![Qualcomm's 5G Vision [52].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sadiq-Idris-2/publication/340121319/figure/fig2/AS:968070055075843@1607817295915/Qualcomms-5G-Vision-52_Q320.jpg)
![Differences of VLC and LiFi Technologies [3]](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sadiq-Idris-2/publication/340121319/figure/tbl1/AS:968070059282432@1607817296008/Differences-of-VLC-and-LiFi-Technologies-3_Q320.jpg)
Content uploaded by Sadiq Idris
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sadiq Idris on Dec 12, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
15th International Conference on Electronics Computer and Computation (ICECCO 2019)
Visible Light Communication: A potential 5G and beyond
Communication Technology
Sadiq Idris1, Usman Mohammed2, Jaafaru Sanusi3, Sadiq Thomas4
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Nile University of Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria.
1sadiq.idris30@gmail.com,2usman07064@yahoo.com,3jafarsanusiliman@yahoo.com,4sadiqthomas@nileuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract—The fifth-generation (5G) mobile network is the
next paradigm shift in the revolutionary era of the wireless
communication technologies that will break the backward
compatibility of today’s communication systems. Visible Light
Communication (VLC) and Light Fidelity (LiFi) technologies
are among the potential candidates that are expected to
be utilized in the future 5G networks due to their indoor
energy-efficient communications. Realized by Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs), VLC and LiFi possesses a number of prominent
features to meet the highly demanding requirements of ultra-
high-speed, massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
device connectivity, ultra-low-latency, ultra-high reliable and low
energy consumption for 5G networks. This paper provides an
overview contributions of VLC and LiFi towards 5G networks.
Furthermore, we explain how VLC and LiFi can successfully
provide effective solutions for the emerging 5G networks.
Keywords—5G, LEDs, LiFi, MIMO, VLC, OWC.
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent rapid growth and advancement in the wireless
technology is shifting the era of mobile communication from
the fourth-generation (4G) to the fifth-generation (5G) [1-
6]. 5G technology is poised to meet the burgeoning network
requirements of big data, massive device connections, ex-
tensive data processing and more complex environments [4].
Compared to the existing Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 4G
systems, 5G systems will offer a much higher data transmis-
sion rates, higher capacity, superior spectrum efficiency, higher
reliability, energy efficiency, lower implementation costs, re-
duced latency and environmentally friendly technology [4-7].
As 5G is expected to be commercialized towards the year
of 2020 and beyond, key technologies to be utilized in this
unifying network have become a focal point for global re-
search and development [8, 9]. Technologies such as Massive
Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO), millimeter wave
(mmWave) communication, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
(NOMA), Full-Duplex (FD) communications, Optical Wire-
less Communication (OWC), Software-Defined Networking
(SDN) etc. have been recently proposed for the 5G networks
[9-16].
Owing to some of their prominent features such as license-
free spectrum, high data rate, relatively simple, high security,
relatively simple to deploy, low latency, dense spatial reuse,
low-cost and low latency among others, OWC technologies
have attracted much attention in recent years and has become a
potential technology to a number of networks such Radio Fre-
quency (RF) based wireless systems and 5G networks [17-20].
OWC technologies includes Optical Camera Communication
(OCC), Visible Light Communication (VLC), Light Detection
and Ranging (LiDAR), Free Space Optics Communication
(FSOC) and Light Fidelity (LiFi) [20].
This paper provided an overview of the ongoing research
works on VLC and LiFi towards 5G network applications.
Furthermore, we also explain how VLC and LiFi technologies
will be an effective solution for the 5G and beyond commu-
nication systems. We specifically focus on VLC and LiFi due
to their unique short-range indoor communication advantages.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
gives an overview of VLC and LiFi technologies. Section III
presents some of the recent research works on VLC and LiFi
toward for 5G networks. Section IV explains the potential
solutions of VLC and LiFi technologies in the 5G and beyond
communication systems. Finally, conclusions are given in
section V.
II. OVERVIEW OF VLC AND LIFI
VLC is a form of OWC technologies that has been proposed
as an alternative technology to the RF based networks and
future communication networks. It operates in the visible
light (VL) band and uses Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as
transmitters and photodetectors (PDs) as receivers [21-23].
