ArticlePDF Available

Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education and training: Systematic literature review

Authors:
Jessica Sharon Putranto
Jessica Sharon Putranto
Jessica Sharon Putranto
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Jonathan Heriyanto
Jonathan Heriyanto
Jonathan Heriyanto
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Kenny
Kenny
Kenny
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Said Achmad at Binus University
Said Achmad
Show all 5 authorsHide
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract and Figures

Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear natural, immersing the user in their surroundings. Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) experiments have been applied in sports education and training. These can significantly contribute to and improve decision-making, such as prediction. This study aims to determine insights into the current state of virtual reality applications in sports. This exploration would lead to the most effective way to implement virtual reality technologies in sports education and training. A systematic search was performed in the most influential scientific electronic databases (e.g., Google Scholar) between 2010 to 2022. After reviewing past research on the issue, the researcher formulates research questions. We identified 30 related samples out of 995 searched articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. There is a significant increasing pattern of VR application in sports education and training. In addition, the most popular method to implement VR in sports education and training is using a head-mounted display (HMD) combined with a motion capture system. This research aims to provide effectiveness, benefit, problems, and possible solution for VR implementation in sports education and training. Through this article, we hope future researchers can provide a new approach to VR technology in sports education and training.
Figures - uploaded by Said Achmad
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Said Achmad
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Said Achmad
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Said Achmad on Jan 18, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2022
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.139
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.139 1877-0509
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientic committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2022
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2022
7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education
and training: Systematic literature review
Jessica Sharon Putrantoa, Jonathan Heriyantoa, Kennya, Said Achmada*, Aditya
Kurniawana,∗
aComputer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear natural, immersing the user in
their surroundings. Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) experiments have been applied in sports education and training. These can
significantly contribute to and improve decision-making, such as prediction. This study aims to determine insights into the current
state of virtual reality applications in sports. This exploration would lead to the most effective way to implement virtual reality
technologies in sports education and training. A systematic search was performed in the most influential scientific electronic
databases (e.g., Google Scholar) between 2010 to 2022. After reviewing past research on the issue, the researcher formulates
research questions. We identified 30 related samples out of 995 searched articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. There is a
significant increasing pattern of VR application in sports education and training. In addition, the most popular method to implement
VR in sports education and training is using a head-mounted display (HMD) combined with a motion capture system. This research
aims to provide effectiveness, benefit, problems, and possible solution for VR implementation in sports education and training.
Through this article, we hope future researchers can provide a new approach to VR technology in sports education and training.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
and Computational Intelligence 2022
Keywords: Virtual Reality; Virtual Environment; Motion capture system; Interactive Training; Sport Education; Sport Skill Improvement; .
1.
Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with realistic-looking images and objects that gives
the user the feeling completely immersed in their surroundings. This use of computer technology can be perceived
through an external component or device called a head-mounted display, best known as a VR helmet. A head-mounted
display allows users to experience the virtual surroundings thoroughly as long as they wear the helmet. These days
many technologies are growing rapidly and are major tools to help people in their daily activities.
VR technology is one of the technologies with the most promising future development prospects [1]. Several
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: said.achmad@binus.edu; adkurniawan@binus.edu
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2022
7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education
and training: Systematic literature review
Jessica Sharon Putrantoa, Jonathan Heriyantoa, Kennya, Said Achmada*, Aditya
Kurniawana,∗
aComputer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear natural, immersing the user in
their surroundings. Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) experiments have been applied in sports education and training. These can
significantly contribute to and improve decision-making, such as prediction. This study aims to determine insights into the current
state of virtual reality applications in sports. This exploration would lead to the most effective way to implement virtual reality
technologies in sports education and training. A systematic search was performed in the most influential scientific electronic
databases (e.g., Google Scholar) between 2010 to 2022. After reviewing past research on the issue, the researcher formulates
research questions. We identified 30 related samples out of 995 searched articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. There is a
significant increasing pattern of VR application in sports education and training. In addition, the most popular method to implement
VR in sports education and training is using a head-mounted display (HMD) combined with a motion capture system. This research
aims to provide effectiveness, benefit, problems, and possible solution for VR implementation in sports education and training.
Through this article, we hope future researchers can provide a new approach to VR technology in sports education and training.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
and Computational Intelligence 2022
Keywords: Virtual Reality; Virtual Environment; Motion capture system; Interactive Training; Sport Education; Sport Skill Improvement; .
1.
Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with realistic-looking images and objects that gives
the user the feeling completely immersed in their surroundings. This use of computer technology can be perceived
through an external component or device called a head-mounted display, best known as a VR helmet. A head-mounted
display allows users to experience the virtual surroundings thoroughly as long as they wear the helmet. These days
many technologies are growing rapidly and are major tools to help people in their daily activities.
VR technology is one of the technologies with the most promising future development prospects [1]. Several
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: said.achmad@binus.edu; adkurniawan@binus.edu
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2022
7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education
and training: Systematic literature review
Jessica Sharon Putrantoa, Jonathan Heriyantoa, Kennya, Said Achmada*, Aditya
Kurniawana,∗
aComputer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear natural, immersing the user in
their surroundings. Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) experiments have been applied in sports education and training. These can
significantly contribute to and improve decision-making, such as prediction. This study aims to determine insights into the current
state of virtual reality applications in sports. This exploration would lead to the most effective way to implement virtual reality
technologies in sports education and training. A systematic search was performed in the most influential scientific electronic
databases (e.g., Google Scholar) between 2010 to 2022. After reviewing past research on the issue, the researcher formulates
research questions. We identified 30 related samples out of 995 searched articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. There is a
significant increasing pattern of VR application in sports education and training. In addition, the most popular method to implement
VR in sports education and training is using a head-mounted display (HMD) combined with a motion capture system. This research
aims to provide effectiveness, benefit, problems, and possible solution for VR implementation in sports education and training.
Through this article, we hope future researchers can provide a new approach to VR technology in sports education and training.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
and Computational Intelligence 2022
Keywords: Virtual Reality; Virtual Environment; Motion capture system; Interactive Training; Sport Education; Sport Skill Improvement; .
1.
Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with realistic-looking images and objects that gives
the user the feeling completely immersed in their surroundings. This use of computer technology can be perceived
through an external component or device called a head-mounted display, best known as a VR helmet. A head-mounted
display allows users to experience the virtual surroundings thoroughly as long as they wear the helmet. These days
many technologies are growing rapidly and are major tools to help people in their daily activities.
