Review of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Security

Abstract

In the near future we know that vehicles will communicate with each other to make Vehicular ad hoc network and gives the concept of intelligent transportation system. In this paper we presented the review of security in VANET. Consequently, several researchers represented the attacks and solutions in vehicular communication We analyzed some of the security problems and proposed solutions to overcome it. We discussed the need for robust Vehicular Ad hoc networks, which is very strongly dependent on their security and privacy features. This paper will review the existing attacks in VANET in the perspective approach of security.We also provided the solutions to the particular attack in VANET.

Full text

International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing
Vol. 9, No. 11 (2016), pp.17-34
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2016.9.11.02
ISSN: 2005-4262 IJGDC
Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC
Review of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Security
Kuldeep Kumar and Sandeep Kumar Arora1*
1, 2 Discipline of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India-144411
Email: 1kuldeep.etah@yahoo.com, 2sandeep.16930@lpu.co.in
Abstract
In the near future we know that vehicles will communicate with each other to make
Vehicular ad hoc network and gives the concept of intelligent transportation system. In
this paper we presented the review of security in VANET. Consequently, several
researchers represented the attacks and solutions in vehicular communication We
analyzed some of the security problems and proposed solutions to overcome it. We
discussed the need for robust Vehicular Ad hoc networks, which is very strongly
dependent on their security and privacy features. This paper will review the existing
attacks in VANET in the perspective approach of security.We also provided the solutions
to the particular attack in VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), Attacks, Security, Privacy,Certificate
Authentication (CA)
1. Introduction
At the present time, road transportation and traffic activities are involved in our
important daily life. So new improvements in this area are going on day by day for
improving the safety and driving conditions. The number of vehicles on the roads has
been rising significantly, leading to increase in traffic-based issues such as accidents and
congestion. [1] Five million vehicles accidents and a combined price of accidents and
congestion totaling or so $300 billion are according annually within the USA. In
worldwide, more than 500 thousand people died in road traffic accidents every year and
this amount is increasing year by year and injures around fifty times of this number. Even
due to high traffic rate there is wastage of time and fuel.
The most important factors of traffic safety are driving, more accurate positioning,
weather information and early warnings of upcoming dangers (e.g. Traffic jam, accidents)
would be highly useful for driver. [3] For this we require a new type of technology known
as VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks) is being developed.
The Vehicular Ad hoc network is a subclass of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)
in which communication nodes are above all vehicles and this means that all nodes can
move easily within the network coverage and stay connected. Individual node can
communicate with each other in single hop or a multi hop. In Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks, communication is divided in to two different categories.
Sandeep Kumar Arora is the corresponding author.
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Figure 1. Categories of VANETs Communication
V2V is vehicles to vehicles communicate with each other. Furthermore, V2I vehicles
can communicate to an infrastructure i.e. vehicles communicate collected information to
the nearest Road Side Units(RSUs) in demand to distribute the information more rapidly
and more efficiently. Based on these communications in VANETs can offer a wide range
of services as shown in Figure 1.
In general, Wireless Ad hoc Network is node-to-node communications all nodes are
able to a router the data. There are two kinds of nodes:
(i) Road Side Units (RSUs) (ii) On Board Unit (OBUs)
In RSUs fixed nodes provisioned along the road and OBUs refers to express nodes
(i.e. Automobiles) which equipped mutually with the help of radio interference [6] are
produced comfort and online entertainment services (i.e. toll Payment, internet, music,
etc.) applications for passenger and driver. The facilities it offers in VANETs; intelligent
vehicular networks are used in wireless medium as shown in Figure 2. so different types
of attacks occurred in vehicular ad hoc network. This paper presents security issues and
challenges in vehicular communication.
Figure 2. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
The architecture of vehicular ad hoc networks contains several software and hardware
components which includes the seven layers namely physical layer, datalink layer,
network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, application layer, of the
Open System Interconnection (OSI) nodes. All layers are vulnerable to attacks. There are
many tools and techniques to deal with VANETs security is cryptography [4]. In this
paper, we are discussing the security challenges and main attacks on VANET and
additionally discussed the present resolution for these attacks.