Due to its numerous advantages such as wide unregulated
bandwidth, high-speed, high security, reliable transmission,
high energy efficiency and comparatively low-cost to build
[22], VLC is considered as favorable complement to most
indoor communication systems such as infrared (IR) and
mmWave communication in 5G networks [20, 24]. Moreover,
VLC can offer illumination, communication, and localization
simultaneously [3, 20].
LiFi on the other hand is a wireless network that provides
high-speed data communication along with illumination [25-
29]. LiFi takes VLC technology further by using LEDs to
realise a fully networked wireless system and often classify
as a nanometer wave communication technology [9]. Unlike
VLC that uses VL as the communication medium, LiFi can
978-1-7281-5160-1/19/$31.00 c
2019 IEEE
use VL, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) for the uplink and
VL for the downlink as medium to transmit data using LEDs
fitted with special chips [3]. As a reliable, high-speed, secure,
licence-free and fully bi-directional wireless networked, LiFi
is a key component and building block for the 5G heteroge-
neous mobile networks [27]. Figure 1 illustrates the general
architectures of VLC and LiFi technologies.
Fig. 1. A general architecture of VLC and LiFi technologies
TABLE 1. Differences of VLC and LiFi Technologies [3]
Issue LiFi VLC
Standardization IEEE 802.15.11 LC
SG
Matured (IEEE
802.15.7-2011)
Transmitter LED/LD LED/LD
Receiver PD PD/camera
Communication
distance
10 m 20 m
Interference
level
Low Low
Noise Sun plus ambient
light sources.
Sun plus ambient
light sources.
Data rate 10 Gbps with LED
and 100 Gbps with
Laser Diode (LD).
10 Gbps with
LED and 100
Gbps with LD.
Security High High
Spectrum IR/VL/UV VL
Environmental
effect
Indoor:No
Outdoor:Yes.
Indoor:No
Outdoor:Yes.
Path loss Medium (very high
for NLOS)
Medium (very
high for NLOS)
Main purpose Illumination and
Communication.
Communication,
illumination, and
localization.
Main
limitations
Short distance com-
munication and not
suitable in outdoor.
Short distance
communication,
no guaranteed of
mobility support,
and not suitable
in outdoor.
Despite the VLC and LiFi numerous advantages, line-of-sight
(LOS), interference caused by external light sources, short
distance communication and not suitable in outdoor are some
of their limitations. Table 1 summarized the characteristics and
differences of VLC and LiFi technologies.
III. RESEARCH WORKS ON VLC
The recent developments of LEDs for both illumination and
communication purposes has paved the way for active research
activities in the area of VLC and LiFi towards 5G networks
[30]. In this paper we consider the research works done both
on the indoor and outdoor applications of VLC and LiFi for
the future 5G and beyond communication systems.
The authors in [31] reported a throughput up to 31.5 Mb/s
for the first time with a spectral efficiency of 4.85 b/s/Hz for
VLC system. Their implementation was based on a multi-
band carrierless amplitude and phase modulation (Multi-CAP).
Using high performance artificial neural network equalizer,
the authors in [32] demonstrated a system of RGB (red-
green-blue) polymer LEDs (PLEDs) with a potential toward a
transmission speeds up to 54.9 Mb/s VLC link. A high-speed
MIMO-OFDM based VLC transmission system using a nine-
channel imaging diversity receiver for indoor communication
is demonstrated in [33]. This system reported a transmission
rate of 1 Gb/s using a four-channel MIMO link that uses white
LED sources. A coverage of about 25 cm2was achieved using
this system due to the limited available components within
which the MIMO system is robust to horizontal and vertical
displacements. In [34], the authors presented an OFDM-based
wireless VLC link from a single Gallium Nitride µLED
for indoor transmission system at speeds exceeding 3 Gb/s.
Although this system shows a faster single-link wireless con-
nection, the throughput is limited by the additional electrical
components and LED properties. Employing a cascaded T-
bridge pre-emphasis circuits and Maximal Ratio Combining
(MRC) differential receivers with RGBY (red-green-blue-
yellow) LED, the authors in [35] reported a high data rate of
9.51 Gb/s over 1m indoor VLC system for future 5G wireless
backhaul. The proposed cascaded system could further in-
crease the high gain area of modulation bandwidth to improve
the system capacity utilizing bit loading OFDM method.