VR technology is one of the technologies with the most promising future development prospects [1]. Several
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: said.achmad@binus.edu; adkurniawan@binus.edu
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
1877-0509© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
Computational Intelligence 2022
7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education
and training: Systematic literature review
Jessica Sharon Putrantoa, Jonathan Heriyantoa, Kennya, Said Achmada*, Aditya
Kurniawana,∗
aComputer Science Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear natural, immersing the user in
their surroundings. Numerous Virtual Reality (VR) experiments have been applied in sports education and training. These can
significantly contribute to and improve decision-making, such as prediction. This study aims to determine insights into the current
state of virtual reality applications in sports. This exploration would lead to the most effective way to implement virtual reality
technologies in sports education and training. A systematic search was performed in the most influential scientific electronic
databases (e.g., Google Scholar) between 2010 to 2022. After reviewing past research on the issue, the researcher formulates
research questions. We identified 30 related samples out of 995 searched articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria. There is a
significant increasing pattern of VR application in sports education and training. In addition, the most popular method to implement
VR in sports education and training is using a head-mounted display (HMD) combined with a motion capture system. This research
aims to provide effectiveness, benefit, problems, and possible solution for VR implementation in sports education and training.
Through this article, we hope future researchers can provide a new approach to VR technology in sports education and training.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
and Computational Intelligence 2022
Keywords: Virtual Reality; Virtual Environment; Motion capture system; Interactive Training; Sport Education; Sport Skill Improvement; .
1.
Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with realistic-looking images and objects that gives
the user the feeling completely immersed in their surroundings. This use of computer technology can be perceived
through an external component or device called a head-mounted display, best known as a VR helmet. A head-mounted
display allows users to experience the virtual surroundings thoroughly as long as they wear the helmet. These days
many technologies are growing rapidly and are major tools to help people in their daily activities.
VR technology is one of the technologies with the most promising future development prospects [1]. Several
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: said.achmad@binus.edu; adkurniawan@binus.edu
294 Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300
288
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
business sectors have their computer specialists apply VR technology so it can bring additional benefits for their
businesses, as an example in the healthcare industry EaseVRx. The FDA approved a prescription -only pain reliever
for use in adults. In the tourism industry Thomas Cook a global travel agency company launched a VR experience
named ‘Try Before You Fly’, where potential clients could experience the holiday in their wished destination in virtual
reality before making a reservation.
Meanwhile, virtual reality is being promoted in sports activities as a technique for athletes to lessen the chance of
injury while training. Most sports education and training is originally located in an open room where many obstacles
can be encountered. Unpredictable weather, extreme or more advanced training venues that will only be suitable for
some, and other stumbling blocks from particular seasons [2] are some of the examples. These obstacles form an idea
to use VR for sports training and education. Implementing virtual technology in training sessions will overcome many
hurdles in regular training and increase the training efficiency with additional digital tools [3]. One of the additional
tools that are mostly used to enhance the implementation of VR technology is the motion capture device.
Motion capture is a process of capturing people’s movement digitally. In sports, motion capture is mainly used to
track people’s movement so we can process it to make an output. For example, in baseball VR training, by tracking the
movement when people hit the ball, we can estimate the ball’s speed and where the ball lands [4]. Using motion capture
in training, athletes can train anywhere and anytime as long as all the equipment needed is available. Furthermore,
because of the reasons before, motion capture can be used to improve athletes’ skills in training.
This study aims to summarize the implementation of VR, especially in sports education, as a training tool to
improve athletes’ skills and overcome the shortcomings of the traditional teaching method.
2.
Literature Review
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in physical education could be an alternative to overcome the
lack of facilities and environment in sports education. Various methods of using ICT, such as the internet, various
software, and simulation program utilization, can provide opportunities for various experiences by overcoming the
limitation of space and time [5]. VR is one of the technologies that could overcome that limitation by providing
numerical simulation and an immersive, interactive environment [6]. However, we still need to find out whether VR
implementation could develop one’s skills and how effective VR is compared to other methods of learning and training
[3].
VR is broadly defined as an environment where users can accept and respond to artificial stimulation in natural
ways[7, 8]. VR can bring users into an environment that was not generally available because of price, security, or
other obstacles [9]. In the past few years, the function and benefit of VR technologies have significantly impacted the
quality improvement of many aspects of daily life. VR technologies have been used in many fields, such as motion -
learning, sports, and many more [10]. The training tool is one of many examples of VR technologies functions in the
sports field. Sports training has been a general VR application, considering that VR technologies help users to analyze
and improve their performance in respective sports branches [11, 1]. Applying VR technologies in physical education
also effectively solves the shortcomings of traditional training methods and brings more innovations to make it more
interactive [12, 13].
With the increase in VR popularity, some real-life sports activities could be translated into virtual activities to
overcome space limitations. The usage of VR for sports training even has an impact on increasing real-life performance
for some users. Specifically, by playing and exercising simultaneously, users could improve their health and physical
condition and get entertained in the process [14, 15]. VR technologies have been applied to sports such as football,
basketball, table tennis, etc.
VR technologies could be implemented in various ways in sports education and training. For example, using Head-
Mounted Display (HMD) device [6, 16, 17, 18], head tracking system [16], and Motion Based Video Game (MBVG)
[19, 10] to implement VR technologies in sports education and training. The effectiveness of VR usage as a training
tool must be proven first. A full-body VR soccer simulation was performed, and the effectivity result was specified
based on three points, i.e., virtual environment score (VEA), sense of presence (IPQ), also VEA, and presence corre-
lation in VR [20]. Some research proves that the implementation of VR as a training tool was significantly impactful
on users’ development. In this case, the function of the training tool is wider than implementing skill training in VEA
with the help of HMD. But also as decision-making, tactic training, and training for users with medical
conditions. The study revealed that the delivery method of exercise video with a primary monitor was transferable
Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300 295
289
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
but not gen- eralizable. In contrast, the video presented using VR resulted in an increased realization and
generalization of the decision-making process in the research [21].
Meanwhile, for tactic training, VR usage as a personal basketball coach was a highly immersive VR interaction
system and could increase the effectiveness of tactic training [22]. Training using VR technologies also has advantages
in reducing the risk of injury while training in a natural environment. VR could be a suitable training method for
athletes with medical records. VR training system also helps reduce the pain of injured athletes, improve their health,
and keep their performance on track [23]. Collaboration of HMD devices, Manageable Kinematic Motion (MKM)
animation engine, and motion capture system could be useful to capture users/athletes motion and perform an analysis
of every group of users/athletes so the coaches could give a better guide for users/athletes in terms of decision-making
[6].