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2. Related Work
Several researchers studied security and attacks related to vehicular communication. In
this paper, Khaleel Marshad [5], vehicles in a groups, and messages are forwarded to all
group members by the group leader. Hence, the privacy of all group members is secured
by privacy of the group leader. Furthermore, if group leader is selected malicious vehicle,
total group member’s privacy may be leaked. So this problem overcome by a used group
signature which is using a secure scheme in which unique group public key is related with
multiple group private keys. Even though an eavesdropper can know that a message is
sent by the group, it cannot recognize the sender of the message pseudonym is joined with
a group signature to avoid storage pseudonyms and licenses in vehicles. In [1] J.M. d.
Fuentes, A.I. González-Tablas, A. Ribagorda, they talked about overview of the security
issues with a cryptography point of view details or some presenting solutions. The
security of vehicular networks focused on a specific issue on include key management,
privacy, anonymity, reputation, and location.
In Raya and Hubaux [7], they discussed the security weaknesses and challenges in
vehicular ad hoc networks if Vehicular Ad hoc Network users use the same Identity
Document (ID) whenever send a message, a malicious node could hack to their message
and construct a profile of their positions, which exposes their privacy. It’s planned to
deceive attackers. Pseudonyms preserves the location privacy of a user by breaking the
likability between two locations. A vehicle can from time to time update its pseudonym.
The powerful enemy may still link new and old pseudonyms by monitoring the spatial
and temporary relations between both new and old locations. It’s were posed the three
techniques namely mix zones, silent period, and vehicular ad hoc anonymity.
The previous related works aware situation of VANETs security. In the following
sections, we aim to highlight security requirements in Vehicular ad hoc network, then
introduce in the possible attacks and solution in vehicular communication. The
consequently section will represent the different advances of characteristics and features
all these condition.
3. Characteristics of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
The characteristics of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks are mainly a combination of
wireless medium characteristics. A VANET can be utilized to offer following
characteristics in the communication. [11] VANETs has its own separate characteristics
given below.
1) High Mobility: - In VANETs, nodes are frequently moving at high speed. A node
positions predict and creating security of node privacy.
2) Unbounded networks size: - Vehicular network can be built for small city,
numerous cities, countries, and for worldwide. So network size in Vehicular ad hoc
network is geologically unbounded network size.
3) Anonymity of the support: - Wireless medium is generally used in data
transmission. Transmitter operating on the same frequency band can transmit and
hold the band for data transmission.
4) Rapidly changing network of dynamic topology: -The position of node changes
regularly due to high node mobility, dynamic topology in rapidly changing vehicular
network changes frequently.
5) Enough Energy: -The nodes do not have issue of energy and computation power
resources. Because we can provide power from battery also.
6) Frequent disconnections: -The rapidly changed network topology and high mobility
of nodes along with another different conditions such as weather, climate mass of
traffic perform disconnections of vehicles.
7) Better Physical Protection: - Vehicular Ad hoc network nodes are physically
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superior protected. Thus, nodes are more challenging to settlement physically and
decreases the effect of infrastructure attack in VANETs.
8) Availability of the transmission medium: - The transmission medium of Vehicular
Ad hoc Network is air. We can transmit the data wirelessly but in wireless
transmission the major concern is security advantages in Inter Vehicular.
Communication (IVC), becomes the starting point of some security matters.
9) Time Critical: - The information in vehicular ad hoc network should be delivered to
the node with in real limit so a choice will be created by the nodes and perform action
consequently.
10) Energy storage and computing: - Unlike alternative kinds of mobile networks,
VANETs don't suffer from issues of energy, computing capability or storage failure.
However, real-time operation demands huge quantity of data could be a challenge to
stay in mind.
11) Wireless Communication: - VANETs is intended for wireless surroundings. All
nodes are connected and conversation their information through the wireless
communication. Hence, some security can be implemented over it.
12) Limited bandwidth: - The standardized DSRC band (5.850–5.925 GHz) for VANET
are often thought-about as restricted, the dimension of the complete band is just
seventy-five megahertz rate. Restrictions of use in some countries recommend that
these seventy-five megahertz rate are not at all allowed and the most theoretical
output is twenty-seven Mbps.
13) Limited transmission power: - The transmission power is restricted within the
WAVE design, that limits the gap that information will reach. [2] This distance is up
to one thousand meter. However, in sure specific cases like emergency and public
safety, it's allowed to transmit with a better power.
