying channels, interference, etc. Despite the many design constraints, mobile ad hoc networks offer
numerous advantages. First of all, this type of network is highly suited for use in situations where a fixed
infrastructure is not available, not trusted, too expensive or unreliable. Because of their self-creating, self-
organizing and self-administering capabilities, ad hoc networks can be rapidly deployed with minimum user
intervention. There is no need for detailed planning of base station installation or wiring. Also, ad hoc networks
do not need to operate in a stand-alone fashion, but can be attached to the Internet, thereby integrating many
different devices and making their services available to other users.
Table 1
Characteristics and complexities of
mobile ad hoc networks
Ad hoc networks
Autonomous and infrastructure less
Multi-hop routing
Dynamic network topology
Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014, pg. 89-93
© 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 91
Device heterogeneity
Energy constrained operation
Limited physical security
Network scalability
Bandwidth constrained variable capacity links
Network scalability
Self-creation, self-organization and self-
administration
III.
ROUTINGP
ROTOCOLS
A routing protocol is needed whenever a packet needs to be transmitted to a destination via number
of nodes and numerous routing protocols have been proposed for such kind of ad hoc networks. These
protocols find a route for packet delivery and deliver the packet to the correct destination. The studies on
various aspects of routing protocols have been an active area of research for many years. Many protocols have
been suggested keeping applications and type of network in view. Basically, routing protocols can be broadly
classified into two types as : (a) Table Driven Protocols or Proactive Protocols and (b) On-Demand Protocols
or Reactive Protocols.
Table Driven or Proactive Protocols: In Table Driven routing protocols each node maintains one or
more tables containing routing information to every other node in the network. All nodes keep on updating these
tables to maintain latest view of the network. Some of the existing table driven or proactive protocols are:
DSDV, OLSR.
On Demand or Reactive Protocols: In these protocols, routes are created as and when required. When
a transmission occurs from source to destination, it invokes the route discovery procedure. The route remains
valid till destination is achieved or until the route is no longer needed. Some of the existing on demand routing
protocols are: DSR, AODV.
IV. OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING (OLSR) PROTOCOL
The IETF MANET Working Group introduces the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for
mobile Ad-Hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the pure link state algorithm. The key concept used
in the protocol is that of Multi Point Relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes that forward broadcast messages
during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a pure
flooding mechanism where every node retransmits messages throughout the network. By doing so, the contents
of the control messages flooded in the network are also minimized. So contrary to the classic link state
algorithm, instead of all links, only small subsets of links are declared.
OLSR operates as a pro-active protocol. The node n, which is selected as a multipoint relay by its
neighbours, periodically announces the information about who has selected it as an MPR. Such a message is
received and processed by all the neighbours of n, but only the neighbours who are in n‟s MPR set retransmit it.
Using this mechanism, all nodes are informed of a subset of links -- links between the MPR and MPR selectors
in the network. For route calculation, each node calculates its routing table using a “Shortest Hops Path”
algorithm based on the partial network topology it learned. The algorithm finds the minimum hop paths from the
source node to all the destinations. In addition to re-transmitting topology control messages, the MPRs are also
used as a backbone network to form the route from a given node to any destination in the network.
Figure 3 : Network example for MPR Selection
Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014, pg. 89-93
© 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 92
An example of how this algorithm works is shown below based on the network depicted in Figure 3.
Nodes
1 hop Neighbours
2 hop Neighbours
MPR(s)
B
A, C, F, G
D, E
C
From the perspective of node B, both C and F cover all of node B‟s 2-hop neighbours. However, C is selected as
B‟s MPR as it has 5 neighbours while F only has 4 (C‟s degree is higher than F).
V. LITERATURE REVIEW
A Survey of Routing Protocols that Support QoS in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks[1], OLSR-based
QoS-aware routing protocol looks more promising than other routing protocols for QoS provisioning. The
attractive features of OLSR-based QoS-aware routing are proactive by nature, it does bandwidth estimation, no
other additional requirement etc. It has still some open issues which can be worked for future like MPR set setup,
selfish nature of MPR nodes, delay estimation is missing etc. So, these open issues have attracted to work on
OLSR-based routing protocol for QoS-provisioning in routing.