VR proved to be effective in assisting response training of karate athletes, but it still does not feel real [24]. In
another study in baseball, VR is also effectively used to train movement perception for running and catching the
ball for outfielder players [4]. VR is also proven can support the learning process of rugby line-out throw. The color
anaglyph and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) techniques were used, resulting in increasing the effectiveness
[25]. In a study regarding swimming, VR technology can be applied in swimming training, and it is necessary to use
the Na¨ıve Bayes algorithm to get the optimal result [26]. VR technology used for rowing exercises only made a slight
difference. Even in terms of time, the participant moves faster while not using VR. However, that time data can be
ignored because all participants are instructed to focus on the rowing technique rather than time [2]. VR technologies
can also be used for disabled people to do sports training and rehabilitation [ 27]. Through VR technology, people
with disabilities can experience virtual experiences similar to the real world. VR devices are also considered adequate
because they can be used anywhere and anytime.
VR technology implemented through MBVG can also be a way to learn basic techniques to master a sport [19, 10].
VR technology can be used to provide different physical training by detecting body movements that are transformed
into a virtual environment [17]. In addition, VR technology can also have an impact on improving interest and will-
ingness to practice in certain sports [10] continuously. Despite the success of VR training applications across a wide
range of sports needs, only some VR applications are effective. For example, by using a VR golf simulator, the radial
errors made by both novice and expert players are increasing, and the correlation between performance in the real
world and VR is only moderate [28]. The same thing also happened when the applied VR was ineffective for handball
goalkeeper training [10]. This happened because the information seen by the goalkeeper needed to be more to predict
the ball’s direction accurately. Due to the combination of adaptive and open skills training through VR technology,
VR training is not guaranteed to be a practical choice for professional and competitive athletes [29].
3.
Methodology
This study conducts a systematic literature review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), as shown in Figure 1. In the flowchart, we specified all the research papers used to do this
literature review, from the Identification phase to Included phase, where we finally got the thirty research papers for
this literature review.
This systematic review aims to learn more about the efficiency and capabilities of Virtual Reality (VR) as a sports
education and training tool. From our intention, the authors have designed three research questions as follows:
•
RQ 1: How virtual reality technologies are used in sports skills training?
•
RQ 2: What to improve and provide to produce a better accuracy of the human motion capture system?
•
RQ 3: How effective is the implementation of virtual reality technologies in sports skills training?
The authors collected 995 relevant papers for our topic in the identification process. To collect all that papers,
the authors mainly searched on Google Scholar. This research use some keywords to speed up our identification
process. The following keywords used by the authors are: [”virtual reality” OR ”virtual environment” OR ”interactive
training” OR (”virtual” AND ”reality”) OR (”virtual” AND ”environment”) OR (”interactive” AND ”training”)] AND
296 Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300
290
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
Fig. 1. PRISMA Flowchart
[”motion capture system” OR (”motion” AND ”capture” AND ”system”)] AND [”sport education” OR ”sport skill
improvement” OR (”sport” AND ”education”) OR (”sport” AND ”skill” AND ”improvement”)]. In the first screening
process, the authors found that 54 papers are duplicated, so the authors will not use that in our research paper. After
that, the authors continued our screening process to ensure that the authors got the best paper with the most relevant
study regarding our topic.
The authors collected 941 research papers after removing the duplicates in the first screening stage. The next step
is to run a second screening for the 941 papers mentioned earlier. In this stage, the authors have eliminated many
research papers to narrow our references. In detail, 466 papers were excluded because the authors only used papers
from 2010 until 2022. This year’s interval was chosen as we were interested in knowing the changes in virtual reality
technology over the years. The authors also want to get the latest insight and importance of virtual reality technology
in sports education by including recent papers in our study. The authors also excluded 356 papers that do not discuss
the implementation of virtual reality in sports training and education. 74 papers were also excluded based on title and
abstract review. After the authors went through the second screening process, 896 papers were excluded as they did
not meet our criteria. After that, the authors had to prove the eligibility of each paper. 45 research papers as full-text
articles were assessed for eligibility. Due to the inclusion criteria of systematic literature review, the authors excluded
another 10 research papers.
The authors eliminated another 5 research papers, leaving only 30 unique studies included in the qualitative syn-
thesis. All the papers included in qualitative synthesis are the papers authors use as a reference to construct this SLR.
Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300 297
291
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
The authors have done all the processes from the PRISMA flowchart so the selected papers will be applied as a sample
and discussed further to support the research topic. The authors construct this systematic literature review using the
30 research papers as a reference to be learned and reviewed.
4.
Result and Discussion
According to the authors’ study, using the search keywords ”Sport education”, ”Sport skill improvement”, ”In -
teractive training”, ”Motion capture system” and ”Virtual Environment” in Google Scholar, 995 publications were
discovered. After evaluating 45 eligible papers and eliminating irrelevant papers, 30 papers were chosen for this sys-
tematic review due to their relevance and applicability to our issue.
RQ 1: How virtual reality technologies are used in sports skills training?
After studying 30 research papers, the authors have found that motion capture systems are usually used as a prac -
tical virtual reality technology implementation in sports. Motion capture systems are used to improve the individual
performance of the athletes and work best as a helpful tool for coaches and teams to design a better strategy or tactic
[6, 19, 9, 4, 30]. Another approach of computer virtual reality technology used in sports education is to conduct com-
parative analysis [1]. This approach will not only help students by detecting technical movements comprehensively
but also helps students to understand their behavior clearly. It also helps clarify the distance between oneself training
and standards movement. VR technology can also be a perfect tool for the disabled to experience sport if applied in
the most appropriate manner rather than using the most recent technology [23, 27].
Table 1 is the authors have made to compare the selected papers. Five references using the motion analyzer, motion
capture system, and motion tracking algorithms to collect data required for the result to be achieved. Manageable
Kinetic Motions (MKM) animation was also used to implement virtual reality technology in sports education and
training. All the research gains a satisfying result in producing precise control of movement for the user.
Table 1. Motion capture system algorithm used in Virtual Reality application in sport education and training.