14) Attenuations: - Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) band has conjointly
transmission issues associated with digital transmission with such frequencies, like
reflection, optical phenomenon, dispersion, differing kinds of fading, losses and
propagation delays thanks to multi-path reflections.
4. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Applications
VANETs will play important role will be applications classified into two general types.
[3][4][7].
A. Safety Related Applications
There are some applications used to increase for safety. There applications will be
categorized in subsequent manner.
1) Collision Avoidance: If drivers were provided a warning a second before collisions
so that seventy percentage accidents will be avoided [4]. If driver come to be warning
messages on time, collisions will be avoided.
2) Cooperative Driving: Driver will send signal for traffic related warnings like lane
amendment warnings, curve speed warnings, etc. There signal will cooperate the
motive force for associate interrupts and safe driving.
3) Traffic optimization: Traffics will optimize by way of utilization causation signal
like accidents, traffic jams etc. towards the vehicles so that they will be opted for
their alternative paths and may save the time also.
B. User Based Applications
VANETs is utilized to supply subsequent services for the users excluding protection.
1) Peer to peer applications: These applications is helpful to produce facilities like
sharing movies, music, etc. amongst the vehicle within the networks.
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2) Internets Connectivity: Individual users always need to connects with the net every
time. Therefore, Vehicular ad hoc network offers the constant connect to the internet.
3) Other type of services: VANETs may be used in alternative users primarily based
on applications like all payments facilities to gather the toll taxes, to find the nearest
fuel stations, eating place such as restaurant etc.
4) Driver-oriented applications: To assist the drivers on the road if it receives data
concerning the risks ahead, traffic, etc. [3]
5) Vehicle-oriented applications: In this application, permitting to provide data to their
vehicles to extend automation and improve road safety.
6) Passenger-oriented applications: For the comfort of the user with new on-board
services (e.g. documentary, web access). Infrastructure-oriented application so as to
form higher use of road infrastructure.
In general, we tend to conclude that the majority of the analysis in papers VANET
measures much in agreement that the most applications dedicated for conveyance
networks may be sorted into three categories.
C. Applications for road safety: It’s mainly enhance travel safety and scale back
road accidents, VANET applications offer collisions shunning and road work,
detection of mobile and stuck obstacles and dissemination of weather data. During
this class of applications, we find e.g.: Slow/Stop Vehicle Advisor, Emergency
Electronic stoplight. [7] Post-Crash Notification, “Road Hazard Management
Notification” collaborate Collision Warning.
D. Applications for driver assistance: They aim to facilitate driving and assist the
motive force in specific things like passing vehicles, bar of channel outputs, detection
and warning of holdup, warning of potential traffic jams, etc. During this class we
discover e.g.: engorged road notification, parking available notification, toll plaza
collections. [7]
E. Applications of passenger’s comfort: These applications area unit for the
comfort of the motive force and passengers, they basically give services like mobile
web access, messaging, discussion between vehicles, cooperative network games,
etc. within the remainder of this section we have a tendency to limit ourselves to the
outline of some services and samples of applications of vehicle-to- vehicle
communication systems.
5. Various Challenges and Issues in VANETs
VANET differentiates a unique network although the characteristics. However,
deployment of the VANETs to some characteristics executes to some challenges. These
are may be categorized into subsequent classes. [11]
A. Technical Challenges
The technical challenges cope up with the technical obstacles that ought to be resolved
before the preparation of VANET. Some challenges areas are given below.
1) Network Management: In VANETs channel condition modification and topology
changes frequently due to high mobility. we can’t use tree like structures due to
freely change in topology.
2) Congestion and collision control: In rush hour, the traffic is more in urban area as
compared to the urban area. [4]
3) Environmental Impact: The electromagnetic (EM) waves are used for vehicular ad-
hoc network communication. EM waves are highly effected due to atmosphere.
Hence, to deploy the VANET the environmental effect needs to be measured.
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4) MAC Design: Shared medium is used to speak in VANET therefore the medium
access control is that the key issue. Various approaches used in VANET are TDMA,
SDMA, and CSMA [15] etc.
5) Security: The purpose of VANET is to provide the road safety application. Hence
messages should be secure.