In [36], the authors presented a VLC based system that can
offer a universal and receiver-independent multi-tier waveform
expected to serve the requirements of 5G and beyond com-
munication. This system can offer dimming control over 60
percent of LED while maintaining a reliable communication
link. Focusing on outdoor communication, authors in [37]
demonstrated an outdoor Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM)-VLC system employing a circular (7,1) modulation.
This system ascertaining an aggregate capacity of 1.74 Gb/s
over 100-m that can be used in backhaul of 5G wireless net-
work. Another similar gigabit/s system has been demonstrated
in [38] using laser diodes (LDs). The system ascertained a
potential 100 Gb/s data rate for VLC systems in a number of
scenarios. To enhance the confidentiality and communication
security of VLC links, authors in [39] proposed a physi-
cal layer security techniques for Multiple-Input-Single-Output
(MISO) VLC channels. The proposed model considered the
scenario wherein information about an eavesdropper’s channel
expected to exist within a specified area is imperfect due to
location uncertainty thereby securing the communication link.
Furthermore, authors in [40] demonstrated a practical
LiFi/WiFi prototype framework for VLC heterogeneous net-
works (HetNets) that can adequately enhanced an indoor
communication. This system achieved a triple throughput for
users yielding an indoor coverage with the highest data rates
needed in the 5G network. Moreover, a backhaul network
architecture based on OFDM-LiFi access network for indoor
communication is proposed in [41]. The system enables optical
distribution of the OFDM access in LiFi network for 5G
access technology. Simulation results obtained shows that
the proposed system outperforms the classical point-to-point
approach in terms of average packet loss and resources utiliza-
tion. A low-cost hybrid TV RF broadcast and VLC cellular
communications model for Internet service providing (ISP)
infrastructure is demonstrated in [42]. In this model, the uplink
capacity shows a promising hundreds of Kbit/s data rates
for hundreds of houses at tens of kilometer distance and a
downlink capacity of several Mbit/s with a simple and low-
cost system.
Moreover, a hybrid VLC and mmWave is proposed in [43]
for 5G cellular network access point (AP). The model uses
VLC for the downlink and mmWave for uplink. However, a
more smarter handover technique and realistic indoor scenarios
in this model need to be further investigated for fully 5G
networks utilization. A leverage VLC based APs (LiFi APs)
is presented in [44] to improve the indoor users’ achievable
data rate in Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) access networks. The system
adopts a hybrid form of FiWi and LiFi Aps that can support a
multi-quality of service (mQoS) transmission and high rate
multi-media traffic in the emerging 5G cellular networks
access.
In addition to individual research groups, large-scale orga-
nizations such as wireless world research forum, VLC con-
sortium, the European OMEGA project, Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standardization body among
others have also contributed to the standardization and devel-
opment of VLC technology [45-47]. In 2011, the IEEE Stan-
dard Association (IEEE-SA) working groups (802.15) released
the standard for short-range OWC system using visible light
[48]. Moreover, companies such as O2 Telefonica, Babcock,
Ubi-tech, BT Defence, VLNComm, Philips Lighting, Icade,
pureLiFi etc. are also trailing on LiFi technology [49, 50].
PureLiFi for instance, has over 100 deployments of real-life
LiFi technology in industrial and commercial buildings in over
20 countries worldwide.
IV. VL C AN D LIFI SOLUT ION FOR 5G NETWO RKS
The earlier wireless technologies has each been a major
evolutionary shift in today’s communication systems [1]. Al-
though the vision for 5G is still under development, it is
expected to include IoT enhancement technologies such as
device-to-device (D2D) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) commu-
nication, massive MIMO networks etc [1]. A general proposed
5G cellular network architecture consisting of massive MIMO
networks, mobile small cell, wireless sensor networks, VLC
and IoT is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. A proposed 5G cellular architecture [51]
According to Qualcomm’s vision [52], 5G is not just a new
generation technology but a new kind of unifying network
platform that encompasses massive IoT, mission-critical con-
trol and enhanced mobile broadband services such as ultra-low
energy, ultra-low complexity, ultra-high density, extreme ca-
pacity, extreme data rates, ultra-low latency, extreme user mo-
bility, ultra-high reliability, strong security and deep awareness
of virtual reality that will enable super connectivity among
devices, vehicles, industries, cities and virtually everything for
the next decade and beyond.