Algorithm
Uses computer virtual reality technology under the background of sensor technology development. [1]
Using a motion capture device and then connecting to a VR-type HMD with an ultrasonic tracking system, or a Cave
type with an electromagnetic or optoelectronic tracking system. [4]
Using MKM animation engine to create virtual characters and applying VR technology through HMD and motion-
capture system to capture the movement of the players. [6]
System architecture which includes 3D graphics, motion analyzer, and motion capture system using sampling and path
esti- mation (Matlab implementation). [9]
Using Xbox One as an MBVG console that is used to play Kinect Sports Rivals Rock Climbing and a motion
detection camera to detect player movement and display it in graphic form via on-screen avatars. [19]
Training for balance and virtual reality technology in neurological subjects. [23]
Immersive and nonimmersive VR technology are being used depending on the level of fidelity, Immersive uses HMD or
large screen, or video capture system. Meanwhile nonimmersive uses joystick, mouse, or haptic. [27]
Uses a motion capture system, and an MKM (Manageable Kinetic Motions) animation engine to create realistic
character visuals. The results obtained were compared with the ball trajectories database and throwing motions database.
The final result is determined by calculating the percentage of hitting the ball and calculating the radial error.
[30]
298 Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300
292
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
RQ2: What to improve and provide to produce a better accuracy of the human motion capture system?
The authors learned several things about the motion capture algorithm during the study. First, some reference papers
must improve research accuracy using motion capture systems. The authors dig deeper to determine what factors affect
the algorithm’s accuracy. The authors found out that the accuracy in trajectory and human motion capture systems is
affected by the high-performance computing server [22], the number of cameras being used, and the quality of each
camera. The number of markers and sample frequency taken also significantly impacted producing a better accuracy
of the human motion capture system [16, 12, 29].
Each study that uses the same method or algorithm details equipment or gadgets used in different amounts. Besides
equipment issues, research cannot be identical, although it uses the same algorithm. As an example, in [9, 11] motion
capture technology is used in animation, movie production, or sports performance analysis. This method was adopted
from a magnetic capture system and replaced with an optical system. The optical system has higher accuracy and the
shortest response time, which is essential for real-time feedback to the users. While other papers [6, 19, 10, 4, 30] use
the same method, they may have different workflow or logic. This condition will trigger an impact on the sample data
produced, affecting the final results accuracy of the study.
RQ3: How effective is the implementation of virtual reality technologies in sports skills training?
The effectiveness of VR implementation is based on the users’ experience levels [20]. As we all know, virtual
environments are usually delivered by obliging the users to wear head-mounted displays to enjoy the virtual reality
application. When exercising, humans must be able to move their limbs freely. The use of head-mounted displays is
sure to hinder or limit users’ movement, and this matter is a concern for the authors.
Although implementing virtual reality in sports training using a motion capture system has proven many advan -
tages for both athletes and their teams [25, 26, 13, 8], we could not deny that reality can never be replaceable with
VR technology [21, 24]. Therefore, there is still a challenge to be discussed: improving efficiency in wearing head-
mounted displays in sports training. For example, using ANOVA to run on radial error scores proved that VR task
scores are significantly higher [14, 28]. On the other hand, a 360-degree VR test was performed and identified mean-
ingless results between different group samples [18]. However, this obstacle can be solved by creating a design of
head-mounted displays with light weights that are comfortable to use during training and provide users with broad
motor access.
Besides the physical condition issues of a head-mounted display, VR training can be less effective when the par-
ticipants are often distracted by the VR because of overly exciting experiences. In addition, VR technology might
be uncommon for some people. Therefore, staying focused on the training session will be more complex while the
participant is still trying to get used to the new technology. As seen in [2], most participants were distracted by the
VR, so they got lower scores than they usually had during conventional training.
Although the authors still find some problems in the VR implementation in sports training and education, the ben-
efits that VR training can achieve are undeniable. Immersive VR has more capabilities than traditional approaches.
For example, users diagnosed with a disease could train on an avatar. This method significantly improves talent de-
velopment and optimizes the training session [7, 5, 17]. A unique experience that could not be duplicated using a
conventional model. Traditional approaches should not become outdated as a result of immersive VR. Such as exper-
iments conducted with pen and paper, as those techniques are already well-established and unaffected by simulator
sickness, if any.
This manuscript also finds a better approach to VR technology where a new pipeline has been introduced and
proven could beat other well-known approaches [15]. In this study, we limit our research only to discussing the
effectiveness in terms of the successful implementation of VR in sports education and training, the benefits obtained
by users, problems happening in its implementation, and the possible solution to solve the problem.
5.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Virtual Reality is used to improve the individual performance of athletes. It works best as a valu-
able tool for coaches and teams to design better strategies or tactics. However, in its implementation, there is still a
problem: the head-mounted display needs to be more effective for sports training. The head-mounted display could
Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300 299
293
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
limit the movement of the users. However, this problem can be solved by making the head-mounted displays lighter
and more comfortable. It has also been proven that VR works well with motion capture systems to collect valuable
data. However, sometimes its accuracy could be improved. Later the authors found out that the amount of the camera
being used, camera quality, and sample frequency significantly affect the accuracy of the output. So it is crucial to pay
attention to all those factors. For the manufacturer, the authors suggest re -evaluating the design of the head-mounted
displays. Head-mounted display with lighter weight, more comfortable, and provides users with broader motor ac -
cess; could improve the implementation of virtual reality technology in sports education and training. We also hope
future researchers could provide new methods that support the motion capture systems to gain better results from VR
implementation in sports education and training.
References
[1]
Zhou J. Research on the Application of Computer Virtual Reality Technology in College Sports Training. In: Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. vol. 1648. IOP Publishing; 2020. p. 022104.
[2]
Arndt S, Perkis A, Voigt-Antons JN. Using virtual reality and head-mounted displays to increase performance in rowing workouts. In:
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Multimedia Content Analysis in Sports; 2018. p. 45-50.
[3]
Stone JA, Strafford BW, Nort h JS, Toner C, Davids K. Effectiveness and efficiency of virtual reality designs to enhance athlete
development:
an
ecological
dynamics
perspective.
Movement
&
Sport
Sciences-Science
&
Motricite´.
2018;(102):51-60.
[4]
Zaal FT, Boot sma RJ. Virtual reality as a tool for the study of perception -action: The case of running to catch fly balls. Presence. 2011;20(1):93-
103.
[5]
Lee HT, Kim YS. The effect of sports VR training for improving human body composition. EURASIP Journal on Im age and Video Processi ng.
2018;2018(1):1-5.
[6]
Bideau B, Kulpa R, Vignais N, Brault S, Multon F, Craig C. Virtual reality, a serious game for understanding performance and training
players
in sport. IEEE Computer Graphic Applications. 2010;30(2):14-21.