B. Social and Economic Challenges
Social and economy also create challenges in VANET. It's hard to design such a
system which tells about traffic rule violation [1] because this kind of system are rejected
by user but the warning message of police trap is appreciated by them. Therefore, to
encourage the manufacturers to deploy Vehicular ad hoc network can get very little
incentives.
6. Security Challenge of VANETs
A. Security issues in VANETs
Security got less attention to this point. The packets contain life critical information in
VANET hence it is necessary to made send packets so it is not changed by the attacker. In
VANETs security [6] is major concern as compare to general communication. The
difficult to implementation to makes size of network, high mobility, geographically
relevancy etc.
B. Security Challenges in VANETs
The various security challenges are planning of VANET design, security protocols,
scientific discipline formula, cryptographic algorithm solution etc. The subsequent list
presents some security challenges. [11]
1) Real time Constraint: Vehicular ad hoc network is time critical wherever safety
connected message ought to be delivered with 100ms transmission delay. Therefore,
to realize real time constraint, fastest cryptographic algorithmic rule ought to be used.
Message and entity authentication should be tired time.
2) Data Consistency Liability: In VANETs even verification of node will perform
malicious activities which will cause accidents or disturb the network. Therefore, a
mechanism ought to be designed to avoid this inconsistency. Correlation among the
received information from totally different node on explicit data might avoid this sort
of inconsistency.
3) Low tolerance for error: The basis of probability is design some protocols in
VANET. In VANETs, life critical information is used and action performed for very
short time. In probabilistic formula occurrence of small error might cause problem.
4) Key Distribution: VANETs is a key dependent safety mechanism. Every encrypted
message is decrypted at receiver side either with same key or completely different
key. [2] Every manufacturer uses different security mechanism for installation of
keys and in case of public key infrastructure trust on CA become a big issue.
Therefore, distribution of keys among vehicles may be a major challenge in planning
a security protocols.
5) High Mobility: The mobility is a major issue because the speed of the vehicles is
unpredictable.
6) Low complexity security algorithms: In VANET some current security protocols
like DTLS, SSL/TLS, WTLS [4] usually uses RSA based public key cryptography.
RSA algorithmic program uses NP-Hard resolution on prime no. as it requires more
time hence we go for less time consuming algorithm like ECC (Elliptic curve
cryptography) For bulk encryption AES may be used.
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7) Transport protocol choice: For secure dealings over informatics we prefer DTLS
over TLS as DTLS operates over connectionless transport layer. IPsec needs several
messages to set up to avoid IP traffic. When vehicles don't seem to be in motion we
can use IPsec and TLS.
C. Security Requirements in VANETs
VANETs should satisfy some security necessities before they're deployed. [10] A
security system in VANET ought to satisfy the subsequent necessities.
1) Authentication: It means the message is generated by authentic user.
2) Availability: Data should be offered to the authentic users which can overcome the
DoS attack.
3) Non-Repudiation: Non-repudiation suggests that a node cannot deny that he doesn't
transmit the message. it's going to be crucial to work out the proper sequence in crash
re-establish.
4) Privacy: Privacy of the node should be maintained.
5) Data Verification: A regular verification is required to maintain the integrity of the
data.
7. Security Challenges of VANETs
A. Attackers on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
VANETs is to be secure that initial we've got to know who exist the offender, their
capability and nature to crash the systems. These attackers of capability are also divided
into three types:
1) Outsider and Insider: Outsiders area unit the intruders and thus restricted capability
to attacks and whereas Insider area unit the attested memberships of networks.
2) Rational and Malicious: Rational attacker have only private profits. Whereas
malicious attacker hasn’t at all personal profits to attacks, they only injured the
function of the networks.
3) Active and Passive: Active attacker generate signals or packet whereas passive
attacker solely senses the networks.
B. Attacks in the VANETs
To get higher protection from the attackers we have the tendency to have the data
regarding the attacks in VANET against security needs. Attacks on completely different
security demand are shown in Figure 3. [7]
Impersonate: In this type of attack malicious node assumes that the privileges and
identity of a licensed nodes, furthermore to form uses of networks resource that will not
offered there to disrupt the conventional function of the networks or to under traditional
circumstances. This attack is performed by active attacker and they will be insider’s or
outsider’s attacker.