However, these extreme variations required a network that is
adaptable and scalable enough to support and connect billions
of things everywhere scaling up performance and scaling down
cost and power efficiency.
Moreover, 5G is envisioned to enhance a common core
network (user-centric) that will simultaneously support 4G
and WiFi access connectivity with multimode devices enabling
seamless services and edgeless connectivity. To explain how
VLC and LiFi technologies can be integrated into 5G technol-
ogy, we adopt the Qualcomm’s 5G proposed vision shown in
Figure 3.
A. Massive MIMO device connectivity:
Multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to serve
multiple users simultaneously is one of the core technologies
of current and future wireless communication systems [9].
Massive MIMO based systems allows a greater degree of
freedom in wireless channels where more information can
be accommodated. This is because the greater the number
of antennas at transmitter and receiver, the more better the
Fig. 3. Qualcomm’s 5G Vision [52].
performance in terms of data rate, spectral efficiency, transmis-
sion reliability and energy efficiency [53]. Due to its favorable
properties, massive MIMO is the perfect technology to address
the needs of the forthcoming 5G era [54]. However, to
minimize cost, the massive MIMO based systems needs to use
cheap hardware components. LEDs used in VLC/LiFi can help
provide massive connectivity solutions due to their smaller
size, low price, longer lifespan and low-energy consumption.
Therefore, VLC/LiFi can successfully provide massive MIMO
device connectivity for future and beyond communication
systems.
B. Ultra-High security:
Ultra-high security requirements in places such as hospitals,
government institutions, military defence systems, financial
trusted etc. is an essential feature of future communication
technology [54]. Unlike RF waves, light waves cannot prop-
agate through walls thereby offering an inherent level of
network security where information cannot be misused or
hacked [56]. VLC/LiFi technology can provide highly secure
communication suitable for 5G security networks [26, 39].
C. Ultra-low latency:
Network latency is one of the prime area of concern in wireless
communication systems [7]. 5G will need a very fast tech-
nology to support a round-trip ultra-reliable and low latency
communication (URLLC) links within few milliseconds as
low as 1 millisecond. Because of the very fast propagation
in optical communication based systems, enabled 5G based
VLC/LiFi systems can provide a much faster communication
that will achieve ultra-low latency for reliable communication
links [56, 57].
D. Ultra-low cost and energy consumption:
In the last decade, low-cost of development and energy ef-
ficiency have emerged as new prominent figures of merit
in communication systems due to economic, operational and
environmental concerns [6]. Thus, 5G systems will necessarily
have to consider low-cost design and energy efficiency sys-
tems requirments [6]. The extremely high energy efficiency
and low-cost benefits of LEDs make it compatible for 5G
and beyond communication systems [1]. Moreover, because
LEDs can provide communication, illumination, and control
simultaneously, it can provide considerable savings in terms of
cost and energy consumption [3, 21]. Hence, VLC/LiFi based
systems can provide energy-efficient communication systems
needed for the 5G deployments.
E. Ultra-high Reliable:
A reliable and dedicated network for local services is one of
the main priority for any kind of communication system [3].
The VLC/LiFi systems assure a very high level of signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) which can surely increases the reliability of a
communication system. Thus, VLC/LiFi systems can increase
an ultra-high reliable communication for users in 5G networks
[26].
F. Ultra-low complexity:
Because of the large-scale massive MIMO systems require-
ments in the future mobile systems, low device and network
cost is of great concerned in future 5G networks. Unlike RF
transmitters, VLC/LiFi transmitters and receivers are much
easier to development and ease speediness of installation [57].
Hence, VLC/LiFi systems are promising technologies for the
5G and beyond communication systems.
G. Ultra-high density and capacity:
High capacity is an important feature needed for 5G technol-
ogy. VLC/LiFi technologies offers 10,000 times more band-
width capacity than the traditional RF-based technologies and
thus a promising solution for high-density and high-capacity
demand in 5G wireless networks [3].
H. Extremely High data rate:
The 5G networks must support a very high user data rate
(multi-Gpbs rates) up to 10 Gbps or more compared to the 4G
networks [51]. As a potential alternative to the congested RF-
based communication systems, VLC/LiFi systems can provide
very high data rate communication for indoor applications to
meet up with the 5G and IoT design requirements both in
indoor and outdoor environments [4, 19].