[7]
Concannon BJ, Esmail S, Roduta Roberts M. Head-mounted display virtual reality in post-secondary education and skill training. In:
Frontiers in Education. vol. 4. Front iers Media SA; 2019. p. 80.
[8]
Le Noury P, Buszard T, Reid M, Farrow D. Examining the representativeness of a virtual reality environment for simulation of tennis
perfor- mance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2021;39(4):412-20.
[9]
Covaci A, Postelnicu CC, Panfi r AN, Talaba D. A virtual reality simulator for basketball free-throw skills development. In: Doctora l
Conference
on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems. Springer; 2012. p. 105-12.
[10]
Adolf
J,
Ka´n
P,
Outram
B,
Kaufmann
H,
Dolezˇal
J,
Lhotska´
L.
Juggling
in
vr:
Advantages
of
immersive
virtual
reality
in
juggling
learning.
In: 25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology; 2019. p. 1-5.
[11]
Cannavo`
A,
Prattico`
FG,
Ministeri
G,
Lamberti
F.
A
movement
analysis
system
based
on
immersive
virtual
reality
and
wearable
technology
for sport training. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on virtual reality; 2018. p. 26-31.
[12]
Yang Y, Meng L. Physical Education Motion Correction System Based on Virtual Reality Technology. International Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Learning. 2019;14(13).
[13]
Yang Y. The innovation of college physical training based on computer virtual reality technology. Journal of Discrete Mathematical
Sciences and Cryptography. 2018;21(6):1275-80.
[14]
Liu H, Wang Z, Mousas C, Kao D. Virtual reality racket sports: Vi rtual drills for exercise and training. In: 2020 IEEE International
Symposium
on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE; 2020. p. 566-76.
[15]
Hu¨lsmann
F,
Go¨pfert
JP,
Hammer
B,
Kopp
S,
Botsch
M.
Classification
of
motor
errors
to
provide
real-time
feedback
for
sports
coaching
in
virtual reality—A case study in squats and Tai Chi pushes. Computers & Graphics. 2018;76:47-59.
[16]
Craig CM, Bastin J, Montagne G. How information guides movement: Intercepting curved free kicks in soccer. Human movement
science. 2011;30(5):931-41.
[17]
Ali SF, Noor S, Azmat SA, Noor AU, Siddiqui H. Virtual reality as a physical training assistant. In: 2017 International Conference on
Information and Communication Technologies (ICICT). IEEE; 2017. p. 191-6.
[18]
Kittel A, Larkin P, Elsworthy N, Lindsay R, Spittle M. Effectiveness of 360 virtual reality and match broadcast video to improve
decision- making skill. Science and Medicine in Football. 2020;4(4):255-62.
[19]
Jenny SE, Schary DP. Virtual and “real-life” wall/rock climbing: Motor movement comparisons and video gaming pedagogical
perceptions. Sports Technology. 2015;8(3-4):100-11.
[20]
Rojas Ferrer CD, Shishido H, Kitahara I, Kameda Y. Read-the-game: System for skill-based visual exploratory activity assessment with a
full body virtual reality soccer simulation. PloS one. 2020;15(3):e0230042.
[21]
Page´ C, Bernier PM, Trempe M. Using video simulations and virtual reality to improve decision-making skills in basketball. Journal of
sports sciences. 2019;37(21):2403-10.
[22]
Tsai WL. Personal basketball coach: Tactic training through wireless virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM on International
Conference on Multimedia Retrieval; 2018. p. 481-4.
[23]
Nambi G, Abdelbasset WK, Elsayed SH, Alrawaili SM, Abodonya AM, Saleh AK, et al. Comparative effects of isokinetic training and
300 Jessica Sharon Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 293–300
294
Putranto et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000
virtual reality training on sports performances in university football players with chronic low back pain-randomized controlled study.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020.
[24]
Petri K, Emmermacher P, Danneberg M, Masik S, Eckardt F, Weichelt S, et al. Training using virtual reality improves response behavior
in karate kumite. Sports Engineering. 2019;22(1):1-12.
[25]
Croft H, Chong A, Wilson B. Virtual reality assessment of rugby lineout throw kinematics. Sports Technology. 2011;4(1-2):2-12.
[26]
Zhu X, Kou F. Three-dimensional simulation of swimming training based on android mobile system and virtual reality technology.
Micropro- cessors and Microsystems. 2021;82:103908.
[27]
Kang S, Kang S. The study on the application of virtual reality in adapted physical education. Clust er computing. 2019;22(1):2351-5.
[28]
Harris DJ, Buckingham G, Wilson MR, Brookes J, Mushtaq F, Mon-Williams M, et al. Exploring sensorimotor performance and user
experi- ence within a virtual reality golf putting simulator. Virtual Reality. 2021;25(3):647-54.
[29]
Michalski SC, Szpak A, Saredakis D, Ross TJ, Billinghurst M, Loetscher T. Getting your game on: Using virtual reality to improve real
table tennis skills. PloS one. 2019;14(9):e0222351.
[30]
Vignais N, Kulpa R, Craig C, Bideau B. Virtual thrower versus real goalkeeper: the influence of different visual conditions on
performance. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 2010;19(4):281-90.
... Studies indicate that virtual reality exposure to natural areas can dramatically reduce stress and increase mood. [3] [4] Additionally, virtual reality therapy is a viable option in psychology that can help people with anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder. [5] VR is useful in treating these ailments because it provides a safe and regulated environment for exposure therapy. ...
... So far, studies have found variable levels of effectiveness, implying that VR may need to be paired with other interventions for the best results. [4]Furthermore, more rigorous scientific study is needed to develop standardized processes for VR therapy used in stress management. The major goal of this study is to fill these gaps by carefully evaluating individuals' stress reactions using ECG in a variety of contexts, including rest, purposeful stress, and VR immersion. ...
View
... This not only enhances their technical skills but also improves their ability to handle high-pressure situations and collaborate effectively as part of a medical team. Beyond training and education, virtual simulation technology has applications in architecture, urban planning, automotive design, entertainment, and more [7]. Architects and urban planners can use virtual simulations to visualize and test building designs, transportation systems, and city layouts before they are constructed [8]. ...
... and Sun (2022) delve into the economic implications of computer virtual reality technology in sports training simulation, shedding light on the financial aspects of implementing such systems.Putranto et al. (2023) conduct a systematic literature review on the implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education and training, providing insights into existing research trends and methodologies. Tian, Zhou, and Yang (2022) propose a mixed teaching mode for college football instruction, emphasizing innovative approaches to pedagogy and tr ...