These attacks are multilayers attacks mean that attackers will exploits either transport
layer, application layer, or network layer, susceptibility. These attacks are often
performing in two behaviors.
(i) False Attributes Possession (ii) Sybil Attribute
i) False attributes possession: Under this category of attack, the attacker steals some
properties of authorized user and it try to profess of being authorized user [8] and try to
send messages. Hence any vehicle can claim to be a police, ambulance or fire brigade and
give command to free the traffic.
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ii) Sybil Attribute: Mainly in this kind of attacks, attackers use totally different identity
on identical times.
1) Session hi-jacking: The beginning of the sessions most of authentication method is
finished. Therefore, it's straight forward the session to hijack after connections in the
network. Attacker lead of session between node during in this types of attacks.
2) Identify revealing: In general, the vehicles obtaining owner’s identity by owner is
itself driver so identity will be place the privacy’s in danger.
3) Position Tracking: The position of a given moments or the trail follow on an
amount your time is accustomed track the vehicles and acquire info of drivers.
4) Repudiation: This is often completely different from the impersonate attack. During
this attack or additional entity has common identity hence it's simple to want
indistinguishable and hence they'll be repudiation.
5) Eavesdropping: It’s a most typical attack on confidentiality. This attack is
performing over to network layer attack and passive in nature. The goal of this attack
is to induce the access of confidential information.
Figure 3. Classifications of Attacks and Solutions
6) Denial of Service: DoS attack is very crucial in which the services are not offered to
nodes properly due to the attack performed by the attacker node. [8]
(i) Jamming: The attacker will sense the frequency on which the user is transmitting the
data and try to jam the data.
(ii) Synchronize Flooding: During this method, giant number of synchronize request is
transported to the casualty node, spoofing the despatcher address. The casualty node
sends back the Synchronizer acknowlegement to the spoofed address however
casualty node doesn't get any acknowlegement packets reciprocally. [2] A casualty
node’s buffer by this result to half opens association to holder. As a significance, the
genuine request is rejected.
(iii) Distributed DoS attack: It is one more type denial of service attack. During this type
of attack, so many attackers attacks the casualty node and avoids genuine user from
get into the service.
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7) Routing attack: During this attack, the assaulter either disturbs or drop the packets
The common routing attacks occur in the VANETs is given below [7][12]
i) Black Hole attack: During in this kind of attack, offender first of all attracts the nodes
to transmit the packet through itself. It is done by continuous causing the malicious route
reply with contemporary route and low hop count. Once attracting the node, once the
packet is forwarded through this node, it mutely drops the packet as shown in Figure. 4.
Figure 4. Black Hole Attack
ii) Worm Hole attack: In this type of attack somebody receives packets at one point
within the network, tunnels them to a different purpose within the network, so replays
them into the network from that time. This tunnel between two adversaries referred to as
wormhole. It is often established through one long-range wireless link or a wired link
between the 2 adversaries. Therefore, it's easy for the somebody to form the tunneled
packet arrive before different packets transmitted over a traditional multi-hop route as
shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Worm Hole Attack
iii) Gray Hole attack: This is the extension lead of black hole attack. During this kind of
attack, the malicious node behaves just like the black hole attack however it drops the
packet by selection as shown in Figure 6. This choice can be of two kinds:
a) A work of attacker node is to drop the packet of User datagram protocol (UDP).
However, the transmission control protocol packets are going to be forward.
b) The premise of probabilistic distribution on attacker node will drop the packet.
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Figure 6. Gray Hole Attacks
8. Cryptographic Primitives and Tools
A. Cryptographic primitive:
We denote by cryptography primitives, all the protection services that cryptography
provided. Fashionable cryptography offers many security techniques like confidentiality,
authentication, integrity, non-repudiation, secret sharing, etc. To satisfy these security
services, cryptography uses ways like encryption/decryption algorithms, Keys generation
and exchange protocols, hash functions, digital signature and other alternative techniques.
Within the following we have a tendency to primarily trust the known reference [14] of
Bruce Schneider for the presentation of the various science primitives.
1) Confidentiality: It's the primary weakness that has been display to cryptography.
Confidentiality is to confirm that messages will solely be browse by those that are
licensed. In a VANET, the data changed is generally public, except those associated
with the privacy of users.