Fig. 4. A multi-layer 5G heterogeneous networks architecture [5]
I. Ultra-dense Heterogeneous Network:
Heterogeneous network composing of microcells, picocells
and femtocells have been proposed in future 5G networks
to enhance network capacity as well as energy efficiency
[53]. As LiFi supports seamless user mobility, new small LiFi
attocells suitable for deploying ultra-dense cellular networks
using LEDs can be added within the existing heterogeneous
wireless networks with zero interference to RF networks that
may already exist [26, 29, 57]. Moreover, LiFi attocells can
reduce cell size compared to mmWave and congested large
amounts of data from RF-based networks can be offloaded to
LiFi attocells [3]. Figure 4 illustrates a heterogeneous multi-
tier networks architecture along with optical and RF small
cells. Therefore, LiFi attocell networks have the potential to
augment 5G cellular systems in a cost-effective manner [26].
V. CONCLUSIONS
The 5G technology promises significantly high data rate,
massive device connectivity, much lower latency, high carrier
frequencies and improved overall wireless coverage for the
future mobile networks and IoT systems. Although, the real-
ization of the future 5G networks require a lot of efforts among
both academic researchers and communication companies,
recent research works has shown the potential and benefits
of OWC technologies such as VLC and LiFi for 5G and
beyond communication systems. Due to their numerous advan-
tages such as wide unregulated bandwidth, enhanced security,
reliable transmission and high energy efficiency, VLC and
LiFi are considered as favorable complementary technologies
in the short-range communication scenarios in the emerging
5G networks. Realized by LEDs, VLC and LiFi technologies
can provide the highly demanding 5G mobile networks re-
quirements for massive MIMO device connectivity, ultra-high
security, low latency, high-reliable, high-capacity, extremely
high data rate, ultra-dense heterogeneous network, ultra-low
cost and energy consumption for the future 5G networks.
Therefore, VLC and LiFi will serve as key technologies to
meet the highly demanding requirements of the 5G network
and beyond communication systems.
REFERENCES
[1] J. G. Andrews et al., "What will 5G be?," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,
vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, Jun. 2014.
[2] S. Wu, H. Wang and C. Youn, "Visible light communications for 5G
wireless networking systems: from fixed to mobile communications,"
IEEE Network, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 41-45, Nov.-Dec. 2014.
[3] M. Z. Chowdhury, M. T. Hossan, A. Islam and Y. M. Jang,"A Com-
parative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and
Applications," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 9819-9840, 2018.
[4] Y. Hu, Y. Wang and K. Chee, "Optical Communications and Modulation
Techniques in 5G," 2019.
[5] L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, J. Wang, P. Xu and Y. Qian, "Applying VLC in 5G
Networks: Architectures and Key Technologies," IEEE Network, vol.
30, no. 6, pp. 77-83, Nov-Dec., 2016.
[6] S. Buzzi, C. I, T. E. Klein, H. V. Poor, C. Yang and A. Zappone, "A
Survey of Energy-Efficient Techniques for 5G Networks and Challenges
Ahead," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 697-709, 2016.
[7] A. Gupta and R. K. Jha, "A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and
Emerging Technologies," IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 1206-1232, 2015.
[8] S. Shi, W. Yang, J. Zhang and Z. Chang, "Review of key technologies
of 5G wireless communication system," ICETA, MATEC Web Conf.,
Vol 22, 2015.
[9] V. Wong, R. Schober, D. Ng and L. Wang, "Key Technologies for 5G
Wireless Systems," Cambridge University Press, 2017.
[10] T. Marzetta, "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers
of Base Station Antennas," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, pp.
3590–3600, Nov. 2010.
[11] L. Xiang, D. W. K. Ng, R. Schober and V. W. Wong, "Cache-enabled
physical-layer security for video streaming in wireless networks with
limited backhaul," CoRR 2016.
[12] O. Ulgen, U. Ozmat and E. Gunaydin, "Hybrid Implementation of
Millimeter Wave and Visible Light Communications for 5G Networks,"
26th Telecommunications Forum, Belgrade, pp. 1-4, 2018.
[13] I. Ahmed, A. Ikhlef, D. Ng and R. Schober, "Power Allocation for
an Energy Harvesting Transmitter with Hybrid Energy Sources," IEEE
Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 12, pp. 6255–6267, Dec. 2013.