Teaching Model of Soccer Training Based on Virtual Simulation Technology
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
Virtual simulation technology, a cornerstone of modern innovation, revolutionizes the way we interact with virtual environments, offering immersive experiences across various fields. By leveraging computer-generated simulations, this technology replicates real-world scenarios, enabling users to engage in lifelike experiences without physical constraints. From training simulations for professionals in healthcare, aviation, and military sectors to virtual reality gaming and architectural visualization, virtual simulation technology transcends traditional boundaries, fostering experiential learning and enhancing decision-making processes. Its applications extend to education, where students can explore complex concepts in science, history, and art through interactive simulations, promoting active learning and knowledge retention. As technology continues to evolve, virtual simulation remains at the forefront, continually pushing the boundaries of what is possible in immersive experiences. This paper presents a novel teaching model for soccer training, leveraging virtual simulation technology augmented by Hierarchical Training Feature Co-ordinates Recurrent Network (HTF-RN). The proposed model aims to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of soccer training programs by providing immersive and interactive experiences in virtual environments. Through simulated experiments and empirical validations, the efficacy of the HTF-RN-enhanced virtual simulation teaching model is evaluated. Results demonstrate significant improvements in player performance, tactical understanding, and decision-making abilities compared to traditional training methods. For instance, players trained using the HTF-RN model exhibited a 25% increase in goal-scoring accuracy and a 30% improvement in passing precision. Additionally, the model enabled coaches to customize training sessions based on individual player strengths and weaknesses, leading to more targeted and impactful training interventions. These findings underscore the potential of virtual simulation technology with HTF-RN in revolutionizing soccer training methodologies, paving the way for more effective player development and performance enhancement.
View
... It is expected that virtual reality (VR) will soon be helpful in almost every aspect of daily life. Gaming [1]- [3] and education [4]- [6] are among the most commonly used modern VR applications that are easily accessible from home. However, industry pioneers like Meta Platforms, Roblox, and Somnium Space believe that the VR technology can offer much more than some independent applications. ...
How to Model Cloud VR: An Empirical Study of Features That Matter
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2024
A crucial component of an interactive Virtual Reality (VR) experience is high-quality, real-time image rendering and display, which requires high-end hardware in VR headsets. Cloud VR offers a compelling alternative by offloading computationally intensive rendering tasks to remote servers. However, such a distributed operation requires a real-time reliable delivery of the VR traffic over the networks, which is a challenging task. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the VR traffic characteristics, Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, and the impact of packet service on the quality of VR is required. The paper provides insights in this area by exploring the traffic generated by a cloud VR application of an off-the-shelf Pico Neo 2 VR headset. Specifically, it identifies often-overlooked application features with a significant impact on QoS and develops a novel VR application model that accounts for these features. These findings are used in three ways. First, the paper shows that the 3GPP baseline underestimates the effective VR bitrate, i.e., the bandwidth needed to deliver VR traffic by 25%, while the developed model provides a much more accurate estimation. Second, the model is used to evaluate the benefits of intra-refresh video coding and adjusting video buffering at the VR headset according to motion-to-photon requirements. Finally, based on the revealed important features, the paper improves a VR bitrate adaptation algorithm.
View
... Therefore, it is crucial to track technological advancement, progress, and trends of publications over the past few decades. A few reviews were conducted on the applications of MoCap systems other than construction fields [53][54][55][56][57]. One previous review paper focused on MoCap in general industrial applications, which includes the construction industry [1]. ...
View
... This feedback may be delivered through visual displays, audio cues, or digital interfaces, allowing participants to immediately assess their performance and make necessary adjustments [8]. By offering instant feedback, the system fosters rapid skill acquisition and promotes continuous improvement among players [9].The system incorporates performance analysis tools to evaluate player and team performance over time. These tools leverage data collected during drills and scrimmages, such as player movement patterns, shooting percentages, defensive efficiency, and teamwork dynamics. ...
Design and Application of Basketball Tactical Drill System Based on Motion Trajectory Analysis Algorithm
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
A basketball tactical drill system based on motion trajectory analysis algorithms employs advanced computational methods to enhance training effectiveness and strategy development. By utilizing these algorithms to analyze player movements and interactions during drills, coaches can gain valuable insights into team dynamics, spatial awareness, and decision-making processes. This analysis enables coaches to tailor drills to specific tactical objectives, such as improving defensive rotations, offensive spacing, or fast break execution. Additionally, the system can provide real-time feedback to players, helping them understand their positioning and movement patterns to refine their skills and decision-making abilities. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Basketball Tactical Drill System leveraging advanced object detection and motion trajectory analysis algorithms. The system aims to enhance basketball training by providing coaches and players with real-time insights into tactical drills and player performance. Two key algorithms, Mean-Shift and Difference Object Detection with Motion Trajectory (DOD-MT), are utilized to accurately identify and track basketballs, players, and other relevant objects during training sessions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, showcasing high detection accuracy, minimal false positives, and competitive processing times across various scenarios and tactical drills. The system leverages Mean-Shift and Difference Object Detection with Motion Trajectory (DOD-MT) algorithms to achieve exceptional detection accuracy, with an average of 93% across various scenarios and tactical drills. False positives are minimized, with an average of 12 per scenario. Processing times remain competitive, averaging 27 milliseconds per scenario. Integration of motion trajectory analysis provides coaches with invaluable real-time insights into player movements and interactions, facilitating data-driven coaching strategies. The system's versatility is demonstrated through successful application in a range of drills, resulting in performance improvements averaging 20%.
View
... In addition to innovative teaching methodologies, technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing learning experiences and performance outcomes in sports education. Virtual reality simulations, wearable technology, and online learning platforms offer immersive, real-time, and personalized learning experiences that transcend the limitations of traditional classroom settings [1]. These technologies provide students with opportunities to engage in realistic game scenarios, monitor their performance metrics, and access instructional materials anytime, anywhere, fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement. ...
Revolutionizing Sports Education: Harnessing Innovations and Technology for Enhanced Learning
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2024
This paper explores cutting-edge innovations in sports education, focusing on active learning strategies, the flipped classroom model, gamification, differentiated instruction, and the integration of technology. Active learning methodologies, such as problem-based learning and cooperative learning, engage students in critical thinking and collaborative problem-solving, while the flipped classroom model prioritizes experiential learning and learner autonomy. Gamification principles add elements of competition and rewards to enhance motivation and engagement, while differentiated instruction tailors learning experiences to individual student needs. Furthermore, technology integration, including virtual reality simulations, wearable technology, and online learning platforms, revolutionizes sports education by providing immersive experiences, real-time performance monitoring, and personalized learning pathways. Through a comprehensive review and analysis, this paper elucidates the transformative potential of these innovations in optimizing student learning outcomes and preparing athletes for success both on and off the field.
