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Volume 11| October, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7640
Eurasian Journal of Engineering and Technology www.geniusjournals.org
P a g e | 157
I. Introduction
Radio Frequency Radiation Power
Density measurements at Mobile
Base Stations in Alam City
Al Hakam Ayad Salih
Collage of Art, Tikrit University, Salah ad Din Governorate, Iraq.
alhakam.a.allawie@tu.edu.iq
Sadoon Hussain Abdullah
2
College of Scince ,Mosul University, Iraq.
Sadosbio113@uomosul.edu.iq
Ahmed Hussein Ali,
AL Salam University College, Computer Science Dep. Baghdad,
Iraq.
msc.ahmed.h.ali@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In Iraq, the number of mobile phone users has increased dramatically During the past
15 years. Mobile network technologies are rapidly expanding worldwide, increasing the
number of smart devices and mobile base stations. Placing mobile base stations in
heavily populated areas, such as close hospitals and government departments, has
triggered severe fear about potential health risks. The Iraqi Ministry of Environment
released guidance for measuring magnetic waves emission by base stations used in
mobile networks.
TEMS technology and OpenSignal software version 7.19.2 was used to calculate the
electromagnetic power density emitted from mobile base stations (downlink) and cell
phones to base stations (uplink) in this research paper. TEMS technology evaluates and
measures the electromagnetic power density. OpenSignal software used to know the
location and cell ID of the cellular tower, The studies were conducted in 200 meters of
an AsiaCell Mobile telecommunications provider's tower in Al-Alam city in Saladin
governorate. The data was collected for both uplink and downlink. The quantified values
were compared to the antenna prediction sequence and the used safety guidelines to
enforce compliance with all these restrictions. All of the measurements value were
within the limits.
Fig (1) prediction of coverage in Google map.
Keywords:
EMR, GSM, BS, non-ionizing radiation
Volume 11| October, 2022 ISSN: 2795-7640
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Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is emitted
by a variety of natural and human-made
factors. The sun's EMR makes the earth warms.
Our eyes sense a part of this EMR spectrum
called visible light. Radiofrequency is also one
of the forms of EM spectrums. These
frequencies started in (3kHz) and end in (300
GHz) as [1] . Fig (2) shows EM waves with
various frequencies. Each set of this frequency
component does have its own identity,
property, and characteristic. EMR is
categorized into two kinds: ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation (IR, NIR). The radiation in
the IR class has sufficient power to detach
attached electrons with an atom. These ionized
atoms could pose a health danger. EMR in the
NIR category does not have enough energy for
ionizing atoms [2]. Electromagnetic waves are
the most popular and essential medium to
transporting signals from either a source to the
final destination; these signals can be voice,
data, or video. These signals travel at the speed
of light (3 x10 ^ 5) km/s) in open space [3].
Fig (2) Electromagnetic spectrum.
A human body part is often exposed to
electromagnetic radiation. Electronic
equipment like fans, dishwashers, microwaves,
smartphones, and telephony base stations are
always around us [4]. The smartphone, also
known as a cellphone, is an essential part of
modern culture. Cell devices are being used by
more than half the population in several parts
of the world, and the cellphone economy is
increasingly expanding. In some regions of the
world, cell phones are the only or even most
trustworthy phones [5].
Because the use of electromagnetic appliances
in the work environment increased in the
1970s, the effect of these device's emissions on
public health to the human a animals became
more popular. Public debates, concerns, and
issues about the possibility of harmful effects of
exposure to Radiofrequency radiation emitted
by cellular mobile elements have also grown
[6]. Several more guidance and restrictions
were approved by many international
organizations to avoid possible health risks
from long term and short term exposure to
electromagnetic radiation. These organizations
like the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) [8], Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers [7], IEEE, and the Australian Radian
Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
(ARPNSA) [11], the International Committee on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
[10].
The positioning of transmitters and
telecommunication antennas surrounding
residential and employee sections at irregular
arrangement raises serious fear, as does daily
exposure to an electromagnetic environment's
radiation. Particularly potential for health risks
from exposure to EMR energy emitted by
cellular networks transmitters. Even though
phone telecommunications are using the
microwave scope of the electromagnetic
spectrum, that's the case. The body of a human
is penetrated by electromagnetic waves of
various frequencies and levels of power.