2) Authentication: It permits the receiver to verify the origin of the info, and if the
establishment is that the one who claims to be. VANET user must not be able to pass
for somebody else. The digital signature is one solution to be provided here.
3) Integrity: It means the receiver is ready to confirm that the received message is that
the message that has been issued and it's not been altered in transit associate assailant
shouldn't be able to modify messages. Unidirectional hash functions type the premise
solutions set for integrity issues. It ought to be noted that within the literature, the
term “authenticity” means that each authentication and integrity, and it's typically
confused in use with authentication.
4) Non-repudiation: It's to confirm that a player cannot deny taking done associate
action. During a VANET context, a vehicle shouldn't be able to deny causation a
warning e.g. or having done associate attack.
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Figure 7. The Principle of Encryption Decryption.
B. Encryption/Decryption
The principle of coding and coding of a message, delineated schematically in Figure 7.,
is as follows: associate algorithmic rule for encryption/decryption, that could be a set of
information operations process supported mathematical functions, receives as input a
transparent message associated a coding key, then as a result it outputs associate
encrypted message. The encryption/decryption algorithmic rule receives as input associate
encrypted message and a coding key, then as a result it outputs the corresponding clear
message.
C. Symmetric Cryptography
Also known as secret key cryptography. For this method, the coding key are often
simply calculated from the encoding key, in apply it takes a similar. [2] Security in
cruciform cryptography relies on the flexibility to stay the key secret between act parties.
If the key's discovered the system is compromised. Their ability that each parties have
access to the key key's one among the most drawbacks of cruciform cryptography as
compared to uneven one.
D. Asymmetric Cryptography
Also referred to as public key cryptography. The principle of Functioning is as follows:
every user encompasses a combine of keys, one personal key that he should keep secret,
and therefore the alternative public key that he should build it on the market to the general
public. If we tend to write with the general public key, solely the personal key will
decipher and the other way around. it's much not possible (time and resources) to see e.g.
the personal key knowing the general public one and the other way around. uneven
cryptography may be utilized in coding, however compared to trigonal algorithms it's
sometimes slower. it's in the main utilized in the key exchange procedures and in digital
signature authentication tool through digital certificates. the general public key
cryptography solves many issues that secret key cryptography doesn't succeed. many
projected public key cryptographies primarily based solutions for a few security problems
in VANETs are going to be mentioned later.
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E. PKI, Digital Certificates and Timestamping
The management of personal and public keys for an outsized variety of users’ needs the
institution of a PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), that may be a set of computer code,
hardware and procedures elements. [2] A PKI will give many security services, the
foremost necessary is to be a trust third party between digital counterparts. PKI ensures
that role through the certification authority (CA), therefore it signed, delivers associate in
nursing carry on so far digital certificates that represent a digital ID for an entity. In fact, a
certificate is associate in electronic file (can be hold on in several forms), that binds along
a public key with associate in nursing identity with the guarantee of the certification
authority. A certificate permits to manifest and sign (signing certificates) and additionally
cipher messages (encryption certificates). Timestamping is additionally among the
services that PKI will give. It certifies that an occasion send happens at a given time. The
time stamping faces essentially to authentication and non-repudiation attacks in a very
VANET context, many solutions e.g. propose the creation of a PKI associated with
VANETs named VPKI (Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure) [6,13], and propose the
utilization of digital certificates as a technique of fast authentication in a very conveyance
network. This proposed resolution is mentioned later for a few connected attacks.
WE HAVE MENTIONED SOME IMPORTANT SOLUTIONS. PROVIDES THE
COMPARISON AMONG ALL SOLUTIONS.
Table 1. Vanet Attacks and its Solutions
Serial
No.
VANET
ATTACKS
Safety
Requirement
VANET
Solutions
Technology
1
2
Denial of
Service(DOS)
Greedy
Black hole
Gray hole
Sinkhole
Wormhole
Malware
Masquerading
Spamming
Tunneling
1. Availability
2. Authentication
1.Availability
2.Authentication
3.Integrity
4.Confidentiality
5.Non-repudiation
Use bit
commitment and
signature
primarily based
authentication
mechanisms that
reduces the
impact of
virtually of DOS
attacks
For these attacks,
cryptography
doesn't supply
real solutions,
however bound
urged actions will
scale back black
effects, like
digital signature
of package and
sensors.