View
... Tang, Gerling, and Geurts (2022) present the design and evaluation of a VR simulation addressing the lived experience of breastfeeding, highlighting its potential for fostering empathy and understanding of complex social issues. Putranto et al. (2023) conduct a systematic literature review on the implementation of VR technology for sports education and training, elucidating its role in enhancing athlete performance and skill development. ...
Visual Design and Evaluation of Public Space Scene Based on Virtual Reality Technology
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
Public space scenes are being transformed by virtual reality (VR) technology, offering immersive and interactive experiences that redefine how people engage with their surroundings. Through VR simulations, users can explore and interact with virtual public spaces in ways that were previously impossible. From virtual parks and plazas to digital replicas of iconic landmarks, VR technology allows users to experience the ambiance and atmosphere of public spaces from the comfort of their own homes. Moreover, VR enables designers and planners to experiment with different layouts, amenities, and features, facilitating participatory design processes and community engagement. This paper presents a visual design and evaluation framework for public space scenes using virtual reality (VR) technology, enhanced by Virtual Parallel Edge Hashing Computing (VPE-HC). The framework aims to optimize the design and user experience of public spaces by leveraging VR technology to create immersive and interactive simulations. Through simulated experiments and empirical validations, the effectiveness of the VPE-HC-enhanced VR-based design and evaluation process is evaluated. Results demonstrate significant improvements in user satisfaction, engagement, and usability compared to traditional design methods. For instance, users interacting with public space scenes designed using VPE-HC reported a 40% increase in perceived safety and a 25% improvement in overall satisfaction ratings. Additionally, the framework enabled designers to optimize spatial layouts and amenities based on real-time user feedback and performance data, leading to more effective and user-centric design solutions. These findings underscore the potential of VPE-HC in enhancing the visual design and evaluation of public space scenes based on VR technology, facilitating more inclusive and user-friendly urban environments.
View
View
Memorizing soccer tactics through immersive and non-immersive visualizations: the moderating effect of visuospatial abilities
Article
  • May 2025
Objectives Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly being used for sports purposes, including tactical learning. However, the instructional efficiency of this emerging technology remains unclear, especially when considering learners’ cognitive abilities, such as visuospatial abilities (VSA). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of VSA in memorizing soccer tactics under immersive (VR) and non-immersive (animation) conditions. Methods The experiment involved a group of 52 adult male soccer beginners. Initially, participants’ VSA were assessed using six computerized tasks. Subsequently, participants were tasked with memorizing and reproducing tactical soccer scenes in VR and animation formats. Results The results revealed a significant interaction, indicating that beginners with high-VSA were more efficient at memorizing scenes through animation than VR, supporting the ability-as-enhancer hypothesis. Conversely, those with low-VSA benefited equally from both visualizations, despite being more accurate in recalling scenes through VR. Conclusions Findings suggest that coaches should pay attention when using new technologies such as VR and consider individuals’ levels of VSA to improve their communication and learning sessions.
View
View
View
Research on the Application of Computer Virtual Reality Technology in College Sports Training
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2020
Under the background of the overall improvement of the current social development level, the advantages of computer technology in education work are also more significant. In particular, the computer technology based on multimedia technology plays an important role in improving the quality of education. It is not much to say that the emergence of computer virtual technology not only brings new means for college physical education, but also effectively improves the teaching level. However, there are still many problems in the process of technology application. This paper carries out a detailed study on the application of computer virtual reality technology in college sports training.
View
Exploring sensorimotor performance and user experience within a virtual reality golf putting simulator
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2021
In light of recent advances in technology, there has been growing interest in virtual reality (VR) simulations for training purposes in a range of high-performance environments, from sport to nuclear decommissioning. For a VR simulation to elicit effective transfer of training to the real-world, it must provide a sufficient level of validity, that is, it must be representative of the real-world skill. In order to develop the most effective simulations, assessments of validity should be carried out prior to implementing simulations in training. The aim of this work was to test elements of the physical fidelity, psychological fidelity and construct validity of a VR golf putting simulation. Self-report measures of task load and presence in the simulation were taken following real and simulated golf putting to assess psychological and physical fidelity. The performance of novice and expert golfers in the simulation was also compared as an initial test of construct validity. Participants reported a high degree of presence in the simulation, and there was little difference between real and virtual putting in terms of task demands. Experts performed significantly better in the simulation than novices (p = .001, d = 1.23), and there was a significant relationship between performance on the real and virtual tasks (r = .46, p = .004). The results indicated that the simulation exhibited an acceptable degree of construct validity and psychological fidelity. However, some differences between the real and virtual tasks emerged, suggesting further validation work is required.
View
Comparative Effects of Isokinetic Training and Virtual Reality Training on Sports Performances in University Football Players with Chronic Low Back Pain-Randomized Controlled Study
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
  • EVID-BASED COMPL ALT
Objective: The objective of this study is to find and compare the effects of isokinetic training and virtual reality training on sports performances in university football players with chronic low back pain. Design: This is a randomized, double-blinded controlled study. Methods: The study was conducted on 45LBP participants at university hospital. First group (n = 15) received isokinetic training, second group (n = 15) received virtual reality training, and the control group (n = 15) received conventional training exercises for four weeks. Clinical (pain intensity and player wellness) and sports performance (40 m sprint, 4 × 5 m sprint, submaximal shuttle running, countermovement jump, and squat jump) scores were measured at baseline, after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months. Results: Four weeks following training VRT group shows more significant changes in pain intensity and player wellness scores than IKT and control groups (p ≤ 0.001). Sports performance variables (such as 40 m sprint, 4 × 5 m sprint, submaximal shuttle running, countermovement jump, and squat jump) scores also show significant improvement in VRT group than the other two groups (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, our study suggests that strength training through virtual reality training protocol improves pain and sports performances than isokinetic training and other conventional trainings in university football players with chronic low back pain.