Quality of Service Routing in a MANET with OLSR [2],Bandwidth calculation is not done. It is
assumed that each node knows the bandwidth of communication link which is very difficult to find. Delay
estimation is not considered in this paper. Cross layer design is used which is very much challenging and
difficult to implement.
Intelligent OLSR Routing Protocol Optimization for VANETs[3] , The proposed algorithm is for
VANET not for MANET. MANET has slower mobility than VANET, so proposed algorithm can be suited to
MANET. Here, meta-heuristic and ns2 simulator are coupled to generate the solution, but in case of MANET it
is very difficult to find proper location for applying and implementing meta-heuristic. This coupling is also very
time-consuming.
Reputation-Based Cooperative Detection Model of Selfish Nodes in Cluster-Based QoS-OLSR
Protocol[4] ,Results shows that including reputation as one of the QoS metric does not affect the performance
and quality of service QoS of the network, whereas it makes the network more reliable and trustworthy. So by
including proposed mechanism we cannot have any enhancement in terms of performance or QoS of the
network. It just makes the network more reliable and trustworthy. And As a future work we can consider a
punishment system that will punish detected selfish nodes and malicious watchdog nodes that give false
detection as it was missing in current proposed mechanism.
The fuzzy based QMPR selection for OLSR routing protocol[5],The combination of FIS and ANN,
called Neuro-fuzzy can yield to better results, so in future there is a need to explore the combination of more
metrics in QMPR selection and other techniques like Neuro-fuzzy, fuzzy-genetic and other evolutionary
approaches for prediction or selection of quality nodes as MPR and other quality attributes of the nodes. Soft
computing technique is very challenging to incorporate in MANET, as well as it is difficult to include with
simulation tool. It consumes a lot of time to calculate a metric based on soft computing.
VI. CONLUDING REMARKS
The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is a table-driven and proactive routing protocol that was
designed for mobile ad hoc network. OLSR protocol is an optimization of the pure link state algorithm. The key
concept used in the protocol is that of Multi Point Relays (MPRs) which are selected nodes that forward
broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as
compared to a pure flooding mechanism where every node retransmits messages throughout the network.
OLSR-based QoS-aware routing protocol looks more promising than other
routing protocols for QoS provisioning. The attractive features of OLSR-based QoS-aware routing are it is
proactive, it does bandwidth estimation, no other additional requirement etc. It has still some open issues which
can be worked for future like MPR set setup, Scalability Problem, Node Mobility Problem, selfish nature of
MPR nodes etc.
Jalpesh D. Ghumaliya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014, pg. 89-93
© 2014, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 93
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work could not be completed without the valuable suggestion of various sources. At the very onset
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to internal guide Mr. Sandip Chauhan and computer science
department for their valuable guidance.
REFERENCES
[1] A Survey of Routing Protocols that Support QoS in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, by Lei Chen and Wendi B.
Heinzelman, IEEE Network, Nov/Dec 2007
[2] Quality of Service Routing in a MANET with OLSR, by Dang-Quan Nguyen, Pascale Minet, Journal of
Universal Computer Science, vol. 13, no. 1 (2007), 56-86
[3] Intelligent OLSR Routing Protocol Optimization for VANETs, by Jamal Toutouh, José García-Nieto, and
Enrique Alba, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 61, No. 4, May 2012
[4] Reputation-Based Cooperative Detection Model of Selfish Nodes in Cluster-Based QoS-OLSR Protocol, by
Nadia Moati, HadiOtrok, AzzamMourad, Wireless PersCommun, Springer Science, Business Media, New York,
2013
[5] The fuzzy based QMPR selection for OLSR routing protocol, by AshishKots, Manoj Kumar, Wireless Netw,
Springer Science, Business Media, New York, 2013.