[14] Y. Sun, D. W. K. Ng, Z. Ding and R. Schober, "Optimal Joint Power and
Subcarrier Allocation for MC-NOMA Systems," IEEE Global Commun.
Conf. 2016.
[15] Y. Sun, D. W. K. Ng, J. Zhu and R. Schober, "Multi-Objective Opti-
mization for Robust Power Efficient and Secure Full-Duplex Wireless
Communication Systems," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 15, no.
8, pp. 5511–5526, Aug. 2016.
[16] R. I. Ansari et al., "5G D2D Networks: Techniques, Challenges, and
Future Prospects," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3970-3984,
Dec. 2018.
[17] S. Arnon, J. Barry, G. Karagiannidis, R. Schober and M. Uysal,
"Advanced Optical Wireless Communication Systems," Cambridge univ.
press, 2012.
[18] Z. Ghassemlooy, W. Popoola and S. Rajbhandari, "Optical Wireless
Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB," CRC
Press, 2013.
[19] M. Uysal, C. Capsoni, S. Ghassemlooy, A. Boucouvalas and E. Udvary,
"Optical Wireless Communications: An Emerging Technology," Springer
international publishing, 2016.
[20] Z. Ghassemlooy, S. Arnon, M. Uysal, Z. Xu and J. Cheng, "Emerging
Optical Wireless Communications-Advances and Challenges," IEEE J.
Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1738-1749, Sept. 2015.
[21] S. Zvanovec, P. Chvojka, P. A. Haigh and Z. Ghassemlooy, "Visible
Light Communications towards 5G," Radioengineering, Vol. 24, No. 1,
April 2015.
[22] P. H. Pathak, X. Feng, P. Hu and P. Mohapatra, "Visible Light Commu-
nication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges,"
IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2047-2077, 2015.
[23] T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, "Fundamental analysis for visible-light
communication system using LED lights," IEEE Trans. on consumer
Electronics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 100-107, Feb. 2004.
[24] O. Ulgen, U. Ozmat and E. Gunaydin, "Hybrid Implementation of
Millimeter Wave and Visible Light Communications for 5G Networks,"
26th Telecommunications Forum , Belgrade, pp. 1-4, 2018.
[25] H. Haas, L. Yin, Y. Wang and C. Chen, "What is LiFi?," Journal of
Lightwave Technology, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1533–1544, 2016.
[26] S. Dimitrov, H. Haas, "Principles of LED Light Communications:
Towards Networked Li-Fi. Cambridge," Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015.
[27] S. Kulkarni, A. Darekar and P. Joshi, "A survey on LiFi technology," In-
ternational Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing
and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, pp. 1624-1625, 2016.
[28] E. Ramadhani and G. P Mahardika; "The Technology of LiFi: A Brief
Introduction," IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol. 325, 2018.
[29] H. Haas, "LiFi: Conceptions, misconceptions and opportunities," 2016
IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Waikoloa, HI, pp. 680-681, 2016.
[30] S. Arnon, (Ed.), "Visible Light Communication," Cambridge University
Press, 2015.
[31] P. A. Haigh et al., "A Multi-CAP Visible-Light Communications System
With 4.85-b/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol.
33, no. 9, pp. 1771-1779, Sept. 2015.
[32] P. A. Haigh et al., "Wavelength-Multiplexed Polymer LEDs: Towards
55 Mb/s Organic Visible Light Communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas
Commun., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1819-1828, 2015.
[33] A. H. Azhar, T. Tran and D. O’Brien, "A Gigabit/s Indoor Wireless
Transmission Using MIMO-OFDM Visible-Light Communications,"
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 171-174, 2013.
[34] D. Tsonev, et al., "A 3-Gb/s Single-LED OFDM-Based Wireless VLC
Link Using a Gallium Nitride µLED," IEEE Photonics Technology
Letters, vol. 26, no.7, pp. 637-640, April 2014.
[35] N. Chi, J. Shi, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, J. Zhang and X. Huang, "High speed
LED based visible light communication for 5G wireless backhaul," IEEE
Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), Newport
Beach, CA, 2016, pp. 4-5, 2016.