Use trustworthy
hardware that it's
much not possible
1.One Way
Hash
Function
2.Symmtric
Cryptography
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3
4
Jamming
Sybil attack
1.Availability
1.Availability
2. Authentication
to vary existing
protocols and
values, except by
approved
Switch the
transmission and
use the frequency
hopping
technique FHSS
(Frequency
Hopping Spread
Spectrum) that
involves scientific
discipline
algorithmic rules
to get pseudo-
random numbers
for the hopping
algorithm. This
proposal needs a
modification of
the used
customary that
presently permits
solely the OFDM
In the case of the
presence of
authentic and
secure links with
sure nodes, [14]
proposes to scale
back the impact
of the Sybil attack
by corroboratory
unknown nodes
with the strategy
of secure location
verification. For
this methodology,
[6] proposes the
employment of
approved
certification
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Vol. 9, No. 11 (2016)
30 Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC
5
6
7
8
9
Routing Attack
Eavesdropping
Traffic analysis
Replay Attack
Node
impersonation
1. Authentication
1. Confidentiality
1.Confidentiality
1.Authentication
2.Integrity
1.Integrity
2.Authentication
3.Non-repudiation
Safe and Efficient
Ad hoc Distance
Vector
Encrypt solely
knowledge that
has
preponderating
importance and
that manipulation
puts in risk the
privacy of the
motive force
(positioning
information,
vehicle
identification
information.
Same proposition
as eavesdropping.
Use algorithms
like VIPER for
V2I
communication
Use timestamping
technique for
packets that their
replay is
dangerous [8].
For this
proposition, we
have a tendency
to encountered
the matter of your
time
synchronization
between entities.
Use variables
MAC and IP
informatics
addresses for
V2V and V2I
communications
 demonstrate
via digital
certificates [9].
 Strengthening
the
authentication
1. Symmetric
Cryptography
2. MAC
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---
1. Symmetric
Cryptography
2.MAC
1.Cryptographic
Certificate
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Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC 31
10
11
12
13
14
Man in the
middle attack
Information
Disclosure
Timing attack
False Warning
Brute force
1.Authentication
2.Integrity
3.Confidentiality
1.Privacy
1. Availability
1. Authentication
2.MessageIntegrity
3. Nonrepudiation
1.Confidentiality
mechanism
victimization
distance
bounding
protocols
supported
cryptologic
techniques like
bit
commitment
and zero-
knowledge.
Use a powerful
authentication
technique like
digital certificates
and zero-
knowledge
Secure Message
Transmission and
Non-Disclosure
Method
Use the
timestamping
mechanism for
packets of delay-
sensitive
applications. For
this proposition,
we tend to
encountered the
matter of your
time
synchronization
between the
entities
Genuine and
Authentic
Routing for Ad
hoc network
Use sturdy
encoding and key
generation
algorithms
unbreakable
---
1. Asymmetric
Cryptography
---
1.Cryptographic
Certificate
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32 Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC
15
16
17
Resource
Consumption
Key and/or
certificate
Replication
GPS
spoofing/Position
1. Availability
2. Authentication
1.Authentication
2.Confidentiality
1.Privacy
2.Authentication
among an
inexpensive time
period [8]. This
prohibits access
to info to people
who aren't
allowed.
Safe and Efficient
Ad hoc Distance
Vector
Use certified and
disposable keys.
Check the
validity of digital
certificates in real
time via CRL
(Certificate
Revocation List)
[1], which
represents a real
hard problem in
VANETs.
Use cross
certification
between the
different
certification
authorities
involved in
VANETs security
scheme
Use strong
encryption and
key generation
algorithms
unbreakable
within a
reasonable
running time [8].
This prohibits
access to
information to
those who are not
allowed.