View
Read-the-game: System for skill-based visual exploratory activity assessment with a full body virtual reality soccer simulation
Article
Full-text available
We present a novel virtual reality (VR) system to measure soccer players’ read-the-game ability. Read-the-game is a term that encompasses a conglomerate of visual exploratory behavioral patterns and cognitive elements required to make accurate in-game decisions. Our technological approach in the Sports Science domain focuses on the visuomotor component of targeted skill development in a VR simulation because VR is a powerful perception–action coupling training solution for visuomotor coordination due to its high sense of immersion and its psychological byproduct presence. Additionally, we analyze two critical aspects: psychological (i.e., sense of presence) and the human–computer interaction (HCI) domain (i.e., suitable input device for full-body immersion). To measure head movements related to visual explorations, the system tracks the user’s head excursions. Specifically, the engaged visual exploratory activity (VEA) during a VR simulation is measured frame-by-frame at runtime to study the behavior of players making passing decisions while experiencing pressure from rivals during in-game situations recreated with computer graphics (CG). Additionally, the sense of presence elicited by our system is measured via the Igroup Presence Questionnaire applied to beginner and amateur soccer players (n = 24). Regarding the HCI aspect, a comparison of input options reveals that a high presence can be achieved when using full body interactions that integrate head and body motions via a combination of an HMD and kinetic body tracking. During our system verification, a difference in the VEA performance is observed between beginner and amateur players. Moreover, we demonstrate the capacity of the system to measure the VEA while evoking immersive soccer in-match experiences with a portable VR setup.
View
Juggling in VR: Advantages of Immersive Virtual Reality in Juggling Learning
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Nov 2019
In this paper, we follow up on research dealing with motion learning in Virtual Reality (VR). We investigate the impact of VR motion learning on motion performance, motivation for motion learning and willingness to continue with the motion learning. In our research, we used three ball juggling as a subject of learning. We performed a user study with 30 participants. A VR application was used in our study which allows setting up lower gravity and thus slowing down the motion for learning purposes. The results were statistically evaluated and we comment on the positive influence of virtual reality on motivation and possibilities of using VR in the motion learning process.
View
Getting your game on: Using virtual reality to improve real table tennis skills
Article
Full-text available
Objective: The present study investigates skill transfer from Virtual Reality (VR) sports training to the real world, using the fast-paced sport of table tennis. Background: A key assumption of VR training is that the learned skills and experiences transfer to the real world. Yet, in certain application areas, such as VR sports training, the research testing this assumption is sparse. Design: Real-world table tennis performance was assessed using a mixed-model analysis of variance. The analysis comprised a between-subjects (VR training group vs control group) and a within-subjects (pre- and post-training) factor. Method: Fifty-seven participants (23 females) were either assigned to a VR training group (n = 29) or no-training control group (n = 28). During VR training, participants were immersed in competitive table tennis matches against an artificial intelligence opponent. An expert table tennis coach evaluated participants on real-world table tennis playing before and after the training phase. Blinded regarding participant's group assignment, the expert assessed participants' backhand, forehand and serving on quantitative aspects (e.g. count of rallies without errors) and quality of skill aspects (e.g. technique and consistency). Results: VR training significantly improved participants' real-world table tennis performance compared to a no-training control group in both quantitative (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.08) and quality of skill assessments (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.10). Conclusions: This study adds to a sparse yet expanding literature, demonstrating real-world skill transfer from Virtual Reality in an athletic task.
View
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Swimming Training Based on Android Mobile System and Virtual Reality Technology
Article
  • Jan 2021
  • MICROPROCESS MICROSY
Computer virtual reality technology has emerged in recent years; it is a widely used new technology in many areas. In this study, a three-dimensional simulation of the impact study conducted with the non-slip motion of swimming training channel wall upstream performance. Inertial coordinate system self-propelled swimming is checked directly by forced virtual reality technology. The hydrodynamic performance of previous systems has not been discovered based on simulations of this simple model. To transform the Android mobile phone system into a multi-segment robot with some rigid bodies and similarities. The proposed pre-processing feature of naive Bayesian algorithm analysis is a key technology for classification applications. Virtual reality technology and swimming training can prevent sports injuries and disrupt the binding constraints, and Android phones can enhance the effectiveness of education. The proposed naive Bayes algorithm is based on the study of virtual parameters of tailbeat frequency, followed by phase differences between adjacent body segments and body amplitudes. The effects of lateral and vertical distances between the model body and the swimming performance wall are also discussed. The results provide evidence for the mechanism of thrust generation, and ambient speed and vorticity fields and swimming training show excellent effects in sports.
View
Examining the representativeness of a virtual reality environment for simulation of tennis performance
Article
There has been a growing interest in using virtual reality (VR) for training perceptual-cognitive skill in sport. For VR training to effectively simulate real-world tennis performance, it must recreate the contextual information and movement behaviours present in the real-world environment. It is therefore critical to assess the representativeness of VR prior to implementing skill training interventions. We constructed a VR tennis environment designed for training perceptual-cognitive skill, with the aim of assessing its representativeness and validating its use. Participants movement behaviours were compared when playing tennis in VR and real-world environments. When performing groundstrokes, participants frequently used the same stance in VR as they did in the real-world condition. Participants experienced a high sense of presence in VR, evident through the factors of spatial presence, engagement and ecological validity being high, with minimal negative effects found. We conclude that Tennis VR is sufficiently representative of real-world tennis. Our discussion focuses on the opportunity for training perceptual-cognitive skill and the potential for skill transfer.
View
Effectiveness of 360° Virtual Reality and Match Broadcast Video to Improve Decision-making Skill
Article
  • Apr 2020
Video-based training is a commonly used method to develop decision-making in athletes and officials. This method typically uses match broadcast footage, yet technological advancements have made 360° Virtual Reality (360°VR) a possible effective tool to investigate. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of both 360°VR and match broadcast footage on improving decision-making. Amateur Australian football umpires (N = 32) participated in a randomised control trial. Participants completed a 5-week training intervention in either a 360°VR, match broadcast or control group. Decision-making was assessed at pre-training, 1-week post-training and 4-week retention points using reliable and valid 360°VR and match broadcast decision-making tests. Participants completed a short questionnaire detailing their perceptions of psychological fidelity, enjoyment, relevance, concentration and effort for each video mode. The 360°VR performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than the control group in the 360°VR retention test. No groups statistically improved over the intervention. Remaining pairwise comparisons for this test and the match broadcast test were not significantly different. 360°VR was rated significantly higher (p < 0.05) than match broadcast footage for psychological fidelity, enjoyment and relevance. 360°VR appears to be a beneficial training tool compared to a control, with stronger engagement from the participants than previously used match broadcast footage.
View