[36] A. F. Hussein, H. Elgala and T. D. C. Little, "Evolution of Multi-Tier
Transmission Towards 5G Li-Fi Networks," IEEE Global Commum.,
Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, pp. 1-
7, 2018.
[37] J. Zhao et al., "100-m field trial for 5G wireless backhaul based on
circular (7,1) 8-QAM modulated outdoor visible light communication,"
Opto-Electronics and Commum., Conference (OECC) and Photonics
Global Conference, Singapore, pp. 1-4, 2017.
[38] D. Tsonev, S. Videv and H. Haas, "Towards a 100 Gb/s Visible Light
Wireless Access Network," Optics Express, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1627-
1637, January 2015.
[39] A. Mostafa and L. Lampe, "Physical-Layer Security for MISO Visible
Light Communication Channels," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 33,
no. 9, pp. 1806-1818, Sept. 2015.
[40] M. Ayyash et al., "Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: concepts,
opportunities, and challenges," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 54, no. 2, pp.
64-71, February 2016.
[41] W. Abdallah, N. Boudriga, "Enabling 5G wireless access using Li-Fi
technology: An OFDM based approach," 18th ICTON, Trento, pp. 1-6,
2016.
[42] B. Gulbahar, S. Sencan, "Wireless Internet service providing for 5G with
hybrid TV broadcast and visible light communications," Wireless Days,
Porto, pp. 66-69, 2017.
[43] O. Ulgen, U. Ozmat and E. Gunaydin, "Hybrid Implementation of
Millimeter Wave and Visible Light Communications for 5G Networks,"
26th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade,pp. 1-4, 2018
[44] H. Beyranvand, M. Javad Emadi, S. Sabouri, K. Jamshidi and F. H. P.
Fitzek, "Converged 5G and Fiber-Wireless Access Networks Enhanced
with Visible Light Communications and Steerable Infrared Beam," 2nd
WACOWC, Tehran, Iran, pp. 152-156, 2019.
[45] Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC), retrieved from
http://www.vlcc.net, Feb. 2007.
[46] JEITA, “JEITA Standards,” 2007. [Online]. Available:
https://www.jeita.or.jp/english/standard/html/150.html. (Accessed:
10-Nov-2019).
[47] European Commission. Project hOME Gigabit Access. [Online]. Avail-
able: http://www.ict-omega.eu/ (Accessed: 16 oct. 2019).
[48] IEEE 802.15.7, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area
Networks–Part 15.7: Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Us-
ing Visible Light," IEEE Std 802.15.7-2011, vol., no., pp.1-309, 2011.
[49] pureLiFi. Retrieved 18 oct 2019. [Available
online:https://purelifi.com/case-studies/]
[50] The UK’s premier 5G resource "What is Li-Fi?" Retrieved 18 oct. 2019.
[Available online]. https://5g.co.uk/guides/what-is-li-fi/.
[51] C. Wang et al., "Cellular architecture and key technologies for 5G
wireless communication networks," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no.
2, pp. 122-130, February 2014.
[52] "5G-Vision for the next generation of connectivity",
2015. Retrieved 18 oct 2019. [Available Online].
https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/whitepaper-5g-
vision-for-the-next-generation-of-connectivity.pdf.
[53] F. Boccardi, R. Heath, A. Lozano, T. Marzetta and P. Popovski, "Five
disruptive technology directions for 5G," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52,
no. 2, pp. 74–80, Feb. 2014.
[54] M. Liyanage, I.Ahmad ,A.B.Abro, A.Gurtov and M.Ylianttila, "A Com-
prehensive Guide to 5G Security" John Wiley and Sons, Limited, 2018.
[55] D. Tsonev, S. Videv and H. Haas, "Light fidelity (Li-Fi): Towards all
optical networking," Proc. SPIE OPTO. 2013.
[56] H. Beyranvand, M. Javad Emadi, S. Sabouri, K. Jamshidi, F. H. P. Fitzek,
"Converged 5G and Fiber-Wireless Access Networks Enhanced with
Visible Light Communications and Steerable Infrared Beam," 2nd West
Asian Colloquium on Optical Wireless Communications (WACOWC),
Tehran, Iran, pp. 152-156, 2019
[57] D. Karunatilaka, F. Zafar, V. Kalavally and R. Parthiban, "LED Based
Indoor Visible Light Communications: State of the Art," in IEEE
Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1649-1678, 2015.