Absence of public knowledge, a lack of
directives with the appropriate strategy for cell
phone tower setup, controlling, successful
implementation, as well as control at any and
all levels by government bodies, and an
absence of clarity locally and nationally
accredited protocols for giving approvals for
the setup of Radio Frequency antennas have all
made a significant contribution to the
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citizenry's fear of being exposed to RF EM field
emissions, In Iraq, there are three major mobile
wireless telecommunications suppliers: Korek,
Zain, and Asiacell Company. Because the
testing was completed for Asiacell company
BS's, in Al-Alam town (a town in northern
Iraq), we are only focused on (GSM) technology
used by this telecom operator. BS signals must
spread out more to support mobile phones;
these towers are considered as part of a
wireless mobile network in order to establish a
connection between the mobile device and the
network. As a result, Asiacell Company's
communication BS are allocated all across Al-
Alam City to ensure that the users have access
to services, When the number of towers (BS)
increases, so will the number of people who are
exposed to the electromagnetic waves emitted
by these towers in Alam city. as seen in Fig3.
Fig (3). Disruption of AsiaCell BS towers in alam city.
II. The Cellular System:
A Continuous growth in demand for cellular
communication services necessitates the
installation of a massive number of base
stations. Wireless communication technologies
account for more than 65 percent of RF
radiation exposure, with mobile phones being
the most significant contributor [14].
Because of the limited number of frequency
bands, the mobile radio network only has a
small number of channels available for speech.
The 900 GSM system, for example, has a
bandwidth allocation of 25 MHz (890-915) for
uplink and 935-960 MHz for downlink. This
equates to a maximum of 125 channels, each
with a 200 kHz bandwidth. A maximum of
eightfold for each carrier in the Time Division
Multiple Access (TDM) technique, It's also
possible to achieve a maximum of 1000
channels. Barricade bands, on the other side,
decrease this percentage. A channel must also
be spatially recovered in a geographical region
to start serving millions of users. The principle
of spatial frequency reusability led to advances
in communication technologies. The frequency
spectrum of Global System Mobile (GSM) can
be seen in Table I.
Table (1). GSM frequency spectrum of company in iraq.
System
Frequency
Bandw
idth
Chann
el
Numbe
r
Uplink
Downli
nk
EGSM
880-
890
925-
935
10
MHz
50
GSM
890-
915
935-
960
25
MHz
125
GSM
1710-
1805-
75
375
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1800
1785
1880
MHz
GSM
1900
1850-
1910
1930-
1990
60
MHz
300
UMTS
1920-
1980
2110-
2170
60
MHz
300
Korek
880.2-
891.8
925.2-
936.8
11.6
MHz
58
Zain
891.8-
903.4
936.8-
948.4
11.6
MHz
58
Asiacel
l
903.4 -
915
948.4-
960
11.6
MHz
58
This channel spacing produces a different
number of frequency bands for each of the
more commonly used frequencies for GSM
system operation. There are 124 carrier
frequencies in the GSM 900 band, while there
are 374 carrier frequencies in the GSM 1800
band. The absolute radio frequency channel
numbers (ARFCNs) for each band are (1-124)
for GSM 900 and (1710-1785) for GSM 1800
[15]. By using (TEMS) technology in alam city
we found the the result in Tabel 2.
Table (2). Data read by TEMS technology for Asiacell towers in alam city.
Measur
ed
Power
(dBm)
Distanc
e
Freque
ncy
(MHz)
Type of
Techniq
ue
Cell ID
-53
10
0
2137
.4
UMTS
182
94
-55
50
2132
.6
UMTS
198
24
-57
20
0
2134
.4
UMTS
218
23
-51
10
0
1853
.8
DCS
1800
188
25
-53
50
1853
.4
DCS
1800
152
96
-79
80
0
1854
.6
DCS
1800
225
12
III. Mathematical calculations
In our research We will use tow formulas as
below to measure the received signal (Pr)
that's been sent from a specific antenna (BS).
formula:
first
Where:
Pr: power received.
D: is the distance between the transmit
power transmitter and the destination.
Gt: Gain of the transmit antenna
Gr: Received Antenna Gain.
Formula (1) is normally written in dBm
rather than watts to make it easier to
understand.
The transmitted power is proportional to the
received power, antenna gain, and also the
square of a signal wavelength, and it is
inversely proportional to square of a distance
(D). therefore;
As we say that the theoretical calculation was
done using equations (1) and (2), and the
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results are compared to the practical power
values (power density that measure).
Where Pd denotes power density, Gm
denotes mobile gain, and c/f denotes the
wavelength. C stands for the speed of light,
which is , and F stands for frequency. As
a result, the formula will be as follows:
The following equation are used to calculate
the power for all cells:
For UMTS, G t=0, G r=0, P t=30 dBm, and P
t=33 dBm .