Use bit
commitment and
1.One Way
Hash
Function
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International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing
Vol. 9, No. 11 (2016)
Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC 33
9. Conclusion
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have become widespread in Intelligent
Transportation Systems. They have been designed to supply road safety and services for
passenger’s comfort. Given their importance associated with the security of humans’
lives, VANETs attract attackers and represent a favorites target for many kinds of attacks
that consequences vary from negligible to severe. Therefore, securing VANETs poses an
excellent challenge. During this paper, and when reviewing the assorted recent aspects of
VANETs of art just like standardization, routing protocols, comes and applications, we
tend to determine the existing security problems in VANETs and classify them from a
cryptography purpose of read. Also, we studied and compare the assorted cryptography
solutions that are on an individual basis planned for these attacks and judge their potency.
Even a crucial interest has been given by the analysis to the topic, it's noteworthy that the
utilization of recent ideas, together with homomorphic coding and ID-based cryptography
alternative future works to hide the weaknesses of the prevailing schemes and adapt to the
intrinsic options of conveyance communication. Thus, our analysis is one step nearer
towards the planning and development of effective security schemes to support the
protection of vital services supported by VANETs.
References
[1] J. M. de Fuentes, A. I. G. Tablas and A. Ribagorda, "Overview of Security issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks", Handbook of Research on Mobility and Computing, (2010).
[2] M. N. Mejri, J. B. Othman, M. Hamdib, “Survey on VANET security challenges and possible
cryptographic solutions”, (2014).
[3] X. Lin, “Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network”, IEEE communications magazine, (2008), pp. 88-95.
[4] R. S. Raw, M. Kumar and N. Singh, “Security Challenges, Issues and their Solutions for VANET”, vol.
5, no. 2, (2013), pp. 1-6.
[5] K. Mershad and H. Artail, “A Framework for Secure and Efficient Data Acquisition in Vehicular Ad
Hoc Networks”, vol. 62, no. 2, (2013), pp.23-30.
[6] A. Burg, “Ad hoc network pecific attacks”, Seminar Ad hoc Networking: Concepts, Applications, and
Security, 2003, Technische Universitat Munchen, (2003).
[7] M. Raya, “The Security of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks”, SASN’05, Alexandria, Verginia, USA,
(2005), pp. 11-21
[8] G. M. T. Abdalla, M. A. AbuRgheff and S. M. Senouci, “Current Trends in Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks”, University of Plymouth, UK, (2013).
[9] L. Bariah, D. Shehada, E. Salahat and C. Y. Yeun, “Recent Advances in VANET Security: A Survey”,
Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, (2015).
[10] S. Zeadally, R. Hunt, Y. S. Chen, A. Irwin and A. Hassan, “Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs):
status, results, and challenges”, Telecommun. Syst., vol. 50, no. 4, (2012), pp. 217–241.
[11] A. Hamieh, J. Ben-Othman and L. Mokdad, “Detection of radio interference attacks in VANET”,
Global Telecommunications Conference, (2009), pp. 1–5.
[12] S Balasubramani, S. K. Rani and K. Suja Rajeswari, “Review on Security Attacks and Mechanism in
VANET and MANET”,Vehicular Communications, vol. 5,no. 3, (2016), pp. 35-45.
[13] G. Samara, W. A. H. Al-Salihy and R. Sures, “Security Analysis of Vehicular Ad Hoc
Networks(VANET)”, Universiti Sains Malaysia, (2010).
[14] S. V. Menezes and D. Hankerson, “Guide to elliptic curve cryptography”, Springer Professional
Computing Springer, New York, (2004).
[15] P. Papadimitratos and Z. J. Haas, “Secure Data Transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network”, ACM
Workshop on Wireless Security, San Diego, CA, September, (2003).
Faking
signature based
mechanisms with
positioning
systems to accept
only authentic
location data
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International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing
Vol. 9, No. 11 (2016)
34 Copyright ⓒ 2016 SERSC
Authors
Kuldeep Kumar, he is currently pursuing M. TECH in
Electronics and Communication Engineering with Spl. in Wireless
Communication Systems at Lovely Professional University, India.
His research interests include Adhoc Networks and Cryptography.
Sandeep Kumar Arora, he is currently pursuing Ph. D. in
Electronics & Electrical Engineering with Spl. in Design of
Secure Initiation Protocol in VANET. He is working as an Asst. Prof.
in Lovely Professional University since 2011. His research interest
includes Wireless Sensor Networks, Computer Networks, Adhoc
Networks Communications and Cryptography. He is a member of
IEEE and also the author of more than one dozen research papers
indexed in S.
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