After the applied the result that founded by
(Tems) technology in mathematical equations ,
the result can noted in next Table III.
Cell ID
Type of
Technique
Frequency
(MHz)
Distance
Measured
Power
(dBm)
Theoretical
Power
Power
Density
18
29
4
UMTS
213
7.4
1
0
0
-53
-
48.
95
0.00083
μw/m2
19
82
4
UMTS
213
2.6
5
0
-55
-
42.
80
30.9
μw/m2
21
82
3
UMTS
213
4.4
2
0
0
-57
-
44.
81
4.003
μw/m2
18
82
5
DCS
1800
185
3.8
1
0
0
-51
-
45.
01
15.743
μw/m2
15
29
6
DCS
1800
185
3.4
5
0
-53
-
39.
09
62.968
μw/m2
22
51
2
DCS
1800
185
4.6
8
0
0
-79
-
58.
01
0.2297
μw/m2
Table 3. Math calculation results.
IV. An International Criteria For Emr.
The risks of EMR exposure to human health
are really a serious problem in nearby areas of
TV and radio transceivers, wireless network
adapters, cellular BS, and other causes of EMRs.
NIR levels generated by these sources, as well
as their potential effects on humans, have been
the focus of investigation [18]. A biological
system is said to be biological when a change in
it can be assessed after certain stimuli are
introduced.
It has an impact. However, the presence of a
biological hazard does not always imply the
presence of a biological effect. When a
biological effect causes detectable
deterioration in an individual's health or the
health of his or her children, it is called a safety
threat. The biological effects of heating tissue
with RF energy are known as thermal effects
[18].
The key concern about RF energy exposure
began sixty years ago. For those employed in
the EM sector (occupational or conditional
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exposure) and the general public, many
international and national standards,
recommendations, and regulations for RF
energy exposure have been established (public
or unconditional exposure). Typically, these
exposure recommendations are identical and
are focused on established adverse effect
levels. These recommendations have a safety
margin to protect people from potential health
effects from short and long-term exposure to
RF radiations. When exposed to an EM source
from a distance of 20 cm or less, the power
absorbed in the partial or whole body must be
compared to the limits and recommendations.
The specific absorption rate (SAR) is a metric
for determining how quickly the body absorbs
electromagnetic energy. The watts-per-
kilogram (W/kg) measure of SAR. The value of
the threshold SAR determines the
recommended maximum permissible exposure
(MPE) for power density [2].
Table 4. The MPE reference levels defined by ICNIRP.
Exposure
charact-
eristics
Range of
Frequency
Current
density for
head and
trunk
(mA/m2)
(rms)
SAR
(W/
kg)
Localized
SAR
(head and
trunk)
(W/kg)
Localize
d SAR
(limbs)
(W/kg)
Occupat-
ional
exposure
Up to 1 Hz
40
-
-
-
(1-4) Hz
40/f
-
-
-
(4Hz-1kHz)
10
-
-
-
(1-100)
kHz
f/100
-
-
-
(0.1-
10)MHz
f/100
0.4
10
20
10MHz-
10GHz
-
0.4
10
20
General
public
exposure
Up to 1 Hz
8
-
-
-
(1-4) Hz
8/f
-
-
-
(4Hz-1kHz)
2
-
-
-
(1-100)
kHz
f/500
-
-
-
(0.1-
10)MHz
f/500
0.08
2
4
10MHz-
10GHz
-
0.08
2
4
A) Managed exposure limits
Frequency
range
E-field
strengt
h(V/m)
H-field
strength
(A/m)
Equivalent
plane wave
power
density S
(W/m2)
Up to 1 Hz
-
1.63 x105
-
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(1-8) Hz
20000
1.63
x105/f2
-
(8-25) Hz
20000
2 x 104/ f
-
(0.025-0.82 )
kHz
500/f
20/f
-
(0.82-65) kHz
610
24.4
-
(0.065-1) MHz
610
1.6/f
-
(1-10) MHz
610/f
1.6/f
-
(10-400) MHz
61
0.16
10
(400-2000)
MHz
3f1/2
0.008f1/2
f/40
(2-300) GHz
137
0.36
50
B) general exposure Limits
Frequenc
y range
E-
field
stren
gth
(V/m
)
H-field
strength
(A/m)
Equivale
nt plane
wave
power
density S
(W/m2)
Up to 1 Hz
-
3.2 x104
-
(1-8) Hz
10000
3.2 x104
-
(8-25) Hz
10000
4000/ f
-
(0.025-0.8
) kHz
250/f
4/f
-
(0.8-3) kHz
250/f
5
-
(3-150)
kHz
87
5
-
(0.15-1)
MHz
87
0.73/f
-
(1-10) MHz
87/f1/2
0.73/f
-
(10-400)
MHz
28
0.073
2
(400-
2000) GHz
1.375
f1/2
0.0037 f1/2
f/200
(2-300)
GHz
61
0.16
10
It's worth noting that f is the frequency, as
shown in the frequency range column. The
MPE is clearly frequency-dependent based on
these constraints. As a result, the MPE for both
GSM 900 and 1800 would be (4.6 W/m2) in the
general public and (22.6 W/m2) in the
workplace.
When it comes to EMF exposure regulations,
the majority of countries do the following: 1)
Contain the ICNIRP instructions explicitly,
implicitly, or with some guidelines. 2) they
build their own national standard. 3) Follow
international standards, and 4) issue
precautionary environmental
recommendations. The ICNIRP guidelines were
indirectly adopted by most European countries
via Council of Europe Councils and
Parliamentary reports [20].
V. Procedures And Materials:
TEMS testing software was used to conduct
field research on power density measurement.
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This software is an air interface for a real-time
diagnostic test tool. Advanced testing functions,
efficient analysis, and useful post-processing
features are all included. Data is displayed in
real-time throughout or is stored in log files for
post-processing. This program will display
details for each individual cell in the dedicated
GSM Mobile network. In particular, trying to
draw cells on maps and showing them by name
in different windows, TEMS mobile station or
TEMS scanner (a dedicated frequency scanner
mobile) are used to perform the scanning. The
TEMS device is related to the computer
through a USP port. When scanning, the TEMS
mobile cannot be used as a regular GSM phone
(cannot be used for data transmission or voice
call). This program will pinpoint the position of
the BS and the measurement points in terms of
coordinates.
The network output was observed and
recorded using the TEMS drive testing phone.
The site's network content reports were
analyzed. Table 4 details the positioning and
specification of a site's antenna.
Table 5: The site specifications.
Longitude
43.689497
Latitude
34.707090
Height
22.4 m
UMTS
3 transmitters
DCS 1800
3 transmitters
VI. Results And Discussion:
A broadband meter or a (spectrum analyzer)
is usually used to calculate EMR. The
broadband measure is being used to estimate
the total contributions of any and all RF
sources in a given frequency band, whereas the
spectrum analyzer has been used to identify an
RF supply.
TEMS program was used in this analysis. The
power density released by ASIACELL sites with
GSM 900 and GSM 1800 was responsive to this
software.
This services provider's antennas are
primarily Kathrein versions. Kathrein antenna
is a panel-style antenna that split the area
surrounding the BS site into three sectors. Fig
(2) displays a Google map GSM location, while
Fig (1) shows coverage estimation for the site
area, with values ( x => -51 dBm) in densely
populated urban in red color, ( -59 = x -55)
dBm in urban in orange color , ( -73 = x -59)
dBm in suburban in yellow color, , and for
values ( -89 = x -73) dBm in highway (in-
vehicle) in green color, as well as for the values
( -95 = x -89) dBm in rural/highway in blue
color, Fig (3) represent the power density
emitted from (2658) mobile device to the BS
(uplink), with One TA represents a distance of
500 meters from the BS's foot. Fig (4) displays
the receive signal strength of (2658) customers
from around BS from neighbor cells evaluated
in dBm. According to Table (V), a power
density of both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz must
be less than (4.5 W/), and all of the
calculated values are less than (4.5 W/).
Fig (3) MS TxPower (dBm).
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Fig (4) Rx level of neighbor in (dBm).
VII. Conclusions
In this research, The electromagnetic power
density was measured in various locations
around a BS in a densely populated region in
Alalam city, Iraq, The radiated power from
mobile BS is affected by the number of users
making phone calls at the same moment. As a
result, the radiation intensity varies between
the sites, with each having its own variations
based on the time, distance, landforms and
weather.
The electromagnetic waves depend on three
basic variables: frequency, wavelength, and
energy . there is an inverse relation between
frequency and wavelength, the radiation of MS,
and BS does not fall under ionizing radiation ,
but the absorbing time is one of main causes to
many effects on human health , we can note the
headache ,fatigue and insomnia appear on
people who use phones for long time.
In general, the strength of the RF field at any
measurement point can change over time. This
variance is caused by changes in propagation
loss between both the measuring point and the
source. and source transmitting power.
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